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    Complex Variables I

    Uploaded by

    Nirmal Kumar Umapathy
    1) Complex variables are necessary to learn as they are useful for certain types of integrals via the residue theorem, for 2D fluid/solid mechanics problems where Laplace's equation applies, and because real variable theories are subsets of complex variable theory via the fundamental theorem of algebra. 2) Complex numbers can be visualized on the complex plane where operations correspond to vector additions and multiplications. Euler's formulas show trigonometric functions can be written in terms of complex exponentials. 3) Evaluating examples, the integral of e−x sin x dx from 0 to infinity equals 1/2, and solving sin z = 3i leads to the solutions z = (π/2) ± 2nπ + i ln

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Complex Variables I

    Uploaded by

    Nirmal Kumar Umapathy
    48 views4 pages
    1) Complex variables are necessary to learn as they are useful for certain types of integrals via the residue theorem, for 2D fluid/solid mechanics problems where Laplace's equation applies, and because real variable theories are subsets of complex variable theory via the fundamental theorem of algebra. 2) Complex numbers can be visualized on the complex plane where operations correspond to vector additions and multiplications. Euler's formulas show trigonometric functions can be written in terms of complex exponentials. 3) Evaluating examples, the integral of e−x sin x dx from 0 to infinity equals 1/2, and solving sin z = 3i leads to the solutions z = (π/2) ± 2nπ + i ln

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    1) Complex variables are necessary to learn as they are useful for certain types of integrals via the residue theorem, for 2D fluid/solid mechanics problems where Laplace's equation applies, and because real variable theories are subsets of complex variable theory via the fundamental theorem of algebra. 2) Complex numbers can be visualized on the complex plane where operations correspond to vector additions and multiplications. Euler's formulas show trigonometric functions can be written in terms of complex exponentials. 3) Evaluating examples, the integral of e−x sin x dx from 0 to infinity equals 1/2, and solving sin z = 3i leads to the solutions z = (π/2) ± 2nπ + i ln

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    48 views4 pages

    Complex Variables I

    Uploaded by

    Nirmal Kumar Umapathy
    1) Complex variables are necessary to learn as they are useful for certain types of integrals via the residue theorem, for 2D fluid/solid mechanics problems where Laplace's equation applies, and because real variable theories are subsets of complex variable theory via the fundamental theorem of algebra. 2) Complex numbers can be visualized on the complex plane where operations correspond to vector additions and multiplications. Euler's formulas show trigonometric functions can be written in terms of complex exponentials. 3) Evaluating examples, the integral of e−x sin x dx from 0 to infinity equals 1/2, and solving sin z = 3i leads to the solutions z = (π/2) ± 2nπ + i ln

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Complex Variables

    Why is it necessary to learn the complex variable theory ?


    Useful for certain types of integrals (the residue theorem).
    Z

    (Examples:)

    x4
    dx,
    1 + x6

    Z 2
    0

    cos
    d
    1 + sin 2

    Useful for 2-D fluid mechanics/solid mechanics problems 1 .


    u = v = 0,

    w = u + iv.

    Real variable theories are subsets of the complex variable theory (the fundamental theorem of algebra 2 ).
    With a complex number in the form of
    z = a + ib,

    where i = 1, divisions and multiplications between two complex numbers are computed as
    z1 z2

    = (a1 + ib1 )(a2 + ib2 )


    = (a1 a2 b1 b2 ) + i(a1 b2 + a2 b1 ),

    (1)

    and
    z1
    z2

    (a1 +ib1 )(a2 ib2 )


    (a2 +ib2 )(a2 ib2 )
    a1 a2 +b1 b2
    a1 b2
    + i a2 ab21 +b
    2 .
    a22 +b22
    2
    2

    =
    =

    (2)

    The complex conjugate of z = a + ib is defined as


    z = a ib.
    It follows

    z1 + z2
    z1 z2

    z1
    z2

    = z1 + z2 ,
    = z1 z2 ,
    =

    z1
    z2 .

    Note that
    zz = |z|2 .
    1

    The real part and the imaginary part of any analytic functions (e.g. f (z) = z3 ) satisfy the Laplace equation. For instance,
    z3 = (x + iy)3 = x3 3xy2 + i(3x2 y y3 ),
    so
    u = x3 3xy2 ,
    Verify that both u and v satisfy

    2 An

    algebraic equation of the n-th order has n zeros.

    u = 0,

    v = 3x2 y y3 .
    v = 0.

    (3)

    Complex Plane
    With the introduction of the imaginary number, i, it is possible to associate z = a + ib with a point (a, b) in a 2-D plane.

    y
    z=a+i b

    |z| = a2 + b2
    =
    zz,
    and

    (4)

    arg z = .

    It is noted that
    = a + ib

    2
    2
    =
    a +b

    a
    a2 +b2

    = |z|(cos + i sin )
    = rei ,

    + i 2b 2
    a +b

    (5)

    where Eulers formula


    ei = cos + i sin , 3
    was used.
    On the complex plane, it is possible to visualize the operations among complex numbers as shown in the table below:

    z1 z2
    z1 z2

    addition of vectors
    r1 r2 ei(1 +2 )
    r1 i(1 2 )
    r2 e

    z1
    z2

    Using Eulers formulas,

    ei
    ei

    = cos + i sin ,
    = cos i sin ,

    (7)

    (8)

    trigonometric functions can be written as


    cos
    sin

    =
    =

    ei +ei
    2
    ei ei
    2i

    ,
    .

    (9)

    ei

    =
    =
    =

    )
    (i )
    1 + (i ) + (i2!) + (i
    3! + 4! . . .

    2
    4
    3
    5
    1 2! + 4! . . . + i 3! + 5! . . .
    cos + i sin .
    2

    (6)

    It is seen from the above that sine and cosine functions are the even and odd parts of f ( ) = ei .
    Similarly, the hyperbolic sine and cosine functions can be defined as (the even and odd parts of f ( ) = e )
    cosh
    sinh

    =
    =

    e +e
    2
    e e
    2

    ,
    .

    (10)

    The following similarity can be immediately verified:


    (sin )0 = cos
    (cos )0 = sin
    cos2 + sin2 = 1

    (sinh )0 = cosh
    (cosh )0 = sinh
    cosh2 sinh2 = 1

    Example 1 Evaluate sin i.


    sin i

    =
    =
    =

    eii eii
    2i
    e1 e
    2i
    i
    1
    2 (e e ).

    (11)

    Note that this is a pure imaginary number.


    Example 2 Evaluate
    I

    Z
    0

    ex sin xdx.

    = 0 ex eix dx4
    R
    = h0 e(1+i)x dx i

    1
    e(1+i)x
    = 1+i
    1
    50
    = 1+i
    (0 1)

    1 1i
    = 1+i
    1i

    1
    = 2 + 12 i
    = 12 .

    (12)

    Example 3 Solve sin z = 3 6 .


    Let z = x + iy, then,
    sin z = sin (x + iy)

    1 i(x+iy)
    e
    ei(x+iy)
    =
    2i

    1
    =
    cos x(ey ey ) + i sin x(ey + ey ) ,
    2i

    (13)

    cos x(ey ey ) + i sin x(ey + ey ) = 6i,

    (16)

    (14)
    (15)

    so

    or by comparing the imaginary part and real part of both sides,


    cos x(ey ey ) = 0,
    sin x(ey + ey ) = 6.
    4 ( f )

    is the imaginary part of f .


    x , e(1+i)x = ex eix 0 since ex 0 and eix = cos x + i sin x is bounded (but indefinite).
    6 This equation does not make sense if z is a real number.
    5 As

    (17)
    (18)

    If ey ey = 0 in eq.(17), it follows e2y = 1 or y = 0 which implies that sin x = 3 from eq.(18) which is impossible, so
    cos x = 0 must be satisfied from eq.(17). Therefore,

    n ,
    2

    (19)

    n )(ey + ey ) = 6.
    2

    (20)

    x=
    and
    sin (
    For the right hand side to be positive,
    sin (

    n ),
    2

    x=

    2n .
    2

    (21)

    ey + ey = 6,

    (22)

    (ey )2 6ey + 1 = 0,

    (23)

    y = ln (3 2 2),

    (24)

    must be positive which implies that

    From eq.(20),
    or
    which can be solved as
    so finally
    z=

    2n + i ln (3 2 2).
    2

    (25)

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