Inelastic Behavior of

Materials and Structures

Inelastic Behavior 1
Revised 3/10/06

Inelastic Behavior of
Materials and Structures
Illustrate Inelastic Behavior of Materials and Structures
Explain Why Inelastic Response May be Necessary
Explain the Equal Displacement Concept
Introduce the Concept of Inelastic Design Response Spectra
Explain How Inelastic Behavior is Built into ASCE 7-05
Inelastic Behavior 2
Revised 2/29/04

Importance in Relation to ASCE 7-05

Derivation and Explanation of the Response

Reduction Factor R

Derivation and Explanation of the Displacement

Amplification Factor Cd

Derivation and Explanation of the Overstrength

Factor o

Inelastic Behavior 3

Inelastic Behavior of Structures

From Material
to Cross Section
to Critical Region
to Structure

Inelastic Behavior 4

Idealized Inelastic Behavior

From Material..
Stress

u
y

u
=
y
y

Strain

u
Inelastic Behavior 5

Stress-Strain Relationships for Steel

Inelastic Behavior 6

Stress-Strain Relationships for Steel

Inelastic Behavior 7

Unconfined Concrete
Stress-Strain Behavior
20000

4500 psi
8800 psi
13,500 psi
17,500 psi

18000
16000

Stress, psi

14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

Strain, in./in.
Inelastic Behavior 8

Confined Concrete
Stress-Strain Behavior
no confinement
4.75 in.
3.5 in.
Pitch of
2.375 in.
in. dia.
1.75 in. spiral

8000
7000

Stress, psi

6000
5000
4000
3000
2000

Huge increase in Strain Capacity !

1000

Tests of
6 in. x 12 in.
cylinders

0
0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

Average strain on 7.9 in. gauge length

Inelastic Behavior 9

Confinement by Spirals or Hoops

Asp

fyhAsp

ds
fyhAsp
Confinement
from spiral or
circular hoop

Forces acting
on 1/2 spiral or
circular hoop

Confinement
from square
hoop

Inelastic Behavior 10

Concrete Confinement

Rectangular hoops
with cross ties

Confinement by
transverse bars

Confinement by
longitudinal bars

Inelastic Behavior 11

Idealized Stress-Strain Behavior of

Confined Concrete
Kent and Park Model
No Hoops
4 in.
6 in.
9 in. Pitch of
12 in. in. dia.

4500
4000
Stress, psi

3500
3000

spiral

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0

0.004

0.008

0.012

0.016

Strain, in./in.
Inelastic Behavior 12

Unconfined

Confined

Inelastic Behavior 13

Benefits of Confinement

Spiral Confinement

Virtually NO Confinement

Olive View Hospital, 1971 San Fernando Valley Earthquake

Inelastic Behavior 14

IDEALIZED INELASTIC BEHAVIOR

To Section..
Strain

Stress

Moment

ELASTIC

y
Strain

y
Stress

My
Moment

INELASTIC

Mu
Inelastic Behavior 15

IDEALIZED INELASTIC BEHAVIOR

To Section..
Moment

Mu
My

u
=
y
y
NOTE:

Curvature

Inelastic Behavior 16

Software for Moment - Curvature Analysis

XTRACT

Inelastic Behavior 17

IDEALIZED INELASTIC BEHAVIOR

To Critical Region and Member..

Mu

My

Moment

Area y

u
Curvature

Area u
LP

ELASTIC

INELASTIC
Inelastic Behavior 18

IDEALIZED INELASTIC BEHAVIOR

To Critical Region and Member..
Moment

Mu
My

u
=
y
y
NOTE:

Rotation

Inelastic Behavior 19

Critical Region Behavior of a Steel Girder

Strength Loss
Due to Flange
Buckling

Inelastic Behavior 20

IDEALIZED INELASTIC BEHAVIOR

To Structure..

Force

u
=
y
Note:

Displacement

Inelastic Behavior 21

Loss of Ductility through Hierarchy

Strain = 100
Curvature = 12 to 20
Rotation = 8 to 14
Displacement = 4 to 10
Inelastic Behavior 22

Ductility and Energy Dissipation Capacity

System ductility of 4 to 6 is required for

acceptable seismic behavior.

Good hysteretic behavior requires

ductile materials. However, ductility in
itself is insufficient to provide acceptable
seismic behavior.

Cyclic energy dissipation capacity is a

better indicator of performance.
Inelastic Behavior 23

Response Under Reversed

Cyclic Loading
(t)
+

Time

Earthquakes impose DEFORMATIONS. Internal Forces Develop

as a result of the deformations.

Inelastic Behavior 24

Laboratory Specimen under Cyclic Deformation Loading

Displacement
Transducer
(Controls )
+

Moment Arm L

7
5
3

Time
2
4
6

Hydraulic
Ram
Records (F)

Deformations are cyclic,

inelastic, and reversed

Load Cell

Inelastic Behavior 25

Laboratory Specimen under Cyclic Deformation Loading

Force
Displacement
Transducer
(Controls )

Moment Arm L

Deformation

Hydraulic
Ram
Records (F)

Measured Hysteretic
Behavior

Load Cell

Inelastic Behavior 26

Hysteretic Behavior
Force

Force

Deformation

ROBUST
(Excellent)

Deformation

PINCHED
(Good)

Inelastic Behavior 27

Hysteretic Behavior
Force

Force

Deformation

PINCHED (with strength loss)

Poor

Deformation

BRITTLE
Unacceptable
Inelastic Behavior 28

Hysteretic Behavior
Force

AREA=
Energy Dissipated

Deformation

ROBUST

Force

Deformation

PINCHED (No Strength Loss)

Inelastic Behavior 29

Ductility and Energy Dissipation Capacity

The structure should be able to sustain several

cycles of inelastic deformation without significant
loss of strength.

Some loss of stiffness is inevitable, but excessive

stiffness loss can lead to collapse.

The more energy dissipated per cycle, without

excessive deformation, the better the behavior
of the structure.
Inelastic Behavior 30

Ductility and Energy Dissipation Capacity

The art of seismic resistant design is in the details.

With good detailing, structures can be designed
for force levels significantly lower than would be
required for elastic response.

Inelastic Behavior 31

Why is Inelastic Response Necessary?

Compare the Wind and Seismic Design of a
Simple Building
Building Properties:
Moment Resisting Frames
Density = 8 pcf
Period T = 1.0 sec
Damping = 5%
Soil Site Class B

62.5
90
120

Wind:
100 MPH Exposure C
Earthquake:

Assume SD1=0.48g
Inelastic Behavior 32

Wind:
120 mph 3-Sec Gust
Exposure C

62.5

90
Velocity pressure q= 36.8 psf
Gust factor G = 0.85
120
Pressure coefficient Cp= 1.3
Load and Directionality Factor for Wind = 1.6x0.85=1.36
Total wind force on 120 face:
VW120= 62.5*120*36.8*0.85*1.3*1.36/1000 = 415 kips
Total wind force on 90 face:
VW90 = 62.5*90*36.7*0.85*1.3*1.36/1000 = 310 kips
Inelastic Behavior 33

Earthquake:
Building Weight W=
120*90*62.5*8/1000 = 5400
kips

VEQ = CSW

62.5
90
120

0.48
S D1
CS =
=
= 0.480
. (10
. / 10
. )
T ( R / I ) 10
Total ELASTIC earthquake force (in each direction):
VEQ = 0.480*5400 = 2592 kips
Inelastic Behavior 34

Comparison: Earthquake vs. Wind

VEQ
VW 120

2592
=
= 6.2
415

VEQ
VW 90

2592
=
= 8.4
310

ELASTIC Earthquake forces 6.2 to 8.4 times wind!

Virtually impossible to obtain economical design
Inelastic Behavior 35

How to Deal with Huge Earthquake Force?

Isolate structure from ground (Base Isolation)

Increase Damping (Passive Energy Dissipation)
Allow Controlled Inelastic Response
Historically, Building Codes use Inelastic Response Procedure.
Inelastic response occurs through structural damage (yielding).
We must control the damage for the method to be successful.

Inelastic Behavior 36

Assume Frame is Designed for Wind

Pushover Analysis Predicts Strength = 500 k

Force, kips

Actual

600

Idealized
400
200

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

Displacement, inches
Inelastic Behavior 37

How will Frame Respond During

0.4g El Centro Earthquake?
Force, kips
600

Fy=500 k
K2=11 k/in

400

Idealized SDOF Model

200

K1=550 k/in
1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

Displacement, in.

El Centro Ground Motion

Acceleration, g

0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
0
-0 .2
-0 .4
-0 .6
0

10
T im e , S e c o n d s

12

14

16

18

Inelastic Behavior 38

20

Response Computed by NONLIN:

Maximum
Displacement:
4.79

Maximum
Shear Force:
542 k
Number of
Yield Events:
15
Inelastic Behavior 39

Response Computed by NONLIN:

Yield Displacement = 500/550 = 0.91 inch

Maximum Displacement 4.79
=
= 5.26
Ductility Demand
Yield Displacement
0.91
Inelastic Behavior 40

Interim Conclusion (The Good News)

The frame, designed for a wind force which is 15%
of the ELASTIC earthquake force, can survive the
earthquake if:
It has the capability to undergo numerous cycles of
INELASTIC deformation
It has the capability to deform at least 5 to 6
times the yield deformation
It suffers no appreciable loss of strength

REQUIRES ADEQUATE DETAILING

Inelastic Behavior 41

Interim Conclusion (The Bad News)

As a result of the large displacements associated with
The inelastic deformations, the structure will suffer
considerable structural and nonstructural damage.

This damage must be controlled by

adequate detailing and by limiting
structural deformations (drift)

Inelastic Behavior 42

Development of Equal Displacement

Concept of Seismic Resistant Design.
Concept used by:
UBC/IBC
NEHRP
ASCE-7

In association with Force Based

design concept. Used to predict
design forces and displacements

FEMA 273

In association with Static Push Over

Analysis. Used to predict displacements
at various performance points.

Inelastic Behavior 43

The Equal Displacement Concept

The displacement of an inelastic system, with

stiffness K and strength Fy, subjected to a particular
ground motion, is approximately equal to the displacement
of the same system responding elastically.
(The displacement of a system is independent of the
yield strength of the system)

Inelastic Behavior 44

Maximum Displacement (in)

Repeat Analysis for Various Yield Strengths

(All other parameters stay the same)
7

Elastic = 5.77

Avg. = 5.0 in.

6
5
4
3
2
1
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Yield Strength (K)

Ductility Demand

6
5
4

Inelastic

3
2
1

Elastic

0
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Yield Strength (K)

Inelastic Behavior 45

Constant Displacement Idealization

of Inelastic Response
IDEALIZED BEHAVIOR

3500

3500

3000

3000

2500

2500

Force, Kips

Force, Kips

ACTUAL BEHAVIOR

2000
1500
1000

2000
1500
1000

500

500

0
0

4
Displacement, Inches

Displacement, inches

Inelastic Behavior 46

Equal Displacement Idealization

of Inelastic Response

For design purposes, it may be assumed that

inelastic displacements are equal to the
displacements that would occur during an
elastic response.

The required force levels under inelastic response

are much less than the force levels required for
elastic response.

Inelastic Behavior 47

Equal Displacement Concept

of Inelastic Design
3500

Elastic

Force, Kips

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000

Inelastic

500
0
0

5.77 6

Displacement, inches

Design for This Force

Design for this Displacement

Inelastic Behavior 48

Equal Displacement Concept

of Inelastic Design
3500

Elastic

Force, Kips

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000

Inelastic

500
0
0 d =0.91 2
y

4 du=5.77 6
Displacement, inches

5.77
= 6.34
Ductility Supply MUST BE > Ductility Demand =
0.91
Inelastic Behavior 49

FE

3500

Force, Kips

3000
2500
2000
1500

FI

1000
500
0
0

dR

dI 6

Displacement, inches

Using Response Spectrum, Estimate ELASTIC Force Demand FE

Estimate Ductility Supply, , and determine INELASTIC Force
Demand FI = FE /. Design Structure for FI
Compute Reduced Displacement dR, and multiply by to obtain true
Inelastic Displacement dI. Check Drift using di
Inelastic Behavior 50

ASCE-7 Approach
Use basic elastic spectrum, but for strength,
divide all pseudoacceleration values by R,
a response modification factor that accounts for:

Anticipated ductility supply

Overstrength
Damping (if different than 5% critical)
Past performance of similar systems
Redundancy

Inelastic Behavior 51

Ductility/Overstrength
FIRST SIGNIFICANT YIELD

First
Significant
Yield

Force

Design
Strength

Displacement
Inelastic Behavior 52

First Significant Yield

is the level of force which causes complete
plastification of at least the most critical region
of the structure (e.g. formation of the first
plastic hinge)
The Design Strength of a Structure is equal
to the resistance at first significant yield.

Inelastic Behavior 53

Overstrength (1)

Force

Design
Strength

Displacement
Inelastic Behavior 54

Overstrength (2)

Force

Design
Strength

Displacement
Inelastic Behavior 55

Overstrength (3)

Force
Apparent
Strength
Over Strength
Design
Strength

Displacement
Inelastic Behavior 56

Sources of Overstrength

Sequential Yielding of Critical Regions

Material Overstrength (Actual vs Specified Yield)
Strain Hardening
Capacity Reduction ( ) Factors
Member Selection

Inelastic Behavior 57

Definition of Overstrength Factor

Overstrength Factor =

Apparent Strength
Design Strength

Force
Apparent Strength
Over Strength
Design Strength

Displacement

Inelastic Behavior 58

Definition of Ductility Reduction Factor Rd

Force
Elastic Strength
Demand
Strength
Demand
Reduction due
To Ductility
Apparent Strength
Over Strength
Design Strength

Displacement

Elastic
Displacement
Demand

Inelastic Behavior 59

Definition of Ductility Reduction Factor

Ductility Reduction Rd =

Elastic Strength Demand

Apparent Strength

Force

Elastic
Strength
Demand

Apparent
Strength
Design
Strength

Strength
Demand
Reduction due
To Ductility
Over Strength
Elastic Displacement
Displacement
Demand
Inelastic Behavior 60

Definition of Response Modification

Coefficient R
Overstrength Factor =

Ductility Reduction Rd =

Apparent Strength
Design Strength
Elastic Strength Demand
Apparent Strength

Elastic Strength Demand

R=
Design Strength

= Rd

Inelastic Behavior 61

Definition of Response Modification

Coefficient R
Force
R x Design Strength

x Design Strength
Reduced (Design) Strength

Displacement

ANALYSIS DOMAIN

Elastic
Displacement
Demand

Inelastic Behavior 62

Definition of Deflection Amplification Factor Coefficient Cd

Elastic Strength
Demand

Apparent Strength

Design Strength

Computed Design
Displacement
Demand D

Actual Inelastic
Displacement
Demand I

Elastic
Displacement
Demand E
Inelastic Behavior 63

ASCE 7 Approach for Displacements

Determine Design Forces V=CsW, where Cs includes
Ductility/Overstrength Reduction Factor R.
Distribute forces vertically and horizontally, and
compute displacements using linear elastic analysis.
Multiply computed displacements by Cd to obtain
estimate of true inelastic response.

Inelastic Behavior 64

EXAMPLES of Design Factors

for Steel Structures
ASCE 7-05
R

Rd

Cd

Special Moment Frame

Intermediate Moment Frame
Ordinary Moment Frame

8
4.5
3.5

3
3
3

2.67
1.50
1.17

5.5
4.0
3.0

Eccentric Braced Frame

Eccentric Braced Frame (Pinned)

8
7

2
2

4.00
3.50

4.0
4.0

Special Concentric Braced Frame

Ordinary Concentric Braced Frame

6
3.25

2
2

3.00
1.25

5.0
3.25

Not Detailed

1.00

3.0

Note: Rd is Ductility Demand ONLY IF o is Achieved.

Inelastic Behavior 65

EXAMPLES of Design Factors

for Reinforced Concrete Structures
ASCE 7-05
R

Rd

Cd

Special Moment Frame

Intermediate Moment Frame
Ordinary Moment Frame

8
5
3

3
3
3

2.67
1.67
1.00

5.5
4.5
2.5

Special Reinforced Shear Wall

Ordinary Reinforced Shear Wall
Detailed Plain Concrete Wall
Ordinary Plain Concrete Wall

5
4
2
1.5

2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5

2.00
1.60
0.80
0.60

5.0
4.0
2.0
1.5

Note: Rd is Ductility Demand ONLY IF o is Achieved.

Inelastic Behavior 66

ASCE-7 Elastic Spectra as

Adjusted for Ductility and Overstrength
1.2

SDS=1.0g

SDS
CS =
R/ I
S D1
CS =
T(R / I )

Acceleration, g

1.0

SD1=0.48g
R=1

0.8

R=2
R=3
R=4
R=6
R=8

0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0

Period, Seconds

Inelastic Behavior 67

Using Modified ASCE-7 Spectrum

to Determine Force Demand
1.2
Pseudoacceleration, g

R=1

1.0
R=4

0.8
0.6

V=0.15W

0.4

0.15

0.2
0.0
0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

Period, Seconds

Inelastic Behavior 68

Using Modified ASCE-7 Spectrum

to Determine Displacement Demand
25
Displacement,inches.

R=1
R=4

20

(R=4)*Cd

15

Cd=3.5

10
5
0
0

Period, Seconds
Inelastic Behavior 69

Displacements must be Multiplied by factor Cd

Because Displacements Based on Reduced
Force would be too low
INELASTIC = Cd REDUCED ELASTIC
25

INELASTIC = 3.65 in

Displacement,inches.

R=1
R=4

20

(R=4)*Cd

15

Cd=3.5

10
5
0
0

Period, Seconds
Inelastic Behavior 70

Equal Displacement approach may not be

applicable at very low Period Values

Inelastic Behavior 71

Equal Energy Concept

(Applicable at Low Periods)
ELASTIC ENERGY
FE
FI
EE
FE
y
FI
FE
FE2
E E = 0.5FE
y = 0.5 y
FI
FI
Inelastic Behavior 72

Equal Energy Concept

(Applicable at Low Periods)
INELASTIC ENERGY

FI
EI
y

E I = FI u 0.5 FI y = FI y ( 0.5)

Inelastic Behavior 73

Equal Energy Concept

(Applicable at Low Periods)
Assuming EE = EI :
FE
FI

FE
= 2 1
FI
Inelastic Behavior 74

Newmark Inelastic Spectrum (for Psuedoacceleration)

100

Elastic:

Pseudo Velocity, In/Sec

FE
FI =
2 1

Inelastic:

10

FI =

FE

EqualDisp.

Equal Energy
Transition

0.1
0.01

0.1
1
Period, Seconds

10
Inelastic Behavior 75

Newmarks
Inelastic Design Response Spectrum
To obtain Inelastic DISPLACEMENT
Spectrum, multiply the Spectrum shown in
Previous slide by (for all Periods)

Inelastic Behavior 76

Newmarks Inelastic Design Response Spectrum

for Acceleration and Displacement
100

Pseudo Velocity, In/Sec

Disp.
Accel.
10

0.1
0.01

0.1
1
Period, Seconds

10
Inelastic Behavior 77

At very low periods, ASCE-7 Spectrum does not reduce to

ground acceleration, so this partially compensates for
error in equal displacement assumption at low Period
Values.

Cs

Period, T
Note: FEMA 273 has explicit modifies for computing Target
at Low Periods
Inelastic Behavior 78