Mat Chapter 18
Mat Chapter 18
18
1.0
INTRODUCTION
In the previous chapter, the basic theory governing the behaviour of beams subjected to
torsion was discussed. A member subjected to torsional moments would twist about a
longitudinal axis through the shear centre of the cross section. It was also pointed out
that when the resultant of applied forces passed through the longitudinal shear centre axis
no torsion would occur. In general, torsional moments would cause twisting and warping
of the cross sections.
When the torsional rigidity (GJ) is very large compared with its warping rigidity (E),
the section would effectively be in uniform torsion and warping moment would unlikely
to be significant from the designer's perspective. Examples of this behaviour are closed
hot-rolled sections (e.g. rectangular or square hollow sections) and rolled angles and
Tees. Note that warping moment is developed only if warping deformation is restrained.
Warping deformation in angle and T-sections are not small, only warping moment would
be small. On the other hand, most thin walled open sections have much smaller torsional
rigidity (GJ) compared with warping rigidity (E) values and these sections will be
exhibiting significant warping moment. Hot rolled I sections and H sections would
exhibit torsional behaviour in-between these two extremes and the applied loading is
resisted by a combination of uniform torsion and warping torsion.
2.0
Any structural arrangement in which the loads are transferred to an I beam by torsion is
not an efficient one for resisting loads. The message for the designers is "Avoid Torsion if you can ". In a very large number of practical designs, the loads are usually applied in
a such a manner that their resultant passes through the centroid. If the section is doubly
symmetric (such as I or H sections) this automatically eliminates torsion, as the shear
centre and centroid of the symmetric cross section coincide. Even otherwise load transfer
through connections may - in many cases - be regarded as ensuring that the loads are
effectively applied through the shear centre, thus eliminating the need for designing for
torsion. Furthermore, in situations where the floor slabs are supported on top flanges of
channel sections, the loads may effectively be regarded as being applied through the shear
centre since the flexural stiffness of the attached slab prevents torsion of the channel.
Where significant eccentricity of loading (which would cause torsion) is unavoidable,
alternative methods of resisting torsion efficiently should be investigated. These include
Copyright reserved
Version II
18 -1
design using box sections, tubular (hollow) sections or lattice box girders which are fully
triangulated on all faces. All these are more efficient means of resisting torsional
moments compared with I or H sections. Unless it is essential to utilise the torsional
resistance of an I section, it is not necessary to take account of it. The likely torsional
effects due to a particular structural arrangement chosen should be considered in the early
stages of design, rather than left to the final stages, when perhaps an inappropriate
member has already been chosen.
3.0
In the previous chapter, the concepts of uniform torsion and warping torsion were
explained and the relevant equations derived.
When a torque is applied only at the ends of a member such that the ends are free to
warp, then the member would develop only pure torsion.
The total angle of twist ( ) over a length of z is given by
Tq z
(1)
GJ
E S wms
t
( 2)
where E
= Modulus of elasticity
Swms = Warping statical moment at a particular point S chosen.
The warping normal stress (w) due to bending moment in-plane of flanges (bi-moment)
is given by
w = - E .Wnwfs . ''
where Wnwfs = Normalised warping function at the chosen point S.
4.0
There will be some interaction between the torsional and flexural effects, when a load
produces both bending and torsion. The angle of twist caused by torsion would be
amplified by bending moment, inducing additional warping moments and torsional
Version II
18 -2
shears. The following analysis was proposed by Nethercot, Salter and Malik in reference
(2).
4.1
Maximum Stress Check or "Capacity check"
The maximum stress at the most highly stressed cross section is limited to the design
strength (fy /m). Assuming elastic behaviour and assuming that the loads produce bending
about the major axis in addition to torsion, the longitudinal direct stresses will be due to
three causes.
bx
byt
Mx
Zx
M yt
(3)
Zy
''
w E.Wnwfs .
byt is dependent on Myt, which itself is dependent on the major axis moment Mx and the
twist .
Myt = Mx
(4)
bx + byt +w fy /m.
(5)
Buckling Check
Whenever lateral torsional buckling governs the design (i.e. when pb is less than fy) the
values of w and byt will be amplified. Nethercot, Salter and Malik have suggested a
simple "buckling check" along lines similar to BS 5950, part 1
byt w
Mx
Mx
1 0.5
1
Mb
f y / m
Mb
where
M x,
Version II
(6)
=
=
m x Mx
ME M p
B B 2 M E M p
18 -3
in which
M p LT 1 M E
Mp 2 E
f
LT 2 y
Applied loading having both Major axis and Minor axis moments
When the applied loading produces both major axis and minor axis moments, the
"capacity checks" and the "buckling checks" are modified as follows:
Capacity check:
bx + byt +w + by fy/m
(7)
Buckling check:
My
byt w
Mx
Mx
1 0.5
1
Mb
fy Zy / m
f y / m
Mb
(8)
where M y m y M y
byt M y / Z y
4.4
Torsional shear stresses and warping shear stresses should also be amplified in a similar
manner:
Mx
vt t w 1 0.5
M b
(9)
This shear stress should be added to the shear stresses due to bending in checking the
adequacy of the section.
5.0
The analysis for the lateral torsional buckling is very complex because of the different
types of structural actions involved. Also the basic theory of elastic lateral stability
cannot be directly used for the design purpose because
Version II
18 -4
the formulae for elastic critical moment ME are too complex for routine use and
there are limitations to their extension in the ultimate range
A simple method of computing the buckling resistance of beams is given below. In a
manner analogous to the Perry-Robertson Method for columns, the buckling resistance
moment, Mb, is obtained as the smaller root of the equation
(ME - Mb) (Mp - Mb) = LT. ME Mb
(10)
ME M p
B B2 M E M p
where
M p LT 1 M E
[ As defined above, ME
Mp
LT
Zp
2
=
=
=
=
In order to simplify the analysis, BS5950: Part 1 uses a curve based on the above
concept (Fig. 1 ) (similar to column curves) in which the bending strength of the beam is
expressed as a function of its slenderness (LT ). The design method is explained below.
The buckling resistance moment Mb is given by
Mb= pb .Zp
(11)
LT 2
where
Version II
LT
E
LT
fy
(12)
Mp
ME
18 -5
300
200
Beam buckling
pb
N/mm2
100
0
50
100
LT
150
200
250
stocky beams which are able to attain the plastic moment Mp, for values of LT below
about 0.4.
Slender beams which fail at moments close to ME, for values of LT above about 1.2
In the absence of instability, eqn. 11 permits that the value of fy can be adopted for the full
plastic moment
0.6 capacity pb for LT < 0.4 . This corresponds to LT values of around 37
(for steels
having
fy= 275 N/mm2) below which the lateral instability is NOT of concern.
M/M
p
0.4
stocky
intermediate
slender
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
LT
Version II
1.4
MP
ME
18 -6
Fig.2 Comparison of test data (mostly I sections) with theoretical elastic critical moments
ry
(13)
4 Z p2
2 2
A h
s
and
x 0.566 hs A
u
2
and
A
Iy J
1.132
I
x
Version II
hs t1 t2 b1 b2
12 t1 b1 t2 b2
18 -7
J
hs
t1, t2
b1, b2
We can assume
u = 0.9 for rolled UBs, UCs, RSJs and channels
= 1.0 for all other sections.
, x
ry
v a function of
For a member subjected to concentrated torque with torsion fixed and warping free
condition at the ends ( torque applied at varying values of L), the values of and
its differentials are given by
Tq
(1)
sinh
a cosh sinh z
1 z
GJ
a
a
a
tanh
For
0 z ,
Version II
Tq .a
18 -8
Tq
1
GJ
sinh a
z
cosh cosh
a
a
tanh
sinh a
z
cosh sinh
GJa
a
a
tanh
Tq
Tq
G J a2
sinh
a cosh cosh z
a
a
tanh
a
Similar equations are available for different loading cases and for different values of .
Readers may wish to refer Ref. (2) for more details. We are unable to reproduce these on
account of copyright restrictions.
6.0
SUMMARY
This chapter is aimed at explaining a simple method of evaluating torsional effects and to
verify the adequacy of a chosen cross section when subjected to torsional moments. The
method recommended is consistent with BS 5950: Part 1.
7.0
REFERENCES
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Version II
18 -9
Job No.
Sheet 1 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Structural Steel
Design Project
Made by RSP
Checked by RN
CALCULATION SHEET
Example 1
The beam shown below is unrestrained along its length. An eccentric load is applied
to the bottom flange at the centre of the span in such a way that it does not provide
any lateral restraint to the member.
The end conditions are assumed to be simply supported for bending and fixed against
torsion but free for warping. For the factored loads shown, check the adequacy of the
trial section.
W = 100 kN
2000mm
= 4000 mm
Stiffener to
prevent flange
and web
buckling
e = 75 mm
W = 100 kN
Tq = W.e
=
e
W
Version II
negative angle of
twist due to Tq
18 -10
Structural Steel
Design Project
Job No.
Sheet 2 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Made by
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CALCULATION SHEET
Tq
(i) Plane
(ii) Torsional
bending
loadingby f)
Loading (Note: These are factored loads and are not to be multiplied
Point load,
W = 100 kN
Distributed load (self weight), w = 1 kN/m (say)
Eccentricity,
e = 75 mm
Bending effects ( at U.L.S)
Moment at B,
Shear at A,
Shear at B,
Version II
D = 500 mm
B = 250 mm
18 -11
Structural Steel
Design Project
Job No.
Sheet 3 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
CALCULATION SHEET
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B = 250 mm
Web thickness
t
Flange thickness
T
Moment of inertia
Ixx
Moment of inertia
Iyy
Radius of gyration
ry
Elastic modulus
Zx
Elastic modulus
Zy
Cross sectional area A
Additional properties
= 9.9 mm
= 14.7 mm
= 52291 cm4
= 2988 cm4
= 49.6 mm
= 2092 cm3
= 239 cm3
= 121.2 cm2
9.9 mm
14.7 mm
Torsional constant,
J =
1
2BT 3
3
1
2 250 14.7 3 500 2 14.7 9.9 3
3
Warping constant,
=
Shear modulus,
I y h2
4
2
4
2988 10 500 14.7
4
G
2 10 5
2 1 0.3
76.9 kN / mm 2
GJ
2 10 5 1.76 10 12
76.9 10 3 682 10 3
Job No.
Version II
E
2 1
D = 500 mm
2591 mm
Sheet 4 of 14
Rev.
18 -12
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Structural Steel
Design Project
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Checked by RN
CALCULATION SHEET
Wnwfs
=
Warping statical moment,
S wms
hB
4
500 14.7 250
4
30331 mm2
h B2 T
16
485.3 250 2 14.7
16
4
4
= 2787 10 mm
Statical moment for flange,
Qf
= Af . yf
= ( 120.05 14.7) 242.7
= 428.2 103 mm3
Qw
= (A/2) yw
yw =
Qw
235.3
= 194.2
mm
= 6061 194.2
= 1166 103 mm3
Job No.
Version II
Sheet
5 of 14
Rev.
18 -13
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Structural Steel
Design Project
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CALCULATION SHEET
Material Properties
Shear modulus,
= 76.9 kN/mm2
= 217 N/mm2
Buckling check
byt w
Mx
M
1 0.5 x
fy
Mb
Mb
m
Mx
m M xB
1.0
M x 1.0 M xB
102 kNm
E = 4000 mm
Mb
B
ME M p
2
B B M E M p
M p LT 1 M E
2
where
BS 5950:
Part I
App.B.2
Version II
250 500 2
250
240.1 470.6 2
1.15
4
4
507 kNm
18 -14
Job No.
Sheet 6 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Structural Steel
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CALCULATION SHEET
ME
Mp 2 E
BS 5950:
Part I
App.B.2.2
LT 2 p y
LT
n = 0.86,
u = 0.9
I cf I tf
A
I y .J
1.132
12122 1.76 10 12
1.132
4
3
2988 10 681.6 10
/x
80.7 / 36.6
0.948
LT
nuv
Version II
36.63
BS 5950:
Part 1
App.B.2.5
= 2.2
ME
583 10 6 2 2 10 5
59.2
59.2 2 217
1143 kNm
18 -15
Job No.
Sheet 7 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Structural Steel
Design Project
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CALCULATION SHEET
M p LT 1 M E
BS 5950:
Part 1
App.B.2.3
LT
LO
= b ( LT - LO )
2 E
0.4
py
2 2 10 5
0.4
217
LT
B
Mb
ME M p
B B2 M E M p
38.2
= 0.15
911 kNm
12
1143 507
2
411 kNm
Myt
Mx .
To calculate
Version II
Sheet
8 of 14
Rev.
18 -16
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Structural Steel
Design Project
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Checked by RN
CALCULATION SHEET
Tq .a
z
1
GJ
a
sinh a
z
cosh
sinh
a
a
tanh
7.5 10 6 2591
1 0.5 0.77
102 0.023
= 2.36 kNm
M yt
byt
76.9 10 681.6 10
0.023 rads
Myt =
Zy
2.36 10 6
239 10 3
Ref. 2.0
App. B
sinh0.77
cosh0.77 sinh0.77
tanh1.54
9.89 N / mm 2
E . Wnwfs .
To calculate
Tq
GJa
sinh a
tanh
cosh
z
sinh
a
a
Ref. 2.0
App. B
7.5 10 6
sinh0.77
1.8 10 8
= 109 N / mm2
Job No.
Version II
sinh0.77
Sheet
9 of 14
Rev.
18 -17
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Structural Steel
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CALCULATION SHEET
byt w
Mx
M
1 0.5 x
1
fy
Mb
Mb
m
9.9 109.2
102 10 6
102 10 6
1 0.5
6
250
411 10 6
4
11
10
1.15
Buckling is O. K
(i)
0.86
bx + byt + w
bx
Mx / Z x
fy / m
= 102 106 / 2092 103 = 48.8 N / mm2
Version II
bw
FVA . Qw
I x .t
52 10 3 1166 10 3
52291 10 4 9.9
11.7 N / mm 2
18 -18
Job No.
Sheet 10 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
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CALCULATION SHEET
bf
In flange,
FVA . Q f
52 10 3 428.2 10 3
52291 10 4 14.7
I x .T
2.9 N / mm 2
At midspan :-
bw
11.3 N / mm2
In flange, bf
2.8 N / mm2
In web,
G.t.
E . S wms .
t
To calculate and
sinh a
Tq
1
GJ
tanh
sinh a
G J a 2 tanh
a
Tq
At = 0.5,
sinh
Version II
cosh
z
cosh
a
a
Ref. 2.0
App.B
cosh
0.5 4000
2591
0.851,
cosh
z
cosh
a
a
0.77
1.313,
tanh
0.913
18 -19
Structural Steel
Design Project
Job No.
Sheet 11 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
CALCULATION SHEET
Made by
RSP
Checked by RN
At support,
z = 0
z
a
2000
z
cosh
a
cosh(0) 1.0
cosh
At midspan, z
cosh(0.77) 1.313
At support
7.5 106
681.6 10 3 25912
0.812 10 11
7.5 10 6
76.9 10 3 681.6 10 3
76.9 10
0.851
0.913 1.313 1
0.851
1.7 10 5
In flange,
tw
G.t.
tw
- 12.95 N / mm2
tf
tf
=
=
=
G. T .
76.9 103 14.7 (-1.7 10-5)
- 19.22 N / mm2
Job No.
Version II
Sheet 12 of 14
Rev.
18 -20
Structural Steel
Design Project
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Made by
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Checked by RN
CALCULATION SHEET
T
2 10 5 2787 10 4 0.812 10 11
wf
14.7
3.1 N / mm 2
At midspan
0
7.5 10 6
0.851
1.313 1.313
3
3
2
76.9 10 681.6 10 2591 0.913
1.06 10 11
tw
G.t.
= 0
In flange,
tf
G.T.
= 0
T
2 10 5 2787 10 4 1.06 10 11
wf
14.7
4.02 N / mm 2
Job No.
Version II
Sheet 13 of 14
Rev.
18 -21
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Structural Steel
Design Project
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CALCULATION SHEET
0 1 2
3
At support
vt
Mx
t w 1 0.5
M
b
tw
In web at 3,
vt
12.95 N / mm 2
102
12.95 1 0.5
411
14.6 N /mm 2
bw
11.7 - 14.6
Version II
vt
=
tf
= - 19.2 N / mm2
wf
= - 3.1 N / mm2
vt
= bf + vt
19.2
102
3.1 1 0.5
411
25.1 N / mm 2
18 -22
Job No.
Sheet 14 of 14 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example. Flexural member
Structural Steel
Design Project
Made by
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CALCULATION SHEET
Shear strength,
Since
fv
< fv
7.5
1.6
4.7 kNm
0.026
1.6
0.016 rads
0.93
Job No.
Version II
Sheet
1 of 6
Rev.
18 -23
Structural Steel
Design Project
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example.Flexural member
CALCULATION SHEET
Made by
RSP
Checked by RN
Example 2
Redesign the member shown in example 1, using a rectangular hollow section.
Try 300 200 8 @ 60.5 kg / m R. H. S
Section properties.
Depth of section
Width of section
Web thickness
Flange thickness
Area of section
Moment of inertia
Radius of gyration
Elastic modulus
Elastic modulus
Plastic modulus
D
B
t
T
A
Ix
ry
Zx
Zy
Zp
= 300 mm
= 200 mm
= 8 mm
= 8 mm
= 77.1 cm2
= 9798 cm4
= 8.23 cm
= 653 cm3
= 522 cm3
= 785 cm3
8 mm
D = 300
8 mm
200
Additional properties
Torsional constant
t3 h
2 K Ah
3
Version II
56064 mm2
2[(B - t) + ( D - T)]
= 968 mm
18 -24
Job No.
Sheet 2 of 6 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example.Flexural member
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CALCULATION SHEET
2 Ah t
h
2 56064 8
968
Torsional constant,
927 mm 2
8 3 968
2 927 56064
3
104 10 6 mm 4
J
t K
t
104 10 6
8 927 8
840 10 3 mm3
Material properties
Shear modulus, G
Design strength, py
E
2 1
250 / m =
2 10 5
2 1 0.3
250 / 1.15
76.9 kN / mm 2
= 217 N / mm2
byt w 1 0.5 M x
Mx
fy
Mb
Mb
Since slenderness ratio (E / ry = 4000 / 82.3 = 48.6) is less than the limiting value
250
fy
385
given
in BS 5950 Part 1, table 38, lateral torsional
Version II
18 -25
Job No.
Sheet 3 of 6 Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example.Flexural member
Structural Steel
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CALCULATION SHEET
Hence
Mb
Mcx
Shear capacity
Pv
0.6 fy / m . Av
Shear area
Av
D
= D B A
Pv
Since
< 0.6 Pv
Mcx
Mcx
m
M
300
77.1
300 200
46.3 cm 2
FVB
50 < 363
fy. Zp / m
BS 5950:
Part 1
4.2.5
1.0
1.0 102
102 kNm
BS 5950:
Part 1
4.3.7.2
table 13
To calculate
The 100 kN eccentric load gives a value of Tq = 100 0.75 = 7.5 kNm
100 kN
100 kN
75 mm
L
T0 = Tq / 2
T0 = Tq / 2
Job No.
Version II
Sheet
4 of 6
Rev.
18 -26
Structural Steel
Design Project
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example.Flexural member
CALCULATION SHEET
Made by
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Checked by RN
T0
T0
z
GJ
Tq
7.5
2
2
At centre of span,
Myt
byt
= /2
. MxB
M yt
Zy
3.75 kNm
= 2000 mm
0.001 radians
0.195 N / mm 2
Mb
byt
Mx
1 0.5
fy
M b
102
0.195
102
1 0.5
250
170
170
1.15
0.6
O. K
(ii )
bx + byt + w
bx
Version II
fy /m
= MxB / Zy
18 -27
Job No.
Sheet 5 of 6
Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example.Flexural member
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CALCULATION SHEET
bx
102 10 6
522 10 3
196
+ 0.195 + 0
196 N / mm 2
196.2
O. K
Shear stresses due to bending
bw
Qw
A1
A1 y
150 8
Version II
T0
C
150
2 184 8 146
2
10 3
A1
A1
395
A1
52 10 3 395 10 3
9798 10 4 2 8
Qw
A
2
bw
200
FVA . Qw
I x . t1
150
395
cm
A1
395 cm3
13.1 N / mm 2
7.5 106
2 837 10 3
4.5 N / mm 2
18 -28
Job No.
Sheet 6 of 6
Rev.
Job title:
Design of members subjected to bending and torsion
Worked Example.Flexural member
Structural Steel
Design Project
Made by
RSP
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CALCULATION SHEET
bw
vt
13.1 + 5.9
Shear strength
Since
Version II
vt
M
w 1 0.5 x
M b
102
4.5 0 1 0.5
170
pv
< pv
5.9 N / mm 2
19 N / mm2
= 130 N /mm2
BS 5950:
Part 1
4. 2. 3
18 -29