Chemistry 360

Dr. Jean M. Standard

Problem Set 10 Solutions

Sketch (roughly to scale) a phase diagram for molecular oxygen given the following information: the
triple point occurs at 54.3 K and 1.14 torr; the critical point occurs at 154.6 K and 37828 torr; the normal
melting point is 54.75 K; and the normal boiling point is 90.25 K. Does solid molecular oxygen melt
under applied pressure?
The data points that are given for the phase diagram are plotted below with pressure on the y-axis and
temperature on the x-axis.

Note that critical point occurs at such a high pressure compared to the other points that it is difficult to see the
other regions (these regions will be focused on later).
We know that the triple point, normal boiling point, and critical point must lie along the liquid-vapor
coexistence curve, with the triple point and critical point corresponding to the terminators of the curve. This is
indicated in the plot above by dashed lines connecting these three points. On the lower temperature side of the
L-V coexistence curve lies the liquid phase, and on the higher temperature side lies the vapor phase.
We also know that the triple point and the normal melting point lie along the solid-liquid coexistence curve.
This curve most likely extends to pressures above that of the normal melting point, but we have no data to
indicate the pressure and temperature values above 1 atm=760 torr. Thus, the solid phase must lie somewhere
on the left side of the plot, at temperatures lower than that of the normal melting point, as indicated.
The other coexistence curve, for the solid-vapor phase equilibrium, must also be present on the phase diagram.
However, we are given no data to characterize this portion of the phase diagram.

2
1.

continued
To get a better view of the coexistence curves at lower pressures, the scale of the y-axis is adjusted to show
pressures of 800 torr and lower; therefore, the position of the critical point is not shown in the figure below.

In this zoomed-in version of the O2 phase diagram, the liquid-vapor coexistence curve connecting the triple
point and the normal boiling point (and eventually the critical point) is clearly seen and the liquid and vapor
regions noted. Similarly, the solid-liquid coexistence curve connecting the triple point and the normal melting
point is more easily seen and the solid (and liquid) regions defined. Once again, however, no data is given to
locate the solid-vapor coexistence curve. It must occur at very low pressure, however, since it must lie below
the triple point at 1.14 torr.
To answer the question of whether or not solid O2 melts when the pressure is increased, we need to estimate the
slope of the coexistence curve. For a graph of pressure vs. temperature, the slope is

slope =

P
P P
= 2 1 .
T
T 2 T1

Using the two known points along the solid-liquid coexistence curve, the normal melting point ( T1 = 54.75 K ,
P1 = 760 torr ) and the triple point ( T 2 = 54.3 K , P2 = 1.14 torr ), the slope is

P
P P
= 2 1
T
T 2 T1

1.14 torr 760 torr

Since the slope of the solid-liquid coexistence curve is positive, the solid will not melt as the pressure increases.

3
2.

Calculate the melting point of ice under a pressure of 50 bar given that the melting point at 1 bar is 0C.
Assume that the density of ice under these conditions is 0.92 g/mL and the density of liquid water is 1.00
g/mL. The molar enthalpy of fusion of water is 6.01 kJ/mol.
The Clapeyron equation for solid-liquid phase equilibrium is

H fus,m
dP
=
.
dT
T fusVm
We can approximate the left side of the equation as

dP
P

.
dT
T

Substituting,

H fus,m
P
=
.
T
T fus Vm

To get the melting point of ice at a pressure of 50 bar, we can solve for T and use the fact that the melting
point of ice at 1 bar pressure is 0C (273.15 K). Solving for T yields,

T =

or T 2 T1 =

T fus Vm P

,
H fus,m
T fus Vm ( P2 P1 )
H fus,m

Solving for T 2 ,

T 2 = T1 +

T fus Vm ( P2 P1)
H fus,m

The molar volumes of the liquid and solid phases can be calculated from the molecular weight and the densities.
For ice,

M # 1L &
%
(
D $ 1000 mL '
# 18.016 g mol1 & # 1L &
(
= %%
(
1 ( %
$ 0.92 g mL ' $ 1000 mL '

Vs,m =

Vs,m = 0.01958 L/mol.

M # 1L &
%
(
D $ 1000 mL '
# 18.016 g mol1 & # 1L &
(
= %%
1 ( % 1000 mL (
'
$ 1.00 g mL
' $

Vl,m =

Vl,m = 0.01802 L/mol.

4
2.

Continued
Substituting,

T 2 = T1 +

T fus Vm ( P2 P1 )
H fus,m

= 273.15 K +

( 273.15 K)( 0.01802 0.01958 L/mol)( 50 1 bar )

$ 100 J '
= 273.15 K 0.00348 K L bar J -1 &
)
% 1 L bar (
= 273.15 K 0.35 K
T 2 = 272.80 K or 0.35! C .

3.

If it takes an increase of 1.334 megabars of pressure to change the melting point of a substance from
222C to 122C for a change in molar volume of 3.22 cm3/mol, what is the molar enthalpy of fusion of
the substance in J/mol?
The Clapeyron equation for solid-liquid phase equilibrium is

H fus,m
dP
=
.
dT
T fusVm
Using an approximation for the left side in terms of finite changes leads to the relation

H fus,m
P

.
T
T fus Vm

Solving for the molar entropy of fusion, we have

# P &
H fus,m = %
( T fus Vm .
$ T '

3
Substituting P = 1.334 10 6 bar, T = 100 K , T fus = 495.15 K , and Vm = 3.22 10 L/mol yields

# P &
H fus,m = %
( T fus Vm
$ T
'

# 1.334 10 6 bar &

# 100 J &
= 21270 L bar/mol %
(
$ 1 L bar '
H fus,m = 2.127 10 6 J/mol or 2127 kJ/mol.

5
4.

The vapor pressure of liquid benzene obeys the relation

ln P = 29.411

5893.5
,
T

where the pressure is in torr and temperature is in Kelvin. Calculate the molar enthalpy of vaporization
of benzene and the normal boiling point.

The liquid-vapor equilibrium coexistence curve is given by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation as

ln P =

H vap,m
RT

+ C .

Since the equation above is in the same form, we have that

H vap,m
R

= 5893.5K ,

or H vap,m = R ( 5893.5K)

= 8.314 J mol1K1 ( 5893.5K)

5893.5
T
5893.5
ln P 29.411 =
T
5893.5
T =
.
ln P 29.411
ln P = 29.411

Then, for P = 760 torr,

T =

5893.5
ln 760 29.411

T = 258.7 K or 14.45! C .

6
5.

At what pressure does the boiling point of water become 300C? If oceanic pressure increases by 1 atm
for every 10 m, to what ocean depth does this pressure correspond?
Since we are dealing with a liquid/vapor equilibrium, the Clausius-Clapeyron equation applies. The integrated
form is

"P %
H vap,m " 1
1 %
ln $ 2 ' =

$
'.
R
T2 &
# P1 &
# T1
In order to use this equation to determine P2 , we need the enthalpy of vaporization of water. This can be
obtained from values given inthe appendix ( H vap,m = 44.03 kJ/mol ). Substituting,

H vap,m $ 1
1 '
ln P2 = ln P1 +

&
)
R
T2 (
% T1

= ln (1 atm) +

(44.03 10

J/mol $
'
1
1

&
)
(8.314 J/molK) % 373.15 K 573.15 K (

ln P2 = 4.9524 .
Taking the exponential gives the pressure,

P2 = e 4.9524
P2 = 142 atm.

This would correspond to an ocean depth of about 1420 meters.

6.

The sublimation pressures of solid Cl2 are 352 Pa at 112C and 35 Pa at 126.5C. The vapor pressures
of liquid Cl2 are 1590 Pa at 100C and 7830 Pa at 80C. Calculate the molar enthalpies of sublimation,
vaporization, and fusion.
Since the problem deals with S-V and L-V equilibria, the Clausius-Clapeyron equation applies. The equation is

"P %
H m
ln $ 2 ' =
P
R
# 1&

"1
1 %

$
'.
T2 &
# T1

Solving for the enthalpy change,

H m =

R ln ( P2 / P1)
.
$1
1'

&
)
T2 (
% T1

7
6.

continued
For the S-V equilibrium, the equation is

R ln ( P2 / P1)
$1
1 '

&
)
T2 (
% T1

H sub,m =

(8.314 J mol

1 1

H sub,m

'

35 Pa
)
) ln &% 352
Pa (

$
'
1
1

&
)
146.65 K (
% 161.15 K
= 31280 J/mol or 31.28 kJ/mol.

For the L-V equilibrium, the equation becomes

H vap,m =

R ln ( P2 / P1)
$1
1 '

&
)
T2 (
% T1

(8.314 J mol

1 1

H vap,m

'

7830 Pa
)
) ln &% 1590
Pa (

$
'
1
1

&
)
193.15K (
% 173.15K
= 22160 J/mol or 22.16 kJ/mol.

Since enthalpy is a state function, the enthalpy of fusion can be calculated from the following relation

H sub,m = H fus,m + H vap,m .

Solving for the enthalpy of fusion,

H fus,m = H sub,m H vap,m

8
7.

Freon-12 (CF2Cl2) was commonly used in spray cans prior to the discovery that it was harmful to the
ozone layer. Its enthalpy of vaporization is 20.25 kJ/mol and its normal boiling point is 29.2C.
Determine the vapor pressure of Freon-12 at 40C.
The Clausius-Clapeyron equation for the liquid-vapor equilibrium is

"P %
H vap,m " 1
1 %
ln $ 2 ' =

$
'.
R
T2 &
# P1 &
# T1
Solving for ln P2 yields

H vap,m $ 1
1 '
ln P2 = ln P1 +

&
)
R
T2 (
% T1

(20.25 10 J/mol) $& 1

= ln (1.0 atm) +

1 1

'
1
)
313.15K (

ln P2 = 2.2063.
The pressure P2 is then

P2 = e 2.2063
P2 = 9.08 atm.

8.

The vapor pressure of solid uranium hexafluoride, UF6, follows the equation

ln P = 29.411

5893.5
,
T

where the pressure is in Pa and temperature is in Kelvin. The vapor pressure of liquid uranium
hexafluoride follows the equation

ln P = 22.254

3479.9
.
T

Determine the temperature and pressure of the triple point.

The triple point occurs at the intersection

5893.5
3479.9
= 22.254
T
T
2413.6
7.157 =
T
T = 337.24 K .

Thus, 337.24 K is the triple point temperature. Substituting this temperature back into either of the two
coexistence equations and solving for pressure give the triple point pressure.

9
8.

continued
Using the S-V equation,

5893.5
T
5893.5
ln P = 29.411
337.24 K
ln P = 11.935
ln P = 29.411

P = 1.526 10 5 Pa.

9.

The vapor pressure of liquid mercury is 0.133 bar at 260C and 0.533 bar at 330C. Assume that the
mercury vapor can be treated as an ideal gas and that the enthalpy of vaporization is independent of
temperature. Calculate the molar enthalpy and the molar Gibbs free energy of vaporization at 25C.
The Clausius-Clapeyron equation for the liquid-vapor equilibrium is

"P %
H vap,m
ln $ 2 ' =
R
# P1 &

"1
1 %

$
'.
T2 &
# T1

Solving for the enthalpy of vaporization,

H vap,m =

R ln ( P2 / P1)
.
$1
1 '

&
)
T2 (
% T1

Substituting,

R ln ( P2 / P1)
H vap,m =
$1
1 '

&
)
T2 (
% T1

(8.314 J mol

1 1

H vap,m

'

)
) ln &% 0.533bar
0.133bar (

$
'
1
1

&
)
603.15K (
% 533.15K
= 53020 J/mol or 53.02 kJ/mol.

Therefore, assuming that H vap,m is independent of temperature, the molar enthalpy of vaporization at 25C is
53.02 kJ/mol.

To determine the Gibbs free energy, we can use the equation

G vap,m = H vap,m T Svap,m .

10
9.

continued
The entropy of vaporization can be determined from the alternate form of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation,

ln P =

H vap,m
RT

Svap,m
R

Solving for the entropy of vaporization,

Svap,m = R ln P +

H vap,m
T

Substituting 0.133 bar and 533.15 K for the pressure and temperature,

53020 J/mol
Svap,m = 8.314 J mol-1K1 ln ( 0.133bar ) +
533.15K

Svap,m = 82.70 J mol-1K1 .

G vap,m = H vap,m T Svap,m

= 53020 J/mol ( 298.15 K) 82.70 J mol1K1

11
10. Consider the phase diagram of sulfur given below (rhombic and monoclinic are two different solid forms
of sulfur). Starting at 298K and 1 atm pressure and considering an increase in the temperature (at
constant pressure), comment on the entropy change as the sulfur goes from the rhombic solid phase to
the monoclinic sold phase. Is the entropy change expected to be positive or negative? On the basis of the
Second Law of Thermodynamics, is the phase transition expected to be spontaneous in an isolated
system?

For the Solid-Rhombic to Solid-Monoclinic phase transition, the phase diagram shows that the slope of the
coexistence curve dP/dT is positive,

dP
> 0.
dT
From the Clapeyron equation, we have

dP
Sm
=
.
dT
Vm

Since the slope of the coexistence curve is positive,

Sm
> 0.
Vm

We can assume that Vm is positive since the molar volume of the monoclinic phase would be predicted to be
larger than the molar volume of the rhombic phase at 25C. This is because at a given temperature, the phase

with the smaller molar volume (and therefore higher density) will be stable at higher pressure. This means that
Sm is also positive,

Sm > 0 .

From the Second Law, a positive entropy change corresponds to a spontaneous process in an isolated system.