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    Carbon Clusters, Fullerenes, and Nanotubes

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    j_elendu
    This document discusses carbon clusters, fullerenes, and nanotubes. It notes that fullerenes were discovered in 1985 when laser evaporation of graphite produced C60 buckminsterfullerene. Research then led to the isolation of single-walled carbon nanotubes in 1991. Carbon nanotubes have electrical and mechanical properties and are being examined in applications from medical to photovoltaics. Methods to add functionality to nanotubes include covalent attachment of groups via reaction or noncovalent coating of the outer surface.

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    Carbon Clusters, Fullerenes, and Nanotubes

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    j_elendu
    237 views1 page
    This document discusses carbon clusters, fullerenes, and nanotubes. It notes that fullerenes were discovered in 1985 when laser evaporation of graphite produced C60 buckminsterfullerene. Research then led to the isolation of single-walled carbon nanotubes in 1991. Carbon nanotubes have electrical and mechanical properties and are being examined in applications from medical to photovoltaics. Methods to add functionality to nanotubes include covalent attachment of groups via reaction or noncovalent coating of the outer surface.

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    Carbon Clusters, Fullerenes, And Nanotubes

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    This document discusses carbon clusters, fullerenes, and nanotubes. It notes that fullerenes were discovered in 1985 when laser evaporation of graphite produced C60 buckminsterfullerene. Research then led to the isolation of single-walled carbon nanotubes in 1991. Carbon nanotubes have electrical and mechanical properties and are being examined in applications from medical to photovoltaics. Methods to add functionality to nanotubes include covalent attachment of groups via reaction or noncovalent coating of the outer surface.

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    237 views1 page

    Carbon Clusters, Fullerenes, and Nanotubes

    Uploaded by

    j_elendu
    This document discusses carbon clusters, fullerenes, and nanotubes. It notes that fullerenes were discovered in 1985 when laser evaporation of graphite produced C60 buckminsterfullerene. Research then led to the isolation of single-walled carbon nanotubes in 1991. Carbon nanotubes have electrical and mechanical properties and are being examined in applications from medical to photovoltaics. Methods to add functionality to nanotubes include covalent attachment of groups via reaction or noncovalent coating of the outer surface.

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    of 1

    car02613_ch11_428-477.

    indd Page 440 11/20/09 10:38:57 AM elhi3

    440

    Chapter 11

    /Users/elhi3/Documents/Smart Connection/InDesign/41332

    Arenes and Aromaticity

    Carbon Clusters, Fullerenes, and Nanotubes


    In general, the term nanoscale applies to dimensions on the
    order of 1100 nanometers (1 nm 109 m), and one goal of
    nanotechnology is to develop useful nanoscale devices (nanodevices). Because typical covalent bonds range from 0.10.2 nm,
    chemical structures hold promise as candidates on which to
    base nanodevices. Among them, much recent attention has
    been given to carbon-containing materials and even elemental
    carbon itself.
    Until 1985, chemists recognized two elementary forms
    (allotropes) of carbon: diamond and graphite. Then, Professors Harold W. Kroto (University of Sussex), Robert F. Curl,
    and Richard E. Smalley (both of Rice University) reported that
    laser-induced evaporation of graphite gave a species with a
    molecular formula of C60 and proposed the spherical cluster
    of carbon atoms now called buckminsterfullerene (Figure 11.5)
    for it. Other closed carbon clusters, some larger than C60 and
    some smaller, were also formed in the experiment. These forms
    of carbon are now known as fullerenes, and Kroto, Smalley,
    and Curl were awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for
    discovering them.

    Figure 11.5
    Buckminsterfullerene (C60). All of the carbon atoms are equivalent
    and are sp2 -hybridized; each one simultaneously belongs to one fivemembered ring and two benzene-like six-membered rings.

    Figure 11.6
    A single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT). SWCNTs can be regarded
    as a two-dimensional graphite sheet rolled into a cylinder. Credit: The
    single-walled carbon nanotube in Figure 11.6 is from the Spartan model
    provided by Dr. Warren J. Hehre of Wavefunction, Inc.

    Research on fullerenes carried out at NEC Corporation


    (Japan) and at IBM (United States) led in 1991 to the isolation
    of fibrous clusters of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)
    (Figure 11.6). SWCNTs have since been joined by multiwalled
    carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) (Figure 11.7) as well as nanotubes
    containing elements other than carbon.
    CNTs themselves are of interest because of their electrical
    and mechanical properties, and functionally modified ones are
    being examined in applications ranging from medical diagnosis and therapy to photovoltaic systems. The methods used to
    add functionality to a CNT include among others: (1) covalent
    attachment of a reactive group to the CNT via a chemical reaction, and (2) noncovalent coating of the outer surface of the CNT
    with a substance that itself bears a functional substituent.
    Continued

    inexpensive organic solvent because it has similar solvent properties but has not been
    determined to be carcinogenic in the cell systems and at the dose levels that benzene is.

    11.9 Reactions of Arenes: A Preview


    Well examine the chemical properties of aromatic compounds from two different
    perspectives:
    1. One mode of chemical reactivity involves the ring itself as a functional group and
    includes
    (a) Reduction and oxidation
    (b) Electrophilic aromatic substitution
    Reduction of arenes by catalytic hydrogenation was described in Section 11.3. A different
    method using Group 1 metals as reducing agents, which gives 1,4-cyclohexadiene derivatives, will be presented in Section 11.10. Oxidations of aromatic compounds are discussed in
    Chapter 22. Electrophilic aromatic substitution is the most important reaction type exhibited by benzene and its derivatives and constitutes the entire subject matter of Chapter 12.

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