MATERIALS USED IN MASONRY WORKS

By
Kunwar Kharbanda
A13567214037
Report submitted for the fulfilment of the requirement
for the course
BBA -CM
MSFW100-FIELD WORK
Under the guidance of
Mr. Nihar Nanyam

School of Construction, RICS SBE,

Amity University, Noida

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report entitled Materials Used in Masonry

Works is a bonafide record of the work carried out by Kunwar
Kharbanda, in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the course Field
Work. He has worked under my supervision and guidance in the School
of Construction, RICS SBE, Amity University and has fulfilled the
requirements for the submission of his report.
The content of this report have not been submitted in part or full to any
other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Nihar Nanyam
Assistant Professor
School of Construction
RICS School of Built Environment
Amity University
Uttar Pradesh 201313

DATE: 13th April, 2015

DECLARATION

I Kunwar Kharbanda hereby declare that this project report entitled

Materials Used in Masonry Works submitted to Amity University, is
a record of the original work done by me under the guidance of Prof. VPS
Nihar Nanyam, faculty member at RICS School of Built Environment,
Amity University. This project work is submitted in the fulfilment of the
requirements for the course Field Work. The results embodied in this
work have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the
award of any degree.

Kunwar Kharbanda
A13567
214037
13thApril
, 2015

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been
possible without the kind support and help of many individuals. I would
like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.
I am highly indebted to VPS Nihar Nanyam for his guidance and constant
supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the
project & also for his support in completing the project.
I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents & member of
my group for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me
in completion of this project.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleague in developing the
project and people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.

April 2015

Kunwar Kharbanda

ABSTRACT
This report is an in depth study of construction materials used in masonry
works.

It

includes

history

composition

manufacturing

process

specifications applications brands market availability of each of these

materials. Following are the materials.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Stucco
Gypsum plaster
Drywall
Wall putty
Solid concrete blocks
Lightweight blocks

OBJECTIVES /SCOPE
In-depth study on various building materials - History,
composition, manufacturing process, properties, tests & application
Field work involving the market availability of various building
materials manufacturers, brands, product lines, size, shape, finish
& cost information
Analysis of materials used in above system & recommendations for
similar projects

STUCCO
INTRODUCTION
Stucco, the basic term for Portland concrete plaster, is a popular exterior
finish for structures. It gives a sparing hard surface that is spoil, rust, and
heat proof, which can be coloured and completed in an extensive variety
of compositions to embellish any compositional style.

HISTORY
"Plaster" an antiquated Greek application term signifying "to Daub on" is
utilized to depict inside plaster going back to 500 BC. When it got to be
prevalent to apply plaster on the outside of structures the expression
"Stucco work", meaning outside plaster, was created to depict it as the
inside items/materials would not withstand the components. The principal
materials utilized as of now were either lime or mud/earth with straw and
sand, until 1824 when Joseph Aspin a bricklayer in Leeds, England,
developed Portland bond by transforming and cooking lime and mud
together in his kitchen turned research centre. Joseph named the item
Portland bond in light of the fact that it took after a stone quarried on the
Isle of Portland off the British Coast. Earlier the Egyptians used a plaster
mix of gypsum, lime, sand and water to provide a smoother base for
hieroglyphs that still tell their stories in the ruins of the pyramids.

COMPOSITION
The main components present in the traditional stucco are lime, water and
sand while the modern stucco is made up of Portland cement, sand and
water. In modern stucco we add lime to improve its permeability and
workability. Moreover, we add acrylics or glass fibers to improve its
structural properties.

MANUFACTURING
Stucco and Plaster are made economically utilizing calcination equipment
of a variety of types to create hemihydrate for utilization in gypsum board
plants and mortar factories.
The manufacturing of stucco can be done on site by using by using
primary materials which consists of Portland cement, lime, plasticizers,
sand and water and then mixing these materials properly so that every
patch of it has same consistency.

GENERAL PROPERTIES OF STUCCO

Hardness

- The stucco is generally very hard and durable. It is long

lasting and is impact resistant.

Weather resistance-

The stucco is very resistant to climate

conditions like it is resistant to rain penetrations, snow, rain or extreme
thermal changes

Physical Properties-

The physical properties of stucco are as

follows:
High Compressive strength i.e. about 1,500 - 2,800 psi
Tensile strength of 200pounds
Thermal resistance is 15ohm

Weight per square foot, average

1/2" thick 5-6 lbs
3/4" thick 8-9 lbs
1" thick 11-12 lbs

Fire Resistant- Stucco is also fire resistant as it is incombustible

Thickness-

The traditional stucco follows 3 coating system where

each coat have different purpose and thickness
Scratch coat- Its thickness is around 3/8inc which is 9.525mm
Thick coat-

Its thickness is around 3/8inc which is 9.525mm

Finish coat-

Its thickness is around 1/8inc which is 3.175mm

The total thickness is around 2.22 cm

The coverage for ten 80 pound stucco bag will be 90-100 square feet.
That is 800 pound stucco can cover 100 square feet approx which means
8 pound of stucco covers 1 sq. feet.

TESTS
1) Preliminary Visual Evaluation- In this test well walk through the
property and observe visual confirmation of cracking, staining and
key installation details, furthermore search for the unlucky
deficiency or incorporation of specific components head flashing
above windows and kick out flashing at the roof-wall convergence.
At the point when these (and other) components are not present,
its a sign that these areas may be vulnerable so we know we have
to give careful consideration as we push ahead through the
assessment.
10

2) Invasive testing / moisture probe testing- This test requires us

to drill 2 little holes, about an inch apart from each other, and
roughly the diameter of a pencil at the suspect areas. Through these
holes we embed a moisture meter to test the moisture content of the
substrate behind the stucco, or the wooden piece of the home.
We're mainly concerned with testing portions of the home that are
above the foundation and/or on a wooden substrate. We ordinarily
need to test and guide out the most exposed areas on every divider
area, for example, the lower infiltrations/first carpet windows, and
additionally the rooftop divider crossing points and some other
regions of the development that are helpless taking into account
how the house was initially planned and constructed.

11

3) Destructive Testing- This is the test where portions of the

stucco/cladding are removed and evacuated in place for an
inspector to see the flashing and construction details, and in
addition potential harm and any prominent development
deficiencies.

MANUFACTURES:-

These are few suppliers and manufactures

of stucco near Delhi

Mittal Udyog in Gurgaon
12

 Paridhi Udyag in Delhi

Devish Enterprises in Noida
Geetanjali traders in Jaipur

PRODUCT LINES
STO CORP
ACH FOAM TECHNOLOGIES
13

 CLARK DIETRICH METALS

K-LATH
FORTIFIBER
TEXSTON
ARCUSTONE
DUPONT TYVEK

SHAPE
The stucco is an external wall plaster and does not have a definite shape.
The shape of stucco depends upon the shape of wall on which the stucco
is plastered.

COST INFORMATION
14

Stucco Cost
Non-reduced retail cost for regular, mid-grade stucco siding.
Stucco Labor
Direct work costs to install stucco. Incorporates
The stucco is not cost effective costing around 10$ per sq. feet that is Rs
600 approx. It includes cost of everything like labour, material, cleanup
etc. However, stucco adds up to the value of property overtime.

15

GYPSUM PLASTER
INTRODUCTION
Gypsum plaster is a white freezing material is which finished by
fractional lack of hydration of the mineral gypsum, customarily with
exceptional hardeners or retarders.

HISTORY
Gypsum plaster entered the photo in the mid 1900's primarily because of
the new manufacturing processes which made it more readily available in
the US. This gave an ocean change to gypsum plaster because of the fact
that it was soon understood that it set quicker and results in a harder
finish. This obviously eased a portion of the sympathy toward long
development delays, on the grounds that relying upon conditions the
plaster was totally dried out and ready for finish decoration in as little as
two to three weeks.
In historic remodel, it is regularly hard to figure out if the item utilized
was lime based plaster or gypsum based. The simplest strategy for
Determination is taking a little sample and embedding it into a dilute
solution of muriatic acid. If gypsum is the main ingredient then a white
residue will come alongside with the remaining parts of whatever sand
was exhibit as the sample disintegrates in the solution.

16

Gypsum has been utilized for many years: The first cases of its utilization
as a plaster showed up in what is currently Syria more than 9,000 years
back. Its utilization is likewise decently recorded in the pyramids of the
antiquated Egyptians who plastered over woven straw lath and decorated
with wall paintings made out of tinted plaster.

COMPOSITION
Gypsum plaster is composed of H2O and mineral called gypsum which
consists of elements like hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur and calcium.

MANUFACTURING
Gypsum plaster is created by heating gypsum at about 300 F i.e. 150 C
CaSO42H2O + heat CaSO4.0.5H2O + 1.5H2O
The set of original plaster begins at about 10 mins after mixing and is
finished in around 45 minutes; however not completely set for 72 hours.
When plaster or gypsum is excited above 392F i.e.200C, anhydrite is
formed, which will likewise re-form as gypsum if mixed with water.

PROPERTIES
17

Malleability- When gypsum plaster combines with water, the plaster

becomes malleable and simple to shape.

Fire Resistance-

Gypsum contains almost 50% H2O, which

represents gypsum plaster's resistance to fire. In gypsum particles, water
forms crystals that don't melt like ice, but only escape at high
temperatures. It is this high concentration of H2O in gypsum that records
for its resistance to fire. At high temp. , gypsum does not readily burn
because it first discharges its H2O particles. This quality of resistance to
fire adds to gypsum's attractive quality in building and development.

Fast Setting- Gypsum mortar sets, or dries, rapidly.

Strength-

Gypsum plaster is basically reconstituted rock and

outstandingly hard. At the point when combined with gypsum plaster
board, it also adds lateral stability to the gathering.

Sound Control-The

finished plaster wall is denser than a typical

wall finished with drywall. Due to this it has a greater resistance to the
passage of sound.

Wear Resistance-

A conventional gypsum plaster wall provides

superior spot and wear resistance to that of drywall. This is particularly
important in high traffic environments like hospital anywhere where
person contact can be an issue.

Air Barrier Characteristics-

Because of its monolithic nature,

conventional gypsum plaster gives esteem value in keeping unconscious
winter drafts.

TESTS
1. The method for testing the quality of gypsum plaster is by taking a
small pinch of the powder between the finger and thumb and gently
18

rubbing it, if tiny particles of it are felt, grit indicates that the parts
of the plaster have already absorbed water, and it is therefore unfit
for use.
2. Take a pinch of the powder and place the fingers under water, and
then rub it. If, however, in both of these tests no grit is felt, and
under water a thin creamy substance is found, which is easily
rubbed off the fingers, the plaster is in a proper condition for use

BENEFITS
1. No shrinkage splits on walls and roofs.
2. Reduction in the time needed for plastering and this helps in timely
ownership of homes.
3. Flawlessly lined, leveled, smooth walls.
4. Saving money on power utilized for cooling as gypsum has low
thermal conductivity.

ADVANTAGES

19

 It is lighter in weight and more durable.

It has low thermal conductivity.
It is great heat resistant and consequently a decent heat insulating
material.
It doesn't shrink while setting. Consequently, it doesn't create
cracks on heating or setting.
It has great bond on fibrous materials.
It gives a firm surface on which the colors can settle.
It does not cause acid attack and can easily be moulded into any
shape.

DISADVANTAGES
Gypsum plaster is not suitable for exterior finish as it is marginally
soluble in H2O.

It is more expensive than cement or cement lime plaster.

It can's be utilized in moist situations.
Skilled labours are needed for precise application and thus labour
cost for applying gypsum plaster is high.

MANUFCTURES/SUPPLIERS
20

SRI BASHIVA ENTERPRISE

EARTH GYPSUM PLASTER BOND
LAMURUGAN INDUSTRIES
TRINITY CALCIUM
VINAYAK GYPSUM & INTERIORS PVT. LTD.

SHAPE
The gypsum plaster is a wall plaster and does not have a definite shape.
The shape of gypsum plaster depends upon the shape of wall on which it
is plastered.

COST INFORMATION
21

The gypsum plaster is cost effective costing around 5$ per sq. feet that is
Rs 300 approx. It includes cost of everything like labour, material,
cleanup etc.

PUTTY
22

INTRODUCTION

Putty is a material with high plasticity and similar in texture to. Putties is
also be used for fire stopping if it is made in tumescent. It can also be
used for padding of electrical outlet boxes in fire resistance rated drywall
assemblies. In the latter case endothermic reaction is produced due to
hydrates in putty to mitigate heat transfer to the unexposed side.
Putty is utilized as a part of coating for settling and fixing sheets of glass
into wooden frames. Its utilization diminishes with increasing popularity
of polyvinyl chloride.

HISTORY
23

Alan Holloway a laboratory researcher was working for sealant

manufacturer Rally Bondite of Waterlooville, England in 1970 and he
inadvertently produced a product that was useless as a sealant, but pliable
and semi- elastic.

COMPOSITION
Metal hydroxyl ethyl cellulose for water holding skill.
Dispersible residue polymer is actually a polymer binder which
gives workability power and elasticity.
Speciality cellulose fibres for crack prevention in thickner and
exterior application.
Silane centred hydrophobic agent for water repellence and reduced
water concentration.
Ingredients: white cement +polymers + fillers to make it smooth and
reduce the need of curing.

PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES

It is very suitable for old and new surfaces.

It has a very good bond strength.
It is water resistant.
It can be applied directly over concrete and cement plaster
Helps in filling fine hair line type cracks and pin holes
It can be applied to 1mm to 2mm of thickness per coat.
It is very economical.

FEATURES

It has high tensile strength

It sets gradually.
Provides smoother finish.
It has Adhesive strength
24

 It is very durable.
It is waterproof

APPLICATIONS

Used as stuffing in dyes

It is used for giving smoothness to wall surface
It is used for improving the presence of paints
It is used for improving durability of paints

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

IDEAL COVERAGE AREA IS 20-22sq.ft./kg

BRANDS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Birla putty
JK white putty
Jensolin putty by Jenson and Nicholson
Asian paints white cement putty
British paints
SIKA

25

MANUFACTURERS
1. Perma construction Aids pvt. Ltd, Sarigam INA
2. Aggarwal paints, Indore
3. Atk enterprices, Chennai
4. Excel enterprices, Ahmedabad
5. Neocon industries, Ahmedabad
6. A. H. & COMPANY, Jodhpur
7. Shubham gypsum , Bikaner
8. Visalam paints, Madurai
9. Taj mahal Paints, New Delhi
10.Turbo coating products, Hyderabad

COST INFORMATION
The wall putty is very cost effective costing around 1.12$ per sq. feet
that is Rs 68 approx. It includes cost of everything like
labour, material, cleanup etc.

SOLID CONCRETE BLOCKS

HISTORY
Peoples have utilized concrete since antiquated times, however the solid
piece was not designed until the 1830s.the main manufactures of concrete
block began in 1900s due to this the popularity of concrete grew rapidly
and due to this concrete blocks used in numbers of projects Antiquated
Romans or Greeks are generally viewed as the innovators of cement from
around the first century B.C., building it from lime, volcanic sand and
cinder, small stones, and water. Romans utilized cement broadly as a part
of structures, for example, the Pantheon, the inside of the Coliseum and
26

reservoir conduits. The first precast solid squares were thrown in wooden
casings, dried like blocks into a strong structure, and after that laid in
mortar like blocks, also. Numerous individual foremen were making
these precast pieces by the mid-1800s. The primary house in the United
States assembled altogether of these squares was built in 1837 on Staten
Island, New York. In 1900, Harmon S. Palmer made the first business
machine that could be utilized to make solid stone work units, CMUs.
The concrete blocks that Harmon's machine delivered were made out of
Portland cements, total, and water and were 30'x8"x10". Since the pieces
were so huge, they must be set up by a hand wrenched machine. Then
again, with the shortage of different assets and the expense of materials at
the time, solid squares turned into the principle wellspring of building
materials and the business became quickly. The formation of the business
process for assembling solid pieces has prompted the job of solid squares
for a wide range of building and designing capacities since CMUs can
keep going drawn out stretches of time, are vitality proficient, require
insignificant upkeep and are fire and decay safe.

27

COMPOSITION
Solid concrete blocks are the mixture of powdered Portland cement, H 2O,
sand, and rock.
Main components of solid concrete blocks are:
Water
Portland cement
Aggregates

Water
The water in the solid blend ought to be clean and free of polluting
influences. The amount of water with respect to the measure of bond
28

changes how effectively the solid streams, it also influences the last
quality of the cement. More water makes more easily flowing concrete
cement, but also makes for lower quality cement after curing.
Portland cement
Cement hardens when blended with water, which ties the majority of the
ingredient together. Portland concrete is the most well-known bond
utilized and is made out of alumina, silica, lime, iron, and gypsum. Little
measures of different fixings are additionally included.
Aggregates
The larger part of a solid mixture is comprised of both coarse and fine
totals, which help to enhance the nature of the cement past what bond can
give all alone. Sand, rock, and little stone are utilized as totals. Reuse
materials, including impact heater slag, glass, and ground-up solid are
beginning to be utilized as solid totals.

MANUFACTURING
The manufacturing of concrete blocks consist of four major steps:

Mixing
Moulding
Cubing
Curing

Mixing
The sand and little stones are secured outside in burdens and are moved
into limit containers in the plant by a floor covering lift as they are

29

required. The Portland security is secured outside in expansive vertical

storage spaces to keep saves from soaked quality.
As an era run begins, the obliged measure of sand, shake, and bond are
exchanged by gravity or by mechanical arrangements to a weigh batcher
which measures the best possible measure of every material` The dry
materials then stream into a stationary blender where they are joined for
several minutes. There are two sorts of blenders for the most part utilized.
One sort, called a planetary or dish blender, takes after a shallow
compartment with a top. Blending forefronts are connected with a vertical
turning shaft inside the blender. The other sort is known as a level drum
blender.
After the dry materials are mixed, a little measure of water is added to the
blender. In the event that the plant is seen in an air subject to temperature
extremes, the water might first experience a radiator or chiller to manage
its temperature. Diverse things like Admixture chemicals and cooling
tones may similarly be incorporated. The strong is then blended for six to
eight minutes.

30

Moulding
At point when weight of the solid is totally diversified, it is abandoned
into a slanted container transport and transported to a lifted holder. The
blending of rotation initiates again for the accompanying weight.

The solid is gone on to another holder on top of the piece machine at a

deliberate stream amount. In the piece mechanism, the solid is send
downwards into molds. The molds embody an outer mold box containing
a couple mold linings. The linings center the outer condition of the square
and the internal condition of the piece pits. 15 pieces made at ones.

Curing

31

The beds of squares are gone on to a robotized loader which place them
in a preserving stand. Every stand holds an extensive number of pieces.
Exactly after a stand is full, it is moved on a situated of bars and moved
into a curing kiln.
There are mainly 2 types of kilns:
low-pressure steam kiln
high-pressure steam kiln also known as autoclave

Cubing
The blocks go through a cuber which adjusts every block and after that
stacks them into a cube three blocks crosswise over by six blocks
profound by 3 or 4 block high. These cubes are conveyed outside with a
forklift and set away.

32

PROPERTIES
Durable
High strength
Fire resistant

TESTS
33

The test which done on concrete blocks are: Compressive Strength Test
Water Absorption Test
Compressive Strength Test
Strength test tells us the quality of our concrete once it solidifies. The
compressive strength test is performed by evaluating the power expected
to break solid barrels in fluctuating levels of hardness. At the point when
utilizing cement for structures or different structures, the compressive
quality of the solid must conform to the Building Code Requirement for
Reinforced Concrete.

Water Absorption Test

34

 Place the test block on the scales and record the weight as
accurately as possible.
Place the same block in a bucket of water, so it is partially
submerged, and leave it there for one minute.
Remove the block from the H2O and remove any surface water by
tapping it dry with a towel.
Place the block on the scales and record the new weight, again
measuring as accurately as possible.
Deduct the first "dry" weight figure from the last "wet" weight
figure to determine the weight of water absorbed by the block
during the test period. For example, if the dry block weighed 1,000
grams and the wet block weighed 1,050 grams, then the block
absorbed 50 grams of water.

MANUFACTURERS
This is few manufacturers who make solid concrete blocks
Shiv Raj International Private Limited
Vijarnia Buildcon Private Limited
Dynamic Building Concepts Pvt Ltd
35

TYPES AND SIZES

There are different types of sizes and shape of blocks. Mainly there are
12 inch blocks, 8 inch blocks, 16 inch and 10 inch blocks, 6 inch and 10
inch blocks and rockface blocks

12 solid blocks

Size of this block is 12*8*16 fha top

size of this block is 12*4*16 solid cap

8 solid block

36

Size of this block is 8*8*16 fha top filled

Size of this block is 8*4*16 solid cap

16and 10

Size of this block 10*8*16 fha top filled

Rockface

The size of this block is 4*8*16 rockface l corner

Rock face cap size of this block is 8*4*16

37

The size of this block is 8*4*16 rockface fill top

COST INFORMATION
The solid concrete block wall is not cost effective costing around 11$ per
sq. feet that is Rs 660 approx. It includes cost of everything like labour,
material, cleanup etc.

DRYWALL
Introduction
Drywall is a panel which is made up of gypsum plaster that is pressed
between the two thick sheets of paper and is used to make interior walls
and ceilings. It is an alternative to traditional lath and plaster.

History
38

In 1888 in Rochester,Kent UK the first plasterboard plant was opened. In

1894 Sackett and Fred Kane invented Sackett board. They made it by
layering the plaster within four piles of wool felt paper. Thickness of
sheets was 36*36*1/4 with untapped (open) edges.
Gypsum board was invented between 1910 and 1930 with wrapped
board edges and inner two layers of felt paper was eliminated. Later air
entrainment agents made boards lighter and less brittle.

Composition and Manufacture

Drywall consist of gypsum plaster which is pressed among two coats of
paper. CaSo4.2H2o is intense to evaporate the water and then rehydrated
to form hemihydrate of CaSo4.1/2H2O. Plaster is then mixed with
accelerators like fibre,

foaming agents, plasticizers, finely grounded

crystals of gypsum), retarders (EDTA, starch), and increases the fire

resistance, wax emulsions or silanes for lower water absorption. Then the
mixture is sandwiched between the 2 thick sheets of fibreglass mats or
heavy paper

Specifications
39

Panels of drywall are manufactured in following various sizes:

1. 48-inch or 1.2 m wide panels in varying lengths.
2. 54-inch or 1.4 m wide panels in varying lengths.
3. 96-inch or 2.4 m widespread sheets in variable lengths.
Some common panel thicknesses:
1.
2.
3.
4.

12-inch (13 mm)

58-inch (16 mm)
14-inch (6.4 mm)
38-inch (9.5 mm).

Water damage and mold

When drywall comes in contact with water at base wicking can occur. By
capillary action the moisture will spread several inches or feet above the
ground making ceiling drywall tape to separate from ceiling. This will
soften drywall about the bolts.
Drywall can be water proofed by covalent water proofing but if water
proofing is absent then water will penetrate and bacteria and molds will
start germinating and multiplying. Paper present in drywall supports the
growth of molds. It is for this reason green board and cement board is
used in rooms, kitchens, bathrooms where humidity level is high.
High sulphur drywall illness and corrosion issues
Emission of sulphurous gases from drywall causes foul odour, corrosion
of metal within the structure, health problems. Volatile sulphur
compounds including H2S are emitted from drywall.

40

MANUFACTURERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Sound of silence, Mumbai

Fibrecrafts India , Pun
Onyx infrastructure, Bengaluru
Rags acoustic solutions, Ghaziabad
Ananya enterprices , Delhi

BRANDS
1.
2.
3.
4.

SHEETROCK
GYPROC
GYPROCK
GIB, UK

COST INFORMATION
The installing of drywall is cost effective costing around 2$ per sq. feet
that is Rs 120 approx. It includes cost of everything like labour, material,
cleanup etc.

41

LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE BLOCKS

INTRODUCTION
Lightweight concrete block is an unique product which has strength of
concrete and yet very light in weight. It has amazing durability with silica
sand & high dosage of fly ash which makes it an economical and eco
friendly product. Lightweight concrete block is mainly utilized in the
construction business.

HISTORY
42

Lightweight pieces was climaxed in the mid-1920s by the Swedish

modeler and originator Dr. Johan Axel Eriksson, working with Professor
Henrik Kreger at the Royal Institute of Technology. It went into time in
Sweden in 1929 in a gathering plant in Hllabrottet and rapidly persuaded
the chance to be particularly acclaimed. Siporex was made in Sweden in
1939 and promptly licenses and has plants in 35 territories far and wide.
In the 1940s, the trademark Ytong was displayed, and was reliably
proposed as "blue solid" in Sweden in perspective of its light blue tinge.
This alteration of Ytong was passed on from alum shale, whose ignitable
carbon substance made it gainful to use in the period process. The doing
combating solid brand Siporex passed on in Tuzla, Bosnia, utilized other
grungy materials. "Ytong" acquired Siporex and today makes "Siporex"
under "Ytong" weigh in Tuzla, Bosnia advanced office. Shockingly, the
slate stores utilized for Ytong in addition contain uranium, which makes
the material give off radioactive radon gas to the building. In 1972, the
Swedish Radiation Safety Authority brought up the unacceptability of a
radon-exuding change material, and the utilization of alum slate in the
creation of Ytong stopped in 1975. Ytong passed on after 1975 has
utilized unpleasant materials without the uranium content.

COMPOSITION
Lightweight blocks are a mixture of powdered Portland concrete, water,
extended mud, shale or slate.

MANUFACTURING
Extended stone, shale, and slate are created by pulverizing the crude
resources and warming them to about 2000F. On this temp. The material
43

bloats, or puffs up, as an aftereffect of the fast era of gasses made by the
burning of little amounts of natural material caught inside. A
commonplace light-weight square weighs around 22-28 lb (10.0-12.7 kg)
and is used to fabricate non-load-bearing dividers and allotments.
Extended impact heater slag, and also regular volcanic materials, for
example, pumice and scoria, is additionally used to make Lightweight
Square.
The process of manufacturing is done in the following steps:
Mixing
Moulding
Curing
Cubing

TESTS
The tests for lightweight concrete blocks are same as that of solid
concrete blocks.

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MANUFACTURERS AND SUPPLIERS

Krishna Ashtech CLC Pvt. Ltd.
V K Enterprises
Kashy Infratech
ARL Infratech Ltd.

SHAPE AND SIZE

The shape of blocks are usually rectangular and sizes available are
2,3,4,6,8,10,12,14

COST INFORMATION
The solid concrete block wall is not cost effective costing around 11$ per
sq. feet that is Rs 660 approx. It includes cost of everything like labour ,
material and cleanup.

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CASE STUDY

NAME OF THE SITE: SDS NRI RESIDENCY

NAME OF THE CONSTRUCTION GROUP: SDS
INFRATECH

INTRODUCTION
SDS Group is a profoundly admired group which has its profoundly
launches in Noida and Gr. Noida. This Group is very reputed and Client
Centric and has figured out how to develop infrastructure on a very fast
speed since this group has started. SDS has established committed name
and trust in NCR Real Estate Industry in a very short period.

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NRI Residency, Noida

NRI Residency is 2nd venture which is dispatched by SDS Group after
the astounding achievement of their GN project. This gathering lodging
undertaking is spread over on 7.5 Acres of 3 side open plot at a world
class zone of Sec-45, Noida. This Residency is having more than 640
luxurious pads with 3 or 4 bedrooms. It is very close to Sec-18, Greater
Noida and South Delhi.

MATERIALS USED ON SITE

STUCCO
GYPSUM PLASTER
WALL PUTTY
SOLID CONTRETE BLOCK

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Our group photograph with the safety manager and the project
manager.
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REFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stucco
http://www.thegreenvalleygroup.com/stucco-inspection.html
http://www.structuretech1.com/2011/03/invasive-moisture-testing-onstucco-revisited/
http://www.homewyse.com/services/cost_to_install_stucco.html
http://www.stuccoguru.com/resources/article.cfm?articleID=A01210&resourceID=3
http://www.procoatsystems.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/StuccoLine-Card-2012.pdf
http://www.ehow.com/list_6765555_properties-gypsum-plaster.html
http://mnlath-plaster.com/products/gypsum_plaster.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaster
https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?
set=a.489041844465062.100617.188107741225142&type=3

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http://www.dreamhomeguide.in/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-plasterof-paris-pop
http://www.homewyse.com/services/cost_to_apply_gypsum_plaster.html
http://chestofbooks.com/homeimprovement/repairs/painting/Cyclopedia/
Testing-Plaster-Of-Paris.html#.VSbE59yUez4
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Concrete-Block.html
http://cbri.res.in/CSIR-800/Web%20Technologies/WebTech/TFW2SOLID_CONCRETE.pdf
http://homeguides.sfgate.com/test-water-absorption-paver-block52187.html
http://cbri.res.in/CSIR-800/Web%20Technologies/WebTech/TFW2SOLID_CONCRETE.pdf
http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4571535_disadvantages-concreteblocks-building-houses.html
http://www.homewyse.com/services/cost_to_install_concrete_block_wall
.html
http://www.ehow.com/facts_4896028_what-drywall-made.html
http://www.homewyse.com/services/cost_to_install_ceiling_drywall.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoclaved_aerated_concrete
http://www.alliedconcrete.com/pdf/Blockbooklet.pdf

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