Nfpa 13 Chapter 1

Automatic Sprinklers
CHAPTER
1
NFPA statistics indicate that sprinkler systems function exceptionally well when properly maintained. The few instances of system failure are found to be directly related
to shut water supply control valves and inadequate maintenance, which can be construed as a misunderstanding of the operational needs of the system. Commissioning,
beginning in the planning stages of a construction project, is intended not only to
address the operational requirements for sprinkler systems but to also provide for
the documentation of the concepts employed in the system design and the installation and testing of the system. This documentation, when combined with appropriate training during project closeout, is intended to ensure peak system performance
throughout the life cycle of the building and system.
This chapter provides excerpts from NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, that directly relate to the commissioning of sprinkler systems. The chapter
begins with a discussion of plans and calculations and concludes with testing requirements and project closeout documentation.
OVERVIEW
Automatic Sprinkler System Defined
A sprinkler system can be described as a system employing automatic sprinklers attached
to a piping system containing water and connected to a water supply so that water discharges immediately from sprinklers opened by heat from a fire (commonly referred to
as a wet-pipe system). For unheated spaces, such a system employs automatic sprinklers
attached to a piping system containing air or nitrogen under pressure.
The release of this air or nitrogen (as from the opening of a sprinkler) permits the
water pressure to open a dry-pipe valve, and the water then flows into the piping system
and out of the opened sprinklers (a dry-pipe system).
For high hazard areas, a deluge sprinkler system employs open sprinklers attached to a
piping system connected to a water supply through a valve. The valve is opened by the operation of a detection system installed in the same areas as the sprinklers. When this valve opens,
water flows into the piping system and discharges from all sprinklers attached thereto.
A preaction sprinkler system employs automatic sprinklers attached to a piping system containing air that may or may not be under pressure. A supplemental detection
system is installed in the same areas as the sprinklers.
Each of these system types will have specific commissioning requirements, because
each employs different types of valves and activation mechanisms.
Chapter 1
Level of Protection
NFPA 13 requires protection of all areas of a building with only specific omissions allowed,
such as noncombustible concealed spaces. The basis of design (BOD), project specifications, and preliminary plans should clearly document areas where sprinklers are omitted.
13
A building, where protected by an automatic sprinkler system installation, shall be

provided with sprinklers in all areas except where specific sections of this standard
permit the omission of sprinklers. [NFPA 13-10: 4.1]
When partial sprinkler systems are installed, the requirements of this standard
shall be used insofar as they are applicable. [NFPA 13-10: 4.2.1]
The authority having jurisdiction shall be consulted in each case. [NFPA 13-10:
4.2.2]
Owner Requirements
13
The owner(s) of a building or structure where the fire sprinkler system is going to be
installed or their authorized agent shall provide the sprinkler system installer with the
following information prior to the layout and detailing of the fire sprinkler system
[see NFPA 13-10: Figure A.22.1(b)] [Exhibit 1.1]:
(1) Intended use of the building including the materials within the building and the
maximum height of any storage
(2) A preliminary plan of the building or structure along with the design concepts
necessary to perform the layout and detail for the fire sprinkler system
(3) Any special knowledge of the water supply, including known environmental
conditions that might be responsible for corrosion, including microbiologically
influenced corrosion (MIC) [NFPA 13-10: 4.3]
For new construction, this information is sent to the registered design professional (RDP)
for inclusion in the project plans and specifications. This information is used to develop
the BOD documentation. Exhibit 1.1 can be included as a section of the BOD.
PLANS
Construction Documents Defined
1
Documents that consist of scaled design drawings and specifications for the purpose of construction of new facilities or modification to existing facilities. [NFPA
1-12: 3.3.69]
Preliminary Plans
13
Preliminary plans should be submitted for review to the authority having jurisdiction prior to the development of working plans [see NFPA 13-10: Figure
A.22.1(a)][Exhibit 1.2]. The preliminary plans can be part of the construction documents submitted in order to obtain a building permit. However, working drawings in
accordance with Section 22.1 should be submitted and approved prior to the installation of system equipment. Preliminary plans should include as much information as
is required to provide a clear representation of the hazard to be protected, the system
design concept, the proposed water supply configuration, and building construction
information pertinent to system layout and detailing.
The owners information certificate [see NFPA 13-10: Figure A.22.1(b)][Exhibit
1.1]: should be used to obtain a declaration of the intended use of the occupancy to
be protected. Drawings that accompany the certificate should include the following:
Program for Individual Systems
Chapter 1
EXHIBIT 1.1
Owners Information Certicate
Source: Adapted from NFPA 13, 2010, Figure A.14.1(b).
OWNERS INFORMATION CERTIFICATE

Name/address of property to be protected with sprinkler protection:
Name of owner:
Existing or planned construction is:
Fire resistive or noncombustible
Wood frame or ordinary (masonry walls with wood beams)
Unknown
Describe the intended use of the building:
Note regarding speculative buildings: The design and installation of the fire sprinkler system is dependent on an
accurate description of the likely use of the building. Without specific information, assumptions will need to be made
that will limit the actual use of the building. Make sure that you communicate any and all use considerations to the fire
sprinkler contractor in this form and that you abide by all limitations regarding the use of the building based on the
limitations of the fire sprinkler system that is eventually designed and installed.
Is the system installation intended for one of the following special occupancies:
Aircraft hangar
Fixed guideway transit system
Race track stable
Marine terminal, pier, or wharf
Airport terminal
Aircraft engine test facility
Power plant
Water-cooling tower
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
If the answer to any of the above is yes, the appropriate NFPA standard should be referenced for sprinkler
density/area criteria.
Indicate whether any of the following special materials are intended to be present:
Flammable or combustible liquids
Aerosol products
Nitrate film
Pyroxylin plastic
Compressed or liquefied gas cylinders
Liquid or solid oxidizers
Organic peroxide formulations
Idle pallets
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
If the answer to any of the above is yes, describe type, location, arrangement, and intended maximum quantities.
2009 National Fire Protection Association
NFPA 13 (p. 1 of 2)
Chapter 1
EXHIBIT 1.1
Continued
Indicate whether the protection is intended for one of the following specialized occupancies or areas:
Spray area or mixing room
Solvent extraction
Laboratory using chemicals
Oxygen-fuel gas system for welding or cutting
Acetylene cylinder charging
Production or use of compressed or liquefied gases
Commercial cooking operation
Class A hyperbaric chamber
Cleanroom
Incinerator or waste handling system
Linen handling system
Industrial furnace
Water-cooling tower
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
If the answer to any of the above is yes, describe type, location, arrangement, and intended maximum quantities.
Will there be any storage of products over 12 ft (3.6 m) in height?
Yes No
If the answer is yes, describe product, intended storage arrangement, and height.
Will there be any storage of plastic, rubber, or similar products over 5 ft (1.5 m) high except as described above?
Yes No
If the answer is yes, describe product, intended storage arrangement, and height.
Is there any special information concerning the water supply?
Yes No
If the answer is yes, provide the information, including known environmental conditions that might be responsible
for corrosion, including microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC).
I certify that I have knowledge of the intended use of the property and that the above information is correct.
Signature of owners representative or agent:
Date:
Name of owners representative or agent completing certificate (print):

Relationship and firm of agent (print):
NFPA 13 (p. 2 of 2)
Chapter 1
EXHIBIT 1.2
Typical Preliminary Plan Source: NFPA 13, 2010, Figure A.14.1(a).
Wired glass windows
2 12
16 in.
on center
18 in.
I-beam
under
Property line
One-story frame-metalworking
Exposure
16 ft 0 in.
typical
bay
Riser
Two-story and
basement wood joist
construction heated
Nipple up to
blind space
Sheathed
on 2 90.J.
Alarm valve with

approved indicating valve
Ceiling heights 10 ft 0 in.

Fire dept. connection
Roof 22 ft 6 in. above grade
Flow hydrant
75 psi static pressure
70 psi residual pressure
500 gpm flowing
N
JOHN DOE AND CO.

100 N. 12TH STREET
STRAND, NY
Curb line
City gate
N. 12th Street
Office
one story and
blind space above
Surveyed 12-31-08
Drawn
1-4-09
1-5-09
Checked
Approved
Degree of sprinkler
This sheet
Total on contract
By: F.J.
By: F.J.
By: H.T.
By:
160 212 280 360
171
528
Contract no.
N-4341
Sheet no. 1 of 1
Scale " = 1' 0"
XYZ AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER CO.

NEWARK, OHIO
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
Name of owner and occupant.

Location, including street address.
Point of compass.
Construction and occupancy of each building.
Building height in feet.
Waterflow test information. If a waterflow test of the city main is available,
the drawings should indicate the date and time of the test, the name of the
party that conducted the test, the location of the hydrants where the flow was
taken and where static and residual pressure readings were recorded (see
A.23.2.1), the size and configuration of mains supplying the hydrants, the
size and number of open hydrant butts flood, and results of the test.
Building features such as combustible concealed spaces, floor openings, areas subject to freezing, and areas from which it is intended to omit sprinkler protection.
Proposed location and approximate size, if a water supply employing pumps
or tanks is contemplated.
Name and address of party submitting the preliminary plans.
Tentative location of major piping, including mains underground, risers,
overhead mains, and fire department connections.
13
Chapter 1
The preliminary plan discussed here is usually submitted by the RDP with the complete set
of bid documents for the project. This set ordinarily includes the architectural, structural
plans and all building systems, such as electrical; plumbing; heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC); fire protection; and so on. The preliminary plans should include sufficient information to permit an initial plan review for the issuance of a building permit.
Working Plans
Working plans are much more detailed than preliminary plans. As the name suggests,
these are the plans normally used for installation and submission as the final as-built
drawings during project closeout. They must, therefore, contain exact dimensions and
instructions for the installer.
These plans can also be used for the fabrication of precut pipe and pipe supports.
Ordinarily, sprinkler pipe is fabricated in a fabrication shop off-site and shipped to the
project with pipe lengths cut based on the dimensions shown on the working drawing;
pipe threads are fabricated onto the pipe and one fitting made-on or attached. The
sprinkler system is assembled based on the order of installation indicated on the working
plans with few, if any, deviations.
13
Underground mains should be designed so that the system can be extended

with a minimum of expense. Possible future plant expansion should also be
considered and the piping designed so that it will not be covered by buildings. [See
NFPA 13-10: Figure A.22.1.1.][Exhibit 1.3] [NFPA 13-10: A.22.1.1]
Working Plan Submittal

Working plans must be submitted when applying for a permit to install the fire protection system.
13
Working plans shall be submitted for approval to the authority having jurisdiction
before any equipment is installed or remodeled. [NFPA 13-10: 22.1.1]
Deviation
13
Deviation from approved plans shall require permission of the authority having jurisdiction. [NFPA 13-10: 22.1.2]
Deviation from the approved plans can take the form of change orders for the addition
or deletion of work or correction of design or installation errors or spatial conflicts with
the equipment of other trades.
Content of Plans
13
Working plans shall be drawn to an indicated scale, on sheets of uniform size, with a
plan of each floor, and shall show those items from the following list that pertain to
the design of the system:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Name of owner and occupant.

Location, including street address.
Point of compass.
Full height cross section, or schematic diagram, including structural member
information if required for clarity and including ceiling construction and method
of protection for nonmetallic piping.
Location of partitions.
Location of fire walls.
Occupancy class of each area or room.
Location and size of concealed spaces, closets, attics, and bathrooms.
Chapter 1
Typical Working Plan Source: NFPA 13, 2010, Figure A.14.1.1.

20 ft 0 in.
280
280
Unit
heater
212
1 ft 6 in.
212
2" 4"
2" 4" 2" 4" 2" 4" 2" 4"

2" 4"
*23"
*22"
3" 3"
3"
3"
3"
3"
3"
2"
3"
2"
2"
2"
9'-9" 9'-9"
9'-9"
9'-8" 9'-8" 9'-8"
9'-8" 9'-8" 9'-9"
5'-7" 9'-8"
2 in. 4 in.
2" 4"
2" 4"
nip and cap *
= 22 in.
2" 4" 2" 4"
3'-7"
2" 4"
Note:
Figures marked thus * denote
distance in inches from top of
steel joists down to center of
pipe.
do
do
do
*25 in.
72
wet
160
JOHN DOE CO.

2232 N. SECOND STREET
SMITHVILLE, NY
Curb line
75 psi static pressure

70 psi residual
500 gpm flowing
Contract no.
By: H.T.
10-01-06
By: H.T.
10-3-06
N-4341
By: R.J.
10-10-06
Checked
Approved
By: T.E.P.
10-12-06
Degree of sprinkler
160 212 280 360
Sheet no. 1 of 1
72
4
8
This sheet
K-factor of sprinkler
5.6 5.6 5.6
Scale "= 1' 0"
Total on contract
84
XYZ AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER CO.
NEWARK, OHIO
Surveyed
8 in. city main Drawn

N. Second Street
4
wet
212
8
wet
280
Upright sprinklers
(9) Any small enclosures in which no sprinklers are to be installed.

(10) Size of city main in street and whether dead end or circulating; if dead end,
direction and distance to nearest circulating main; and city main test results
and system elevation relative to test hydrant (see A.23.1.8).
(11) Other sources of water supply, with pressure or elevation.
(12) Make, type, model, and nominal K-factor of sprinklers including sprinkler
identification number.
(13) Temperature rating and location of high-temperature sprinklers.
(14) Total area protected by each system on each floor.
(15) Number of sprinklers on each riser per floor.
(16) Total number of sprinklers on each dry pipe system, preaction system, combined dry pipepreaction system, or deluge system.
(17) Approximate capacity in gallons of each dry-pipe system.
(18) Pipe type and schedule of wall thickness.
(19) Nominal pipe size and cutting lengths of pipe (or center-to-center dimensions).
Where typical branch lines prevail, it shall be necessary to size only one typical
line.
(20) Location and size of riser nipples.
Hang two end

pieces to
bottom of
steel joists
2 in. 2 in. 4 in. fire dept. connection
Water motor
alarm
City gate valve
212
280 Unit 280

heater
6 in. cast
iron A
* = 14 in.
280 Unit
heater
1 ft 0 in.
1 ft 0 in.
37 ft-1 in.
212
42
42
do
do
1"
11'-3"
2 in. 4 in.
nip and
cap *
= 22 in.
10 in. bar joists

2 ft 6 in. on center
1 in. metal deck
C-clamp
hangers on
lines and
mains
8 in. 16 in. I-beam

18 in. reveal
80 ft 0 in.
2 0-4 in. riser nipple
* = 14 in.
Elevation AA
in. = 1 ft 0 in.
20 ft 0 in.
6 in. F. & S. pc.

6 in. bend
20 ft 0 in.
4 in. to fire dept. connection

4 in. alarm check valve
4 in. approved indicating valve
20 ft 0 in.
Unit heater * = 14 in.

280
1"
1" 1" 1"
1"
1"
11'-3" 9'-8" 1'-2" 11'-3" 11'-3" 11'-3"
280
20 ft 0 in.
Built-up roofing
1 in. metal deck
10 in. bar joists 2 ft 6 in. O.C .
20 ft 0 in.
Inspector test connection
EXHIBIT 1.3
13
10
Chapter 1
13
(21) Type of fittings and joints and location of all welds and bends. The contractor
shall specify on drawing any sections to be shop welded and the type of fittings
or formations to be used.
(22) Type and locations of hangers, sleeves, braces, and methods of securing sprinklers when applicable.
(23) All control valves, check valves, drain pipes, and test connections.
(24) Make, type, model, and size of alarm or dry-pipe valve.
(25) Make, type, model, and size of preaction or deluge valve.
(26) Kind and location of alarm bells.
(27) Size and location of standpipe risers, hose outlets, hand hose, monitor nozzles,
and related equipment.
(28) Private fire service main sizes, lengths, locations, weights, materials, point of
connection to city main; the sizes, types and locations of valves, valve indicators, regulators, meters, and valve pits; and the depth that the top of the pipe is
laid below grade.
(29) Piping provisions for flushing.
(30) Where the equipment is to be installed as an addition to an existing system,
enough of the existing system indicated on the plans to make all conditions
clear.
(31) For hydraulically designed systems, the information on the hydraulic data
nameplate.
(32) A graphic representation of the scale used on all plans.
(33) Name and address of contractor.
(34) Hydraulic reference points shown on the plan that correspond with comparable
reference points on the hydraulic calculation sheets.
(35) The minimum rate of water application (density or flow or discharge pressure),
the design area of water application, in-rack sprinkler demand, and the water
required for hose streams both inside and outside.
(36) The total quantity of water and the pressure required noted at a common reference point for each system.
(37) Relative elevations of sprinklers, junction points, and supply or reference
points.
(38) If room design method is used, all unprotected wall openings throughout the
floor protected.
(39) Calculation of loads for sizing and details of sway bracing.
(40) The setting for pressure-reducing valves.
(41) Information about backflow preventers (manufacturer, size, type).
(42) Information about antifreeze solution used (type and amount).
(43) Size and location of hydrants, showing size and number of outlets and if
outlets are to be equipped with independent gate valves. Whether hose
houses and equipment are to be provided, and by whom, shall be indicated. Static and residual hydrants that were used in flow tests shall be
shown.
(44) Size, location, and piping arrangement of fire department connections.
(45) Ceiling/roof heights and slopes not shown in the full height cross section.
(46) Edition year of NFPA 13 that the sprinkler system is designed to. [NFPA 1310: 22.1.3]
A signed copy of the owners certificate and the working plan submittal shall include
the manufacturers installation instructions for any specially listed equipment, including descriptions, applications, and limitations for any sprinklers, devices, piping,
or fittings. [NFPA 13-10: 22.1.4]
Chapter 1
Owners certificate should be furnished for all new systems and where there is a change
of occupancy and/or building use.
Auxiliary Equipment Symbols

Special symbols shall be used and explained for auxiliary piping, pumps, heat exchangers, valves, strainers, and the like, clearly distinguishing these devices and piping runs from those of the sprinkler system. [NFPA 13-10: 22.1.5.1]
Model number, type, and manufacturers name shall be identified for each piece
of auxiliary equipment. [NFPA 13-10: 22.1.5.2]
13
WATER SUPPLY
Generally, existing water supply data, if available, can be used, provided the data were
obtained within the last five years. If the data were obtained more than five years ago or
if no water supply data are available, a waterflow test must be conducted.
Testing of Water Supply. To determine the value of public water as a supply

for automatic sprinkler systems, it is generally necessary to make a flow test
to determine how much water can be discharged at a residual pressure at a rate
sufficient to give the required residual pressure under the roof (with the volume flow
hydraulically translated to the base of the riser) that is, a pressure head represented
by the height of the building plus the required residual pressure.
The proper method of conducting this test is to use two hydrants in the vicinity
of the property. The static pressure should be measured on the hydrant in front of or
nearest to the property and the water allowed to flow from the hydrant next nearest
the property, preferably the one farthest from the source of supply if the main is fed
only one way. The residual pressure will be that indicated at the hydrant where water
is not flowing.
Referring to Figure A.23.2.1 [Exhibit 1.4], the method of conducting the flow
tests is as follows:
(1) Attach the gauge to the hydrant (A) and obtain static pressure.
(2) Either attach a second gauge to the hydrant (B) or use the pitot tube at the outlet.
Have hydrant (B) opened wide and read pressure at both hydrants.
(3) Use the pressure at (B) to compute the gallons flowing and read the gauge on (A)
to determine the residual pressure or that which will be available on the top line
of sprinklers in the property.
Water pressure in pounds per square inch for a given height in feet equals height
multiplied by 0.433.
In making flow tests, whether from hydrants or from nozzles attached to hose, always measure the size of the orifice. While hydrant outlets are usually 212 in. (64 mm),
they are sometimes smaller and occasionally larger. Underwriters Laboratories play
pipe is 118 in. (29 mm) and 134 in. (44 mm) with the tip removed, but occasionally
nozzles will be 1 in. (25.4 mm) or 114 in. (33 mm), and with the tip removed the opening can be only 112 in. (38 mm).
The pitot tube should be held approximately one-half the diameter of the hydrant or nozzle opening away from the opening. It should be held in the center of the
stream, except that in using hydrant outlets the stream should be explored to ascertain
the average pressure.
For further information on water supply testing, see NFPA 291, Recommended
Practice for Fire Flow Testing and Marking of Hydrants. [NFPA 13-10: A.23.2.1]
13
11
12
Chapter 1
EXHIBIT 1.4
Method of Conducting Flow Tests
Gauge attached
to hydrant to
show static and
residual pressures
Gauge attached to
hydrant or pitot tube
to register flowing
pressure
Pitot tube
Public main
Source: NFPA 13, 2010, Figure A.15.2.1.
Capacity Data
13
The following information shall be included:

(1) Location and elevation of static and residual test gauge with relation to the riser
reference point
(2) Flow location
(3) Static pressure, psi (bar)
(4) Residual pressure, psi (bar)
(5) Flow, gpm (L/min)
(6) Date
(7) Time
(8) Name of person who conducted the test or supplied the information
(9) Other sources of water supply, with pressure or elevation [NFPA 13-10: 22.2.1]
Where a water flow test is used for the purposes of system design, the test shall be
conducted no more than 12 months prior to working plan submittal. [NFPA 13-10:
22.2.1.1]
Treatment Data
13
The following information shall be included when water supply treatment is provided in accordance with NFPA 13-10: 23.1.5:
(1) Type of condition that requires treatment
(2) Type of treatment needed to address the problem
(3) Details of treatment plan [NFPA 13-10: 22.2.2]
HYDRAULIC CALCULATION FORMS

Hydraulic calculation forms provide written, mathematical verification of the systems
pipe diameters and demonstrate that the attached water supply meets or exceeds the
required flow and pressure of the fire protection system. The hydraulic calculations must
be submitted any time the plans are submitted, because the plans cannot be reviewed
completely without a review of the hydraulic characteristics of the system.
13
Hydraulic calculations shall be prepared on form sheets that include a summary

sheet, detailed worksheets, and a graph sheet. [See copies of typical forms in Figure
A.22.3.2(a), Figure A.22.3.3, and Figure A.22.3.4.][Exhibits 1.5, 1.6, 1.7], [NFPA
13-10: 22.3.1]
Chapter 1
EXSummary
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Date
Location
Name of owner and occupant
Building number or other identification
Description of hazard (for storage applications, the commodity classification,
storage height, and rack configuration shall be included)
(6) Name and address of contractor or designer
(7) Name of approving agency
(8) System design requirements, as follows:
(a) Design area of water application, ft2 (m2)
(b) Minimum rate of water application (density), gpm/ft2 (mm/min). Where
sprinklers are listed with minimum water application in gpm (L/min) or
pressure in psi (bar), the minimum rate of water application shall be indicated in gpm (L/min) or pressure, psi (bar).
(c) Area per sprinkler, ft2 (m2)
Sample Filled-Out Summary Sheet
Hydraulic Calculations
for
ABC Company, employee garage

7499 Franklin Road
Charleston, SC
4001
Contract No.
1 7 08
Date
Design data:
ORD. GR. 1
Occupancy classification
Density
Sheet
The summary sheet shall contain the following information, where applicable:
EXHIBIT 1.5
0.15
gpm/ft2
Area of application 1500 ft2

Coverage per sprinkler
130 ft2
Special sprinklers
No. of sprinklers calculated
12
In-rack demand
Hose streams
250 gpm
510.4
Total water required
including hose streams
gpm
Name of contractor
Name of designer
Address
Authority having jurisdiction
Source: NFPA 13, 2010, Figure A.14.3.2(a).

13
13
Chapter 1
Branch #3
line
Branch #1
line
Branch #2
line
Continued
EXHIBIT 1.5
1 in. 1 in. 1 in.
1 in. 1 in. 1 in.
Spacing 13 ft 10 ft = 130 ft2

1500 = 11.54 Calculate 12 sprinklers
130
1.2 1500 = 3.58
13
Use four sprinklers/line
3 in. 3 in.
3 in. 3 in.
3 in. 3 in.
3 in. 3 in. 3 in. 3 in. 3 in.
1 in.
2 in. 2 in. 2 in. 2 in. 2 in. 2 in. 2 in. 2 in. 2 in. 3 in.
1 in.
130 ft 0 in.
#4
1 in. 1 in. 1 in. 1 in.
#2
#3
Calculated area 1500 ft2
1 in.
1 in.
1 in.
#1
10 ft bays at 20 ft 0 in. = 200 ft 0 in.
1ft 0 in. 1 in. riser nipple
City water
main
Sprinkler
#
Note: Underground to be copper,

lined cast iron, cement-asbestos,
or fiberglass
14
3 in. riser
45 ft 0 in.
Group I 1500 ft2
Density 0.15 gpm/ft2
from Figure 11.2.3.1.1
16 ft 0 in.
260.4 gpm
See calculations
in Figure A.22.3.2(c)
Alarm
valve
8
Elevation View
Indicating gate
valve
3 in.
260.4 gpm
Reference step
13
(9) Total water requirements as calculated, including allowance for inside hose,
outside hydrants, and water curtain and exposure sprinklers
(10) Allowance for in-rack sprinklers, gpm (L/min)
(11) Limitations (dimension, flow, and pressure) on extended coverage or other listed
special sprinklers [NFPA 13-10: 22.3.2]
Chapter 1
GROUP I 1500 ft2
Nozzle
Flow
Ident.
in
and
gpm
Location
1
BL-1 q
2
2
19.5
20.7
Q 40.2
3
21.9
Pipe
D = 0.15 gpm/ft2
Equiv. Friction
Fittings
Loss
Pressure Normal
Pipe
Pipe
Notes
psi Summary Pressure
Size and
Length
Devices
K = 5.6
Foot
L 13.0 C=120 Pt 12.1 Pt
Q = 130 x 0.15 = 19.5
Pe
Pv
F
1
P = (19.5/5.6)2 = 12.1 psi
1.6 Pn
T 13.0 0.124 Pf
Pt 13.7 Pt
L 13.0
Pv
Pe
q = 5.6 13.7
F
11/4
P
P
1.6
0.125
13.0
f
T
n
Pt 15.3 Pt
L 13.0
q = 5.6 15.3
Pv
Pe
11/2
F
DN
RN
CM
TO
BL-2
BL-2
CM
TO
BL-3
BL-3
CM
CM
TO
FIS
THROUGH
UNDERGROUND
TO
CITY MAIN
23.1
11/2
T 36.5
L 10.0
F
0.236 Pf
8.6 Pn
Pt 26.0 Pt
Pe
Pv
0.07
21/2
T 10.0
L 10.0
F
2T-16
q
Q 85.2
86.3
Q 171.5
q 88.1
21/2
q
3
E5
AV15
Q 259.6
GV1
E5
GV1
T15
3
q
Q
q
Q
Pf
0.7 Pn
Pt 26.7 Pt
Pe
Pv
Pf
1.1 Pn
Pt 27.8 Pt
Pe
Pv
P
16.2 Pn
f
T 70.0 0.231
Pt 44.0 Pt
L 119.0
Pe
6.5 Pv
F 21
T 140.0 0.081 Pf
11.2 Pn
L 50.0 C=150 Pt 61.7 Pt
Pv
F 27.6 TYPE'M' Pe
T 10.0
L 70.0
F
Q 259.6
Q 259.6
1.7 Pn
17.0 Pt
0.4 Pv
0.131
Q 85.2
Pf
Pt
Pe
T 13.0
L 20.5
F 16.0
Q 62.1
4
Sheet 2 Of 3
T 77.6
L
F
T
L
F
T
q = 5.6 17
Pe = 1 x 0.433
K = 85.2
26
K = 16.71
q = 16.71 26.7
0.107
0.061 Pf
4.7 Pn
Pt 66.4 Pt
Pv
Pe
Pf
Pt
Pe
Pf
q = 16.7 27.8
Pe = 15 x 0.433
F = F40 x 1.51 x Fc
Fc = [2.981/3.068]4.87 = 0.869
F = 21 x 1.51 x 0.869
F = 27.6
Pn
Pt
Pv
Pn
Pt
Worksheet
Detailed worksheets or computer printout sheets shall contain the following information:
(1) Sheet number
(2) Sprinkler description and discharge constant (K)
(3) Hydraulic reference points
Ref. Step
Contract Name
Step No.
15
Continued
EXHIBIT 1.5
13
Chapter 1
EXHIBIT 1.5
Continued
100
95
90
85
80
75
260 gpm at 66.4 psi
70
65
Pressure (psi)
16
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
1000 gpm at 60 psi

Available for hose
streams (must be
minimum of 250
gpm from
Table 11.2.3.1.2)
25
20
15
City water supply curve
Scale B
System demand curve
10
Static pressure due to elevation (Pe)
5
0
Scale A
Scale B
Scale C
100 200 300

200 400 600
400 800 1200
400
800
1600
500
1000
2000
600
1200
2400
700
1400
2800
800
1600
3200
Waterflow (gpm)
13
(4) Flow in gpm (L/min)

(5) Pipe size
(6) Pipe lengths, center-to-center of fittings
(7) Equivalent pipe lengths for fittings and devices
(8) Friction loss in psi/ft (bar/m) of pipe
(9) Total friction loss between reference points
(10) In-rack sprinkler demand balanced to ceiling demand
(11) Elevation head in psi (bar) between reference points
(12) Required pressure in psi (bar) at each reference point
(13) Velocity pressure and normal pressure if included in calculations
(14) Notes to indicate starting points or reference to other sheets or to clarify data
shown
(15) Diagram to accompany gridded system calculations to indicate flow quantities
and directions for lines with sprinklers operating in the remote area
(16) Combined K-factor calculations for sprinklers on drops, armovers, or sprigs
where calculations do not begin at the sprinkler [NFPA 13-10: 22.3.3]
Graph Sheet
13
A graphic representation of the complete hydraulic calculation shall be plotted on

semi-exponential graph paper (Q1.85) and shall include the following:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Water supply curve

Sprinkler system demand
Hose allowance (where applicable)
In-rack sprinkler demand (where applicable) [NFPA 13-10: 22.3.4]
Chapter 1
EXHIBIT 1.6
Sample Worksheet
Contract no.
Sheet no.
of
Name and location

Flow
Nozzle
Pipe
in
type and gpm size
Reference location (L/min) (in.)
q
Q
q
Q
q
Q
q
Q
q
Q
q
Q
q
Q
q
Q
q
Q
q
Q
q
Q
q
Q
q
Q
q
Q
q
Q
q
Q
q
Q
q
Q
Pipe
equivalent
length
Fitting
and
devices
Friction
loss
psi/ft
(bar/m)
length
fitting
total
length
fitting
total
length
fitting
total
length
fitting
total
length
fitting
total
length
fitting
total
length
fitting
total
length
fitting
total
length
fitting
total
length
fitting
total
length
fitting
total
length
fitting
total
length
fitting
total
length
fitting
total
length
fitting
total
length
fitting
total
length
fitting
total
length
fitting
total
Required
psi
Normal
(bar)
Pressure
Pt
Pf
Pe
Pt
Pf
Pe
Pt
Pf
Pe
Pt
Pf
Pe
Pt
Pf
Pe
Pt
Pf
Pe
Pt
Pf
Pe
Pt
Pf
Pe
Pt
Pf
Pe
Pt
Pf
Pe
Pt
Pf
Pe
Pt
Pf
Pe
Pt
Pf
Pe
Pt
Pf
Pe
Pt
Pf
Pe
Pt
Pf
Pe
Pt
Pf
Pe
Pt
Pf
Pe
Notes
Pt
Pv
Pn
Pt
Pv
Pn
Pt
Pv
Pn
Pt
Pv
Pn
Pt
Pv
Pn
Pt
Pv
Pn
Pt
Pv
Pn
Pt
Pv
Pn
Pt
Pv
Pn
Pt
Pv
Pn
Pt
Pv
Pn
Pt
Pv
Pn
Pt
Pv
Pn
Pt
Pv
Pn
Pt
Pv
Pn
Pt
Pv
Pn
Pt
Pv
Pn
Pt
Pv
Pn
Pt : total pressure. Pf : friction loss pressure. Pv : velocity pressure. Pe : elevation pressure.

NFPA 13
17
Chapter 1
EXHIBIT 1.7
Sample Graph Sheet
120
(8.3)
110
(7.6)
100
(6.9)
90
(6.2)
80
(5.5)
Pressure, psi (bar)
18
70
(4.8)
60
(4.1)
50
(3.5)
40
(2.8)
30
(2.1)
20
(1.4)
10
(0.69)
0
500
100 200 300 400
(378.5) (757) (1136) (1514) (1893)
Q1.85
600
(2271)
700
(2650)
800
(3028)
900
(3407)
1000
(3785)
Flow, gpm (L/min) (Multiply this scale by_______.)
APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE

Inspections and Action Items
In addition to acceptance testing, approval and acceptance involves a number of inspections or action items that must be documented on the contractors material and test certificate (Exhibit 1.8) or other project closeout documentation These items are as follows:
Installation of spare sprinklers

Verification of pipe and fitting types
Verification of test blank removal (if applicable)
Welding certification (if applicable)
Hydraulic data nameplate installation
Field verification of as-built drawings
Verification of approved equipment and components
Verification of training of maintenance personnel
Project closeout submittals, such as system component maintenance instructions,
general system care, maintenance instructions, and copy of NFPA 25, Standard for
the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems
Valve identification (installation of valve signs)
Although these items can be verified and documented on the Contractors Material
and Test Certificate, training of operations personnel and submission of as-built plans
and operation and maintenance manuals should be completed as discussed in Chapter 1.
EXHIBIT 1.8
Chapter 1
EXHIBIT 1.8
Contractors Material and Test Certicate for Aboveground Piping Source: Adapted from NFPA 13,
2010, Figure 16.1.
Contractors Material and Test Certificate for Aboveground Piping

PROCEDURE
Upon completion of work, inspection and tests shall be made by the contractors representative and witnessed by the property owner or
their authorized agent. All defects shall be corrected and system left in service before contractors personnel finally leave the job.
A certificate shall be filled out and signed by both representatives. Copies shall be prepared for approving authorities, owners, and
contractor. It is understood the owners representatives signature in no way prejudices any claim against contractor for faulty material, poor
workmanship, or failure to comply with approving authoritys requirements or local ordinances.
Date
Property name
Property address
Accepted by approving authorities (names)
Address
Plans
Installation conforms to accepted plans

Equipment used is approved
If no, explain deviations
Has person in charge of fire equipment been instructed as
to location of control valves and care and maintenance
of this new equipment?
If no, explain
Instructions
Have copies of the following been left on the premises?
1. System components instructions
2. Care and maintenance instructions
3. NFPA 25
Location of
system
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Supplies buildings
Model
Make
Year of
manufacture
Orifice
size
Temperature
rating
Quantity
Sprinklers
Pipe and
fittings
Type of pipe
Type of fittings
Alarm
valve or
flow
indicator
Maximum time to operate

through test connection
Alarm device
Type
Make
Minutes
Model
Q. O. D.
Dry valve
Make
Dry pipe
operating
test
Model
Seconds
Make
Serial no.
Time to trip
through test
connection a,b
Water
pressure
Air
pressure
Trip point
air pressure
Minutes Seconds
psi
psi
psi
Model
Serial no.
Time water
reached
test outlet a,b
Minutes
Alarm
operated
properly
Seconds
Yes
No
Without
Q.O.D.
With
Q.O.D.
If no, explain
a Measured from time inspectors test connection is opened
b NFPA 13 only requires the 60-second limitation in specific sections
NFPA 13 (p. 1 of 3)
19
20
Chapter 1
EXHIBIT 1.8
Continued
Pneumatic
Electric
Hydraulics
Yes
No Detecting media supervised
Operation
Piping supervised
Yes
Yes
Does valve operate from the manual trip, remote, or both

control stations?
Deluge and
preaction
valves
If no, explain
Is there an accessible facility in each circuit

for testing?
Yes
No
Make
Does each circuit operate

supervision loss alarm?
Model
Yes
Pressurereducing
valve test
Test
description
Location
and floor
Make and
model
No
No
Setting
No
Yes
Minutes
No
Residual pressure
(flowing)
Static pressure
Inlet (psi)
Maximum time to
operate release
Does each circuit operate

valve release?
Outlet (psi)
Inlet (psi)
Seconds
Flow rate
Outlet (psi)
Flow (gpm)
Hydrostatic: Hydrostatic tests shall be made at not less than 200 psi (13.6 bar) for 2 hours or 50 psi (3.4 bar)
above static pressure in excess of 150 psi (10.2 bar) for 2 hours. Differential dry pipe valve clappers shall be left
open during the test to prevent damage. All aboveground piping leakage shall be stopped.
Pneumatic: Establish 40 psi (2.7 bar) air pressure and measure drop, which shall not exceed 1 psi (0.1 bar)
in 24 hours. Test pressure tanks at normal water level and air pressure and measure air pressure drop, which shall
not exceed 1 psi (0.1 bar) in 24 hours.
All piping hydrostatically tested at
Dry piping pneumatically tested
Equipment operates properly
psi (
Yes
Yes
bar) for
No
No
hours
If no, state reason
Do you certify as the sprinkler contractor that additives and corrosive chemicals, sodium silicate or derivatives
of sodium silicate, brine, or other corrosive chemicals were not used for testing systems or stopping leaks?
Yes
Tests
Drain
test
No
Reading of gauge located near water

supply test connection:
psi (
Residual pressure with valve in test

connection open wide:
psi (
bar)
Underground mains and lead-in connections to system risers flushed before connection made to
sprinkler piping
Verified by copy of the Contractor's Material and Test
Yes
No
Other
Certificate for Underground Piping.
Flushed by installer of underground sprinkler piping
Yes
No
If powder-driven fasteners are used in concrete,
has representative sample testing been
satisfactorily completed?
Blank testing
gaskets
Number used
Locations
Welding piping
Yes
Yes
No
bar)
Explain
If no, explain
Number removed
No
If yes . . .
Do you certify as the sprinkler contractor that welding procedures used complied with
the minimum requirements of AWS B2.1, ASME Section IX Welding and Brazing
Qualifications, or other applicable qualification standard as required by the AHJ?
Welding
Do you certify that all welding was performed by welders or welding operators
qualified in accordance with the minimum requirements of AWS B2.1, ASME Section
IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications, or other applicable qualification standard as
required by the AHJ?
Do you certify that the welding was conducted in compliance with a documented
quality control procedure to ensure that (1) all discs are retrieved; (2) that openings in
piping are smooth, that slag and other welding residue are removed; (3) the internal
diameters of piping are not penetrated; (4) completed welds are free from cracks,
incomplete fusion, surface porosity greater than in. diameter, undercut deeper
than the lesser of 25% of the wall thickness or in.; and (5) completed
circumferential butt weld reinforcement does not exceed in.?
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
NFPA 13 (p. 2 of 3)
Chapter 1
EXHIBIT 1.8
Continued
Cutouts
(discs)
Hydraulic
data
nameplate
Yes
Do you certify that you have a control feature to ensure that

all cutouts (discs) are retrieved?
Nameplate provided
No
If no, explain
Yes
Sprinkler contractor removed all caps and straps?
No
Yes
No
Date left in service with all control valves open

Remarks
Name of sprinkler contractor
Tests witnessed by
Signatures
The property owner or their authorized agent (signed)
Title
Date
For sprinkler contractor (signed)
Title
Date
Additional explanations and notes
NFPA 13 (p. 3 of 3)
21
22
Chapter 1
Acceptance Testing Activities

Acceptance testing involves a number of activities that must be performed, witnessed,
and documented. These activities are as follows:
Functional test of the system alarm device

Trip and water transit time for dry-pipe systems
Trip test for deluge/preaction systems
Pressure-reducing valve test (if present)
Hydrostatic test
Main drain test
The completion of these tests can be documented on the contractors material and test
certificate (Exhibit 1.8).
Approval Requirements
As defined by NFPA, approved means acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction
(AHJ). During acceptance testing, it is customary to schedule the tests to allow the AHJ
to witness the tests and sign the contractors material and test certificate. By witnessing
the acceptance tests, the AHJ can verify that the system has been designed and installed
in accordance with the plans, specifications, and all applicable codes and standards and
functions to the satisfaction of the AHJ.
In addition to the preceding requirements, the project specifications may also require
documentation in the form of a punch list for the following specialties:
Installation of sprinkler and wall escutcheons

Installation of sprinkler guards (where required)
Pipe identification (where required)
Installation of sleeves including appropriate packing material
The sprinkler checklist in Appendix D can be used for project closeout.
Contractors Responsibilities
By code, the contractor is responsible for scheduling the test and coordinating this schedule with all of the AHJs. The contractor will perform the test, complete the test reports,
and have the AHJ sign the test report if satisfactory. If the system test fails, the contractor
is usually responsible for any needed repairs or corrective action and subsequent retest.
13
The installing contractor shall do the following:

(1) Notify the authority having jurisdiction and the property owner or the property
owners authorized representative of the time and date testing will be performed
(2) Perform all required acceptance tests [see NFPA 13-10: 24.2]
(3) Complete and sign the appropriate contractors material and test certificate(s)
[see NFPA 13-10: Figure 24.1] [Exhibit 1.8]
(4) Remove all caps and straps prior to placing the sprinkler system in service
[NFPA 13-10: 24.1]
Hydrostatic Tests
Testing Pressure
A hydrostatic test is a pressure test to reveal the presence of leaks in the piping system.
For fire protection systems, the piping is pressurized to 200 psi (13.8 bar) for a period of 2
hours. During this time period, the system piping is inspected for leaks. Leaks in the piping system are revealed either by observation of water droplets or by a reduction in test
Chapter 1
pressure. Any leaks or reduction in test pressure necessitates a repair of the pipe joint involved and a retest to verify that the leak has been repaired. In cases where high pressure
exists, the standard requires that the test pressure be 50 psi (3.5 bar) in excess of the normal system pressure if the resultant test pressure will be greater than 200 psi (13.8 bar).
In the case of underground piping, a certain amount of leakage is allowed due to the
type of valves and fittings permitted by the design standard. During the hydrostatic test
of underground piping, a slight pressure loss should be anticipated. The system should
be pressurized such that this slight pressure loss does not permit the test pressure to drop
below the specified 200 psi (13.8 bar). Following the 2-hour test period, the pressure loss
should be simulated by opening a small drain valve installed for the test and draining the
water into a calibrated container. The water volume should be measured and compared
to the values permitted by NFPA 13. If the amount of water drained from the system is
less than permitted, the test can be considered to be acceptable.
Unless permitted by 24.2.1.2 through 24.2.1.8, all piping and attached appurtenances
subjected to system working pressure shall be hydrostatically tested at 200 psi (13.8
bar) and shall maintain that pressure without loss for 2 hours. [NFPA 13-10: 24.2.1.1]
Portions of systems normally subjected to system working pressures in excess of
150 psi (10.4 bar) shall be tested as described in 24.2.1.1, at a pressure of 50 psi (3.5
bar) in excess of system working pressure. [NFPA 13-10: 24.2.1.2]
Where cold weather will not permit testing with water, an interim air test shall be
permitted to be conducted as described in 24.2.2. This provision shall not remove or
replace the requirement for conducting the hydrostatic test as described in 24.2.1.1.
[NFPA 13-10: 24.2.1.3]
Modifications affecting 20 or fewer sprinklers shall not require testing in excess
of system working pressure. [NFPA 13-10: 24.2.1.4]
Where addition or modification is made to an existing system affecting more
than 20 sprinklers, the new portion shall be isolated and tested at not less than 200
psi (13.8 bar) for 2 hours. [NFPA 13-10: 24.2.1.5]
Modifications that cannot be isolated, such as relocated drops, shall not require
testing in excess of system working pressure. [NFPA 13-10: 24.2.1.6]
While there are multiple methods for conducting the hydrostatic test, basic procedures
for conducting these are as follows.
Hydrostatic Test Procedure for Water-Based Fire Protection Systems
Description
General acceptance test of water-based fire protection systems

Accomplished by visual inspection and hydrostatic pressure
Objective
To ensure piping integrity and absence of leaks
Conditions/Assumptions
Piping system, including all valves, drains, and accessories, are installed
Underground supply has been installed, flushed, tested, and activated
Specifications
Appropriate NFPA installation standard

Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Fire Protection Equipment Directory
Factory Mutual (FM) Approval Guide
Local/state building codes (as applicable)
Approved fire protection shop drawings
Project specifications
13
23
24
Chapter 1
Test Equipment
Pressure pump
Calibrated test gauges
Fittings, hose, plugs, valves, and tools, as required
Test Parameters
This procedure delineates the method for hydrostatic testing of a water-based

fire protection system.
The system installation shall be complete and verified by visual inspection.

All openings shall be plugged, and valves shall be closed.
Test blanks shall be installed, as necessary, to isolate the system being tested.
Whenever a test blank is used, it shall be of the self-indicating type.
Test blanks shall have red painted lugs protruding beyond the flange in
such a way as to clearly indicate their presence.
The installer shall have all test blanks numbered to assure their removal
after the test is completed.
A written log should be used to monitor the use of test blanks.
Water used for testing the system should be taken from the same source that
will supply the system wherever possible.
A test pump will be used to achieve the required test pressure.
A calibrated test gauge shall be used.

The calibration tolerance shall be +/-5%.
Test gauges supplied by the owner or commissioning agent may be used.
The dial of the test gauge shall be graduated over a range of at least 1.5
times the intended test pressure, but not more than 4 times that pressure.
Test Procedure
Inspect the system to verify that openings are plugged and valves are closed.
Connect the test pump to a convenient location in the system.
Connect the water source to the test pump.
Open the main control valve to fill the system. (If the water service is not installed
or has not been flushed, fill the system through the test pump water source.)
Fill the system slowly to avoid entrapment of air.
Open a valve (such as the inspectors test connection or a temporary valve) to
vent any trapped air.
Close the valve when water flows continuously through it.
When the system pressure equals that of the water source, close the supply
valve and inspect the entire system for leaks.
Leaks may result from flanges not bolted properly, plugs not properly installed, cracked or improperly tightened fittings, etc.
If leaks are found, open the 2-in. main drain connection or other low-point
drain connection and allow the system to drain. Repair any leaks found and
repeat this procedure.
If no leaks are detected, begin to increase pressure with the test pump up to
200 psi or 50 psi in excess of the static pressure when static pressure exceeds
150 psi.
Monitor the test gauge to determine that the system pressure is stable. If pressure drops, check for leaks in the system, for open valves, or for leaks in the
test apparatus.
Once it is determined that the test pressure has stabilized, disconnect the
power to the test pump and notify the commissioning agent or authority having jurisdiction that the 2-hour test period has begun.
Chapter 1
Record the time of day and test pressure at this time.

Hold the test pressure for 2 hours.
After the test, open the drain valve to drain the system, or, if the system is to
be commissioned immediately, relieve the test pressure and leave the water in
the system.
Disconnect the test pump and plug the outlet or test port through which the
system was tested.
Measurements
Test pressure is to be maintained for 2 hours without any visible leaks.
Pass/Fail Criteria
The system must hold the test pressure for 2 hours without loss of pressure.
Absence of water leakage is verified by visual examination of the system.
Hydrostatic Test Procedure for Underground Fire Service Mains
Description
General acceptance of underground fire service main

System acceptance in sections or in entirety as authorized by authority having
jurisdiction
Ensure city main valves are closed and locked before opening fire pump valves
Objective
Adequate water supply is available

Isolation valves are open or closed as appropriate
Thrust blocks (as required) are properly installed
Pipe or pipe segments are properly installed
Specifications

Test Equipment
Pressure pump
Calibrated gauges
Flanges, connectors, hose, and tools required to connect to system
Calibrated liquid container
Test Parameters
This procedure describes the method used to flush and test underground systems in accordance with the project specification.
The underground piping is flushed using the hydraulic method, consisting
of flowing water through the underground piping in the same direction in
which it would flow during a fire.
The purpose of flushing is to remove obstructive material from the pipe.
Successful flushing is dependent on establishing sufficient velocity of flow
to remove the obstructing materials.
When the water supply cannot produce the stipulated flow rates, the maximum available must be used. Table 9.1.1 of NFPA 24 provides the required
water flow for flushing piping.
25
26
Chapter 1
The owners representative shall be notified at least 24 hours prior to the

start of flushing.
The flushing may be accomplished by using the existing fire water supply
system feeding the system being flushed.
Water used for flushing shall be that contained in the existing fire water
supply system feeding the system being flushed.
After making the appropriate water supply connections, provisions are
made for the disposal of the water issuing from the test outlets to avoid
property damage.
Water is allowed to flow 4 or 5 minutes or until water is clean.
This procedure delineates the method for hydrostatic testing of the underground supply to fire protection systems.
The test should be made before the joints are covered, if practical, so any
leaks may be readily detected.
Thrust blocks should be sufficiently hardened before testing is begun.
Inspect the system to ensure that openings are plugged and valves are closed.
Connect the test pump to a convenient location in the system.
Connect the water source to the test pump.
Open the main control valve to fill the system (if water service is not completed, fill the system through test water source).
Fill the system slowly.
Vent the air from the system through a temporary valved connection or
other appropriate means.
Close the vent when water flows continuously through it.
Begin to increase pressure with the test pump up to 200 psi or 50 psi in
excess of the maximum static pressure when static pressure exceeds 150 psi.
Monitor the test gauge to determine that the system pressure is not escaping.
If pressure drops, check for leaks in the system, for open valves, or for leaks
on the test apparatus.
If the system holds the required test pressure, disconnect the power to the
pump and notify the commissioning agent or authority having jurisdiction
designated to witness the test that the 2-hour test period has begun.
Record the time of day and test pressure at this time.
Measure the amount of leakage in the system at the specified test pressure by
pumping from a calibrated container.
For new pipe, the amount of leakage at the joints should not exceed
2 quarts per hour per 100 gaskets or joints, irrespective of pipe diameter.
The amount of allowable leakage may be increased by 1 fluid ounce per
inch valve diameter per hour for each metal-seated valve isolating the test
section. If dry barrel hydrants are tested with the main valve open, so the
hydrants are under pressure, an additional 5 ounces per minute leakage is
permitted for each hydrant.
New pipe installed with rubber gasketed joints should, if the workmanship
is satisfactory, have no leakage at the joints. Unsatisfactory amounts of
leakage usually result from twisted, pinched, or cut gaskets. Some leakage
might result from small amounts of grit or small imperfections in the surfaces of the pipe joints.
After the test, open the drain valve to drain system.

Once the system is drained, disconnect test pump and plug opening through
which the system is tested.
Chapter 1
Measurements
System pressure
Quantity of liquid required from calibrated container to maintain the test
pressure
Pass/Fail Requirements
Test pressure is maintained without significant decrease.

Quantity of water required to maintain system does not exceed allowable.
No visible leakage is observed.
Air Testing
It is important to note that an interim air test is permitted only where there is concern for
freezing. When possible, a hydrostatic test using water must be completed.
Where cold weather will not permit testing with water, an interim air test shall be permitted to be conducted as described in NFPA 13-10: 24.2.2. This provision shall not
remove or replace the requirement for conducting the hydrostatic test as described in
NFPA 13-10: 24.2.1.1. [NFPA 13-10: 24.2.1.3]
A sample test procedure for an air test is as follows.
Pneumatic Test Procedure for Water-Based Fire Protection Systems
Description
General acceptance test of water-based fire protection system.

Accomplished by visual inspection and pneumatic pressure.
This is an interim test during seasons when freezing may occur; hydrostatic
testing is required when weather permits.
Objective
Piping system, including all valves, drains, and accessories, is installed.

Underground supply has been installed, flushed, tested, and activated.
Available air supply is adequate to test the system.
Specifications

ASTM specifications
Test Equipment
Supply air in excess of 50 psi or air compressor

Calibrated test gauges
Fittings, hose, plugs, valves, and tools, as required
Test Parameters
This procedure delineates the method for pneumatic testing of a water-based

fire protection system.
The system installation shall be complete and verified by visual inspection.
All openings shall be plugged, and valves shall be closed.
Test blanks shall be installed, as necessary, to isolate the system being tested.
13
27
28
Chapter 1
Whenever a test blank is used, it shall be of the self-indicating type.

Test blanks shall have red painted lugs protruding beyond the flange in
such a way as to clearly indicate their presence.
The installer shall have all test blanks numbered to assure their removal
after the test is completed.
A written log should be used to monitor the use of test blanks.
The clapper of a differential type dry-pipe valve shall be held off its seat during any test in excess of 50 psi to prevent damaging the valve.
A test pump will be used to achieve the required test pressure.
A calibrated test gauge shall be used.
The calibration tolerance shall be +/-5%.
Test gauges supplied by the owner or commissioning agent may be used.
The dial of the test gauge shall be graduated over a range of at least 1.5
times the intended test pressure, but not more than 4 times that pressure.
Test Procedure
Inspect the system to verify that openings are plugged and valves are closed.
Connect the air supply to a convenient location in the system.
Fill the system slowly.
When the system reaches 40 psi, close the supply valve and inspect the entire
system for leaks.
Leaks may result from flanges not bolted properly, plugs not properly installed, cracked or improperly tightened fittings, etc.
If leaks are found, bleed off air pressure. Repair any leaks found and repeat
the test.
A soap solution or any acceptable indicating solution may be used on areas
suspected to be leaking to determine the exact location of leaks.
Monitor the test gauge to determine that the system pressure is stable. If pressure drops over 1.5 psi in 24 hours, check for leaks in the system, open valves,
or leaks in the test apparatus.
Once it has been determined that the test pressure has stabilized, shut off the
air supply and notify the commissioning agent or authority having jurisdiction
that the 24-hour test period has begun.
Record the time of day and the pressure at this time.
Hold the test pressure for 24 hours.
After the test, open the drain valve to bleed air from the system.
Once the air pressure is bled off, disconnect the air supply and plug the opening through which the system was tested.
Measurements
Test pressure is to be maintained for 24 hours without any visible leaks in the
system or loss of 1.5 psi during the 24-hour test period.
Pass/Fail Criteria
The system must hold the test pressure for 24 hours without loss of more than 1.5 psi.
Absence of leakage is verified by visual examination of the system.
Pressure Loss
13
Loss shall be determined by a drop in gauge pressure or visual leakage. [NFPA 1310: 24.2.1.7]
The test pressure shall be read from a gauge located at the low elevation point of
the system or portion being tested. The pressures in piping at higher elevations shall
Chapter 1
be permitted to be less than 200 psi (13.8 bar) when accounting for elevation losses.
Systems or portions of systems that can be isolated shall be permitted to be tested
separately. [NFPA 13-10: 24.2.1.8]
13
Additives or Chemicals
Additives, corrosive chemicals such as sodium silicate, or derivatives of sodium silicate, brine, or similar acting chemicals shall not be used while hydrostatically testing
systems or for stopping leaks. 24.2.1.9. [NFPA 13-10: 24.2.1.9]
13
Piping Testing
Piping between the exterior fire department connection and the check valve in the
fire department inlet pipe shall be hydrostatically tested in the same manner as the
balance of the system. After repair or replacement work affecting the fire department
connection, the piping between the exterior and the check valve in the fire department
inlet pipe shall be isolated and hydrostatically tested at 150 psi (10.3 bar). [NFPA
13-10: 24.2.1.10]
13
Deluge Systems Testing

When deluge systems are being hydrostatically tested, plugs shall be installed in fittings and replaced with open sprinklers after the test is completed, or the operating
elements of automatic sprinklers shall be removed after the test is completed. [NFPA
13-10: 24.2.1.12]
13
In order to test the pipe shown in Exhibit 1.9, the trench should be backfilled in such
a way as to reveal the pipe joints for inspection for leaks when hydrotesting is taking
place. Upon completion of the hydrostatic test, backfill and compaction of earth can
be completed.
Hydrostatic tests should be made before the joints are covered, so that any
leaks can be readily detected. Thrust blocks should be sufficiently hardened
before hydrostatic testing is begun. If the joints are covered with backfill prior to
testing, the contractor remains responsible for locating and correcting any leakage in
excess of that permitted. [NFPA 13-10: A.10.10.2.2.4]
System Operational Tests

Commonly referred to as an alarm test, the system operational test is completed by
opening the inspectors test connection. The inspectors test connection is a length of
pipe usually installed on the portion of the system most remote from the water supply
connection. This pipe terminates in a smooth-bore, corrosion-resistant outlet that is
sized to simulate the flow of a single sprinkler. The purpose of this test is to approximate the flow of a single sprinkler to verify that such a small flow of water will activate
the water flow alarm.
The acceptance criterion, as stated earlier, is an alarm that must sound within 5 minutes. The 5-minute criterion is acceptable only when the alarm is composed of a local
alarm bell or water motor alarm gong. It is important to note that if the sprinkler system is connected to a fire alarm system, then the water flow alarm must sound within
90 seconds. Sprinkler systems are frequently connected to fire alarm systems by means of
a pressure switch or vane-type flow switch. Both devices are equipped with a retard setting, which is intended to compensate for momentary pressure surges, thus preventing
false alarms. The delay setting, however, should be adjusted to sound an alarm within the
90 seconds required by NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code.
13
29
30
Chapter 1
EXHIBIT 1.9
Bearing Thrust Block

Sb
Bearing pressure
Undisturbed soil
Sb
45
Sb
Ht
T
45
Sb
T
Sb
h
Ht
= thrust force resulting from the change in direction of flow

= horizontal bearing strength of the soil
= block height
= total depth to bottom of block
Source: NFPA 24, 2010, Figure A.10.8.2(c).
13
Waterflow detecting devices including the associated alarm circuits shall be flow
tested through the inspectors test connection and shall result in an audible alarm
on the premises within 5 minutes after such flow begins and until such flow stops.
[NFPA 13-10: 24.2.3.1]
Exhibit 1.10 illustrates a system test connection on a wet pipe system, and Exhibit 1.11
illustrates the operation of a floor control valve.
Dry Pipe
Dry-pipe systems are used to protect unheated spaces. The system is pressurized with air
to hold the dry-pipe valve closed. It is not desirable to fill the system piping with water
in cold weather, since the water in the pipe may freeze. This section of NFPA 13 permits
a trip test without filling the system so that operation of the dry-pipe valve may be demonstrated. To accomplish this test, the water supply control valve is opened only partially
(a few turns of the valve handle). The system is tripped by releasing the air pressure in
the system. Immediately upon dry-pipe valve actuation, the water supply control valve is
closed, thus preventing water from entering the system.
13
When the acceptance test is being performed during freezing conditions, a

partial flow trip test should be conducted at that time and the full flow trip
test specified should be conducted as soon as conditions permit. [NFPA 13-10:
A.24.2.3.2]
Chapter 1
EXHIBIT 1.10
System Test Connection on Wet Pipe System
Preferably from end

of remote branch line
Test valve in readily

accessible location
Smooth bore
corrosion-resistant
outlet giving flow
equivalent to one
sprinkler
45 ell
Elevation
Note: Not less than 4 ft (1.2 m) of exposed test pipe in warm room
beyond valve where pipe extends through wall to outside.
Source: NFPA 13, 2010, Figure A.8.16.4.2(a).

EXHIBIT 1.11
Floor Control Valve
Indicating-type floor control valve

with supervisory switch
60 90
30 120
0 150
Riser
Union with corrosionresistant orifice

giving flow
equivalent to
the smallest
sprinkler
orifice in
the system
Pressure gauge
Waterflow switch
Feed main
Sight glass
Sectional
drain
valve
Test valve
To drain
Source: NFPA 13, 2010, Figure A.8.16.4.2(b).
A working test of the dry pipe valve alone and with a quick-opening device, if
installed, shall be made by opening the inspectors test connection. [NFPA 13-10:
24.2.3.2.1]
13
If a quick-opening device is installed, the trip test is conducted, and the test is repeated
with and without the device operating.
The test shall measure the time to trip the valve and the time for water to be discharged from the inspectors test connection. All times shall be measured from
the time the inspectors test connection is completely opened. [NFPA 13-10:
24.2.3.2.2]
13
31
32
Chapter 1
13
Dry systems calculated for water delivery in accordance with 7.2.3.6 shall be
exempt from any specific delivery time requirement. [NFPA 13-10: 24.2.3.2.2.1]
The results shall be recorded using the contractors material and test certificate
for aboveground piping [see Figure 24.]. [Exhibit 1.8] [NFPA 13-10: 24.2.3.2.3]
Deluge Systems
13
The automatic operation of a deluge or preaction valve shall be tested in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. [NFPA 13-10: A.24.2.3.3.1]
The manual and remote control operation, where present, shall also be tested.
[NFPA 13-10: 24.2.3.3.2]
Main Drain
The main drain test is intended to provide a record of static and residual pressures when
flowing the 2 (50 mm) main drain connection. No measurement of flow is required for
this test. The static and residual pressures are recorded on the contractors material and
test certificate to provide a baseline pressure for future evaluation. The main drain test is
required to be performed annually on existing systems. The inspector is required to compare future test results with that shown on the contractors material and test certificate
to reveal any potential issues with the water supply, such as a closed or partially closed
water supply control valve or any condition that would affect the water supply to the
sprinkler system.
13
25
The main drain valve shall be opened and remain open until the system pressure
stabilizes. [NFPA 13-10: 24.2.3.4.1]
The static and residual pressures shall be recorded on the contractors material
and test certificate [see Figure 24.1] [Exhibit 1.8]. [NFPA 13-10: 24.2.3.4.2]
Main drains are installed on system risers for one principal reason: to drain
water from the overhead piping after the system is shut off. This allows the
contractor or plant maintenance department to perform work on the system or to
replace nozzles after a fire or other incident involving system operation.
The test for standpipe systems should be done at the low-point drain for each
standpipe or the main drain test connection where the supply main enters the building.
These drains also are used to determine whether there is a major reduction in waterflow to the system, such as could be caused by a major obstruction, a dropped gate,
a valve that is almost fully closed, or a check valve clapper stuck to the valve seat.
A large drop in the full flow pressure of the main drain (as compared to previous
tests) normally is indicative of a dangerously reduced water supply caused by a valve
in an almost fully closed position or other type of severe obstruction. After closing
the drain, a slow return to normal static pressure is confirmation of the suspicion of
a major obstruction in the waterway and should be considered sufficient reason to
determine the cause of the variation.
A satisfactory drain test (i.e., one that reflects the results of previous tests) does not
necessarily indicate an unobstructed passage, nor does it prove that all valves in the upstream flow of water are fully opened. The performance of drain tests is not a substitute
for a valve check on 100 percent of the fire protection valving.
The main drain test is conducted in the following manner:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Record the pressure indicated by the supply water gauge.

Close the alarm control valve on alarm valves.
Fully open the main drain valve.
After the flow has stabilized, record the residual (flowing) pressure indicated by
the water supply gauge.
Chapter 1
(5) Close the main drain valve slowly.

(6) Record the time taken for the supply water pressure to return to the original
static (nonflowing) pressure.
(7) Open the alarm control valve. [NFPA 25-11: A.13.2.5]
25
Operating Test
Hydrants and Control Valves
Each hydrant shall be fully opened and closed under system water pressure. [NFPA
24-10:10.10.2.4.1]
Dry barrel hydrants shall be checked for proper drainage. [NFPA 2410:10.10.2.4.2]
All control valves shall be fully closed and opened under system water pressure
to ensure proper operation. [NFPA 24-10:10.10.2.4.3]
Where fire pumps are available, the operating tests required by 10.10.2.4 shall
be completed with the pumps running. [NFPA 24-10:10.10.2.4.4]
All control valves shall be fully closed and opened under system water pressure
to ensure proper operation. [NFPA 13-10: 24.2.3.5]
24
13
Pressure-Reducing Valves
Pressure-reducing valves must be flow tested to verify the correct pressure setting. Failure
to perform this test can result in system damage.
Each pressure-reducing valve shall be tested upon completion of installation to ensure proper operation under flow and no-flow conditions. [NFPA 13-10: 24.2.4.1]
Testing shall verify that the device properly regulates outlet pressure at both
maximum and normal inlet pressure conditions. [NFPA 13-10: 24.2.4.2]
The results of the flow test of each pressure-reducing valve shall be recorded on
the contractors material and test certificate [see Figure 24.]). [Exhibit 1.8] [NFPA
13-10: 24.2.4.3]
The results shall include the static and residual inlet pressures, static and residual
outlet pressures, and the flow rate. [NFPA 13-10: 24.2.4.4]
13
Backflow Prevention Devices

Backflow prevention devices are not fire protection devices and add nothing to the protection features of a sprinkler system. Under the requirements of NFPA 13, these valves
must be subject to a flow test to verify that they are operating correctly and the friction
loss associated with these devices has been taken into consideration in the hydraulic design. As part of the system commissioning, a backflow prevention test may be required by
other regulations, such as environmental or health authority requirements.
The backflow prevention assembly shall be forward flow tested to ensure proper
operation. [NFPA 13-10: 24.2.5.1]
The minimum flow rate shall be the system demand, including hose stream allowance where applicable. [NFPA 13-10: 24.2.5.2]
13
Exposure Systems
Operating tests shall be made of exposure protection systems upon completion of the
installation, where such tests do not risk water damage to the building on which they
are installed or to adjacent buildings. [NFPA 13-10: 24.2.6]
13
33
34
Chapter 1
Circulating Closed Loop Systems

13
For sprinkler systems with nonfire protection connections, additional information

shall be appended to the contractors material and test certificate for aboveground
piping shown in Figure 24.1 as follows:
(1) Certification that all auxiliary devices, such as heat pumps, circulating pumps,
heat exchangers, radiators, and luminaires, if a part of the system, have a pressure rating of at least 175 psi or 300 psi (12.1 bar or 20.7 bar) if exposed to pressures greater than 175 psi (12.1 bar).
(2) All components of sprinkler system and auxiliary system have been pressure
tested as a composite system in accordance with 24.2.2.
(3) Waterflow tests have been conducted and waterflow alarms have operated while
auxiliary equipment is in each of the possible modes of operation.
(4) With auxiliary equipment tested in each possible mode of operation and with no
flow from sprinklers or test connection, waterflow alarm signals did not operate.
(5) Excess temperature controls for shutting down the auxiliary system have been
properly field tested. [NFPA 13-10: 24.3]
Required Signage
Hydraulic Nameplate
A permanent record of the hydraulic design parameters must be attached to the system
riser for future reference and inspection (see Exhibit 1.12). This record normally contains
the water supply information and design density, including occupancy and commodity
classification.
13
The installing contractor shall identify a hydraulically designed sprinkler system

with a permanently marked weatherproof metal or rigid plastic sign secured with
corrosion-resistant wire, chain, or other approved means. Such signs shall be placed
at the alarm valve, dry-pipe valve, preaction valve, or deluge valve supplying the
corresponding hydraulically designed area. [NFPA 13-10: 24.5.1]
EXHIBIT 1.12
Hydraulic Nameplate
Source: Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook, NFPA,

2010, Exhibit 16.2.
Chapter 1
As-built drawings often become lost or misplaced over time. By keeping a permanent
record of the design parameters attached to the system riser, as required by NFPA 13-10:
24.5.1, it is much easier and less costly to perform any future modifications or work on
the system. The information contained on such a nameplate is also of vital importance in
assessing the ability of the system to control fires as the buildings occupancy changes or
the water supplys strength deteriorates.
The sign shall include the following information:

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Location of the design area or areas

Discharge densities over the design area or areas
Required flow and residual pressure demand at the base of the riser
Occupancy classification or commodity classification and maximum permitted
storage height and configuration
(5) Hose stream allowance included in addition to the sprinkler demand
(6) The name of the installing contractor [NFPA 13-10: 24.5.2]
A sample nameplate is provided in Exhibit 1.13.
SUMMARY
The minimum requirements for commissioning a sprinkler system involve a number of
tests, including a hydrostatic pressure test to verify piping integrity, a main drain test to
establish baseline water supply pressures (static and residual), and a water flow test to
EXHIBIT 1.13
Sample Nameplate
This system as shown on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . company

print no . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dated . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . contract no . . . . . . . . .
is designed to discharge at a rate of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gpm/ft2
(L/min/m2) of floor area over a maximum area of . . . . . . . . . .
ft2 (m 2) when supplied with water at a rate of . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gpm (L/min) at . . . . . . . . . . . . psi (bar) at the base of the riser.
Hose stream allowance of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gpm (L/min)
is included in the above.
Occupancy classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Commodity classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum storage height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Source: NFPA 13, 2010, Figure A.16.5.

13
35
36
Chapter 1
confirm operation of system alarms. These tests are usually documented on the contractors material and test certificate. This test certificate also requires verification of other
checks of the system, such as as-built drawings and care and maintenance instructions.
In addition to the information required by the test certificate, NFPA 13 requires other
components to be installed, such as pipe sleeves and valve signs. The installation and
adequacy of these components or other equipment and components can be verified by
a checklist. Also, the training and documentation recommendations in Part One of NFPA
3 should be followed to properly document the commissioning activities for the system.

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Automatic Sprinklers

A building, where protected by an automatic sprinkler system installation, shall be

Program for Individual Systems

Owners Information Certicate

Source: Adapted from NFPA 13, 2010, Figure A.14.1(b).

OWNERS INFORMATION CERTIFICATE

2009 National Fire Protection Association

Program for Individual Systems

Will there be any storage of products over 12 ft (3.6 m) in height?

Is there any special information concerning the water supply?

Name of owners representative or agent completing certificate (print):

2009 National Fire Protection Association

Program for Individual Systems

Typical Preliminary Plan Source: NFPA 13, 2010, Figure A.14.1(a).

Wired glass windows

Alarm valve with

Ceiling heights 10 ft 0 in.

JOHN DOE AND CO.

XYZ AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER CO.

Name of owner and occupant.

Program for Individual Systems

Underground mains should be designed so that the system can be extended

Working Plan Submittal

Name of owner and occupant.

Typical Working Plan Source: NFPA 13, 2010, Figure A.14.1.1.

2" 4" 2" 4" 2" 4" 2" 4"

JOHN DOE CO.

75 psi static pressure

8 in. city main Drawn

(9) Any small enclosures in which no sprinklers are to be installed.

Hang two end

2 in. 2 in. 4 in. fire dept. connection

City gate valve

280 Unit 280

10 in. bar joists

8 in. 16 in. I-beam

2 0-4 in. riser nipple

6 in. F. & S. pc.

4 in. to fire dept. connection

Unit heater * = 14 in.

Inspector test connection

Program for Individual Systems

Auxiliary Equipment Symbols

Testing of Water Supply. To determine the value of public water as a supply

Program for Individual Systems

Method of Conducting Flow Tests

Source: NFPA 13, 2010, Figure A.15.2.1.

The following information shall be included:

HYDRAULIC CALCULATION FORMS

Hydraulic calculations shall be prepared on form sheets that include a summary

ABC Company, employee garage

Area of application 1500 ft2

Source: NFPA 13, 2010, Figure A.14.3.2(a).

1 in. 1 in. 1 in.

1 in. 1 in. 1 in.

Spacing 13 ft 10 ft = 130 ft2

Use four sprinklers/line

3 in. 3 in. 3 in. 3 in. 3 in.

1 in. 1 in. 1 in. 1 in.

Calculated area 1500 ft2

10 ft bays at 20 ft 0 in. = 200 ft 0 in.

1ft 0 in. 1 in. riser nipple