LGRCB Im Ch17

Chapter 17
MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS
17.1 Functions of Several Variables
Your Turn 1
17.1 Exercises
1.
3
y
f ( x, y) = 4 x 2 + 2 xy +
f (2, 3) = 4(2)2 + 2(2)(3) +
3
3
= 16 + 12 + 1
= 29
Your Turn 2
2
f ( x, y, z ) = 4 xz - 3x y + 2 z
2.
f ( x, y) = 2 x - 3 y + 5
(a)
f (2, -1) = 2(2) - 3(-1) + 5 = 12
(b)
f (-4, 1) = 2(-4) - 3(1) + 5 = -6
(c)
f (-2, -3) = 2(-2) - 3(-3) + 5 = 10
(d)
f (0, 8) = 2(0) - 3(8) + 5 = -19
g ( x, y) = x 2 - 2 xy + y 3
(a)
f (1, 2, 3) = 4(1)(3) - 3(1) 2 (2) + 2(3) 2

= 12 - 6 + 18
= 24
g (-2, 4) = (-2)2 - 2(-2)(4) + (4)3

= 84
(b)
g (-1, -2) = (-1)2 - 2(-1)(-2) + (-2)3

= -11
Your Turn 3
(c)
g (-2, 3) = (-2)2 - 2(-2)(3) + (3)3

= 43
(d)
g (5, 1) = (5)2 - 2(5)(1) + (1)3

= 16
3.
Your Turn 4
Use the Cobb-Douglas production function

1/4 3/4
z = x
h( x, y) =
x2 + 2 y 2
(a)
h(5, 3) =
25 + 2(9) =
(b)
h(2, 4) =
4 + 32 = 6
(c)
h(-1, -3) = 1 + 18 = 19
(d)
h(-3, -1) =
43
1/4 3/4
27 = x y
27
= y 3/4
x1/4
4
27 4
= y 3/4
x1/4
y3 =
1/3
( )
y3
4.
(27)4
x
(a)
(27)4/3
1/3
9x + 5 y
log x
f (10, 2) =
9(10) + 5(2)
log10
100
1
= 10
(27)4 1/3
=
x
y =
f ( x, y ) =
9 + 2 = 11
81
x1/3
Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.
1125
1126
Chapter 17 MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS

(b)
9(100) + 5(1)
log100
f (100, 1) =
f (1000, 0) =
2 x + 3 y + 4 z = 12
If x = 0 and y = 0, z = 3.
If x = 0 and z = 0, y = 4.
905
2
(c)
7.
If y = 0 and z = 0, x = 6.
9(1000) + 5(0)
log 1000
9000
3
= 10 10
(d)
1
f , 5 =
10
( 101 ) + 5(5)
1
log 10
8.
x-intercept: y = 0, z = 0
25.9
=
-1
= - 25.9
5.
4 x + 2 y + 3z = 24
4 x = 24
x= 6
y-intercept: x = 0, z = 0
x+ y+z =9
2 y = 24
y = 12
If x = 0 and y = 0, z = 9.
If x = 0 and z = 0, y = 9.
z-intercept: x = 0, , y = 0
If y = 0 and z = 0, x = 9.
3z = 24
z =8
Sketch the portion of the plane in the first octant
that contains these intercepts.
6.
x + y + z = 15
To find x-intercept, let y = 0, z = 0.

x + 0 + 0 = 15
x = 15
9.
x+ y = 4
If x = 0, y = 4.
To find y-intercept, let x = 0, z = 0.
If y = 0, x = 4.
y = 15
There is no z-intercept.
To find z-intercept, let x = 0, y = 0.

z = 15

that contains these intercepts.
10.
y+z =5
0=5
Impossible, so no x-intercept
Section 17.1
1127
y =5
14.
For z = 0, 3x + y = 8. Graph the line

3x + y = 8 in the xy-plane.
z-intercept: x = 0, y = 0
z =5

3x + y = 4 in the plane z = 2.

that contains these intercepts and is parallel to the
x-axis.
11.
3x + y + 2 z = 8

3x + y = 0 in the plane z = 4.
x =5
The point (5, 0,0) is on the graph.
There are no y- or z-intercepts.
The plane is parallel to the yz-plane.
15.
y 2 - x = -z
For z = 0, x = y 2. Graph x = y 2 in the
xy-plane.
For z = 2, x = y 2 + 2. Graph x = y 2 + 2
in the plane z = 2.
For z = 4, x = y 2 + 4. Graph x = y 2 + 4
in the plane z = 4.
12.
z = 4
No x-intercept, no y-intercept
that passes through (0, 0, 4) parallel to the xy-plane.
16.
2y -
x2
= z
3
If z = 0, we have y =
1 x 2.
6
The level curve is
a parabola in the xy-plane with vertex at the origin.

13.
3x + 2 y + z = 24
For z = 0, 3x + 2 y = 24. Graph the line

3x + 2 y = 24 in the xy-plane.
For z = 2 , 3x + 2 y = 22. Graph the line
3x + 2 y = 22 in the plane z = 2.
For z = 4, 3x + 2 y = 20. Graph the line
3x + 2 y = 20 in the plane z = 4.
1 x2
6
+ 1. The level
curve is a parabola in the plane z = 2 with

vertex at the point (0,1, 2).
1 x2
6
+ 2. The level
curve is a parabola in the plane z = 4 with

vertex at the point (0, 2, 4).
Sketch portions of these curves in the first octant.
1128
18.

x-intercept: y = 0, z = 0 (a 0)
z 2 - y 2 = 1.
ax = d
d
x=
a
yz-trace: hyperbola
If y = 0,
z 2 - x 2 = 1.
y-intercept: x = 0, z = 0 (b 0)
xz-trace: hyperbola
The equation is represented by a hyperboloid of
two sheets, as shown in (f ) .
by = d
d
y =
b
z-intercept: x = 0, y = 0 (c 0)
23.
The xz-trace is
cz = d
d
z =
c
x 2 = z,
which is a parabola with vertex at the origin that
opens upward.
The yz-trace is
If d 0, then for the plane to have a portion in

the first octant, one of
d
a
x2 - y2 = z
d
b
, or
d
c
must be
positive, so at least one of a, b, or c must have the

same sign as d.
- y 2 = z,
which is a parabola with vertex at the origin that
opens downward.
The xy-trace is
If d = 0, then the trace in the xy-plane is the

line x =
- ba
y, the trace in the yz-plane is
y = - bc z, and the trace in the xz-plane is
x2 - y2 = 0
x = - ac z. - ac , - bc , or - ba must be positive,
x2 = y2
so a, b, and c cannot all have the same sign.

21.
x = y
z = x2 + y 2
or
x = - y,
which are two lines that intersect at the origin.

The equation is represented by a hyperbolic
paraboloid, as shown in (e).
The xz-trace is
z = x 2 + 0 = x 2.
24.
The yz-trace is
z = 0 + y 2 = y 2.
Both are parabolas with vertices at the origin that
open upward.
The xy-trace is
0 = x 2 + y 2.
This is a point, the origin.
The equation is represented by a paraboloid, as
shown in (c).
22.
z - y -x =1
If z = 0,
-( y 2 + x 2 ) = 1.
This is impossible so there is no xy-trace.
If x = 0,
z = y 2 - x2
If z = 0,
x2 = y2
x = y.
xy-trace: two intersecting lines.
If x = 0,
z = y 2.
yz-trace: parabola, opening upward
If y = 0,
z = -x 2 .
xz-trace: parabola, opening downward
Hyperbolic paraboloid
Both (a) and (e) are hyperbolic paraboloids, but
only (a) has traces described by this function.
Section 17.1
25.
1129
x2
y2
z2
+
+
=1
16
25
4
xz-trace:
x2
z2
+
= 1, an ellipse
16
4
yz-trace:
y2
z2
+
= 1, an ellipse
25
4
Level curves on planes z = k , where k > 0, are
xy-trace:
k =
x2
y2
+
= 1, an ellipse
16
25
z = 5( x 2 + y 2 )-1/2 =
These are circles with centers (0, 0, k ) and
5
x2 + y2
radii
Note that z > 0 for all values of x and y

xz-trace: y = 0
z =
5
=
2
x
x
x + y2
25
x2 + y2 = 2 .
k
The graph is an ellipsoid, as shown in (b).

26.
5
2
5.
k
The graph of z = 5( x 2 + y 2 )-1/2 is (d).

27.
f ( x, y ) = 4 x 2 - 2 y 2
(a)
This gives one branch of the hyperbola xz = 5,

where z > 0 and x > 0, and one branch of the
hyperbola xz = -5, where z > 0 and x < 0.
f ( x + h, y) - f ( x, y)
h
=
[4( x + h) 2 - 2 y 2 ] - [4 x 2 - 2 y 2 ]
h
4 x 2 + 8 xh + 4h 2 - 2 y 2 - 4 x 2 + 2 y 2
h
h (8 x + 4h)
=
= 8 x + 4h
h
=
(b)
f ( x, y + h) - f ( x, y)
h
=
4 x 2 - 2 y 2 - 4 yh - 2h 2 - 4 x 2 + 2 y 2
h
h(-4 y - 2h)
=
h
= -4 y - 2h
=
yz-trace: x = 0
z =
[4 x 2 - 2( y + h) 2 ] - [4 x 2 - 2 y 2 ]
h
5
y2
5
| y|
This gives one branch of the hyperbola yz = 5,

where z > 0 and y > 0, and one branch of the
hyperbola yz = -5, where z > 0 and y < 0.
(c)
f ( x + h, y) - f ( x, y)
h
h 0
= lim (8x + 4h)
lim
h0
= 8x + 4(0) = 8 x
(d)
f ( x, y + h) - f ( x, y)
h
h 0
= lim (-4 y - 2h)
lim
h0
= -4 y - 2(0) = -4 y
1130
28.

f ( x, y) = 5x3 + 3 y 2
(a)
f ( x + h, y) - f ( x, y)
h
=
[5( x + h)3 + 3 y 2 ] - (5 x3 + 3 y 2 )
h
The graphing calculator indicates that

2
(1+ h)e2h + h -1
h
h 0
5 x3 + 15x 2h + 15xh 2 + 5h3 + 3 y 2 - 5x3 - 3 y 2

=
h
lim
lim
h(15x 2 + 15 xh + 5h 2 )
=
h
h 0
(c)
= 3e2.
of x at (1, 1) is 3e 2.
f ( x, y + h) - f ( x, y)
h
(b)
lim
h 0
f (1, 1 + h) - f (1, 1)
h
2
[5 x3 + 3( y + h) 2 ] - [5 x3 + 3 y 2 ]
=
h
(1)(1 + h)e1+1+ 2h + h - (1)(1)e1+1

= lim
h
h 0
5 x3 + 3 y 2 + 6 yh + 3h 2 - 5 x3 - 3 y 2
=
h
h(6 y + 3h)
=
h
= 6 y + 3h
(1 + h)e2 + 2h + h - e2
= lim
h
h 0
(1 + h)e2h + h - 1
= e 2 lim
h
h0
So, this limit reduces to the exact same limit

as in part a. Therefore, since
f ( x + h, y) - f ( x, y)
lim
h
h 0
2
(1 + h) e2h + h - 1
lim
= 3,
h
h 0
= lim (15 x + 15xh + 5h )

h 0
2
= 15 x + 15x(0) + 5(0)2
then
= 15 x 2
(d)
f (1+ h, 1)- f (1,1)

h
The slope of the tangent line in the direction
= 15 x 2 + 15xh + 5h2
(b)
= 3, thus
lim
h 0
f ( x, y + h) - f ( x, y)
h
h 0
= lim (6 y + 3h)
lim
f (1, 1 + h) - f (1, 1)
= 3e2.
h
The slope of the tangent line in the direction

of y at (1, 1) is 3e 2.
h0
= 6 y + 3(0) = 6 y
30.
29.
f ( x, y) = xye x + y
The y = 1 column gives
f (1 + h, 1) - f (1, 1)
(a) lim
h
h 0
f1( x) = 7.045 + 1.98x.

2
(1 + h)(1)e1+ 2h + h +1 - (1)(1)e1+1
h
h 0
= lim
(1 + h) e2 + 2h + h - e2
= lim
h
h 0
2
(1 + h) e 2h + h - 1
= e lim
h
h 0
2
A linear regression on the y = 0 column gives

f 0 ( x) = 4.019 + 1.989 x.

f 2 ( x) = 9.978 + 2.013x.
f3 ( x) = 12.989 + 2.019 x.
Use the nearest integer values.
f 0 ( x) = f ( x, 0) = 4 + 2 x
= a + bx + c(0)
= a + bx
Section 17.1
1131
(c) 32 work hours means that x = 32. 243 units
of capital means that y = 243.
f1( x) = f ( x, 1) = 7 + 2 x
= a + bx + c(1)
= a + bx + c
P(32, 243)
3
-5
2
= 100 (32)-2/5 + (243)-2/5
5
5
f 2 ( x) = f ( x, 2) = 10 + 2 x
= a + bx + c(2)
= a + bx + 2c
3 1 2 1 -5
= 100 +
5 4 5 9
f3 ( x) = f ( x, 3) = 13 + 2 x
= a + bx + c(3)
= a + bx + 3c
7 -5
= 100
36
Thus, b = 2 and we have

4
7
10
13
=
=
=
=
36 5
= 100
7
a
a+c
a + 2c
a + 3c
359, 767.81
The production is approximately 359,768
cameras.
so a = 4 and c = 3.
32.
f ( x, y ) = 4 + 2 x + 3 y
31.
2
P( x, y) = 100 x-2/5 + y-2/5
5
5
(a)
-5
3
-5
2
= 100 (32)-2/5 + (1)-2/5
5
[1 + (1 - 0.33)(0.05)]25
(1.05) 25 (0.67) + 0.33
The multiplier is 1.14. Since M > 1, the

IRA account grows faster.
33.
M = f (40, 0.06, 0.28)
-5
11
= 100
20
20 5
= 100
11
(1 + 0.06)40 (1 - 0.28) + 0.28

[1 + (1 - 0.28)(0.06)]40
(1.06)40 (0.72) + 0.28
[1 + (0.72)(0.06)]40
1.416
1986.95
The multiplier is 1.416. Since M > 1, the

IRA account grows faster.
The production is approximately 1987

cameras.
(b)
(1 + 0.05)25 (1 - 0.33) + 0.33
[1 + (0.67)(0.05)]25
1.1403
P(32, 1)
3 1 2 -5
= 100 + (1)
5 4 5
M = f (25, 0.05, 0.33)
P(1, 32)
3
-5
2
= 100 (1)-2/5 + (32)-2/5
5
5
-5
3
2 1
= 100 (1) +
5
5 4
7 - 5
= 100
10
10 5
= 100 595
7
The production is approximately 595
cameras.
34.
z = 1.01x3/4 y1/4
500 = 1.01x3/4 y1/4
y1/4 =
y =
500
1.01x3/4
(500)4
(1.01x3 / 4 )4
500 4 1
=
1.01 x3
6 1010
x3
1132
A = 0.024265(178)0.3964 (72)0.5378
(a)
1.89 m 2
A = 0.024265(140)0.3964 (65)0.5378
(b)
1.62 m 2
35.
A = 0.024265(160)0.3964 (70)0.5378
(c)
z = x 0.6 y 0.4 where z = 500
1.78 m 2
3/5 2/5
500 = x y
500
= y 2/5
x3/5
500 5/2
= ( y 2/5 )5/2
x3/5
y =
y
(d) Answers will vary.
40.
(500)5/2
F =
(a)
x3/2
5,590,170
v2
gl
v2
9.81 0.09
v = 1.5 m/sec
2.56 =
v2
9.81 1.2
v = 5.5 m/sec
x3/2
2.56 =
(b)
v2
9.81 4
v = 1 m/sec
2.56 =
41.
36.
z = x
0.7 0.3
P (W , R, A) = 48 - 2.43W - 1.81R - 1.22 A
If x is doubled, z is multiplied by 20.75.

If y is doubled, z is multiplied by 20.25.
If both are doubled, z is multiplied by
20.75 20.25 = 21.0 = 2. Thus, z is doubled.
37.
The cost function, C, is the sum of the products of

the unit costs times the quantities x, y, and z.
Therefore,
C ( x, y, z ) = 250 x + 150 y + 75 z.
38.
39.
H (m, t , A) =
0.67
15.2m (T - A)
10.23ln m - 10.74
15.2(21)0.67 (36 - 4)
10.23ln 21 - 10.74
183 W
(a)
H =
(b)
H =
15.2(29)0.67 (38 - 16)

10.23 ln 29 - 10.74
135 W
(a)
P(5, 15, 0)
= 48 - 2.43(5) - 1.81(15) - 1.22(0)
= 8.7
8.7% of fish will be intolerant to pollution.
(b) The maximum percentage will occur when

the variable factors are a minimum, or when
W = 0, R = 0, and A = 0.
P(0, 0, 0) = 48 - 2.43(0) - 1.81(0) - 1.22(0)

= 48
48% of fish will be intolerant to pollution.
(c) Any combination of values of W, R, and A
that result in P = 0 is a scenario that will
drive the percentage of fish intolerant to
pollution to zero.
If R = 0 and A = 0:
P(W , 0, 0) = 48 - 2.43W - 1.81(0) - 1.22(0)
= 48 - 2.43W .
A = 0.024265h0.3964m0.5378
Section 17.1
1133
48 - 2.43W = 0
48
W =
2.43
19.75
44.
N ( R, C ) = 329.32 + 0.0377 R - 0.0171C

(a)
So W = 19.75, R = 0, A = 0 is one
scenario.
N (141,319, 37,960)
= 329.32 + 0.0377(141,319)
- 0.0171(37,960)
5008
Approximately 5008 deer were harvested in
Tuscarawas County.
If W = 10 and R = 10:
P(10, 10, A) = 48 - 2.43(10) - 1.81(10) - 1.22 A
= 5.6 - 1.22 A
(b)
5.6 - 1.22 A = 0
5.6
A=
1.22
4.59
So W = 10, R = 10, A = 4.59 is
another scenario.
45.
(d) Since the coefficient of W is greater than the

coefficients of R and A, a change in W will
affect the value of P more than an equal
change in R or A. Thus, the percentage of
wetland (W) has the greatest influence on P.
42.
ln(T ) = 5.49 - 3.00 ln( F ) + 0.18 ln(C )

eln(T ) = e5.49-3.00ln( F ) + 0.18ln(C )
(a)
T = e5.49e-3.00 ln( F )e0.18ln(C )

=
I ( p, a, m, n, e) = (25.54 + 0.04 p - 7.92a
+ 2.62m + 4.46n + 0.15e)2
0.18
3
eln( F )
242.257C 0.18
F3
(b) Replace F with 2 and C with 40 in the

preceding formula.
(a) Replace the variables with the given values.
I (80, 23,34,16,50)
= [25.54 + 0.04(80) - 7.92(23)
T
2
+ 2.62(34) + 4.46(16) + 0.15(50)]
242.257(40)0.18
(2)3
58.82
T is about 58.8%. In other words, a tethered

sow spends nearly 59% of the time doing
repetitive behavior when she is fed 2 kg of
food per day and neighboring sows spend
40% of the time doing repetitive behavior.
= (14.52) 2
= 210.8304
The incidence of a dengue fever outbreak is
about 211.
(b) Since the coefficient of a, the average
temperature, is negative, it has a negative
influence on the incidence of dengue fever.
If all other variables are held constant, an
increase in a results in a decrease in I, and
vice-versa.
e5.49eln(C
46.
The girth is 2 H + 2W . Thus,

f ( L,W , H ) = L + 2 H + 2W .
47.
Let the area be given by g ( L,W , H ).

Then,
43.
A( L, T ,U , C ) = 53.02 + 0.383L + 0.0015T

+ 0.0028U - 0.0003C
(a)
g ( L,W , H ) = 2 LW + 2WH + 2LH ft 2.
A( 266, 107,484, 31,697, 24,870 )

= 53.02 + 0.383(266) + 0.0015(107,484)
+ 0.0028(31,697) - 0.0003(24,870)
397
The estimated number of accidents is 397.

1134
48.

f ( H , D) =
(a)
H 2 + D 2 with D = 3.75 in
3
H
=
4
D
3
H = D
4
3
H = (3.75)
4
H = 2.8125
f (2.8125, 3.75)
=
(2.8125)2 + (3.75)2
4.69
The length of the ellipse is approximately
4.69 inches, and its width is 3.75 inches.
(b)
2
H
=
5
D
2
H = D
5
2
H = (3.75)
5
H = 1.5
f (1.5, 3.75)
=
(1.5)2 + (3.75)2
4.04
The length of the ellipse is approximately
4.04 inches, and its width is 3.75 inches.
17.2 Partial Derivatives

Your Turn 1
f ( x, y) = 2 x 2 y 3 + 6 x5 y 4
f x ( x, y) = 4 xy 3 + 30 x 4 y 4
f y ( x, y) = 6 x 2 y 2 + 24 x5 y 3
Your Turn 2
f ( x, y) = e3x
f x ( x, y) = e3x
= 6 xye3x
f y ( x, y) = e3x
(3x 2 y)
x
= 3 x 2 e3 x
(3x 2 y)
y
y
Your Turn 3
f ( x, y ) = xye x
+ y3
Use the product rule.

x 2 + y 3 x 2 + y 3
e
+ e
( xy )
x
x
2
3
2
3
= xy 2 xe x + y + e x + y y
f x ( x, y ) = xy
= (2 x 2 y + y )e x
+ y3
f x (2, 1) = [2(2)2 (1) + 1]e2
+13
= 9 e5
x 2 + y 3 x 2 + y 3
e
+ e
y ( xy )
y
2
3
2 3
= xy 3 y 2e x + y + e x + y x
f y ( x, y ) = xy
= (3xy 3 + x)e x
+ y3
f y (2, 1) = [3(2)(1)3 + 2]e2
+13
= 8e5
Your Turn 4
f ( x, y) = x 2e7 y + x 4 y 5
f x ( x, y) = 2 xe7 y + 4 x3 y 5
f y ( x, y) = 7 x 2e7 y + 5x 4 y 4
Section 17.2
1135
f x ( x, y)
x
(2 xe7 y + 4 x3 y 5 )
=
x
f xx ( x, y) =
= 2e7 y + 12 x 2 y 5
f yy ( x, y) =
f y ( x, y)
y
(7 x 2e7 y + 5x 4 y 4 )
=
y
2 7y
= 49 x e
4 3
+ 20 x y
3.
f y ( x, y) = -4 x + 18 y 2
f x (2, -1) = -4(-1) = 4
f y (-4, 3) = -4(-4) + 18(3)2
= 16 + 18(9)
= 178
4.
f x ( x, y)
y
(2 xe7 y + 4 x3 y5 )
=
y
f y ( x, y ) = 18x 2 y - 8 y
f x (2, -1) = 18(2)(-1) 2 = 36
f y (-4, 3) = 18(-4)2 (3) - 8(3) = 840
5.
f y ( x, y) = 15 x 2 y 2
f x (2, -1) = 10(2)(-1)3 = -20
f y (-4, 3) = 15(-4)2 (3)2 = 2160
Note that, as in Example 6, f xy ( x, y) = f yx ( x, y).
1.
6.
z = f ( x, y) = 6 x 2 - 4 xy + 9 y 2
z
= 12 x - 4 y
x
(b)
z
= -4 x + 18 y
y
(c)
f
(2,3) = 12(2) - 4(3) = 12
x
f y (-4, 3) = -9(-4)4 (3) 2 = -20, 736
f y (1, -2) = -4(1) + 18(-2)
z = g ( x, y) = 8x + 6 x y + 2 y
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
f x ( x, y) = -12 x3 y3
f x (2, -1) = -12(2)3 (-1)3 = 96
= -40
2.
f ( x, y ) = -3x 4 y 3 + 10
f y ( x, y ) = -9 x 4 y 2
(a)
(d)
f ( x, y) = 5x 2 y 3
f x ( x, y) = 10 xy 3
= 14 xe7 y + 20 x3 y 4
17.2 Exercises
f ( x, y) = 9 x 2 y 2 - 4 y 2
f x ( x, y) = 18xy 2
f xy ( x, y) =
= 14 xe7 y + 20 x3 y 4
f yx ( x, y) =
f y ( x, y)
x
(7 x 2e7 y + 5x 4 y 4 )
=
x
f ( x, y) = -4 xy + 6 y 3 + 5
f x ( x, y) = -4 y
g
= 8 + 12 xy
x
g
= 6x2 + 4 y
y
7.
f ( x, y ) = e x + y
f x ( x, y) = e x + y
f y ( x, y) = e x + y
f x (2, -1) = e 2-1
= e1 = e
f y (-4, 3) = e-4 +3
= e-1
=
1
e
z
g
(-3, 0) =
(-3, 0) = 6(-3)2 + 4(0)
y
y
= 54
g x (2, 1) =
g
(2, 1) = 8 + 12(2)(1) = 32
x
1136
8.

f ( x, y) = 4e3 x + 2 y
12.
f x ( x, y) = 12e3x + 2 y
f y ( x, y) = 8e3 x + 2 y
f ( x, y) =
f x ( x, y) =
3x 2 y 3
x2 + y 2
( x 2 + y 2 ) 6 xy 3 - 3x 2 y 3 2 x
( x2 + y 2 )2
f x (2, -1) = 12e3(2) + 2(-1) = 12e 4

f y (-4, 3) = 8e3(-4) + 2(3) = 8e-6
9.
f ( x, y ) = -6e 4 x-3 y
f y ( x, y) =
f x ( x, y) = -24e4 x-3 y
f y ( x, y ) = 18e4 x -3 y
6 xy 5
( x 2 + y 2 )2
( x 2 + y 2 ) 9 x 2 y 2 - 3x 2 y 3 2 y
( x 2 + y 2 )2
9 x 4 y 2 + 3x 2 y 4
( x 2 + y 2 )2
f x (2, -1) = -24e4(2)-3(-1) = -24e11

f y (-4, 3) = 18e4(-4)-3(3) = 18e-25
10.
f x (2, -1) =
[(2)2 + (-1)2 ]2
12
=25
f ( x, y) = 8e7 x- y
f x ( x, y) = 56e7 x- y
f y (-4, 3) =
f x (2, -1) = 56e7(2)-(-1) = 56e15

f y (-4, 3) = -8e7(-4)-3 = -8e-31
13.
f ( x, y) =
f x ( x, y) =
=
=
f y ( x, y) =
=
=
f x (2, -1) =
x2 + y3
x3 - y 2
2
f y ( x, y) =
2 x( x - y ) - 3 x ( x + y )
( x3 - y 2 )2
2 x 4 - 2 xy 2 - 3x 4 - 3x 2 y 3
f x (2, -1) =
( x3 - y 2 )2
-x 4 - 2 xy 2 - 3x 2 y 3
f y (-4, 3) =
( x3 - y 2 ) 2
3 y 2 ( x3 - y 2 ) - (-2 y)( x 2 + y 3 )
3
2 2
(x - y )
3x3 y 2 - 3 y 4 + 2 x 2 y + 2 y 4
( x3 - y 2 )2
3x3 y 2 - y 4 + 2 x 2 y
( x3 - y 2 )2
4
-2 - 2(2)(-1) - 3(2 )(-1)

3
2 2
[2 - (-1) ]
1 + 5x3 y 2
1
1 + 5x3 y 2
15x 2 y 2 =
10 x3 y =
15(2)2 (-1) 2
3
1 + 5(2) (-1)
10(-4)3 (3)
3
1 + 5(-4) (3)
15x 2 y 2
1 + 5x3 y 2
10 x3 y
1 + 5 x3 y 2
60
41
1920
2879
16 x3 - 4 xy 2
4 x4 - 2x 2 y 2
8x 2 - 2 y 2
2 x3 - xy 2
1
4 x4 - 2 x2 y 2
=-
2 2
[(-4) - 3 ]
1713
=5329
f ( x, y) = ln | 4x 4 - 2 x 2 y 2 |
1
f x ( x, y) =
(16 x3 - 4 xy 2 )
4
4x - 2x2 y 2
f y ( x, y) =
3(-4) (3) - 3 + 2(-4) (3)

3
14.
8
=49
f y (-4, 3) =
f ( x, y ) = ln |1 + 5x 3 y 2 |
f x ( x, y) =
9(-4)4 (3)2 + 3(-4)2 (3)4
[(-4)2 + (3)2 ]2
24, 624
=
625
f y ( x, y) = -8e7 x- y
11.
6(2)(-1)5
=-
(-4 x 2 y)
4 x2 y
4x4 - 2 x2 y2
2y
2x2 - y 2
Section 17.2
1137
8(2)2 - 2(-1)2
f x (2, -1) =
2(2) - (-2)(-1)
15
=
7
2(3)
f y (-4, 3) = 2(-4)2 - (3)2
6
=23
15.
=e
1 + x(2 xy)(e x y )
x2 y
f ( x, y) = (7 x 2 + 18 xy 2 + y3 )1/3
f ( x, y ) =
f ( x, y) = y 2e x + 3 y
f x ( x, y ) =
f x ( x, y) = y 2e x +3 y
f y ( x, y) = y 2 3e x +3 y + e x +3 y 2 y
= ye x +3 y (3 y + 2)
f x (2, -1) = (-1)2 e2 +3(-1) = e-1
-4 + 3(3)
f ( x, y) =
f x ( x, y) =
f y ( x, y) =
f x (2, -1) =
=
f y (-4,3) =
=
3(7(2)2 + 18(2)(-1)2 + (-1)3 )2/3

46
f y ( x, y ) =
[3(3) + 2]
f x (2, -1) =
x + 3xy + y + 10
4 x3 + 3 y
2 x 4 + 3xy + y 4 + 10
3x + 4 y 3
2 x 4 + 3xy + y 4 + 10
4(2)3 + 3(-1)
4
3(63)2/3
36(-4)(3) + 3(3)2
19.
f y (-4, 3) = -64e48
17.
14(2) + 18(-1)2
3(7(-4)2 + 18(-4)(3)2 + (3)3 ) 2/3

135
=(509)2/3
(1 + 2 x y)
3(7 x + 18xy 2 + y 3 )2/3
f y (-4, 3) =
f x (2, -1) = e-4 (1 - 8) = -7e-4
= 33e
36 xy + 3 y 2
2
f x (2, -1) =
f y (-4,3) = 3e
3(7 x 2 + 18xy 2 + y 3 )2/3
f y ( x, y) =
2
f y ( x, y ) = x3e x y
16.
14 x + 18 y 2
f x ( x, y ) =
f ( x, y) = xe x
f x ( x, y) = e x
18.
2
2 2 + 3(2)(-1) + (-1) + 10
29
2 21
f y (-4, 3) =
=
3(-4) + 4(3)3
2 (-4)4 + 3(-4)(3) + 34 + 10
3x 2 y
e xy + 2
6 xy(e xy + 2) - ye xy (3x 2 y)
(e xy + 2)2
6 xy(e xy + 2) - 3x 2 y 2e xy
(e xy + 2)2
3x 2 (e xy + 2) - xe xy (3x 2 y)
(e xy + 2)2
3x 2 (e xy + 2) - 3x3 ye xy
(e xy + 2) 2
6(2)(-1)(e 2(-1) + 2) - 3(2)2 (-1)2 e 2(-1)
(e 2(-1) + 2)2
-12e-2 - 24 - 12e-2
(e-2 + 2) 2
-24(e-2 + 1)
(e-2 + 2) 2
3(-4)2 e(-4)(3) + 2 - 3(-4)3 (3)e(-4)(3)

(e
(-4)(3)
+ 2) 2
48e-12 + 96 + 576e-12
(e-12 + 2)2
624e-12 + 96
(e-12 + 2)2
48
311
1138
20.

2
f ( x, y) = (7e x + 2 y + 4)(e x + y 2 + 2)
24.
hx ( x, y) = 10 xy + 12 y 2
2
f x ( x, y) = 7e x + 2 y (e x + y 2 + 2)
hxx ( x, y ) = 10 y
+ 2 xe x (7e x + 2 y + 4)
hxy ( x, y) = 10 x + 24 y
2
f y ( x, y) = 14e x + 2 y (e x + y 2 + 2)
+ 2 y(7e
f x (2, -1) = 7e
x +2 y
2 + 2(-1)
(e
hy ( x, y) = 30 + 5 x 2 + 24 xy
+ 4)
h( x, y) = 30 y + 5x 2 y + 12 xy 2
hyy ( x, y) = 24 x
2
+ (-1) + 2)
hyx ( x, y) = 10 x + 24 y
+ 2(2)e2 (7e2 + 2(-1) + 4)

= 7e0 (e4 + 3) + 4e4 (7e0 + 4)
25.
= 51e4 + 21
r ( x, y ) =
rx ( x, y ) =
2
f y (-4, 3) = 14e-4 + 2(3) (e(-4) + 32 + 2)
6y
x+ y
( x + y)(0) - 6 y(1)
( x + y)2
= -6 y( x + y)-2
+ 2(3)(7e-4 + 2(3) + 4)
ry ( x, y ) =
= 14e2 (e16 + 11) + 6(7e 2 + 4)
( x + y)(6) - 6 y(1)
( x + y)2
= 6 x( x + y)-2
21.
2 2
rxx ( x, y ) = -6 y(-2)( x + y)-3 (-1)
f ( x, y) = 4 x y - 16 x + 4 y
f x ( x, y) = 8 xy 2 - 32 x
f y ( x, y) = 8 x 2 y + 4
( x + y )3
ryy ( x, y ) = 6 x(-2)( x + y)-3 (1)
f xx ( x, y) = 8 y - 32
=-
f yy ( x, y) = 8x 2
= -6 y(-2)( x + y)-3 (1) + ( x + y)-2 (-6)

12 y - 6( x + y)
=
( x + y )3
6 y - 6x
=
( x + y )3
g ( x, y) = 5x 4 y 2 + 12 y 3 - 9 x
g x ( x, y) = 20 x3 y 2 - 9
g y ( x, y) = 10 x 4 y + 36 y 2
g xx ( x, y) = 60 x 2 y 2
g yy ( x, y) = 10 x 4 + 72 y
g xy ( x, y) = g yx ( x, y ) = 40 x3 y
23.
R( x, y) = 4 x 2 - 5xy 3 + 12 y 2 x 2
Rx ( x, y) = 8x - 5 y 3 + 24 y 2 x
R y ( x, y) = -15 xy 2 + 24 yx 2
Rxx ( x, y) = 8 + 24 y 2
R yy ( x, y) = -30 xy + 24 x 2
Rxy ( x, y) = -15 y 2 + 48xy
12 x
( x + y )3
rxy ( x, y ) = ryx ( x, y)
f xy ( x, y) = f yx ( x, y) = 16 xy
22.
12 y
26.
k ( x, y) =
k x ( x, y) =
-7 x
2x + 3y
(2 x + 3 y)(-7) - (-7 x)(2)

(2 x + 3 y) 2
= -21y (2 x + 3 y)-2
(2 x + 3 y)(0) - (-7 x)(3)
k y ( x, y) =
(2 x + 3 y) 2
= 21x(2 x + 3 y)-2
k xx ( x, y) = -21y (-2)(2 x + 3 y)-3 (2)
=
84 y
(2 x + 3 y)3
= R yx ( x, y)
Section 17.2
1139
k yy ( x, y) = 21x(-2)(2 x + 3 y)-3 (3)
30.
126 x
=-
(2 x + 3 y)
k xy ( x, y) = k yx ( x, y)
5
= 5(5x - 7 y)-1
5x - 7 y
-7
k y ( x, y ) =
= -7(5x - 7 y)-1
5x - 7 y
k x ( x, y ) =
= -21y(-2)(2 x + 3 y)-3 (3)
k xx ( x, y ) = -5(5x - 7 y)-2 5
+ (2 x + 3 y)-2 (-21)
=
=
27.
k = ln |5x - 7 y |
= -25(5 x - 7 y)-2 or
126 y + (-21)(2 x + 3 y)
(2 x + 3 y)3
63 y - 42 x
(2 x + 3 y)3
= -49(5 x - 7 y)-2 or
= 35(5 x - 7 y)-2 or
z y = 9e x
= 35(5x - 7 y)-2 or
z yy = 0
z xy = z yx = 9e
31.
y
35
(5x - 7 y)2
35
(5x - 7 y)2
z = x ln | xy |
z x = ln | xy | + 1
z xx = 0
x
y
1
z xx =
x
z yy = -6 xe y
z yy = -xy-2 =
zy =
z y = -6 xe y
z xy = z yx = -6e y
z xy = z yx =
29.
(5 x - 7 y)2
k yx ( x, y ) = 7(5x - 7 y)-2 (5)
z xx = 9 ye x
z x = -6e
-49
k xy ( x, y ) = -5(5 x - 7)-2 (-7)
z = 9 ye x
z = -6 xe
(5 x - 7 y) 2
k yy ( x, y ) = 7(5 x - 7 y)-2 (-7)
z x = 9 ye x
28.
-25
r = ln | x + y |
1
rx =
x+ y
1
ry =
x+ y
-1
rxx =
( x + y) 2
-1
ryy =
( x + y) 2
-1
rxy = ryx =
( x + y)2
32.
-x
y2
1
y
z = ( y + 1) ln | x3 y |
= ( y + 1)(3 ln | x | + ln | y |)
1
z x ( x, y) = ( y + 1) 3
x
=
3( y + 1)
x
= 3x-1( y + 1)
1
z y ( x, y ) = ( y + 1) + (3 ln x + ln y ) 1
y
=
y +1
+ 3 ln x + ln | y |
y
1140

z xx ( x, y ) = -3x-2 ( y + 1) =
z yy ( x, y ) =
-3( y + 1)
y 1 - ( y + 1) 1
y2
1
1
=- 2 +
y
y
3
z xy ( x, y ) = 3x-1 =
x
1
3
z yx ( x, y ) = 3 =
x
x
33.
35.
x
1
+
y
f ( x, y) = 9 xy - x3 - y 3 - 6
First, f x = 9 y - 3x 2 and f y = 9 x - 3 y 2 .
We must solve the system
9 y - 3x 2 = 0
9 x - 3 y 2 = 0.
From the first equation, y = 13 x 2 .
Substitute into the second equation to get
1 2
9 x - 3 x 2 = 0
3
1
9 x - 3 x 4 = 0
9
f ( x, y) = 6 x 2 + 6 y 2 + 6 xy + 36 x - 5
First, f x = 12 x + 6 y + 36 and
f y = 12 y + 6 x.
We must solve the system
9x -
12 x + 6 y + 36 = 0
Multiply by 3 to get
12 y + 6 x = 0.
27 x - x 4 = 0.
Multiply both sides of the first equation by -2

and add.
Now factor.
-24 x - 12 y - 72 = 0
6 x + 12 y
=0
-18x
x(27 - x3 ) = 0
Set each factor equal to 0.
- 72 = 0
x = -4
x = 0 or 27 - x3 = 0
x=3
Substitute into either equation to get y = 2.

The solution is x = -4, y = 2.
34.
Substitute into y = x3 .
y = 0 or y = 3
f ( x, y ) = 50 + 4 x - 5 y + x 2 + y 2 + xy
The solutions are x = 0, y = 0 and

x = 3, y = 3.
f x ( x, y ) = 4 + 2 x + y,
f y ( x, y) = -5 + 2 y + x
Solve the system
4 + 2x + y = 0
-5 + x + 2 y = 0.
Multiply the second equation by -2 and add.
4 + 2x + y = 0
10 - 2 x - 4 y = 0
14
- 3y = 0
y =
14
3
Substitute into the second equation to get

x = - 13
. The solution is x = - 13
, y = 14
.
3
3
3
1 4
x = 0.
3
36.
f ( x, y) = 2200 + 27 x3 + 72 xy + 8 y 2
f x ( x, y) = 81x 2 + 72 y, f y ( x, y) = 72 x + 16 y
Solve the system
81x 2 + 72 y = 0 (1)
72 x + 16 y = 0. (2)
Divide equation (1) by 9 and equation (2) by 8.
9 x 2 + 8 y = 0 (3)
9 x + 2 y = 0 ( 4)
From equation (4), y = - 92 x.
Section 17.2
1141
Substitute into equation (3).
1
(4 x + y)
yz - 2
4x + y
=
yz - 2
f x ( x, y, z ) =
9 x 2 - 36 x = 0
9 x( x - 4) = 0
x = 0 or x = 4
Since y =
- 92
f y ( x, y, z ) =
x,
if x = 0, y = 0;
if x = 4, y = - 92 (4) = -18.
The solutions are x = 0, y = 0, and x = 4,
y = -18.
37.
f ( x, y, z ) = x + 2 yz + z
f x ( x, y, z) = 4 x
f y ( x, y, z ) = 2 z
f z ( x, y, z ) = 4 yz + 4 z 3
f yz ( x, y, z ) = 4 z
38.
-2 x - 2 x 2 z
( yz - 2)2
f z ( x, y, z )
= -(2 x 2 + xy)( yz - 2)-2 y
=f yz
(2x 2 y + xy 2 )
( yz - 2)2
( x, y, z)
=
=
41.
f y ( x, y, z ) = -2 x 2 y + 5 y 4
( yz - 2)2 (-2 x 2 ) - (-2 x - 2 x 2 z ) 2( yz - 2) y

( yz - 2)4
4 x 2 + 4 xy + 2 x 2 yz
( yz - 2)3
f ( x, y, z ) = ln | x 2 - 5 xz 2 + y 4 |
f x ( x, y, z ) =
f z ( x, y, z ) = 0
f yz ( x, y, z ) = 0
40.
( yz - 2)2
f ( x, y, z ) = 6 x3 - x 2 y 2 + y 5
f x ( x, y, z) = 18x 2 - 2 xy 2
39.
( yz - 2) x - (2 x 2 + xy) z
f y ( x, y , z ) =
6x - 5 y
4z + 5
6
f x ( x, y, z ) =
4z + 5
-5
f y ( x, y, z ) =
4z + 5
-4 (6 x - 5 y)
f z ( x, y, z) =
(4 z + 5) 2
20
f yz ( x, y, z) =
(4 z + 5)2
f z ( x, y, z ) =
f ( x, y, z ) =
2 x 2 + xy
yz - 2
1
(2 x 2 + xy )
=
yz - 2
f ( x, y, z ) =
= (2 x 2 + xy) ( yz - 2)-1
f yz ( x, y, z ) =
=
42.
2 x - 5z 2
x 2 - 5xz 2 + y 4
4 y3
2
x - 5xz 2 + y 4
-10 xz
x 2 - 5xz 2 + y 4
4 y 3 (10 zx)
( x 2 - 5 xz 2 + y 4 )2
40 xy3 z
( x 2 - 5 xz 2 + y 4 )2
f ( x, y, z ) = ln |8xy + 5 yz - x3 |
1
(8 y - 3x 2 )
f x ( x, y, z ) =
3
8xy + 5 yz - x
=
f y ( x, y , z ) =
=
8 y - 3x 2
8xy + 5 yz - x3
1
8 xy + 5 yz - x 3
8 x + 5z
8 xy + 5 yz - x 3
(8 x + 5z )
1142
f z ( x, y , z ) =
=
f yz ( x, y, z) =
=
1
8 xy + 5 yz - x 3
5y
f x (2, 1)
5y
8 xy + 5 yz - x 3
(8 xy + 5 yz - x 3) 5 - (8 x + 5z ) 5 y
f (2.00001, 1) - f (2, 1)
0.00001
(2.00001 + 12 ) 2(2.00001) +1 - (2 + 12 ) 2(2) +1

0.00001
(3.00001)5.00002 - 35
0.00001
938.9
(8 xy + 5 yz - x 3 )2
-5 x 3
(8 xy + 5 yz - x 3)2
(b)
x + y /2
y
f ( x, y) = x +
43.
(a)
f x (1, 2) = lim
h 0
f (1.00001, 2) - f (1, 2)
0.00001
f (2, 1.00001) - f (2, 1)

0.00001
[2 + (1.00001)2 ]2(2) +1.00001 - (2 + 12 ) 2(2) +1

0.00001
[2 + (1.00001)2 ]5.00001 - 35
0.00001
1077
1.00001+ 2/2
1+ 2/2
- 1 + 22
0.00001
45.
2.00001
2.00001
- 22
0.00001
6.773
(b)
M ( x, y) = 45 x 2 + 40 y 2 - 20 xy + 50
(a)
f (1, 2 + h) - f (1, 2)
h
h 0
(b)
f (1, 200001) - f (1, 2)

f y (1, 2)
0.00001
1+ 2/2
- 1 + 22
44.
(c)
M
(2, 5) = 90(2) - 20(5) = 80
x
(d)
M
(6, 7) = 80(7) - 20(6) = 440
y
0.00001
2.000005
- 22
0.00001
3.386
2.000005
46.
R( x, y) = 5x 2 + 9 y 2 - 4 xy
(a)
f ( x, y ) = ( x + y 2 ) 2 x + y
(a)
M x ( x, y) = 90 x - 20 y
M x (3, 6) = 90(3) - 20(6) = 150
Again, let h = 0.00001.
1+ 2.00001/2
M y ( x, y) = 80 y - 20 x
M y (4, 2) = 80(2) - 20(4) = 80
f y (1, 2) = lim
(1 + 2.00001
)
2
f (2, 1 + h) - f (2, 1)
h
f y (2, 1)
f (1 + h, 2) - f (1, 2)
h
(1.00001 + 22 )
h 0
Again, let h = 0.00001.
We will use a small value for h. Let

h = 0.00001.
f x (1, 2)
f y (2, 1) = lim
Rx ( x, y) = 10 x - 4 y
Rx (9, 5) = 10(9) - 4(5) = 70
f (2 + h, 1) - f (2, 1)
h
h 0
f x (2, 1) = lim
We will use a small value for h.

Let h = 0.00001.
R(9, 5) = 5(9)2 + 9(5) 2 - 4(9)(5)

= 450
R would increase by $70.

(b)
R y ( x, y) = 18 y - 4 x
R y (9, 5) = 18(5) - 4(9) = 54
R would increase by $54.
Section 17.2
47.
1143
f ( p, i) = 99 p - 0.5 pi - 0.0025 p 2
(a)
f (19, 400,8)
= 99(19, 400) - 0.5(19, 400)(8)
- 0.0025(19, 400)2
= $902,100
49.
1
-4
3
f ( x, y) = x-1/4 + y-1/4
4
1
-4
3
f (16,81) = (16)-1/4 + (81)-1/4
4
(a)
1 1 3 1 -4
=
4 2 4 3
The weekly sales are $902,100.

(b)
3 -4
= 50.56790123
8
f p ( p, i) = 99 - 0.5i - 0.005 p, which

represents the rate of change in weekly sales
revenue per unit change in price when the
interest rate remains constant.
fi ( p, i) = -0.5 p, which represents the rate

of change in weekly sales revenue per unit
change in interest rate when the list price
remains constant.
(c) p = 19, 400 remains constant and i changes
by 1 unit from 8 to 9.
fi ( p, i) = fi (19, 400,8)
= -0.5(19, 400)
= -9700
Therefore, sales revenue declines by $9700.
50.57 hundred units are produced.

(b)
1
-5 1 1
3
f x ( x, y ) = -4 x-1/4 + y-1/4 - x-5/4
4 4
4
-5
1 -5/4 1 -1/4
3 -1/4
+
x
x
y
4
4
f x (16,81) =
1
-5
1
3
(16)-5/4 (16)-1/4 + (81)-1/4
4
4
4
-5
1 1 3
256
=
4 32 8
243
1.053497942
=
48.
P( x, y) = 250 x 2 + y 2
= 250( x 2 + y 2 )1/2
(a)
1
P
= 250 ( x 2 + y 2 )-1/2 (2 x)
2
x
250 x
=
x2 + y2
P
(6,8) =
x
=
(b)
250(6)
(6)2 + (8) 2
1500
= 150
10
1
P
= 250 ( x 2 + y 2 )-1/2 (2 y)
2
x
250 y
=
x2 + y2
P
(6,8) =
y
250(8)
(6)2 + (8) 2
2000
= 200
10
f x (16,81) = 1.053 hundred units and is the

rate at which production is changing when
labor changes by one unit (from 16 to 17)
and capital remains constant.
1
-5 3 1
3
f y ( x, y) = -4 x-1/4 + y-1/4 - y-5/4
4
4 4
4
-5
3 -5/4 1 -1/4
3
y
+ y-1/4
x
4
4
4
f y (16,81) =
1
-5
3
3
(81)-5/4 (16)-1/4 + (81)-1/4
4
4
4
-5
3 1 3
8192
=
4 243 8
19, 683
0.4161967180
f y (16,81) = 0.4162 hundred units and is

the rate at which production is changing
when capital changes by one unit (from 81
to 82) and labor remains constant.
(c) Using the value of f x (16, 81) found in (b),
production would increase by approximately
105 units.
1144
50.
25
(1000) 1563 batteries.
16
z = x0.7 y 0.3 , where x is labor, y is capital.

Marginal productivity of labor is
(c) An increase of approximately
z
= 0.7 x-0.3 y 0.3.
x
16
(1000) = 3200 batteries
5
Marginal productivity of capital is
would be the effect of increasing capital to

126 while holding labor at 64. Increasing
capital is the better option.
z
= 0.3x 0.7 y-0.7 .
y
51.
53.
z = x0.4 y 0.6
The marginal productivity of labor is
= 0.4 x
.
(b)
= 0.6 x 0.4 y-0.4 .

f ( x, y) = 3x1/3 y 2/3 , where x is labor, y is
capital.
f x ( x, y) = x-2/3 y 2/3
=
y 2/3

=
x
x 2/3
y 2/3
125 2/3
f x (64,125) =
64
=
25
= 1.5625,
16
which is the approximate change in

production (in thousands of units) for a 1
unit change in labor.
54.
H (m, T , A) =
(a)
(b) Increasing to 65 units of labor would result

in an increase of approximately
HT (m, T , A) =
15.2m0.67
10.23ln m - 10.74
15.2(24)0.67
10.23ln 24 - 10.74
5.87
The approximate change in the rate of heat
loss is 5.87 W.
x 1/3
x1/3
= 2 1/3 = 2
y
y
which is the approximate change in

production (in thousands of units) for a 1
unit change in capital.
15.2m0.67 (T - A)
10.23ln m - 10.74
HT (24, 37, 8) =
f y ( x, y) = 2 x1/3 y-1/3
64 1/3
8
f y (64,125) = 2
= = 1.6,
125
5
f w (w, v) = 25.92(0.68)w-.32
3.62(0.75)w-0.25
v
17.6256
2.715
=
+ 0.25
0.32
w
w v
17.6256
2.715
f w (300,10) =
+
(300)0.32
(300)0.25 (10)
2.906
The value is about 2.906 kcal/hr/g. This
means the instantaneous rate of change of
energy usage for a 300 kg animal traveling
at 10 kilometers per hour to walk or run 1
kilometer is about 2.906 kcal/hr/g.
z
= x 0.4 (0.6 y-0.4 ) + y 0.6 0
y
(a)
3.62(300)0.75
10
1279.46
The value is about 1279 kcal/hr.
The marginal productivity of capital is
52.
3.62w0.75
v
(a) f (300,10) = 25.92(300)0.68 +
z
= 0.4 x-0.6 y 0.6 + x0.4 0
x
-0.6 0.6
f (w, v) = 25.92w0.68 +
(b)
H A (m, T , A) =
-15.2m0.67
10.23ln m - 10.74
-15.2(26)0.67
10.23ln 26 - 10.74
-5.97
The approximate change in the rate of heat
loss is -5.97 W.
H A (26, 37, 10) =
Section 17.2
55.
1145
A = 0.024265h0.3964m0.5378
(d)
Cv (a, b, v) = -b(a - v)-2 (-1)
(a) Am = (0.024265)(0.5378)h0.3964m(0.5378-1)
= 0.013050h0.3964m-0.4622
When the mass m increases from 72 to 73

while the height h remains at 180 cm, the
approximate change in body surface area is
b
(a - v ) 2
Cv (160, 200,125) =
=
or about 0.0142 m2.
(e) Changing a by 1 unit produces the greatest

decrease in the liters of blood pumped, while
changing v by 1 unit produces the same
amount of increase in the liters of blood
pumped.
Ah = (0.024265)(0.3964)h(0.3964-1)m0.5378
= 0.0096186h-0.6036m0.5378
When the height h increases from 160 to 161

while the mass m remains at 70, the
approximate change in body surface area is
-0.6036
0.0096186(160)
(70)
57.
f (n, c) =
(a)
0.5378
1 2
1
1937
n - c+
8
5
8
1
1
1937
(4) - (1200) +
8
5
8
1937
= 2 - 240 +
= 4.125
8
f (4,1200) =
0.00442
or about 0.00442 m 2.
56.
The client could expect to lose 4.125 lb.

(b)
b
C (a, b, v) =
= b(a - v)-1
a-v
(a)
(b)
Ca (a, b, v) = -b (a - v)-2 1
b
( a - v)
Ca (160, 200,125) = =-
(c)
58.
1
3
(3) = lb
4
4
represents an additional weight loss by
adding the fourth workout.
f n (3,1100) =
B(w, h) =
200
(160 - 125) 2
200
2
35
-0.1633
(c)
1
1
1
f
= (2n) - (0) + 0 = n,
8
5
4
n
which represents the rate of change of weight
loss per unit change in number of workouts.
200
C (160, 200,125) =
160 - 125
200
=
35
5.714
=-
(160 - 125)2
200
352
0.1633
0.013050(180)0.3964 (72)-0.4622 0.0142
(b)
200
Cb (a, b, v) = (a - v)-1
Cb (160, 200, 125) = (160 - 125)-1
1
=
35
0.0286
(a)
(b)
703w
h2
B(317, 79) =
703(317)
(79)2
35.7
B
703
= 2
w
h
B
-2(703)w
1406w
=
=- 3
3
h
h
h
Since
B
w
is positive, as w increases, so
does B. Since
B
h
is negative, B decreases
as h increases.
(c) If wm and hm represent a persons weight
and height, in kilograms and meters,
respectively, then wm = 0.4536w, where w
is weight in pounds, and hm = 0.0254h,

1146

where h is height in inches. To transform the
formula B = 7032w to handle metric inputs,
1
(1 - 2-t /5 )
33
1
l
pt (l , t ) =
(-(ln 2)) - 2-t /5
5
33
l
=
(ln 2) (2-t /5)
165
pl (l , t ) =
(b)
make the substitutions w =
wm
0.4536
and
hm
.
0.0254
h=
Bm =
Since
59.
m
703 0.4536
hm
0.0254
1
1 3
(1 - 2-10/5 ) =

33
33 4
0.0227 atm/ft
pl (33,10) =
703(0.0254)2 wm
2 .
0.4536
hm
Increasing the depth of the dive by 1 foot

(to 34 feet), while keeping the dive length
at 10 minutes, increases the pressure by
approximately 0.0227 atmospheres.
703(0.0254)2
w
.
1, use Bm = m
0.4536
hm2
33
(ln 2)(2-10/5 )
165
1
=
ln 2
20
0.0347 atm/min
pt (33, 10) =
R( x, t ) = x 2 (a - x)t 2e-t = (ax 2 - x3 )t 2e-t

(a)
R
= (2ax - 3x 2 )t 2e-t
x
(b)
R
= x 2 (a - x) [t 2 (-e-t ) + e-t 2t ]
t
Increasing the dive time by 1 minute

(to 11 minutes), while keeping the depth of
the dive to 33 feet increases the pressure by
approximately 0.0347 atmospheres.
= x 2 (a - x)(-t 2 + 2t )e-t
(c)
2R
x 2
= (2a - 6 x)t 2e-t
(d)
2R
= (2ax - 3x 2 )(-t 2 + 2t )e-t
xt
(e)
R
x
(c) Solve
p(66, t ) = 2.15
66
1+
(1 - 2-t /5 ) = 2.15
33
2(1 - 2-t /5 ) = 1.15
gives the rate of change of the reaction
1 - 2-t /5 = 0.575
per unit of change in the amount of drug

administered.
R
t
2-t /5 = 0.425
t
- ln 2 = ln 0.425
5
5 ln 0.425
t =
ln 2
t 6.172
The maximum dive length is 6.172 minutes.
gives the rate of change of the reaction
for a 1-hour change in the time after the drug

is administered.
60.
p(l , t ) = 1 +
(a)
l
(1 - 2-t /5 )
33
p(33, 10) = 1 +
33
(1 - 2-10/5 )
33
= 1 + (1)(1 - 2-2 )
3
=1+
4
= 1.75
The pressure at 33 feet for a 10-minute dive
is 1.75 atmospheres.
61.
W (V ,T )
= 91.4 -
(10.45 + 6.69 V - 0.447V )(91.4 - T )

22
(a)
W (20,10)
= 91.4 -
(10.45 + 6.69 20 - 0.447(20))(91.4 - 10)

22
-24.9
Section 17.2
1147
The wind chill is -24.9F when the wind

speed is 20 mph and the temperature is
10F.
62.
(b) Solve
(10.45 + 6.69 V - 0.447V )(91.4 - 5)

22
for V.
The wind speed is approximately 15 mph.
1 6.69
- 0.447 (91.4 - T )
22 2 V
1
WT = - (10.45 + 6.69 V
22
- 0.447V )(-1)
1
(10.45 + 6.69 V
=
22
- 0.447V )
1 6.69
WV (20, 10) =
- 0.447
22 2 20
(91.4 - 10)
-1.114
f (90, 30) 90
(b)
f (90, 75) 109
(c)
f (80, 75) 86
(d)
-25 = 91.4 -
(c)
(a)
When the temperature is held fixed at 10 F,

the wind chill decreases approximately 1.1
degrees when the wind velocity increases by 1
mph.
WT (20,10) =
1
[10.45 + 6.69 20 - 0.447(20)] 1.429
22
When the wind velocity is held fixed at 20 mph,
the wind chill increases approximately 1.429 F
when the temperature increases from 10 F to
11 F.
(d) A sample table is
T V
30
20
10
0
5
27
16
6
5
10
16
3
9
21
15
9
5
18
32
20
4
11
25
39
f (90, 35) - f (90, 30)

5
92 - 90
= 0.4
5
(e)
f H (90, 30)
(f )
fT (90, 75)
(g)
f H (90, 75)
WV = -
63.
f (95, 30) - f (90, 30)

5
95 - 90
=1
5
fT (90, 30)
f (95, 75) - f (90, 75)

5
130 - 109
= 4.2
5
f (90, 80) - f (90, 75)
5
114 - 109
=1
5
The rate of change in lung capacity with respect

to age can be found by comparing the change in
two lung capacity measurements to the difference
in the respective ages when the height is held
constant. So for a woman 58 inches tall, at age 20
the measured lung capacity is 1900 ml, and at age
25 the measured lung capacity is 1850 ml. So the
rate of change in lung capacity with respect to
age is
1900 - 1850
50
=
20 - 25
-5
= -10 ml per year.
The rate of change in lung capacity with respect
to height can be found by comparing the change
in two lung capacity measurements to the
difference in the respective heights when the age
is held constant. So for a 20-year old woman the
measured lung capacity for a woman 58 inches
tall is 1900 ml and the measured lung capacity
for a woman 60 inches tall is 2100 ml. So the
rate of change in lung capacity with respect to
height is
1900 - 2100
-200
=
58 - 60
-2
= 100 ml per in.
The two rates of change remain constant
throughout the table.
1148
64.

p = f (s, n, a) = 0.05a + 6(sn)1/2
p = f (6, 4, 460)
(a)
Therefore, Fr < 0.
= 23 + 6(24)1/2
These results are reasonable since gravitational

force increases when mass increases (m is
in the numerator) and gravitational force
decreases when distance increases (r is in
the denominator).
52.39387691
p = f (4,5,300)
(b)
= 0.05(300) + 6[(4)(5)]1/2
66.
w( x, y) =
1/2
= 15 + 6(20)
41.83281573
(a)
The students probability of passing is

41.83%.
w(50,000, 150,000)
50, 000 + 150,000
=
(50,000) (150,000)
1+
2
The rocket is traveling 164,500 m/sec

relative to the stationary observer.
f n (4,5, 480) = 3(4)[(4)(5)]-1/2

(b)
2.683281573
f n (4,5, 480) 2.683% is the rate at which
the probability of success is changing when
the number of semesters of mathematics
passed in high school change by one unit
(from 5 to 6) and the other quantities remain
constant.
Fm =
r2
Fr =
-2mgR 2
r3
is the approximate rate of
1+
xy
c2
xy
c2
xy
c2
Fm =
gR 2
r2
y2
c2
Wx (50,000, 150,000)
=
2
150,000
1 - 186,282
2
1 + (50,000) (150,000)
(186,282)2
0.2377
The instantaneous rate of change is 0.238
m/sec per m/sec.
(c)
w(c, c) =
c+c
1+
(c)(c)
c2
2c
=c
2
The speed is the speed of light, c.
change in gravitational force per unit change

in distance while mass is held constant.
(b)
xy
c2
y
c
is the approximate rate of
change in gravitational force per unit change

in mass while distance is held constant.
y
c2
xy
c2
= mgR 2r -2
gR 2
xy
c2
(1 + )
1-( )
=
(1 + )
f a (4,5, 480) = 0.05% is the rate at which

the probability of success is changing when
the students SAT score changes by one unit
(from 480 to 481) and the other quantities
remain constant.
mgR 2
wx
(1 + ) - ( x + y)
=
(1 + )
=
f a (s, n, a) = 0.05
F =
xy
c2
1+
164, 456
= 3s(sn)-1/2
= 12(20)-1/2
x+ y
(186,282)
1
f n (s, n, a) = 6 (sn)-1/2 (s)
2
(c)
, where m, g , R 2 , and r 3
= 0.05(460) + 6[(6) (4)]
The students probability of passing is

52.39%.
(a)
r3
are positive.
1/2
65.
-2mgR 2
Fr =
, where all quantities are
positive. Therefore, Fm > 0.
Section 17.3
67.
1149
2s
T = (s, w) = 105 + 265 log 2
w
(a)
x + 64 x 4 = 0
x(1 + 64 x3 ) = 0
2(3)
T (3, 0.5) = 105 + 265log 2

0.5
= 105 + 265log 2 12
x = 0 or 1 + 64 x3 = 0
x = 0 or
x =-
1055
T (s, w) = 105 + 265
(b)
( )
ln 2ws
ln 2
265
[ln(2s) - ln(w)]
ln 2
265 1
Ts (s, w) =

ln 2 s
= 105 +
265 1

ln 2 w
265
127.4 msec/ft
Ts (3, 0.5) =
3ln 2
If the distance the object is being moved
increases from 3 feet to 4 feet, while
keeping w fixed at 0.5 foot, the time to
move the object increases by approximately
127.4 msec.
If x = 0, y = -4(0) 2 = 0.
1 2
1
1
If x = - , y = -4 - = - .
4
4
4
So the critical points are
1 1
(0,0) and - , - .
4 4
Tw (s, w) = -
265
0.5 ln 2
-764.5 msec/ft
Tw (3, 0.5) = -
It the width of the target area is increased by

1 foot, while keeping the distance fixed at
3 feet, the movement time decreases by
approximately 764.5 msec.
1
4
Your Turn 2
Use the information from Your Turn 1:

f ( x, y ) = 4 x 3 + 3xy + 4 y 3
f x ( x, y ) = 12 x 2 + 3 y
f y ( x, y ) = 3x + 12 y 2
The critical points are (0, 0) and (-1/4, -1/4).
Now compute the second partial derivatives.
f xx ( x, y) = 24 x, f yy ( x, y) = 24 y, f xy ( x, y) = 3
D(a, b) = f xx (a, b) f yy (a, b) - [ f xy (a, b)]2
= (24a)(24b) - 9
= 576ab - 9
17.3 Maxima and Minima
At the critical point (0, 0),
Your Turn 1
D(0, 0) = 576(0)(0) - 9 = -9 < 0, so this critical

point is a saddle point.
f ( x, y) = 4 x3 + 3xy + 4 y 3
f x ( x, y) = 12 x 2 + 3 y, f y ( x, y) = 3x + 12 y 2
At the critical point (-1/4, -1/4),

1 1
1 1
D - , - = 576 - - - 9
4 4
4 4
12 x + 3 y = 0
= 36 - 9
= 24
3x + 12 y 2 = 0
Solve this system by substitution. From the first
equation,
y = -4 x 2 .
Substituting for y in the second equation gives
3x + 12 -4 x
= 0.
and
1 1
1
1
f xx - , - = 24 - = - .
4 4
4
6
Since D > 0 and f xx < 0, there is a relative
maximum at (-1/4, -1/4).
1150
17.3 Exercises
f xx ( x, y) = 6
1.
f ( x, y) = xy + y - 2 x
f yy ( x, y) = 4
f x ( x, y) = y - 2, f y ( x, y) = x + 1
f xy ( x, y) = -4
D = 6 4 - (-4)2 = 8 > 0
If f x ( x, y) = 0, y = 2.
Since f xx ( x, y) = 6 > 0, there is a relative

minimum at (-3, -3).
If f y ( x, y) = 0, x = -1.
Therefore, (-1, 2) is the critical point.
f xx ( x, y) = 0
4.
f yy ( x, y) = 0
f x ( x, y) = 2 x + y - 6, f y ( x, y) = x + 2 y
f xy ( x, y) = 1
2x + y - 6 = 0
For (-1, 2),
x + 2y
-2 x - 4 y = 0
- 3y - 6 = 0
A saddle point is at (-1, 2).
y = -2
x + 2(-2) = 0
f ( x, y) = 3xy + 6 y - 5x
f x ( x, y) = 3 y - 5
x = 4
f y ( x, y) = 3x + 6
If f x ( x, y) = 0, y =
f xx ( x, y) = 2, f yy ( x, y ) = 2, f xy ( x, y) = 1
5.
3
D = 2 2 - 12 = 3 > 0 and f xx ( x, y) > 0
If f y ( x, y) = 0, x = -2.
Therefore, -2,
5
3
5.
f ( x, y) = x 2 - xy + y 2 + 2 x + 2 y + 6
f yy ( x, y) = 0
f x ( x, y) = 2 x - y + 2,
f xy ( x, y) = 3
f y ( x, y) = -x + 2 y + 2
D = f xx (a, b) f yy (a, b) - [ f xy (a, b)]2
There is a saddle point at -2,
5
3
).
f ( x, y) = 3x 2 - 4 xy + 2 y 2 + 6 x - 10
f x ( x, y) = 6 x - 4 y + 6
y+2= 0
- x + 2y + 2 = 0
2x -
y+2=0
-2 x + 4 y + 4 = 0
3y + 6 = 0
y = -2
f y ( x, y) = -4 x + 4 y
Solve the system f x ( x, y ) = 0, f y ( x, y ) = 0.
6x - 4 y + 6 = 0
-4 x + 4 y
Solve the system f x ( x, y) = 0, f y ( x, y) = 0.

2x -
= 0 0 - 32 = -9 < 0
2x
Relative minimum at (4, -2)
) is a critical point.
f xx ( x, y) = 0
3.
= 0
2x + y - 6 = 0
D = 0 0 - 12 = -1 < 0.
2.
f ( x, y) = x 2 + xy + y 2 - 6 x - 3
= 0
+6=0
x = -3
-4(-3) + 4 y = 0
-x + 2(-2) + 2 = 0
x = -2
(-2, -2) is the critical point.
f xx ( x, y ) = 2
f yy ( x, y ) = 2
f xy ( x, y ) = -1
y = -3
Therefore, (-3, -3) is a critical point.
Section 17.3
1151
For (-2, -2),
f xx ( x, y) = 2
f yy ( x, y) = 6
D = (2)(2) - (-1) 2 = 3 > 0.
f xy ( x, y) = 3
Since f xx ( x, y) > 0, a relative minimum is at

(-2, -2).
For (15, -8),

D = 2 6 - 9 = 3 > 0.
6.
f ( x, y) = 2 x + 3xy + 2 y - 5 x + 5 y
f x ( x, y) = 4 x + 3 y - 5
(15, -8).
f y ( x, y) = 3x + 4 y + 5
8.
f ( x, y ) = 5xy - 7 x 2 - y 2 + 3x - 6 y - 4
f x ( x, y ) = 5 y - 14 x + 3
4x + 3y - 5 = 0
f y ( x, y ) = 5 x - 2 y - 6
3x + 4 y + 5 = 0
-12 x - 9 y + 15 = 0
5 y - 14 x + 3 = 0
-2 y + 5 x - 6 = 0
12 x + 16 y + 20 = 0
7 y + 35 = 0
10 y - 28x + 6 = 0
y = -5
-10 y + 25x - 30 = 0
4 x + 3(-5) - 5 = 0
- 3x - 24 = 0
4 x = 20
x = -8
-2 y + 5(-8) - 6 = 0
x=5
-2 y = 46
Therefore, (5, -5) is a critical point.
y = -23
f xx ( x, y) = 4
f xx ( x, y) = -14, f yy ( x, y) = -2,
f xy ( x, y) = 5
f yy ( x, y) = 4
f xy ( x, y) = 3
D = (-14)(-2) - 52
D = 4 4 - 32 = 7 > 0
= 3 > 0 and f xx ( x, y) < 0

minimum at (5, -5).
7.
f ( x, y) = x 2 + 3xy + 3 y 2 - 6 x + 3 y
f x ( x, y) = 2 x + 3 y - 6,
Relative maximum at (-8, -23)

9.
f ( x, y ) = 4 xy - 10 x 2
- 4 y 2 + 8x + 8 y + 9
f y ( x, y) = 3x + 6 y + 3
f x ( x, y ) = 4 y - 20 x + 8
f y ( x, y ) = 4 x - 8 y + 8
2x + 3y - 6 = 0
3x + 6 y + 3 = 0
-4 x - 6 y + 12 = 0
3x + 6 y + 3 = 0
- x + 15 = 0
4 y - 20 x + 8 = 0
4x - 8 y + 8 = 0
4 y - 20 x + 8 = 0
-4 y + 2 x + 4 = 0
- 18x + 12 = 0
x = 15
3(15) + 6 y + 3 = 0
6 y = -48
y = -8
(15, -8) is the critical point.
x=
2
3
2
4 y - 20 + 8 = 0
3
The critical point is
( 23 , 43 ).
1152
f xx ( x, y) = -20
12.
f ( x, y ) = x 2 + xy + y 2 - 3x - 5
f yy ( x, y ) = -8
f x ( x, y ) = 2 x + y - 3
f xy ( x, y) = 4
f y ( x, y ) = x + 2 y
2x + y - 3 = 0
x + 2y
=0
For 23 , 43 ,
D = (-20)(-8) - 16 = 144 > 0.
2x + y - 3 = 0
-2 x - 4 y
=0
- 3y - 3 = 0
y = -1
Since f xx ( x, y) < 0, a relative maximum is

at
10.
( 23 , 43 ).
x + 2(-1) = 0
f ( x, y) = 4 y 2 + 2 xy + 6 x + 4 y - 8
f x ( x, y) = 2 y + 6
x = 2
f xx ( x, y) = 2, f yy ( x, y) = 2, f xy ( x, y) = 1
f y ( x, y) = 8 y + 2 x + 4
D = 2 2 - 12 = 3 > 0 and f xx ( x, y) > 0
If f x ( x, y) = 0, y = -3. Substitute -3 for y

in f y = ( x, y) = 0 and solve for x.
8(-3) + 2 x + 4 = 0
2 x = 20
x = 10
Relative minimum at (2, -1)

13.
f ( x, y) = 3x 2 + 2 y 3 - 18 xy + 42
f x ( x, y) = 6 x - 18 y
f y ( x, y) = 6 y 2 - 18x
f xx ( x, y) = 0
If f x ( x, y) = 0, 6 x - 18 y = 0, or x = 3 y.
f yy ( x, y) = 8
Substitute 3y for x in f y ( x, y) = 0 and solve
f xy ( x, y) = 2
for y.
D = 0 8 - 2 2 = -4 < 0
6 y 2 - 18(3 y) = 0
6 y( y - 9) = 0
There is a saddle point at (10, - 3).

11.
f ( x, y ) = x 2 + xy - 2 x - 2 y + 2
f x ( x, y ) = 2 x + y - 2
f y ( x, y ) = x - 2
2x + y - 2 =
-2=
x
x =
2(2) + y - 2 =
y =
0
0
2
0
-2
The critical point is (2, -2).

f xx ( x, y) = 2
f yy ( x, y) = 0
f xy ( x, y) = 1
Then
y = 0 or
x = 0 or
y =9
x = 27.
Therefore, (0, 0) and (27, 9) are critical points.

f xx ( x, y) = 6
f yy ( x, y) = 12 y
f xy ( x, y) = -18
For (0, 0),
D = 6 12(0) -(-18)2 = -324 < 0.
There is a saddle point at (0, 0).
For (27, 9),
D = 6 12(9) - (-18)2 = 324 > 0.
minimum at (27, 9).
For (2, -2),

D = 2 0 - 12 = -1 < 0.
A saddle point is at (2, -2).
Section 17.3
14.
1153
f xx ( x, y) = 2
f ( x, y) = 7 x3 + 3 y 2 - 126 xy - 63
f yy ( x, y) = 24 y
f x ( x, y) = 21x 2 - 126 y
f xy ( x, y) = -6
f y ( x, y) = 6 y - 126 x
For (0, 0),
If f y ( x, y) = 0, 6 y - 126 x = 0, or y = 21x.
Substitute 21x for y in f x ( x, y) = 0 and solve
for x.
D = 2 24(0) - (-6)2
= -36 < 0.
21x - 126(21x) = 0
A saddle point is at (0, 0).
21x( x - 126) = 0
Then
For
x = 0 or
x = 126
y = 0 or
y = 2646.
( 92 , 32 ),
3
D = 2 24 - (-6)2
2
Therefore, (0, 0) and (126, 2646) are critical

points.
= 36 > 0.
f xx ( x, y ) = 42 x
( 92 , 32 ).
f yy ( x, y ) = 6
f xy ( x, y ) = -126
16.
For (0, 0),

D = 42(0) 6 - (-126) 2 = -15,876 < 0.
For (126, 2646),
f ( x, y ) = 3x 2 + 7 y 3 - 42 xy + 5
f x ( x, y ) = 6 x - 42 y
f y ( x, y ) = 21 y 2 - 42 x
6 x - 42 x = 0
21y - 42 x = 0
D = 42(126) 2646 - (-126)2

Since f xx (126, 2646) = 42(126) = 5292 > 0,
there is a relative minimum at (126, 2646).
f ( x, y) = x 2 + 4 y 3 - 6 xy - 1
f x ( x, y) = 2 x - 6 y, f y ( x, y) = 12 y 2 - 6 x
(3)
(4)
Solve equation (3) for x.

x = 7y
Substituting in equation (4), we have

y 2 - 2(7 y) = 0
2x + 6 = 0
x = 3y
y 2 - 14 y = 0
y = 0 or y = 14
x = 0 or x = 98.
Substitute for x in 12 y 2 - 6 x = 0.
12 y 2 - 6(3 y) = 0
6 y(2 y - 3) = 0
3
y = 0 or y =
2
9
x = 0 or x = .
2
The critical points are (0, 0) and
x - 7y = 0
y - 2x = 0
Solve f x ( x, y) = 0 for x.
Then
( 2)
= 13,986, 756 > 0.
15.
(1)
f xx ( x, y) = 6, f yy ( x, y) = 42 y, f xy ( x, y) = -42
At (0, 0),
D = 6 0 - (-42)2 = -1764 < 0.
Saddle point at (0, 0)
( 92 , 23 ).
1154

At (98, 14),
Solve the system f x = 0, f y = 0.
D = 6 588 - (-42)2
-3 y + 3 x 2 = 0
= 1764 > 0 and f xx ( x, y) > 0.
-3x - 3 y 2 = 0
Relative minimum at (98, 14)
f ( x, y) = e
17.
- y + x2 = 0
-x - y 2 = 0
x( y +1)
Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the

second, and solve for x.
f x ( x, y) = ( y + 1)e x( y +1)
f y ( x, y) = xe x( y +1)
If
y = x2
-x - x4 = 0
f x ( x, y) = 0
( y + 1)e x( y +1) = 0
y +1= 0
y = -1.
If
x(1 + x3 ) = 0
x = 0 or x = -1
y = 0 or y = 1.
Then
f y ( x, y) = 0
The critical points are (0, 0) and (-1, 1).
xe x( y +1) = 0
x = 0.
f xx ( x, y) = 6 x
f yy ( x, y) = -6 y
f xy ( x, y) = -3
For (0, 0),
f xx ( x, y) = ( y + 1)2 e x( y +1)
D = 0 0 - (-3)2 = -9 < 0.
f yy ( x, y) = x 2e x( y +1)
f xy ( x, y) = ( y + 1)e x( y +1) x + e x( y +1) 1
For (-1, 1),
= ( xy + x + 1)e x( y +1)
D = -6(-6) - (-3)2 = 27 > 0.
For (0, -1),
f xx ( x, y) = 6(-1) = -6 < 0.
f xx (0, -1) = (0) 2 e0 = 0
f (-1, 1) = -3(-1)(1) + (-1)3 - 13 +
2 0
f yy (0, -1) = (0) e = 0
f xy (0, -1) = (0 + 0 + 1)e0 = 1

D = 0 0 - 12 = -1 < 0
A relative maximum of
There is a saddle point at (0, -1).

18.
f ( x, y) = y 2 + 2e x
f x ( x, y) = 2e
f y ( x, y) = 2 y
If f y ( x, y) = 0, y = 0. But f x ( x, y) = 2e x
= 0 has no solution. There are no extrema and
no saddle points.
21.
1
z = -3xy + x3 - y 3 +
8
f x ( x, y) = -3 y + 3x 2 , f y ( x, y) = -3x - 3 y 2
9
8
9
8
is at (-1, 1).
The equation matches graph (a).

22.
3
1
1
y - y3 - x 2 y +
2
2
16
3
3
z
z
= -2 xy,
= - y2 - x2
2
2
x
y
- 2 xy = 0
x = 0 or y = 0
z =
3
3
- y2 - x2 = 0
2
2
If x = 0,
3
3
- y2 = 0
2
2
y = 1.
1
8
Section 17.3
1155
If y = 0,
For (0, 0),

D = 2(12 02 - 4) - 0 = -8 < 0.
3
- x2 = 0
2
3
6
=
.
2
2
x=
For (0, -1),

D = 2[12(-1)2 - 4] - 0 = 16 > 0.
2 z
2 z
2z
y
y
=
= -2 x
=
2
,
3
,
yx
x 2
y 2
2
D = (-2 y)(-3 y) - (-2 x) = 6 y - 4 x
f xx ( x, y) = 2 > 0
f (0, -1) = (-1)4 - 2(-1) 2 + 02 -
At (0,1),
D = 6 > 0 and
2 z
1
= -2 16
= -2 < 0.
x
3
1
1
1
z = - +
=1
2
2
16
16
1 is at (0, -1).
A relative minimum of -2 16
For (0, 1),
1 at (0, 1)
Relative maximum of 1 16
D = 2(12 12 - 4) - 0 = 16 > 0
At (0, -1),
D = 6 > 0 and
f xx ( x, y) = 2 > 0
2 z
= 2 > 0.
x 2
3
1
1
15
z =- + +
=2
2
16
16
f (0,1) = 14 - 2 12 + 02 =-
at (0, -1)
Relative minimum of - 15
16
At
6
2
6
2
,0 and -
z = y4 - 2 y2 + x2 -
33
16
The equation matches graph (b).

6
2
,0
24.
z = -2 x3 - 3 y 4 + 6 xy 2 +
1
16
z
z
= -6 x 2 + 6 y 2 ,
= -12 y 3 + 12 xy
x
y
The correct graph is (d).

23.
17
16
33 is at (0, 1).
A relative minimum of - 16
, 0 , D = -6 < 0.
Saddle points at
17
16
17
16
f x ( x, y) = 2 x, f y ( x, y) = 4 y 3 - 4 y
Solve the system f x = 0, f y = 0.
2x = 0
4 y3 - 4 y = 0
-6 x 2 + 6 y 2 = 0
(1)
-12 y 3 + 12 xy = 0
( 2)

-x 2 + y 2 = 0
(1)
- y + xy = 0
( 2)
4 y( y - 1) = 0
4 y( y + 1)( y - 1) = 0
Equation (1) gives x = 0 and equation (2) gives
y = 0, y = -1, or y = 1.
The critical points are (0, 0), (0, -1) and (0, 1).
(3)
(4)
Solve equation (3) for y. Substitute y = x in

equation (4).
If y = x,
-x 3 + x 2 = 0
f xx ( x, y) = 2,
-x 2 (-x + 1) = 0
f yy ( x, y ) = 12 y 2 - 4,
x = 0
or x = 1.
f xy ( x, y) = 0
1156

Equation (2) gives y = 0, -1 , or 1.
If x = 0, y = 0.
If x = 1, y = 1.
If y = -x,
Critical points are (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 1), (1, 0),
(1, 1), (1, 1), (1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1).
f xx ( x, y) = -12 x 2 + 4,
x3 - x 2 = 0
f yy ( x, y) = 12 y 2 - 4
x 2 ( x - 1) = 0
f xy ( x, y) = 0
x = 0 or x = 1.
For (0, 0),
If x = 0, y = 0
If x = 1, y = -1.
D = 4(-4) - 0 = -16 < 0.
2z
2z
=
= -36 y 2 + 12 x,
12
,
x
x 2
y 2
2
z
= 12 y
yx
For (0, -1),

D = 4(8) - 0 = 32 > 0,
and f xx ( x, y) = 4 > 0.
f (0, -1) = -
D = (-12 x)(-36 y 2 + 12 x) - (12 y 2 )

At (0,0), D = 0, which gives no information.
At (1, 1),
For (0, 1),

D = 4(8) - 0 = 32 > 0,
D = -12(-36 + 12) - 144

= 144 > 0 and
2 z
x 2
and f xx ( x, y) = 4 > 0.
= -12 < 0.
f (0, 1) = -
1
1
z = -2 - 3 + 6
=1
16
16
so there is a relative maximum of
at (1, 1).
D = -8(-4) - 0 = 32 > 0,
and f xx ( x, y) = -8 < 0.
D = -12(-36 + 12) - 144

= 144 > 0 and
2 z
x 2
The correct graph is (c).

1
z = -x + y + 2 x - 2 y +
16
4
f (-1, 0) =
= -12 < 0,
1 at (1, -1).
so there is a relative maximum of 1 16
25.
15
16
For (-1, 0),

1
1 16
At (1, -1),
15
16
f x ( x, y) = -4 x3 + 4 x, f y ( x, y) = 4 y 3 - 4 y
Solve f x ( x, y) = 0, f y ( x, y ) = 0.
-4 x 3 + 4 x = 0
(1)
4 y3 - 4 y = 0
(2)
-4 x( x 2 - 1) = 0
-4 x( x + 1)( x - 1) = 0
(1)
4 y( y 2 - 1) = 0
4 y( y + 1)( y - 1) = 0
(2)
Equation (1) gives x = 0, -1, or 1.
17
16
For (-1, -1),

D = -8(8) - 0 = -64 < 0.
For (-1, 1),
D = -8(8) - 0 = -64 < 0.
For (1, 0),
D = -8(-4) = 32 > 0,
and f xx ( x, y) = -8 < 0.
1
f (1, 0) = 1 16
For (1, -1),

D = -8(8) - 0 = -64 < 0.
For (1, 1),

D = -8(8) - 0 = -64 < 0.
Section 17.3
1157
Saddle points are at (0, 0), (-1, -1), (-1, 1),

(1, -1), and (1, 1).
17
16
- 15
16
Relative maximum of
is at (-1, 0) and (1, 0).
Relative minimum of
is at (0, -1) and (0, 1).
f xx ( x, y) = -12 x 2
f yy ( x, y) = -12 y3
f xy ( x, y) = 0
For (0, 0),
The equation matches graph (e).

26.
z = - y 4 + 4 xy - 2 x 2 +
D = 0 0 - 02 = 0.
Therefore, the test gives no information. Examine
a graph of the function drawn by using level
curves.
1
16
z
z
= 4 y - 4 x,
= -4 y 3 + 4 x
x
y
4 y - 4x = 0
(1)
-4 y 3 + 4 x = 0
(2)
If f ( x, y) = 1, then x 4 + y 4 = 0. The level

curve is the point (0, 0, 1).
If f ( x, y) = 0, then x 4 + y 4 = 1. The level
curve is the circle with center (0, 0, 0) and
radius 1.
Divide equation (1) by 4 and equation (2) by -4.
If f ( x, y) = -15, then x 4 + y 4 = 16. The

level curve is the curve with center (0, 0, -15)
and radius 2.
The xz-trace is
y - x = 0 (3)
- y 3 + x = 0 (4 )
Solve equation (3) for y.
y = x
z = 1 - x 4.
This curve has a maximum at (0, 0, 1) and opens
downward.
The yz-trace is
Substituting, we have
-x 3 + x = 0
x(-x 2 + 1) = 0
x = 0
z = 1 - y 4.
x = 1 or x = -1.
or
This curve also has a maximum at (0, 0, 1) and

opens downward.
If x = 0, y = 0.
If x = 1, y = 1.
If x = -1, y = -1.
2 z
x 2
= -4,
2z
= -12 y 2 ,
y 2
2 z
= 4
yx
D = -4(-12 y 2 ) - 42 = 48 y 2 - 16
At (0,0), D = -16 < 0.

Saddle point at (0, 0)
At (1, 1) and (-1, -1),
If f ( x, y) > 1, then x 4 + y 4 < 0, which is

impossible, so the function does not exist. Thus,
the function has a relative maximum of 1
at (0, 0).
2
D = 48 - 16 = 32 > 0 and 2z = -4 < 0.
1
1 16
Relative maximum of
at (1, 1) and at
(-1, -1).
The correct graph is (f ) .
27.
f ( x, y ) = 1 - x - y
f x ( x, y) = -4 x , f y ( x, y) = -4 y
The system
f x ( x, y) = -4 x3 = 0, f y ( x, y) = -4 y 3 = 0
gives the critical point (0, 0).
f ( x, y ) = x 3 + ( x - y ) 2
f x ( x, y ) = 3x 2 + 2( x - y )
28.
f y ( x, y ) = -2( x - y )
3x 2 + 2 x - 2 y = 0
-2 x + 2 y = 0
3x 2 = 0
x =0
1158

0 + 2y = 0
y =0
f xx (0, 0) = -4(0) + 24(0) + 40 = 40

f yy (0, 0) = 2
f xy (0, 0) = -4(0) = 0
f xx ( x, y) = 6 x + 2,
D = (40) (2) - 02 = 80 > 0
f yy ( x, y) = 2, f xy ( x, y ) = -2
D = (6 x + 2)(2) - (-2) 2 = 12 x
Since f xx (0, 0) = 40 > 0, there is a relative

minimum at (0, 0).
For (5, 25),
At (0, 0), D = 0, which gives no information.

Examine the graph of z = x3 + ( x - y)2: in the
f xx (5, 25) = -4(25) + 24(5) + 40 = 60

f yy (5, 25) = 2
yz-plane, the trace is z = y , which has a

minimum at (0, 0, 0); in the xz-plane, the trace is
3
f xy (5, 25) = -4(5) = -20
z = x + x , which has a minimum at (0, 0, 0).

But in the plane y = x, the trace is z = x3 ,
which has neither a maximum nor a minimum at
(0, 0, 0). So the function has no relative extrema.
Notice the orientation of axes in the following
figure: This is a back view.
D = (60) (2) - (-20)2 = -280 < 0

The correct answer choice is (e).
31.
f ( x, y) = x 2 ( y + 1)2 + k ( x + 1)2 y 2
(a)
f x ( x, y) = 2 x + 2ky 2 ( x + 1)
f y ( x, y) = 2 x 2 ( y + 1) + 2k ( x + 1)2 y
f x (0, 0) = 2(0) + 2k (0)2 (0 + 1)
=0
f y (0, 0) = 2(0)2 (0 + 1) + 2k (0 + 1) 2 (0)
=0
Thus, (0, 0) is a critical point for all values
of k.
30.
f ( x, y) = y 2 - 2 x 2 y + 4 x3 + 20 x 2
f x ( x, y) = -4 xy + 12 x 2 + 40 x
f y ( x, y) = 2 y - 2 x 2
f xx ( x, y) = -4 y + 24 x + 40
f yy ( x, y) = 2
f xy ( x, y) = -4 x
For (-2,4),
(b)
f xx ( x, y) = 2 + 2ky 2
f yy ( x, y) = 2 x 2 + 2k ( x + 1) 2
f xy ( x, y) = 4ky( x + 1)
f xx (0, 0) = 2 + 2k (0) 2 = 2
f yy (0, 0) = 2(0)2 = 2k (0 + 1)2 = 2k
f xy (0, 0) = 4k (0)(0 + 1) = 0
D = 2 2k - 02 = 4k
f xx (-2, 4) = -4(4) + 24(-2) + 40 = -24

f yy (-2, 4) = 2
f xy (-2, 4) = -4(-2) = 8
D = (-24) (2) - 82 = -112 < 0
(0, 0) is a relative minimum when 4k > 0,

hence when k > 0. When k = 0, D = 0
so the test for relative extrema gives no
information. But if k = 0, f ( xy ) =
There is a saddle point at (-2, 4).
x 2 ( y + 1)2 , which is always greater than or
For (0, 0),
equal to f (0,0) = 0. So (0, 0) is a relative

minimum for k 0.
Section 17.3
32.
1159
(mx + b - y)
S (m, b) = 2(mx + b - y) ( x)
= 2 (mx + bx - xy)
S (m, b) = 2(mx + b - y)(1)
= 2 (mx + b - y)
2
S (m, b) =
35.
3 2
x + y 2 - 2 x - 2 y - 2 xy + 68,
2
where x is the number of skilled hours and y is
the number of semiskilled hours.
L ( x, y ) =
Lx ( x, y) = 3x - 2 - 2 y,
L y ( x, y ) = 2 y - 2 - 2 x
3x - 2 - 2 y =
-2 x - 2 + 2 y =
x-4
=
x=
If Sm (m, b) = 0, then
(mx + bx - xy) = 0
(mx ) + (bx) = ( xy)
( x ) m + (x)b = ( xy).
2
-2(4) - 2 + 2 y = 0
2 y = 10
y =5
(1)
If Sb (m, b) = 0, then
(mx + b - y) = 0
(mx) + (b) - y = 0
( x ) m + nb = y.
Let Lxx ( x, y) = 3, L yy ( x, y) = 2,
Lxy ( x, y) = -2.
D = 3(2) - (-2)2 = 2 > 0 and Lxx ( x, y) > 0.

( 2)
Relative minimum at (4, 5) is

3 2
(4) + (5)2 - 2(4) - 2(5)
2
- 2(4)(5) + 68
= 59.
Equations (1) and (2) give us the following

system of equations.
L(4,5) =
( x )b + ( x2 ) m = xy
nb + ( x ) m = y
34.
0
0
0
4
P( x, y) = 1500 + 36 x - 1.5x 2 + 120 y - 2 y 2

Px ( x, y) = 36 - 3x
Py ( x, y) = 120 - 4 y
If Px = 0, x = 12. If Py = 0, y = 30.
Therefore, (12, 30) is a critical point.
So $59 is a minimum cost, when x = 4 and

y = 5.
36.
C ( x, y) = 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 - 3xy
+ 4 x - 94 y + 4200
C x ( x, y) = 4 x - 3 y + 4
C y ( x, y) = 4 y - 3x - 94
Pxx ( x, y) = -3
Solve the system Cx ( x, y) = 0, C y ( x, y) = 0.
Pyy ( x, y) = -4
4x - 3y + 4 = 0
- 3x + 4 y - 94 = 0
Pxy ( x, y) = 0
D = (-3) (-4) - 02 = 12 > 0
Since Pxx = -3 < 0, there is a relative
maximum at (12, 30).
P(12,30) = 1500 + 36(12) - 1.5(12)2
+ 120(30) - 2(30)2
= 3516 (hundred dollars)
The maximum profit is $351,600 when the cost
of a unit of labor is 12 and the cost of a unit of
goods is 30.
12 x - 9 y + 12 = 0
-12 x + 16 y - 376 = 0
7 y - 364 = 0
y = 52
4 x - 3(52) + 4 = 0
4 x = 152
x = 38
1160

C xx = 4
38.
C yy = 4
Px ( x, y) = 36 y - 3x 2
Cxy = -3
2
D = (4)(4) - (-3) = 7 > 0

Since Cxx = 4 > 0, there is a relative minimum
at (38, 52).
C (38,52)
= 2(38)2 + 2(52)2 - 3(38)(52)
+ 4(38) - 94(52) + 4200
= 1832
38 units of electrical tape and 52 units of packing
tape should be produced to yield a minimum cost
of $1832.
37.
P( x, y) = 36 xy - x3 - 8 y 3
R( x, y) = 15 + 169 x + 182 y
- 5x 2 - 7 y 2 - 7 xy
Rx ( x, y) = 169 - 10 x - 7 y
R y ( x, y) = 182 - 14 y - 7 x
Solve the system Rx = 0, R y = 0.
-10 x - 7 y + 169 = 0
-7 x - 14 y + 182 = 0
20 x + 14 y - 338 = 0
-7 x - 14 y + 182 = 0
13x
- 156 = 0
x = 12
-10(12) - 7 y + 169 = 0
-7 y = -49
y =7
(12, 7) is a critical point.
Rxx = -10
R yy = -14
Rxy = -7
D = (-10)(-14) - (-7)2 = 91 > 0
Since Rxx = -10 < 0, there is a relative
maximum at (12, 7).
R(12, 7) = 15 + 169(12) + 182(7) - 5(12)2
Py ( x, y) = 36 x - 24 y 2
Px ( x, y) = 0
36 y - 3x 2 = 0
36 y = 3x 2
1 2
y =
x
12
Px ( x, y) = 0
36 x - 24 y 2 = 0
36 x = 24 y 2
2
x = y2
3
Use substitution to solve the system of equations
1 2
x
12
2
x = y 2.
3
y =
1 2 2
y
12 3
1 4 4
y =
y
12 9
y =
y =
1 4
y
27
1 4
y -y =0
27
1 3
y - 1 y = 0
27
1 3
y -1 = 0
27
1 3
y =1
27
or
y =0
or
y =0
y 3 = 27 or
y = 3 or
y =0
y =0
2 2
(3) = 6.
3
2
If y = 0, x = (0)2 = 0.
3
The critical points are (6, 3) and (0, 0).
If y = 3, x =
- 7(7)2 - 7(12)(7)
= 1666 (hundred dollars)
12 spas and 7 solar heaters should be sold to
produce a maximum revenue of $166,600.
Section 17.3
1161
Pxx ( x, y) = -6 x
1
(2 y 3 )3
8
1
y = (8) y 9
8
y =
Pyy ( x, y) = -48 y
Pxy ( x, y) = 36
Pxx (6,3) = -36
y = y9
Pyy (6,3) = -144
y9 - y = 0
Pxy (6,3) = 36
y( y8 - 1) = 0
D = (-36)(-144) - (36)2 = 3888

Here D > 0 and Pxx < 0, so there is a relative
maximum at (6, 3).
Pxx (0, 0) = 0
y8 - 1 = 0
y = 0 or
y8 = 1
y = 0 or
y =1
If y = 0, x = 2(0)3 = 0.
Pyy (0, 0) = 0
If y = 1, x = 2(1)3 = 2.
Pxy (0, 0) = 36
The critical points are (0, 0) and (2, 1).
Txx ( x, y) = 12 x 2
D = 0 0 - 36 = -1296
Tyy ( x, y) = 192 y 2
Since D < 0, there is a saddle point at (0, 0).
Txy ( x, y) = -32
P(6,3) = 36(6)(3) - (6)3 - 8(3)3

= 648 - 216 - 216
Txx (0, 0) = 0
Tyy (0, 0) = 0
= 216
Txy (0, 0) = -32
So 6 tons of steel and 3 tons of aluminum

produce a maximum profit of $216,000.
39.
y = 0 or
D = 0 0 - (-32)2 = -1024
Since D < 0, there is a saddle point at (0, 0).
T ( x, y) = x 4 + 16 y 4 - 32 xy + 40
Txx (2,1) = 48
Tx ( x, y) = 4 x3 - 32 y
Tyy (2,1) = 192
Ty ( x, y) = 64 y 3 - 32 x
Txy (2,1) = -32
Tx ( x, y) = 0
D = 48 192 - (-32)2 = 8192
4 x - 32 y = 0
Since D > 0 and Txx > 0, there is a relative

minimum at (2, 1).
4 x3 = 32 y
1 3
x = y
8
T (2,1) = 24 + 16(1)4 - 32(2)(1) + 40

= 16 + 16 - 64 + 40
=8
T y ( x, y ) = 0
64 y 3 - 32 x = 0
Spend $2000 on quality control and $1000 on

consulting, for a minimum time of 8 hours.
64 y = 32 x
2 y3 = x
Use substitution to solve the system of equations
1 3
x = y
8
2 y3 = x
40.
P( , r , s) = (3r 2 (1 - r ) + r 3 ) + (1 - )
(3s 2 (1 - s) + s3 )
(a) P(0.9,0.5,0.6)
= 0.9 [3(0.5) 2 (1 - 0.5) + (0.5)3 ]
+ (1 - 0.9)[3 (0.6) 2 (1 - 0.6) + (0.6)3 ]
= 0.5148
1162

P(0.1,0.8,0.4)
2
(a) A linear fit of the data in the table above

gives
= 0.1[3(0.8) (1 - 0.8) + (0.8) ]
w = r + st
+ (1 - 0.1)[3 (0.4)2 (1 - 0.4) + (0.4)3 ]
w = -1.722 + 0.3653t
= 0.4064
where w is the natural logarithm of the

number of transistors in millions and t is the
number of years since 1985. To convert this
back to an exponential fit for the original
data, compute
The jury is less likely to make the correct

decision in the second situation.
(b) If r = s = 1 then P( ,1,1) = 1, so the
jury always makes a correct decision. These
values do not depend on , but in a real-life
situation is likely to influence r and s.
a = er = e-1.722 = 0.1787
and
(c) When P reaches a maximum, P , Pr , and

Ps equal 0.
b = e s = e0.3652 = 1.441.
Thus an exponential fit to the original data
P ( , r, s) = 3r 2 (1 - r ) + r 3
has the form y = a bt with a = 0.1787

and b = 1.441:
- (3s 2 (1 - s) + s3 )
= 3r 2 - 2r 3 - (3s 2 - 2s3 )
y = 0.1787(1.441)t
Pr ( , r, s) = (6r (1 - r ) - 3r 2 + 3r 2 )
= 6 r (1 - r )
(b) Same as (a).

2
Ps ( , r, s) = (1 - )(6s(1 - s) - 3s + 3s )
= 6s(1 - )(1 - s)
P ( , r, s) = 0 when r = s.
Since Pr ( , r , s) = 6 r (1 - r ), and
Ps ( , r , s) = 6(1 - )s (1 - s), then P , Pr ,
and Ps are simultaneously 0 at the points
( ,1,1) and ( , 0, 0). So ( ,1,1) and
( ,0,0) are critical points.
(c) Same as (a).

42.
E (t , T ) = 436.16 - 10.57t - 5.46T - 0.02t 2

+ 0.02T 2 + 0.08tT
(a)
The value of E before cooking is 436.16 kJ/

mol.
(b)
P( , 0, 0) = 0 while P( ,1,1) = 1
Using the procedure suggested, take the natural

logarithm of the number-of-transistors data.
Time in years
since 1985,
t
0
4
8
12
14
15
20
22
24
Natural log of number of

transistors in millionS
w
ln(0.275)
-1.291
0.182
ln(1.2)
ln(3.1)
1.131
ln(7.5)
2.015
2.251
ln(9.5)
3.738
ln(42)
5.673
ln(291)
6.709
ln(820)
7.550
ln(1900)
E (10,180)
= 436.16 - 10.57(10)
- 5.46(180) - 0.02(10)2
Since P( , r , s) represents a probability,

0 P( , r , s) 1. Thus, P( ,1,1) = 1 is
a maximum value of the function.
41.
E (0, 0) = 436.16.
+ 0.02(180)2 + 0.08(10)(180)
= 137.66
After cooking for 10 minutes at 180 C , the

total change in color is 137.66 kJ/mol.
(c)
Et = -10.57 - 0.04t + 0.08T

ET = -5.46 + 0.04T + 0.08t
Solve the system Et = 0, ET = 0.

-0.04t + 0.08T - 10.57 = 0
0.08t + 0.04T - 5.46 = 0
- 0.04t + 0.08T - 10.57 = 0
- 0.16t - 0.08T + 10.92 = 0
- 0.20t
+ 0.35 = 0
t = 1.75
Section 17.4
1163
x + 3y + 1 =
2x + 6 y + 1 =
-0.04(1.75) + 0.08T - 10.57 = 0

0.08T - 10.64 = 0
T = 133
x + 3y = 2x + 6 y
x + 3y = 0
x = -3 y
(1.75, 133) is a critical point.

Ett = -0.04
Now substitute for x in the last equation.
ETT = 0.04
-2(-3 y) - 3 y + 12
6 y - 3y
3y
y
EtT = 0.08
D = (-0.04)(0.04) - (0.08)2
= -0.008 < 0
(1.75, 133) is a saddle point.
17.4 Lagrange Multipliers

Your Turn 1
Find the minimum value of f ( x, y) = x 2 + 2 x + 9 y 2

+ 3 y + 6 xy subject to the constraint 2 x + 3 y = 12.
Step 1 Rewrite the constraint as
g ( x, y) = 2 x + 3 y - 12.
Step 2 Form the Lagrange function.
F ( x, y, ) = f ( x, y) - g ( x, y)
= x2 + 2x + 9 y2 + 3 y
+ 6 xy - (2 x + 3 y - 12)
2
= x + 9 y + 6 xy - 2 x
- 3 y + 2 x + 3 y + 12
Step 3 Find the first partial derivatives of F .
Fx ( x, y, ) = 2 x + 6 y - 2 + 2
Fy ( x, y, ) = 6 x + 18 y - 3 + 3
F ( x, y, ) = -2 x - 3 y + 12
Step 4 Form the system of equations
Fx ( x, y, ) = 0, Fy ( x, y, ) = 0, F ( x, y, ) = 0.
2 x + 6 y - 2 + 2 = 0
6 x + 18 y - 3 + 3 = 0
-2 x - 3 y
+ 12 = 0
Step 5 Solve the system of equations from Step 4.
First solve the first two equations for and then set
these results equal to each other (remove the common
factors of 2 from the first equation and 3 from the
second equation).
=
=
=
=
0
-12
-12
-4
Since x = -3 y we have x = 12 and y = -4. So a

candidate for a minimum value of the function f will
be f (12, -4) = 12.
To see if this is really a minimum we can evaluate f at
a few nearby points that satisfy the constraint 2 x + 3 y
= 12. For example, let x = 11. Then 2(11) + 3y
= 12, so y = -10/3. f (11, -10/3) = 13, which is
larger than our candidate. We conclude that the
minimum value of f subject to the given constraint
is 12.
Your Turn 2
As in Example 3, let x, y, and z be the dimensions of

the box. If the front and top are missing, the surface area
is 2xy + xz + yz so the constraint is 2xy + xz + yz
= 6. As in Example 3, the volume is xyz. The problem
is thus to maximize f ( x, y, z ) = xyz subject to
2 xy + xz + yz = 6.
Step 1 Rewrite the constraint as
g ( x, y, z ) = 2 xy + xz + yz - 6.
Step 2 Form the Lagrange function.

F ( x, y, z, ) = f ( x, y, z ) - g ( x, y, z )
= xyz - ( 2 xy + xz + yz - 6 )
= xyz - 2 xy - xz - yz + 6
Step 3 Find the first partial derivatives of F .
Fx ( x, y, z, ) = yz - 2 y - z
Fy ( x, y, z, ) = xz - 2 x - z
Fz ( x, y, z, ) = xy - x - y
F ( x, y, z, ) = -2 xy - xz - yz + 6
1164
Step 4 Form the system of equations
5.
Fx ( x, y, z, ) = 0,
Equations (1) and (2) give = 4y and

= 4 x. Thus,
Fy ( x, y, z, ) = 0,
4 y = 4x
y = x.
Fz ( x, y, z, ) = 0,
F ( x, y, z, ) = 0.
yz - 2 y - z
xz - 2 x - z
xy - x - y
-2 xy - xz - yz + 6
=
=
=
=
Substituting into equation (3),

0
0
0
0
Step 5 Solve the system of equations from Step 4. First

solve each of the first three equations for . This gives
three expressions for .
So
Maximum is f (8,8) = 4(8) (8) = 256.

2.
Maximize f ( x, y) = 2 xy + 4,
subject to x + y = 20.
yz
xz
xy
=
, =
, =
2y + z
2x + z
x+ y
Set the second and third expressions equal.
xz
xy
=
x+ y
2x + z
1.
g ( x, y) = x + y - 20
2.
F ( x, y, ) = 2 xy + 4 - ( x + y - 20)
3.
Fx ( x, y, ) = 2 x -
Fy ( x, y, ) = 2 x -
x 2 z + xyz = 2 x 2 y + xyz
F ( x, y, ) = -( x + y - 20)
x 2 z = x 2 (2 y)
Since x is not zero, this shows that z = 2 y.
Exactly the same calculation using the first and third
expressions will show that z = 2 x. Thus x = y. Now
use the fourth equation:
4.
2 y - = 0 (1)
2 x - = 0 (2)
x + y - 20 = 0 (3)
5.
Equations (1) and (2) give = 2y and

= 2 x. Thus,
-2 xy - xz - yz + 6 = 0
2
2 y = 2x
y = x
-2 x - x(2 x) - x(2 x) + 6 = 0
6x2 = 6
x = 1 (since x is positive)
Substitution into equation (3),
Now we know that x = 1, y = 1, and z = 2. The box

should be 2 ft. wide and 1 ft. high and long.
x + ( x) - 20 = 0
x = 10.
So
y = 10.
Maximum is f (10,10) = 2(10) (10) + 4 = 204.
17.4 Exercises
1.
x + ( x) - 16 = 0
x = 8.
y = 8.
Maximize f ( x, y) = 4 xy,
3.
Maximize f ( x, y) = xy 2 ,
1.
g ( x, y) = x + y - 16
subject to x + 2 y = 15.
2.
F ( x, y, ) = 4 xy - ( x + y - 16).
1.
g ( x, y) = x + 2 y - 15
3.
Fx ( x, y, ) = 4 y -
2.
F ( x, y, ) = xy 2 - ( x + 2 y - 15)
Fy ( x, y, ) = 4 x -
3.
Fx ( x, y, ) = y 2 -
F ( x, y, ) = - ( x + y - 16)
4.
4y - = 0
4x - = 0
x + y - 16 = 0
(1)
( 2)
(3)
Fy ( x, y, ) = 2 xy - 2
F ( x, y, ) = -( x + 2 y - 15)
Section 17.4
4.
5.
1165
y2 - = 0
2 xy - 2 = 0
x + 2 y - 15 = 0
(1)
( 2)
(3)
x = 0 or x = -
Substituting x = 0 into equation (3),

3(0) - y - 9 = 0
y = -9.
Equations (1) and (2) give = y 2 and

= xy. Thus,
y 2 = xy
y ( y - x) = 0
y = 0 or
Substituting x = -
2y
3
y = x
y = -3.
2(-3)
x== 2.
3
So
x + 2(0) - 15 = 0
x = 15.
Thus,
Substituting y = x into equation (3)
f (0, -9) = 8(0)2 (-9) = 0, and
x + 2( x) - 15 = 0
x = 5.
y = x = 5.
f (2, -3) = 8(2)2 (-3) = -96.

Since f (0, -9) > f (2, -3), f (0, -9) = 0 is a
maximum.
Thus,
f (15, 0) = 15(0)2 = 0, and
5.
f (5,5) = 5(5) = 125.
Minimize f ( x, y) = x 2 + 2 y 2 - xy,
Since f (5,5) > f (15, 0), f (5,5) = 125 is a

maximum.
4.
1.
g ( x, y) = x + y - 8
2.
F ( x, y, )
Maximize f ( x, y) = 8 x y,
= x 2 + 2 y 2 - xy - ( x + y - 8)
subject to 3x - y = 9.
3.
1.
g ( x, y) = 3x - y - 9
2.
F ( x, y, ) = 8x 2 y - (3x - y - 9)
3.
Fx ( x, y, ) = 16 xy - 3
F ( x, y, ) = -( x + y - 8)
F ( x, y, ) = -(3x - y - 9)
5.
16 xy - 3 = 0
(1)
8x 2 + = 0
3x - y - 9 = 0
(2)
(3)
Equations (1) and (2) give =
= -8x 2 . Thus,
16 xy
= -8 x 2
3
16 xy
=0
8x2 +
3
2 y
8 x x +
=0
Fx ( x, y, ) = 2 x - y -
Fy ( x, y, ) = 4 y - x -
4.
2x - y - = 0
4y - x - = 0
x + y-8 = 0
5.
Subtracting the second equation from the

first equation to eliminate gives the new
system of equations
Fy ( x, y, ) = 8x 2 +
4.
into equation (3),
2y
3 - - y - 9 = 0
3
Substituting y = 0 into equation (3),
So
2y
.
3
16 xy
3
and
x+ y =8
3x - 5 y = 0.
Solve this system.
5x + 5 y = 40
3x - 5 y = 0
8x = 40
x =5
But x + y = 8, so y = 3.
Thus, f (5,3) = 25 + 18 - 15 = 28 is a
minimum.
1166
6.

5.
Minimize f ( x, y) = 3x 2 + 4 y 2 - xy - 2,
subject to 2 x + y = 21.
1.
g ( x, y) = 2 x + y - 21
2.
F ( x, y, )
Adding the first two equations to eliminate

gives
2 x - 20 y = 0
x = 10 y.
Substituting x = 10 y in the third equation gives

10 y - y = 18
y = 2
x = 20.
= 3x 2 + 4 y 2 - xy
- 2 - (2 x + y - 21)
3.
Fx ( x, y, ) = 6 x - y - 2
Thus,
Fy ( x, y, ) = 8 y - x -
f (20, 2) = 202 - 10 (2)2

= 400 - 40 = 360.
f (20, 2) = 360 is a maximum.
F ( x, y, ) = -(2 x + y - 21)
4.
5.
6 x - y - 2 = 0
8y - x - = 0
2 x + y - 21 = 0
8.
Maximize f ( x, y) = 12 xy - x 2 - 3 y 2 ,
6x - y
=
and = 8y - x
2
6x - y
= 8y - x
2
8
y =
x
17
1.
g ( x, y) = x + y - 16
2.
F ( x, y, )
= 12 xy - x 2 - 3 y 2 - ( x + y - 16)
3.
Fy ( x, y, ) = 12 x - 6 y -
Substituting into 2 x + y - 21 = 0,
we have
2x +
so x =
17
2
F ( x, y, ) = -( x + y - 16)
8
x - 21 = 0,
17
Minimum is
f
( 172 , 4 ) = 3 172
=
7.
4.
12 y - 2 x - = 0
12 x - 6 y - = 0
x + y - 16 = 0
5.
= 12 y - 2 x and = 12 x - 6 y
and y = 4.
2
+ 4(4) 2 -
Fx ( x, y, ) = 12 y - 2 x -
12 y - 2 x = 12 x - 6 y
17
(4) - 2
2
y =
979
= 244.75.
4
7
x
9
Substituting into x + y - 16 = 0, we have

7
x - 16 = 0,
9
so x = 9 and y = 7.
x+
Maximize f ( x, y) = x 2 - 10 y 2 ,
subject to x - y = 18.
1.
g ( x, y) = x - y - 18
Maximum is
2.
F ( x, y, )
f (9, 7) = 12(9)(7) - (9) 2 - 3(7) 2

= 528.
= x 2 - 10 y 2 - ( x - y - 18)
3.
Fx ( x, y, ) = 2 x -
Fy ( x, y, ) = -20 y -
4.
F ( x, y, ) = -( x - y - 18)
2x - = 0
-20 + = 0
x - y - 18 = 0
9.
Maximize f ( x, y, z ) = xyz 2 ,
subject to x + y + z = 6.
1.
g ( x, y, z ) = x + y + z - 6
2.
F ( x, y, )
= xyz 2 - ( x + y + z - 6)
Section 17.4
1167
10.
Fx ( x, y, z, ) = yz 2 -
3.
Fy ( x, y, z, ) = xz 2 -
4.
Fz ( x, y, z, ) = 2 zxy -
1.
g ( x, y, z) = xyz - 32
F ( x, y, z, ) = -( x + y + z - 6)
2.
F ( x, y, z, )
= xy + 2 xz + 2 yz - ( xyz - 32)
3.
Fx ( x, y, z, ) = y + 2 z - yz
Setting Fx, Fy , Fz and F equal to zero

yields
yz 2 - = 0
Fy ( x, y, z, ) = x + 2 z - xz
(1)
Fz ( x, y, z, ) = 2 x + 2 y - xy
xz 2 - = 0 (2)
2 xyz - = 0 (3)
x + y + z - 6 = 0. (4)
5.
Maximize f ( x, y, z ) = xy + 2 xz + 2 yz,
subject to xyz = 32.
F ( x, y, z, ) = -( xyz - 32)
4.
y + 2 z - yz
x + 2 z - xz
2 x + 2 y - xy
xyz - 32
5.
= yz 2 , = xz 2 , and = 2xyz
yz 2 = xz 2
z 2 ( y - x) = 0
x = y or
z =0
2 xyz - yz 2 = 0
yz (2 x - z ) = 0
y + 2z
x + 2x
=
yz
xz
y = 0 or z = 0 or z = 2 x
xyz + 2 xz 2 = xyz + 2 yz 2
In a similar way, the third equation
2 yz 2 - 2 xz 2 = 0
xz = 2 xyz
2 z 2 ( y - x) = 0
implies that x = 0 or z = 0 or z = 2 y.
f ( x, y, z) = xyz 2 , a nonzero maximum can
come only from those points with nonzero
coordinates.
Therefore, assume y = x and z = 2 y
= 2 x.
If y = x and z = 2 x are substituted into
equation (4), then
x + x + 2x - 6 = 0
3
x = .
2
Thus, y =
3
2
and z = 3, and
3 3
3 3
f , ,3 = 9
2 2
2 2
81
=
> 0.
4
So, f
( 32 , 32 ,3 ) = 814 = 20.25 is a maximum.
0
0
0
0
y + 2z
x + 2z
, =
, and
yz
xz
2x + 2 y
=
xy
yz 2 = 2 xyz
By the nature of the function to be maximized,
=
=
=
=
z = 0 or
y = x
and
y + 2z
2x + 2 y
=
yz
xy
xy 2 + 2 xyz = 2 xyz + 2 y 2 z
2 y 2 z - xy 2 = 0
y 2 (2 z - x) = 0
y =0
or
z =
x
2
Since xyz = 32, z = 0 and y = 0 are

impossible. Substituting y = x and z =
x
2
into
xyz - 32 = 0, we have
x
x( x) = 32, so x = 4, y = 4, and z = 2.
2
Maximum is
f (4, 4, 2) = 4(4) + 2(4)(2) + 2(4)(2)
= 48.
1168
11.

The problem can be restated as
Maximize f ( x, y) = 3xy
Fx ( x, y, ) = 10 xy -
3.
2,
Fy ( x, y, ) = 5x 2 -
F ( x, y, ) = -( x + y - 48)
subject to x + y = 24, x > 0, y > 0.

1.
g ( x, y) = x + y - 24
2.
F ( x, y, ) = 3xy 2 - ( x + y - 24)
3.
Fx ( x, y, ) = 3 y 2 -
3y - = 0
6 xy - = 0
x + y - 24 = 0
5.
5x 2 - = 0
x + y - 48 = 0
(2)
(3)
= 5 x 2. Thus,
F ( x, y, ) = -( x + y - 24)
4.
(1)
Equations (1) and (2) give = 10xy and
5.
Fy ( x, y, ) = 6 xy -
10 xy - = 0
4.
5 x 2 = 10 xy
(1)
( 2)
(3)
5x 2 - 10 xy = 0
5 x( x - 2 y ) = 0
x = 0 or x = 2 y.
Equations (1) and (2) give = 3y 2 and

= 6 xy. Thus,
Substituting x = 0 into equation (3),

(0) + y - 48 = 0
y = 48.
3 y = 6 xy
3 y 2 - 6 xy = 0
3 y ( y - 2 x) = 0
y = 0
or
Substituting x = 2 y into equation (3),
y = 2 x.
So
x + (0) - 24 = 0
x = 24.
So
0
0
16.
2 y = 32.
f (0, 48) = 5(0)2 (48) + 10 = 10, and

f (32,16) = 5(32) 2 (16) + 10 = 81,930.
0
0
8.
2 x = 16.
Since f (32,16) > f (0, 48), x = 32 and

y = 16 will maximize f ( x, y ) = 5x 2 y + 10.
13.
Let x, y, and z be three number such that
Thus,
x + y + z = 90
f ( x, y, z ) = xyz.
f (24, 0) = 3(24)(0)2 = 0, and
and
f (8,16) = 3(8) (16)2 = 6144.
1.
g ( x, y, z ) = x + y + z - 90
2.
F ( x, y, z )
= xyz - ( x + y + z - 90)
3.
Fx ( x, y, z, ) = yz -
Since f (8,16) > f (24, 0), x = 8 and y = 16

will maximize f ( x, y) = 3xy 2 .
12.
=
=
=
=
Thus,
Substituting y = 2 x into equation (3),

x + (2 x) - 24 =
3x - 24 =
x =
y =
(2 y) + y - 48
3 y - 48
y
x
The problem can be restated as

2
Fy ( x, y, z, ) = xz -
Maximize f ( x, y) = 5x y + 10,
F ( x, y, z, ) = xy -
subject to x + y = 48, x > 0, y > 0.
F ( x, y, z, ) = -( x + y + z - 90)
1.
g ( x, y) = x + y - 48
2.
F ( x, y, ) = 5x 2 y + 10 - ( x + y - 48)
Section 17.4
4.
5.
1169
yz -
xz -
xy -
x + y + z - 90
=
=
=
=
0
0
0
0
x + x + x - 240 = 0
x = 80
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Thus,
x = y = z = 80.
= yz, = xz, and = xy

yz = xz
yz - xz = 0
( y - x) z = 0
y - x = 0 or z = 0
xz - xy = 0
x ( z - y) = 0
x = 0 or z - y = 0
Since x = 0 or z = 0 would not maximize

f ( x, y, z ) = xyz, then y - x = 0 and
z - y = 0 imply that y = x = z.
The three numbers are 80, 80, and 80.

15.
Find the maximum and minimum of

f ( x, y) = x3 + 2 xy + 4 y 2 subject to
x + 2 y = 12.
1.
g ( x, y) = x + 2 y - 12
2.
F ( x, y ) = x 3 + 2 xy + 4 y 2
- ( x + 2 y - 12)
3.
Fx ( x, y, ) = 3x 2 + 2 y -
Fy ( x, y, ) = 2 x + 8 y - 2
Substituting into equation (4) gives

x + x + x - 90 = 0
x = 30.
F ( x, y, ) = -x - 2 y + 12
4.
3x 2 + 2 y - = 0
2 x + 8 y - 2 = 0
-x - 2 y + 12 = 0
5.
Solve the second equation for and

substitute into the first equation.
x = y = z = 30 will maximize f ( x, y, z )
= xyz. The numbers are 30, 30, and 30.
14.
Let x, y, and z be three positive numbers such that

x + y + z = 240. Maximize f ( x, y, z ) = xyz,
subject to x + y + z = 240.
2 x + 8 y - 2 = 0
= x + 4y
1.
g ( x, y) = x + y + z - 240
The first equation is now
2.
F ( x, y, z, )
= xyz - ( x + y + z - 240)
3x 2 + 2 y - ( x + 4 y ) = 0
or
3.
Fx ( x, y, z, ) = yz -
3x 2 - x - 2 y = 0
Fy ( x, y, z, ) = xz -
Solve the last equation for -2 y and

substitute into this new equation.
Fz ( x, y, z, ) = xy -
F ( x, y, z, ) = -( x + y + z - 240)
4.
yz - = 0
xz - = 0
xy - = 0
x + y + z - 240 = 0
5.
-x - 2 y + 12 = 0
-2 y = x - 12
3x 2 - x + ( x - 12) = 0
3x 2 - 12 = 0
Now solve for x.
= yz, = xz, = xy
3x 2 - 12 = 0
yz = xz
x2 = 4
x = 2 or x = -2
z = 0 (impossible) or x = y
xz = xy
Find the corresponding y.
x = 0 (impossible) or z = y
Thus, x = y = z.
When x = 2, -2 - 2 y + 12 = 0 so
y = 5.
1170

When x = -2, -(-2) - 2 y + 12 = 0 so
y = 7.
So, f ( x, y) = 24 x3 - 72 x 2 = f ( x). Notice

that f is unbounded; more specifically,
Thus our candidates for the locations of

maxima or minima of f subject to the
given constraint are (2, 5) and (-2, 7).
lim f ( x) =
and
f (2, 5) = 128 and f (-2, 7) = 160, so

probably the maximum is 160 at (-2, 7)
and the minimum is 128 at (2, 5).
Try some nearby points that satisfy the
constraints to check.
When x = -2.2, y = (12 + 2.2)/2 = 7.1;
f (-2.2, 7.1) = 159.752.
When x = 2.2, y = (12 - 2.2)/2 = 4.9;
f (2.2, 4.9) = 128.248.
This confirms our answer: There is a maximum
value of 160 at (-2, 7) and a minimum value of
128 at (2, 5).
18.
Consider the constraint and solve of x in terms

of y.
x + 2 y = 15
x = 15 - 2 y
= (15 - 2 y) y 2
= -2 y 3 + 15 y 2
So, f ( x, y) = -2 y3 + 15 y 2 = f ( y). Notice
that f is unbounded; more specifically,
lim f ( y) = -
and
lim
y -
f ( y) = .
Therefore f, subject to the given constraint, has

neither and absolute maximum nor an absolute
minimum.
19.
Consider the constraint and solve for y in terms

of x.
3x - y = 9
y = 3x - 9
Then
f ( x, y) = 8x 2 y
f ( x) = -.
Therefore f , subject to the given constraint, has

neither an absolute maximum nor an absolute
minimum.
21.
Minimize
f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 x + 9 y 2 + 4 y + 8 xy subject
to x + y = 1.
(a) 1. g ( x, y) = x + y = 1
2.
F ( x, y) = x 2 + 2 x + 9 y 2 + 4 y
+ 8 xy - ( x + y - 1)
3.
Fx ( x, y, ) = 2 x + 8 y - + 2
Fy ( x, y, ) = 18 y + 8x - + 4
F ( x, y, ) = -x - y + 1
2x + 8 y - + 2 = 0
18 y + 8x - + 4 = 0
-x - y + 1 = 0
5.
Solve the system in Step 4. Solve the

first two equations for and eliminate .
Then
f ( x, y) = xy 2
lim
y -
2 x + 8 y + 2 = 18 y + 8x + 4
6 x + 10 y + 2 = 0
3x + 5 y + 1 = 0
Now combine this equation in x and y
with the last equation to form a system.
3x + 5 y + 1 = 0
-x - y + 1 = 0
The solution of this system is (3, -2).
f (3, -2) = -5. Test nearby points that
satisfy the constraint to see if -5 is
indeed a minimum.
When x = 3.2, y = 1 - 3.2 = -2.2.
When x = 2.8, y = 1 - 2.8 = -1.8.
f (3.2, -2.2) = f (2.8, -1.8) = -4.92,
so subject to the given constraint f has a
minimum of -5 at (3, -2).
= 8x 2 (3x - 9)
= 24 x3 - 72 x 2
Section 17.4
(d)
1171
f xx ( x, y) = 2, f yy ( x, y) = 18,
3.
f xy ( x, y) = 8.
Fy ( x, y, ) = 3x 2 y 2 -
D(3, -2) = 18 2 - 64 = -28, so (3, 2) is
F ( x, y, ) = -2 x - y + 80
a saddle point of the function f .

4.
23.
g ( x, y) = x + 2 y - 60
2.
F ( x, y) = xy 2 - ( x + 2 y - 60)
3.
Fx ( x, y, ) = y 2 -
-2 x - y + 80 = 0
5.
3x 2 y 2 =
xy 3 = 3x 2 y 2
F ( x, y, ) = -x - 2 y + 60
If either x or y equals 0, the utility will have

a minimum value of 0. So we can assume
y2 - = 0
xy 0 and divide by xy 2 to find that

y = 3x. Substitute for y in the last equation.
2 xy - 2 = 0
-x - 2 y + 60 = 0
5.
-2 x - 3x + 80 = 0
Solve the first two equations for and

eliminate .
x = 16, y = 3x = 48.
f (16, 48) = 28,311,552.
y2 =
xy =
The maximum utility is 28,311,552, obtained by

purchasing 16 units of x and 48 units of y.
y 2 = xy
Either y = 0 or x = y. If y = 0, then
x = 60; if x = y, then -3x = 60 and
x = y = 20. So our candidates for a
maximum of f are (60, 0) and (20, 20). But
f (60, 0) = 0 so the maximum must be
f (20, 20) = 8000.
We can confirm this by solving the constraint
for x.
25.
Maximize f ( x, y) = x 4 y 2 subject to
2 x + 4 y = 60.
1.
g ( x, y) = 2 x + 4 y - 60
2.
F ( x, y) = x 4 y 2 - (2 x + 4 y - 60)
3.
Fx ( x, y, ) = 4 x3 y 2 - 2
Fy ( x, y, ) = 2 x 4 y - 4
x = 60 - 2 y
F ( x, y, ) = -2 x - 4 y + 60
f ( x, y) = xy 2 = (60 - 2 y) y 2 = 60 y 2 - 2 y 3.
This is now a function of one variable. The
second derivative with respect to y is 120 - 12y
which is negative when y = 20, so the value of
8000 found above is the maximum utility, obtained
by purchasing 20 units of x and 20 units of y.
24.
Maximize f ( x, y) = x 2 y 3 subject to 2x + y
= 80.
1.
g ( x, y) = 2 x + y - 80
2.
F ( x, y) = x 2 y 3 - (2 x + y - 80)

eliminate .
xy 3 =
Fy ( x, y, ) = 2 xy - 2
4.
2 xy 3 - 2 = 0
3x 2 y 2 - = 0
Maximize f ( x, y) = xy 2 subject to
x + 2 y = 60.
1.
Fx ( x, y, ) = 2 xy 3 - 2
4.
4 x3 y 2 - 2 = 0
2 x 4 y - 4 = 0
-2 x - 4 y + 60 = 0
5.
Solve the first two equations for 2 and

eliminate 2.
4 x3 y 2 = 2
x 4 y = 2
4 x3 y 2 = x 4 y
xy 0 and divide by x3 y to find that
1172

4 y = x. Substitute for x in the last
equation.
The area is
f ( x, y) = xy.
-2 x - x + 60 = 0
x = 20, y = 20/4 = 5
f (20,5) = 4, 000, 000.
1.
g ( x, y) = 10 x + 10 y - 1200
2.
F ( x, y) = xy - (10 x + 10 y - 1200)
3.
The maximum utility is 4,000,000, obtained by

Fx ( x, y, ) = y - 10
Fy ( x, y, ) = x - 10
F ( x, y, ) = -(10 x + 10 y - 1200)
26.
3 4
Maximize f ( x, y) = x y subject to
3x + 3 y = 42 or x + y = 14.
1.
g ( x, y) = x + y - 14
2.
F ( x, y) = x3 y 4 - ( x + y - 14)
3.
Fx ( x, y, ) = 3x 2 y 4 -
4.
x - 10 = 0
10 x + 10 y - 1200 = 0
5.
Substituting into the third equation gives

10 x + 10 x - 1200 = 0
20 x - 1200 = 0
x = 60
F ( x, y, ) = -x - y + 14
3x 2 y 4 - = 0
y = 60.
4 x3 y 3 - = 0
These dimensions, 60 feet by 60 feet, will

maximize the area.
-x - y + 14 = 0
5.

eliminate .
3x 2 y 4 =
4 x3 y 3 =
3 x 2 y 4 = 4 x3 y 3
xy 0 and divide by x 2 y 3 to find that
3 y = 4 x or y = (4/3) x. Substitute for y in
the last equation.
4
x + 14 = 0
3
7 x = 42
4
x = 6, y = 6 = 8
6
28.
Let x be the length of the fence opposite the

building and y be the length of each end. The area
is then xy and the total cost is 25x + 15(2 y ).
Restate the problem as follows.
Maximize xy, subject to 25 x + 30 y = 2400.
1.
g ( x, y) = 25x + 30 y - 2400
2.
F ( x, y, ) = xy - (25x + 30 y - 2400)
3.
Fx ( x, y, ) = y - 25
Fy ( x, y, ) = x - 30
F ( x, y, ) = -(25 x + 30 y - 2400)
-x -
f (6,8) = 884, 736.

The maximum utility is 884,736, obtained by
27.
Let x be the width and y be the length of a field

such that the cost in dollars to enclose the field is
6 x + 6 y + 4 x + 4 y = 1200
10 x + 10 y = 1200.
10 = y and 10 = x
y = x
Fy ( x, y, ) = 4 x3 y 3 -
4.
y - 10 = 0
4.
5.
y - 25 = 0
(1)
x - 30 = 0
( 2)
25x + 30 y - 2400 = 0
(3)
y
Equations (1) and (2) give = 25 and

x . Thus,
= 30
y
x
=
25
30
5
y = x.
6
Substituting y = 56 x into equation (3) gives
Section 17.4
1173
5
25x + 30 x - 2400 = 0
6
5.
= -(2 x - 4) and = -(2 y - 8)

2x - 4 = 2 y - 8
50 x - 2400 = 0
y = x+2
x = 48.
y =
So
The dimensions are 48 ft (opposite the building)

by 40 ft (the ends).
29.
Substituting into x + y - 6 = 0, we have

x + ( x + 2) - 6 = 0 so x = 2 and y = 4.
5
x = 40.
6
31.
Maximize C ( x, y) = 2 x 2 + 6 y 2 + 4 xy + 10,
1.
g ( x, y) = x + y - 10
2.
F ( x, y)
1.
g ( x, y) = 80 x + 150 y - 40, 000
2.
F ( x, y)
= 3x1/3 y 2/3 - (80 x + 150 y - 40,000)
= 2 x 2 + 6 y 2 + 4 xy + 10
3,4. Fx ( x, y, ) = x-2/3 y 2/3 - 80 = 0
- ( x + y - 10)
3.
Maximize f ( x, y) = 3x1/3 y 2/3 , subject to

80 x + 150 y = 40, 000.
Fy ( x, y, ) = 2 x1/3 y-1/3 - 150 = 0
Fx ( x, y, ) = 4 x + 4 y -
F ( x, y, ) = -(80 x + 150 y - 40, 000)
Fy ( x, y, ) = 12 y + 4 x -
=0
F ( x, y, ) = -( x + y - 10)
4.
5.
4x + 4 y - = 0
12 y + 4 x - = 0
x + y - 10 = 0
5.
2 x1/3 y-1/3
x-2/3 y 2/3
=
80
150
15 y
= x
16
Substitute into the third equation.
= 4 x + 4 y and = 12 y + 4 x.
( 15 ) + 150 y - 40, 000 = 0

y
80 16
4 x + 4 y = 12 y + 4 x
8y = 0
y = 178(rounded)
y =0
15(178)
16
167
x=
Since x + y = 10, x = 10.

10 large kits and no small kits will maximize
the cost.
30.
Maximize P( x, y) = -x 2 - y 2 + 4 x + 8 y,
1.
g ( x, y) = x + y - 6
2.
F ( x , y, )
= -x 2 - y 2 + 4 x + 8 y
- ( x + y - 6)
3.
Fx ( x, y, ) = -2 x + 4 -
Use about 167 units of labor and 178 units of

capital to maximize production.
32.
Maximize f ( x, y) = 12 x3/4 y1/4 ,

subject to 100 x + 180 y = 25, 200.
1.
g ( x, y) = 100 x + 180 y - 25, 200
2.
F ( x, y, )
= 12 x3/4 y1/4
- (100 x + 180 y - 25, 200)
Fy ( x, y, ) = -2 y + 8 -
4.
F ( x, y, ) = -( x + y - 6)
-2 x + 4 - = 0
-2 y + 8 - = 0
x+ y-6= 0
1174

3.
Fx ( x, y, ) =
3
(12 x-1/4 y1/4 ) - 100
4
1/4
4.
9y
x1/4
- 180 = 0
y 3/4
100 x + 180 y - 25, 200 = 0
9y
1/4
100 x
and =
3x
3/4
180 y 3/4
=
9 y1/ 4
x3/4
60 y 3/4
If x and y are the dimensions of the field, we

must maximize f ( x, y) = xy subject to x + 2 y
= 600.
1.
g ( x, y) = x + 2 y - 600
2.
F ( x, y, )
= xy - ( x + 2 y - 600)
3.
Fx ( x, y, ) = y -
Fy ( x, y, ) = x - 2
x3/4
F ( x, y, ) = -( x + 2 y - 600)
=
100 x1/ 4
60 y3/4
100 x = 540 y
27 y
x =
5
Substitute into
100 x + 180 y - 25, 200 = 0.
27 y
+ 180 y = 25, 200
100
5
540 y + 180 y = 25, 200
720 y = 25, 200
y = 35
27(35)
= 189
x=
5
Production will be maximized with 189 units of
labor and 35 units of capital.
33.
4 x - 500 = 0
x = 125
y = 125.
Dimensions of 125 m by 125 m will maximize

the area.
34.
3x3/4
5.
2 = y and 2 = x, so x = y.
2 x + 2 x - 500 = 0
Thus,
- 100 = 0
1/4
5.
3x3/4
- 180
y 3/4
F ( x, y, ) = -(100 x + 180 y - 25, 200)
=
y - 2 = 0
x - 2 = 0
2 x + 2 y - 500 = 0
9 y1/4
- 100
x1/4
1
Fy ( x, y, ) = (12 x3/4 y-3/4 ) - 180
4
=
4.
Let x and y be the dimensions of the field

such that 2 x + 2 y = 500, and the area is
4.
x- = 0
x - 2 = 0
x + 2 y - 600 = 0
5.
= y and =
x
2
y =
x
2
Substituting into x + 2 y - 600 = 0, we have
( )
x + 2 2x - 600 = 0, so x = 300 and

y = 150.
The largest area is (300)(150) = 45, 000 m 2.
35.
Let x be the radius r of the circular base and y the

height h of the can, such that the volume is
x 2 y = 250 .
f ( x, y) = xy.
1.
g ( x, y) = 2 x + 2 y - 500
2.
F ( x, y ) = xy - (2 x + 2 y - 500)
3.
Fx ( x, y, ) = y - 2
Fy ( x, y, ) = x - 2
F ( x, y, ) = -(2 x + 2 y - 500)
Section 17.4
1175
The surface area is
36.
Minimize surface area f ( x, y) = 2 xy + 2 x 2 ,
f ( x, y) = 2 xy + 2 x 2.
subject to the constraint that x 2 y = 25.
1.
g ( x, y) = x 2 y + 250
2.
F ( x, y) = 2 xy + 2 x 2
- ( x 2 y - 250 )
3.
Let x be the radius of the can and y be the height.
1.
g ( x, y) = x 2 y - 25
2.
F ( x , y, )
= 2 xy + 2 x 2 - ( x 2 y - 25)
Fx ( x, y, ) = 2 y + 4 x - (2 xy)
3.
Fy ( x, y, ) = 2 x - ( x 2 )
Fy ( x, y, ) = 2 x - x 2
F ( x, y, ) = -( x 2 y - 250 )
4.
Fx ( x, y, ) = 2 y + 4 x - 2 xy
F ( x, y, ) = -( x 2 y - 25)
2 y + 4 x - (2 xy ) = 0
4.
2 x - x 2 = 0
2 y + 4 x - 2 xy = 0
2 x - x 2 = 0
x 2 y - 250 = 0
x 2 y - 25 = 0
Simplifying these equations gives

y + 2 x - 1 xy = 0
5.
2 x - 1 x = 0
x 2 y - 250 = 0.
5.
2 x 2 + xy = 2 xy
x(2 - x) = 0
2 x 2 - xy = 0
2
.
x
x = 0 or
If x = 0, the volume will be 0, which is not

possible.
Substituting y = 2 x into x 2 y - 25 = 0, we
have x 2 (2 x) - 25 = 0, so x = 3 225
2
2
y + 2 - y = 0

4
25 3.169 inches.
1.585 inches and y = 2 3 2
- 2y = 0
4
The can with minimum surface area will have a

radius of approximately 1.585 inches and a height
of approximately 3.169 inches.
= y
y = 2x
x = 0 is impossible.
Substituting x = 2 into the first equation gives
y+
2x + y
2
and =
xy
x
2x + y
2
=
xy
x
From the second equation,
x = 0 or =
Since = 2x , y = 2 x.
Substituting into third equation gives
x 2 (2 x) - 250 = 0
3
37.
Let x, y, and z be the dimensions of the box such

that the surface area is
xy + 2 yz + 2 xz = 500
and the volume is
f ( x, y, z ) = xyz.
2 x - 250 = 0
x =5
y = 10.
Since g (1, 250) = 0 and
f (1, 250) = 502 > f (5,10) = 150 ,
a can with radius of 5 inches and height of
10 inches will have a minimum surface area.
1176

38.
1.
g ( x, y, z) - 500 = 0
2.
F ( x, y, z )
= xyz - ( xy + 2 yz + 2 xz - 500)
surface area f ( x, y) = 2 x 2 + 4 xy, subject to
x 2 y = 185.
3,4.
Fx ( x, y, z, ) = yz - ( y + 2 z) = 0
(1)
Fy ( x, y, z, ) = xz - ( x + 2 z) = 0
(2)
g ( x, y) = x 2 y - 185
2.
F ( x, y, )
3.
F ( x, y, ) = -( x 2 y - 185)
4.
xyz - x( y + 2 z ) = 0
xyz - y( x + 2 z ) = 0
xyz - z (2 y + 2 z ) = 0.
4 x + 4 y - 2 xy = 0
4x - x2 = 0
x 2 y - 185 = 0
Subtracting the first equation from the

second equation gives
5.
x( y + 2 z) - y( x + 2 z ) = 0
2 xz - 2 yz = 0
z( x - y) = 0,
z(2 y + 2 x) - y( x + 2 z) = 0
2 xz - xy = 0
x(2 z - y) = 0,
x = 0 is impossible.
Substituting y = x into x 2 y - 185 = 0,
we have
y
.
2
Substituting into the fourth equation gives
y = x = 3 185 5.698.
z =
y
y
y 2 + 2 y + 2 y - 500 = 0
2
2
3 y 2 = 500
500
3
12.9099
x 12.9099
12.9099
z
2
6.4549.
The dimensions are 5.698 inches by 5.698 inches

by 5.698 inches.
39.
Let x, y, and z be the dimensions of the box. The

surface area is
2 xy + 2 xz + 2 yz.
y =
The dimensions are 12.91 m by 12.91 m by

6.455 m.
2x + 2 y
4
and =
xy
x
2x + 2 y
4
=
xy
x
2 x 2 - 2 xy = 0
2 x( x - y ) = 0
x = 0 or y = x
Subtracting the third equation from the

second equation gives
so
2 x 2 + 2 xy = 4 xy
x = y.
so
Fx ( x, y, ) = 4 x + 4 y - 2 xy
Fy ( x, y, ) = 4 x - x 2
(4 )
Multiplying equation (1) by x, equation (2) by y,

and equation (3) by z gives
5.
1.
= 2 x 2 + 4 xy - ( x 2 y - 185)
(3)
Fz ( x, y, z, ) = xy - (2 y + 2 x) = 0
F ( x, y, z, ) = -( xy + 2 xz + 2 yz - 500)
=0
If the box is x by x by y, we must minimize
We must minimize
f ( x, y, z ) = 2 xy + 2 xz + 2 yz
subject to xyz = 125.
1.
g ( x, y, z ) = xyz - 125
2.
F ( x, y, z )
= 2 xy + 2 xz + 2 yz - ( xyz - 125)
3.
Fx ( x, y, z, ) = 2 y + 2 z - yz
Fy ( x, y, z, ) = 2 x + 2 z - xz
Fz ( x, y, z, ) = 2 x + 2 y - xy
F ( x, y, z, ) = -( xyz - 125)
Section 17.4
4.
5.
1177
2 y + 2 z - yz
2 x + 2 z - xz
2 x + 2 y - xy
xyz - 125
=0
=0
=0
=0
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2.
F ( x, y, z, )
= xy + 2 xz + 2 yz - ( xyz - 32)
3.
Fx ( x, y, z, ) = y + 2 z - yz
Fy ( x, y, z, ) = x + 2 z - xz
Equations (1) and (2) give

2 y + 2z
2x + 2z
= and
= .
yz
xz
Fz ( x, y, z, ) = 2 x + 2 y - xy
F ( x, y, z, ) = -( xyz - 32)
4.
Thus,
2 y + 2z
2x + 2 z
=
yz
xz
2 xyz + 2 xz 2 = 2 xyz + 2 yz 2
2
2 xz - 2 yz = 0
2z2 = 0
or x - y = 0
z = 0 (impossible) or
x = y.
2x + 2 y
2x + 2 z
= .
= and
xy
xz
2x + 2z
2x + 2 y
=
xz
xy
2 x 2 y + 2 xyz = 2 x 2 z + 2 xyz
2x2 y - 2x2 z = 0
2
2 x ( y - z) = 0
2x2 = 0
or y - z = 0
x = 0 (impossible) or
y = z.
Therefore, x = y = z. Substituting into
equation (4) gives
x3 - 125 = 0
x3 = 125
x = 5.
Thus,
y + 2z
yz
x + 2z
=
xz
2x + 2 y
=
xy
xyz = 32
y + 2z
x + 2z
=
yz
xz
xyz + 2 xz 2 = xyz + 2 yz 2
z 2 = 0 or x - y = 0
z = 0 (impossible) or x = y
x + 2z
2x + 2 y
=
xz
xy
x 2 y + 2 xyz = 2 x 2 z + 2 xyz
x2 ( y - 2 z) = 0
x 2 = 0 or y - 2 z = 0
x = 0 (impossible) or
y = 2z
Since x = y and y = 2 z and since

xyz = 32, we have
(2 z )(2 z ) z = 32
y = 5 and z = 5.
The dimensions that will minimize the surface

area are 5 m by 5 m by 5 m.
Let the dimensions of the bottom be x by y, and
let the height be z. We must minimize f ( x, y, z )
= xy + 2 xz + 2 yz subject to xyz = 32.
1.
=0
=0
=0
=0
2 z 2 ( x - y) = 0
Thus,
40.
5.
y + 2 z - yz
x + 2 z - xz
2 x + 2 y - xy
xyz - 32
z3 = 8
z = 2.
If z = 2, y = 4 and x = 4.
The dimensions are 4 feet by 4 feet for the base
and 2 feet for the height.
g ( x, y, z ) = xyz - 32
1178
41. (a) The surface area of the box is

SA = xy + 2 xz + 2 yz.
Let the sides with area xz be those made from the free material (along with the bottom). This gives the
constraint 2 xz + xy = 4. The volume of the box is xyz, thus it will take 400
trips to transport the material at
xyz
40 .
(.10) = xyz
a cost of 400
xyz
The total cost also includes the cost of the material for the ends of the box: (2 yz )(20) = 40 yz.
Thus, the total cost is
f ( x, y, z ) =
40
+ 40 yz.
xyz
(b) Using a spreadsheet, x = 2 yards, y = 1 yard, z = 12 yard.

42.
(a)
P(r , s, t ) = rs(1 - t ) + (1 - r )st

+ r (1 - s)t + rst
g ( r , s, t ) = r + s + t -
F (r , s, t , ) = rs(1 - t ) + (1 - r )st
+ r (1 - s)t + rst
- (r + s + t - )
(b)
3.
Fr (r, s, t , ) = s(1 - t ) - st + (1 - s)t + st -

= s + t - 2st -
Fs (r , s, t , ) = r (1 - t ) + (1 - r )t - rt + rt -
= r + t - 2rt -
Ft (r , s, t , ) = -rs + (1 - r )s + r (1 - s) + rs -
= r + s - 2rs -
F (r , s, t , ) = -(r + s + t - )
4.
s + t - 2st -
r + t - 2rt -
r + s - 2rs -
r + s + t -
=
=
=
=
0
0
0
0
- = 2st - s - t
- = 2rt - r - t
- = 2rs - r - s
5.
r+s+t =
2st - s - t = 2rt - r - t
s(2t - 1) = r (2t - 1)
(s - r )(2t - 1) = 0
s = r
or
t =
1
2
2rt - r - t = 2rs - r - s
t (2r - 1) = s(2r - 1)
(t - s)(2r - 1) = 0
Section 17.4
1179
t = s
or r =
1
2
2st - s - t = 2rs - r - s
t (2s - 1) = r (2s - 1)
(t - r )(2s - 1) = 0
t = r
or
s =
1
2
Since r, s and t are probabilities, 0 r , s, t 1. also, r + s + t = = 0.75. If t = 12 , then either

t = s = 12 or r = 12 , both of which are impossible (the third value would have to be -0.25 to get a sum
of 0.75).
Thus, r = s = t = 0.25.
(c) Now we have r + s + t = = 3. If t = 12 , then either t = s = 12 or r = 12 , both of which are
impossible (the third value would have to be 2 to get a sum of 3).
Thus, r = s = t = 1.0.
1180
17.5 Total Differentials and

Approximations
5.032 + 11.992
Your Turn 1
f ( x, y) = 3x 2 y 4 + 6 x 2 - 7 y 2
x2 - 7 y2
f y ( x, y) = 12 x y -
x2 - 7 y 2
Your Turn 3
As calculated in Example 3, dV
= 2 dr
+ dh
. Thus
V
r
h
the maximum percent error in the volume if the errors in
the radius and length are at most 4% and 2% is
dV = 2(0.04) + (0.02) = 0.10 or 10%.
V
dx
2
2
x - 7y
6x
+ 12 x 2 y 3
(-0.01)
0.15
0.12
13
13
13.0023
dz = f x ( x, y) dx + f y ( x, y) dy
= 6 xy 4 +
(0.03)
= 13 +
42 y
2 3
(b)
12
+
2
5 + 122
6x
f x ( x, y) = 6 xy 4 +
(a)
5
52 + 122 +
2
5 + 122
dy
2
2
x - 7y
42 y
17.5 Exercises
Evaluate dz for x = 4, y = 1, dx = 0.02,

dy = -0.03.
1.
6(4)
(0.02)
dz = 6(4)(1)4 +
(4)2 - 7(1)2
42(1)
+ 12(4)2 (1)3 (-0.03)
(4) 2 - 7(1)2
24
42
= 24 +
(0.02) + 192
(-0.03)
3
3
= (32)(0.02) - 178(0.03)
= -4.7
z = f ( x, y) = 2 x 2 + 4 xy + y 2
x = 5, dx = 0.03, y = -1, dy = -0.02
f x ( x, y) = 4 x + 4 y
f y ( x, y) = 4 x + 2 y
dz = (4 x + 4 y)dx + (4 x + 2 y)dy
= [4(5) + 4(-1)(0.03)
+ [4(5) + 2(-1)](-0.02)
= 0.48 - 0.36 = 0.12
2.
z = f ( x, y) = 5x3 + 2 xy 2 - 4 y
x = 1, dx = 0.01, y = 3, dy = 0.02
f x ( x, y) = 15x 2 + 2 y 2
Your Turn 2
As in Example 2, we let f ( x, y) =
x 2 + y 2 . As we
found in Example 2,
x
dz =
x 2 + y 2
dx
+
x 2 + y 2
dy
f y ( x, y) = 4 xy - 4
dz = (15 x 2 + 2 y 2 ) dx + (4 xy - 4) dy
= [15(1)2 + 2(3)2 ](0.01)
+ [4(1)(3) - 4](0.02)
= 0.33 + 0.16 = 0.49
To approximate 5.032 + 11.992 we let x = 5,

y = 12, dx = 0.03, dy = -0.01.
Then f ( x + dx, y + dy ) f ( x, y ) + dz
Section 17.5
3.
z =
1181
y 2 + 3x
2
-20
(0.02) + (-0.03)
2
2
[-5(4) - 1](0.02)
+
(2)2
21
(0.02)
= -0.2 - 0.03 4
= -0.335
dw =
, x = 4, y = -4,
y -x
dx = 0.01, dy = 0.03
dz =
( y 2 - x) 3 - ( y 2 + 3x) (-1)
( y 2 - x) 2
+
( y 2 - x) 2 y - ( y 2 + 3x) 2 y
( y 2 - x) 2
4 y2
( y 2 - x) 2
4(-4)
dx -
[(-4) - 4]
0.0311
4.
dx
8xy
( y 2 - x) 2
(0.01) -
dx
6.
dy
8(4)(-4)
[(-4)2 - 4]2
x
w = x ln ( yz ) - y ln
z
= x(ln y + ln z ) - y(ln x - ln z ),
x = 2, y = 1, z = 4, dx = 0.03, dy = 0.02,
(0.03)
dz = -0.01
y
dw = ln y + ln z - dx
x
x
+ - ln x + ln z dy
y
z = ln( x 2 + y 2 )
x = 2, y = 3, dx = 0.02, dy = -0.03
2 x dx
2 y dy
dz = 2
+ 2
2
x + y
x + y2
x
y
+ + dz
z
z
1
= ln 1 + ln 4 - (0.03)
2
2
+ - ln 2 + ln 4 (0.02)
1
2
1
+ + (-0.01)
4
4
Substitute the given information.

dz =
2(2)(0.02)
2
2 +3
= -0.00769
5.
2(3)(-0.03)
22 + 32
5x 2 + y 2
z +1
x = -2, y = 1, z = 1
dx = 0.02, dy = -0.03, dz = 0.02
w=
f x ( x, y) =
=
f y ( x, y) =
=
f z ( x, y) =
=
dw =
( z + 1)10 x - (5x 2 + y 2 )(0)

( z + 1)2
10 x
z +1
0.0730
7.
Let z = f ( x, y) =
x 2 + y 2.
Then
dz = f x ( x, y)dx + f y ( x, y)dy
1 2
( x + y 2 )-1/2 (2 x)dx
2
1
+ ( x 2 + y 2 )-1/2 (2 y )dy
2
xdx + ydy
=
.
x2 + y2
=
( z + 1)(2 y) - (5x 2 + y 2 )(0)

( z + 1) 2
2y
z +1
( z + 1)(0) - (5x 2 + y 2 )(1)
( z + 1)2
-5 x 2 - y 2
( z + 1)2
10 x
2y
-5 x 2 - y 2
dx +
dy +
dz
z +1
z +1
( z + 1)2
Substitute the given values.
To approximate 8.052 + 5.972 , we let x = 8,

dx = 0.05, y = 6 and dy = -0.03.
dz =
8(0.05) + 6(-0.03)
82 + 6 2
4
3
= (0.05) + (-0.03)
5
5
= 0.04 - 0.018 = 0.022
1182

f (8.05,5.97) = f (8, 6) + D z
f (8, 6) + dz
1 2
( x + y 2 )-2 / 3(2 x)dx
3
1
+ ( x 2 + y 2 )-2/3(2 y )dy
3
2x
2y
=
dx +
dy
2
2 2/3
2
3( x + y )
3( x + y 2 )2/3
dz =
= 82 + 62 + 0.222
= 10.022
Thus,
8.052 + 5.97 2 10.022.
Using a calculator,
To approximate (1.922 + 2.12 )1/3 , we let

x = 2, dx = -0.08, y = 2, and dy = 0.1.
8.052 + 5.972 10.0221.
The absolute value of the difference of the two

results is |10.022 - 10.0221| = 0.0001.
8.
Let z = f ( x, y) =
dz =
(-0.08)
3[(2) + (2)2 ]2/3
2(2)
(0.1)
+
3[(2)2 + (2)2 ]2/3
4
4
(-0.08) +
(0.1)
=
12
12
= 0.006
x2 + y2 .
Then
dz = f x ( x, y)dx + f y ( x, y) dy
1
= ( x 2 + y 2 )-1/2 (2 x) dx
2
1
+ ( x 2 + y 2 )-1/2 (2 y) dy
2
x dx + y dy
=
.
x2 + y2
f (1.92, 2.1) = f (2, 2) + D z

f (2, 2) + dz
= 2 + 0.006
f (1.92, 2.1) 2.0067
Using a calculator, (1.922 + 2.12 )1/3 2.0080.
To approximate 4.962 + 12.062 , we let

x = 5, dx = -0.04, y = 12, and dy = 0.06.
dz =
f (4.96,12.06) = f (5,12) + Dz
f (5,12) + dz
= 52 + 122 + 0.04
= 13.04
4.962 + 12.062 13.04.
2
Using a calculator, 4.96 + 12.06

13.0401.
results is |13.04 - 13.0401| = 0.0001.
9.

results is |2.0067 - 2.0080| = 0.0013.
5(-0.04) + 12(0.06)
52 + 122
5
12
(-0.04) +
(0.06)
=
13
13
= 0.04
Thus,
2(2)
Let z = f ( x, y) = ( x 2 + y 2 )1/3.
Then
dz = f x ( x, y )dx + f y ( x, y )dy
10.
Let z = f ( x, y) = ( x 2 - y 2 )1/3.
Then
dz = f x ( x, y)dx + f y ( x, y) dy.
1
dz = ( x 2 - y 2 )-2/3 (2 x)dx
3
1
+ ( x 2 - y 2 )-2/3 (-2 y)dy
3
2x
2y
dz =
dx dy
2
2 2/3
2
3( x - y )
3( x - y 2 )2/3
To approximate (2.932 - 0.942 )1/3 , we let
x = 3, dx = -0.07, y = 1, and dy = -0.06.
dz =
-
2(3)
3[(3)2 - (1)2 ]2/3
2(1)
(-0.07)
(-0.06)
3[(3)2 - (1)2 ]2/3
1
1
dz = (-0.07) - (-0.06)
2
6
= -0.025
Section 17.5
1183
f (2.93, 0.94) = f (3,1) + D z
f (3,1) + dz
= 2 + (-0.025)
Using a calculator, 0.98e-0.04 0.9416. The

absolute value of the difference of the two results
is | 0.94 - 0.9416| = 0.0016.
f (2.93, 0.94) 1.975

Using a calculator, (2.932 - 0.942 )1/3 1.9748.
result is |1.975 - 1.9748| = 0.0002.
11.
13.
Let z = f ( x, y) = x ln y.
Then
dz = f x ( x, y) dx + f y ( x, y) dy
= ln y dx +
Let z = f ( x, y) = xe .
Then
To approximate 0.99 ln 0.98, we let x = 1,

dx = -0.01, y = 1, and dy = -0.02.
dz = f x ( x, y)dx + f y ( x, y)dy
1
dz = ln (1) (-0.01) + (-0.02)
1
= -0.02
= e y dx + xe y dy.
To approximate 1.03e0.04, we let x = 1,
dx = 0.03, y = 0, and dy = 0.04.
f (0.99, 0.98) = f (1,1) + Dz

f (1,1) + dz
= 1 ln (1) - 0.02
dz = e0 (0.03) + 1 e0 (0.04)
= 0.07
-0.02
f (1.03, 0.04) = f (1, 0) + D z

f (1, 0) + dz
Thus, 0.99 ln 0.98 -0.02.
= 1 e0 + 0.07
Using a calculator, 0.99 ln 0.98 -0.0200.

results is | - 0.02 - (-0.0200)| = 0.
= 1.07
Thus, 1.03e0.04 1.07.
Using a calculator, 1.03e0.04 1.0720.
results is |1.07 - 1.0720| = 0.0020.
12.
x
dy
y
14.
Let z = f ( x, y) = x ln y.
Then
dz = f x ( x, y)dx + f y ( x, y) dy
= ln y dx +
Let z = f ( x, y) = xe y .
Then
dz = f x ( x, y) dx + f y ( x, y) dy
= e y dx + xe y dy.
To approximate 0.98e-0.04, we let x = 1,
dx = -0.02, y = 0, and dy = -0.04.
0
dz = e (-0.02) + 1 e (-0.04)
= -0.06
f (0.98, -0.04) = f (1, 0) + Dz
f (1, 0) + dz
0
x
dy.
y
To approximate 2.03 ln 1.02, we let x = 2,

dx = 0.03, y = 1, and dy = 0.02.
dz = ln(1) (0.03) +
2
(0.02)
1
= 0.04
f (2.03,1.02) = f (2,1) + D z
f (2,1) + dz
= 2 ln(1) + 0.04
= 0.04
Thus, 2.03ln1.02 0.04.
= 1 e - 0.06
Using a calculator, 2.03 ln 1.02 0.0402.
= 0.94

results is |0.04 - 0.0402| = 0.0002.
Thus, 0.98e-0.04 0.94.
1184
15.

The volume of the can is
18.
M ( x, y) = 45x 2 + 40 y 2 - 20 xy + 50
x = 8, dx = 8.25 - 8 = 0.25, y = 14,
V = r 2h,
dy = 13.75 - 14 = -0.25
With
r = 2.5 cm, h = 14 cm, dr = 0.08, dh = 0.16.
M x ( x, y) = 90 x - 20 y
M y ( x, y) = 80 y - 20 x
dV = 2 rhdr + r 2dh
dM = (90 x - 20 y)dx
= 2 (2.5)(14)(0.08) + (2.5)2 (0.16)
+ (80 y - 20 x)dy
20.73
= [90(8) - 20(14)](0.25)
Approximately 20.73 cm3 of aluminum are

needed.
16.
+ [80(14) - 20(8)](-0.25)
= 110 - 240 = -130
The change in cost will be a decrease of $130.
Let r be the radius inside the tumbler and h be the

height inside.
19.
z = x 0.65 y 0.35
x = 50, y = 29,
dx = 52 - 50 = 2
dy = 27 - 29 = -2
f x ( x, y) = y 0.35 (0.65)( x-0.35 )
= 0.65
V = r 2h, r = 1.5, h = 9, dr = dh = 0.2
f y ( x, y) = ( x0.65 )(0.35)( y-0.65 )

x 0.65
= 0.35
y
dV = 2 rhdr + r 2dh
= 2 (1.5)(9)(0.2) + (1.5)2 (0.2)
18.4
dz = 0.65
Approximately 18.4 cm3 of material is needed.

17.
with L = 10, W = 9, and H = 18.

Since 0.1 inch is applied to each side and each
dimension has a side at each end,
Substitute.
dV = (9)(18)(0.2) + (10)(18)(0.2)
+ (10)(9)(0.2)
= 86.4
3
Approximately 86.4 in are needed.
0.65
x
dx + 0.35
y
dy
29 0.35
50 0.65
dz = 0.65
(2) + 0.35
(-2)
50
29
= 0.07694 unit
V = LWH
dV = WH dL + LH dW + LW dH .
0.35
Substitute.
The volume of the box is
dL = dW = dH = 2(0.1) = 0.2
0.35
20.
z = x0.8 y 0.2 , x = 20, y = 18,

dx = 21 - 20 = 1, dy = 16 - 18 = -2
dz = 0.8 x-0.2 y 0.2dx + 0.2 x0.8 y-0.8dy
y 0.2
x0.8
= 0.8 0.2 dx + 0.2 0.8 dy

x
y
x 0.2
x 0.8
= 0.8 dx + 0.2 dy
y
y
18 0.2
20 0.8
= 0.8 (1) + 0.2 (-2)
20
18
0.348
The change in production is 0.348 unit.
Section 17.5
21.
1185
The volume of the bone is
H m (m, T , A)
(15.2)(0.67)m-0.33(10.23ln m - 10.74
0.67 10.23
15.2
m
=
2
(10.23ln m - 10.74)
24(78.1156 - 53.7525
H M (25, 36, 12) =
492.3561
= 1.19
The estimated change is
(1)(1.19) + (0.5)(5.92) + (-2)(-5.92) = 15.99
The approximate change in H is 16.0 W.
V = r 2h,
with h = 7, r = 1.4, dr = 0.09, dh = 2(0.09)
= 0.18
dV = 2 rh dr + r 2dh
= 2 (1.4)(7)(0.09) + (1.4) 2 (0.18)
= 6.65
6.65 cm3 of preservative are used.
22.
Assume that blood vessels are cylindrical.

V = r 2 h, r = 0.8, h = 7.9, dr = dh
25.
C (t , g ) = 0.6(0.96)(210t /1500)-1
+
= 0.15
(a)
dV = 2 rhdr + r 2dh
= 2 (0.8)(7.9)(0.15)
C (180,8)
= 0.6(0.96)(210(180)/1500)-1
+ (0.8)2 (0.15)
(8)(180)
1 - (0.96)(210(180)/1500) -1
126(180) - 900
0.2649
6.258 cm3
The maximum possible error is 6.26 cm3.

23.
b
= b(a - v)-1
a-v
a = 160,
C =
Ct (t , g )
210
= 0.6(ln 0.96)
(0.96)(210t /1500)-1
1500
(b)
b = 200, v = 125
da = 145 - 160 = -15
g (126t - 900) - 126( gt )

(126t - 900)2
db = 190 - 200 = -10
[1 - (0.96)(210t /1500)-1]
210
gt
(ln 0.96)
(0.96)(210t /1500)-1
1500
126t - 900
d = 130 - 125 = 5
dC = -b(a - v)-2 da
1
db + b(a - v)-2 dv
a-v
b
-b
1
da +
db +
dv
=
2
a
v
(a - v)
(a - v ) 2
-200
1
=
(-15) +
(-10)
2
160 - 125
(160 - 125)
+
200
(160 - 125)2
2.98 liters
gt
1 - (0.96)(210t /1500)-1
126t - 900
C g (t , g )
t
1 - (0.96)(210t /1500)-1
126t - 900
C (180 - 10,8 + 1)
=
C (180,8) + Ct (180,8) (-10)

+ C g (180,8) (1)
(5)
0.2649 + (-0.00115)(-10) + 0.00519(1)

0.2816
C (170,9) 0.2817
24.
Using the partial derivatives H T (m, T , A) and

H A(m, T , A) found in Exercise 54 of Section 2,
we have
15.2(250.67 )
H T (25, 36, 12) =
10.23ln 25 - 10.74
= 5.92
and
H A(25, 36, 12) = -5.92.
The approximation is very good.

26.
V =
h 2
r 1 + r1r2 + r 22
3
(a) V =
40 2
(5 + 5 3 + 32 ) 2052.51
3
The volume is about 2052.5 cm3.
1186

(b)
P( A, 0, D) =
dV = Vh dh + Vr1d r1 + Vr d r
2 2
=
h
(2r1 + r 2)dr1
r 21+r1 r 2 + r 22 ) dh +
(
3
3
h
( r1 + 2r 2)dr 2
3
1 + eX
dA = 160 - 150 = 10
dD = 25 - 20 = 4
X (150, 20) = 3.68 - 0.016(150) - 0.12(20)
dr2 = 2.9 - 3 = -0.1
1+ e
1
Some other values that we will need are
dh = 42 - 40 = 2
dr1 = 5.1 - 5 = 0.1
dV (40,5,3) =
1
3.68-0.016 A-0.12 D
= -1.12
X
= -0.016
A
X
= -0.12.
XD =
D
XA =
(52 + 5 3 + 32 )(2)
40
(2 5 + 3)(0.1)
3
40
+
(5 + 2 3)(-0.1)
3
111.00
V (42,5.1, 2.9) V (40,5,3) + dV
+
PA ( A, 0, D) =
PD ( A, 0, D) =
2052.51 + 111.00
2163.51
X Ae X
0.016e X
=
(1 + e X )2
(1 + e X ) 2
X De X
0.12e X
=
(1 + e X )2
(1 + e X ) 2
dP = PA ( A, 0, D) dA + PD ( A, 0, D) dD
Using differentials, the volume is about

2163.5 cm3.
42
(5.12 + 5.1 2.9 + 2.9 2 )
3
2164.37
V (42,5.1, 2.9) =
0.016e X
0.12e X
dA
+
dD
(1 + e X ) 2
(1 + e X )2
Substituting the given and calculated values,

dP =
The volume found by using the original formula

is about 2164.37 cm3.
0.016e-1.12
0.12e-1.12
+
(10)
(5)
(1 + e-1.12 )2
(1 + e-1.12 )2
= (0.016.10 + 0.12 5)
27.
P( A, B, D) =
(1 + e-1.12 )2
0.76 0.1855 0.14.
1
1 + e3.68-0.016 A-0.77 B -0.12 D
Therefore,
(a) Since bird pecking is present, B = 1.
P(160, 0, 25) = P(150, 0, 20) + DP
P(150,1, 20) =
P(150, 0, 20) + dP
1 + e3.68-0.016(150)-0.77(1)-0.12(20)
1
=
0.8688
1 + e-1.89
= 0.75 + 0.14 = 0.89.

The probability is about 89%.
Using a calculator, P(160, 0, 25) 0.8676, or
about 87%.

(b) Since bird pecking is not present, B = 0.
28.
P(150, 0, 20)
=
=
t ( x, y, p, C ) =
1
3.68- 0.016(150)-0.77(0)-0.12(20)
1+ e
1
0.7540
1 + e-1.12
e-1.12
(a)
x 2 + ( y - p) 2
331.45 + 0.6C
t (5, - 2, 20, 20) =

=
52 (-2 - 20)2
331.45 + 0.6(20)
509
0.06569
343.45
(c) Let B = 0. To simplify the notation, let

X = 3.68 - 0.016 A - 0.12D. Then
Section 17.5
1187
t (5, - 2,10, 20) =
2
1
rhdr + r 2dh
3
3
2
1
= (3.2)(9.3)(0.1) + (3.2) 2 (0.1)
3
3
7.305
52 + (-2 - 10)2
331.45 + 0.6(20)
169
0.0379
343.45
In a close race, this difference could
certainly affect the outcome.
(b) Since the starter remains stationary,
dx = dy = 0, so t x ( x, y, p, C ) and
dV =
31.
Then
t y ( x, y, p, C ) do not need to be computed.
dz = f L ( L,W , H ) dL + fW ( L,W , H ) dW
+ f H ( L, W , H ) dH
t p ( x, y, p, C )
=
=
-2( y - p)
= WHdL + LHdW + LWdH .
2(331.45 + 0.6C ) x 2 + ( y - p) 2
A maximum 1% error in each measurement means

that the maximum values of dL, dW , and dH
p-y
(331.45 + 0.6C ) x 2 + ( y - p)2
tC ( x, y, p, C ) = -
are given by dL = 0.01L, dW = 0.01W , and

dH = 0.01H . Therefore,
0.6 x 2 + ( y - p) 2
dz = WH (0.01L) + LH (0.01W ) + LW (0.01H )
(331.45 + 0.6C ) 2
= 0.01LWH + 0.01LWH + 0.01LWH
dx = 0, dy = 0, dp = 0.5, dC = -5
= 0.03LWH .
dt = t x (5, -2, 20, 20) 0 + t y (5, -2, 20, 20) 0

+ t p (5, -2, 20, 20) 0.5
+ tC (5, -2, 20, 20) (-5)
=
20 - (-2)
(331.45 + 0.6(20)) 52 + (-2 - 20)2
2
0.6 5 + (-2 - 20)
(331.45 + 0.6(20))
0.001993 sec
0.5
(-5)
This is the approximate change in the time when

the swimmer stands 0.5 m farther from the starter
and the temperature decreases by 5C.
29.
The area is A = 12 bh with b = 15.8 cm,

h = 37.5 cm, db = 1.1 cm, and dh = 0.8 cm.
1
1
b dh + h db
2
2
1
1
= (15.8)(0.8) + (37.5)(1.1)
2
2
= 26.945
dA =

30.
1 2
r h, r = 3.2, h = 9.3,
3
dr = dh = 0.1
V =
Let z = f ( L,W , H ) = LWH
Thus, an estimate of the maximum error in

calculating the volume is 3%.
32.
Let z = f (r , h) =
1 2
r h.
3
Then dz = f r (r, h)dr + f h (r, h) dh

2
1
rh dr + r 2dh.
3
3
Since there is a maximum error of a % in
measuring the radius, the maximum value of dr is
a r. Similarly, the maximum value of dh is
100
dz =
b h.
100
Therefore, the maximum value of dz is
a 1 2 b
2
r + r
h
rh
100 3
100
3
2a 1 2
b 1 2
=
r h +
r h
100 3
100 3
2a + b 1 2
=
r h .
100
dz =
The maximum percent error in calculating the

volume is (2a + b)%.
Since the volume of a cylinder is r 2h, the
maximum percent error in calculating the volume
of the cylinder is the same.
1188

The volume of a cone is V =
33.
Your Turn 2
r 2h.
r2
2 rh
dV
= 3 2 dr + 3 2 dh
r h
r h
V
3
3
(6 x 2 y 2 + 4 xy + 8x3 + 10 y 4 + 3) dy dx
1
Use the result from Your Turn 1 to evaluate the inner

integral.
2
1
dr + dh
r
h
0 (16x3 + 52x2 + 16x + 490) dx
When r = 1 and h = 4, a 1% change in radius

changes the volume by 2%, and a 1% change in
height changes the volume by 14 %. So the
52 3
= 4 x 4 +
x + 8 x 2 + 490 x
change produced by changing the radius is 8

times the change produced by changing the height.
dV
2 rh
r2
=
+
dr
dh
V
r 2h
r 2h
2
1
= dr + dh
r
h
When r changes by a, the relative volume

change is
3644
3
Integrating in the other order:
We need to use the same units for both dimensions;

in inches, r = 0.5 and h = (20)(12) = 240.
2 a
0.5
52
(8) + 8(4) + 490(2)
3
= 4(16) +
The volume of a cylinder is V = r 2h.
34.
= 4a. When h changes by a, the
1 a. So the radius
relative volume change is 240
has a greater effect by a factor of

4a
= 960.
(1/240)a
=
=
=
(6 x 2 y 2 + 4 xy + 8 x3 + 10 y 4 + 3) dx dy
0
3
x= 2
(2 x3 y 2 + 2 x 2 y + 2 x 4 + 10 xy 4 + 3x)
dy
x = 0
1
2
1 (16 y2 + 8 y + 32 + 20 y4 + 6) dy
3
1 (20 y4 + 16 y2 + 8 y + 38) dy
3
16 3
y + 4 y 2 + 38 y
= 4 y 5 +
1
3
16
( 972 + 144 + 36 + 114 ) - 4 + + 4 + 38
3
3644
=
3
17.6 Double Integrals
Your Turn 3
Your Turn 1
Let the region R be defined by 0 x 5 and

1 y 6.
1 (6x2 y2 + 4xy + 8x3 + 10 y 4 + 3) dy

= (2 x 2 y 3 + 2 xy 2 + 8x3 y + 2 y 5 + 3 y)
y =3
y =1
= (2 x 2 (3)3 + 2 x(3) 2 + 8 x3 (3) + 2(3)5 + 3(3))
- (2 x 2 (1)3 + 2 x(1)2 + 8x3 (1) + 2(1)5 + 3(1))

= 52 x 2 + 16 x + 16 x3 + 484 + 6
= 16 x3 + 52 x 2 + 16 x + 490
1
dx dy
x+ y+3
1 0
6
1 ( 2
= 2
1 (
1
dx dy
x+ y+3
x =5
x+ y+3
) x =0 dy
y+8-
y + 3 dy
Section 17.6
1189
6
2
= 2 [( y + 8)3/2 - ( y + 3)3/2 ]
3
1
Note that throughout the region, 4 x x3.
( x
4
= [(143/2 - 93/2 ) - (93/2 - 43/2 )]
3
4
= (14 14 - 46)
3
56 14 - 184
=
3
=
=
The function 4 - x3 - y3 is positive over the region

0 x 1 and 0 y 1, so the volume under the
surface z = 4 - x3 - y 3 over this region is

- y 3 )dx dy
( x3 y + 2 y 2 )
0
2
y =4x
y = x3
dx
[(4 x 4 + 32 x 2 ) - ( x 6 + 2 x 6 )] dx
0
2
(4 x 4 + 32 x 2 - 3x 6 ) dx
0
2
0
128
256
384
+
5
3
7
5888
=
105
(4 - x3 - y 3 ) dx dy .
(4 - x 3 - y 3) dx dy
1
0
x4
3
4 x - 4 - xy
x =1
dy
17.6 Exercises
x =0
15 - y 3 dy
1.
x5 y
- xy
( x y + y)dx =
5
0
4
= (625 y + 5 y ) - 0 = 630 y
15
1
7
- =
4
4
2
2.
xy 4
( xy - x)dy =
+ xy
4
y = 4 x and y = x for 0 x 2.
The region is shown in the figure below.
= (4 x - 2 x) - - x
4
( x3 + 4 y ) dy dx over the region bounded by

3
Your Turn 5
3.
11
x
4
x x 2 + 3 ydy
x( x 2 + 3 y)1/2 dy
y
10
5
( x3 + 4 y) dy dx
15
y 4
= y
4
4
Find
4
32 3
3
= x5 +
x - x 7
5
3
7
4x
+ 4 y)dy dx
Your Turn 4
(4 - x
( 2, 8)
y = 4x
y =x
0
2x 2
[( x + 3 y)3/2
9
5
4
2x 2
=
[( x + 15)3/2 - ( x 2 + 12)3/2 ]
9
1190
4.
If y = 3 then u = 4 x + 9.
x x 2 + 3 y dx
4 x +9
eu
4x
Let u = x 2 + 3 y. Then du = 2 x dx
When x = 6, u = 36 + 3 y.
When x = 3, u = 9 + 3 y.
1
=
2
36 + y
9+3 y
10.
u1/2du
1 2 3/2
(u )
2 3
9+3 y
1
[(36 + 3 y)3/2 - (9 + 3 y)3/2 ]
3
If x = 5 then u = 20 + y 2 .
20 + y 2
-1/2
4 + y
9
4
11.
3 + 5y
dy
x
2
8.
-1
1 2x +3 y
e
2
1
dy = e2 x +3 y
3
=
9.
- e4 +
1 0 (x4 y + y) dx dy
dy
+
(
x
y
y
)
dx
1 0
1
-1
1 2x +3
(e
- e 2 x -3 )
3
630 y dy
= 315 y 2
2
1
= 315(4 - 1) = 945.
12.
( xy 3 - x) dy dx
From Exercise 2.
2
( xy3 - x)dy =
11
x.
4
Therefore,
3
ye4 x + y dx
1
= (e12 + 3 y - e 4 +3 y )
2
2 x +3 y
y2
Therefore,
1
x
e 2 x +3 y dx =
y e20 +
0 ( x4 y + y) dx = 630 y.
21 + 245 - 6 + 20

2
2
255
=
2 x
6
4 + y2
3y
5y2
=
+
x
2 x
7.
1
4
20 + y 2
From Exercise 1
dx
= (3 + 5 y)2 9 - 4
= 6 + 10 y
1
1
ye du = yeu
4
4
u
= (3 + 5 y)2 x1/2
6.
dx
If x = 1 then u = 4 + y 2.
3 + 5y
dx = (3 + 5 y)
x
y2
1 4 x +9
(e
- e4 x )
2
Let u = 4 x + y 2 ; then du = 4 dx.
5.
ye4 x +
4x
36 + 3 y
4 x +9
1
1
du = eu
2
2
[( xy 3 - x)dy] dx =
11
x dx
0 4
11 2
x
8
0
99
=
.
8
=
Let u = 4 x + y 2 ; then du = 2 y dy.

If y = 0 then u = 4 x.
y2
Section 17.6
1191
x x 2 + 3 ydx dy
0 3
13.
15.
From Exercise 4,
When y = 1, u = 39.
16.
When y = 0, z = 9.
16
z 3/2dz
9
12
=
=
3 + 5 y
dy dx
x
25
16
25
16
5/2
- (12) + (9) ]
2
=
[(39)5/2 - (12)5/2 - 65 + 35 ]
45
2
=
(395/2 - 125/2 - 7533)
45
+ 5 y2
(See Exercise 6.)
1 2
[(39)5/2 - (36)5/2
9 5
5/2
25
When y = 1, z = 12.
(6 + 10 y) dy
= 6(2 - 1) + 5(4 - 1)
= 6 + 15
= 21
When y = 0, u = 36.
= 6y
Let u = 36 + 3 y. Then du = 3 dy.
1 39 3/2
u du 9 36
0 3 [(36 + 3 y)3/2 - (9 + 3 y)3/2 ] dy
Let z = 9 + 3 y. Then dz = 3 dy.
3 + 5y
dx = 6 + 10 y.
x
4
2
9
3 + 5 y
dx dy
x
1 4
1
[(36 + 3 y)3/2 - (9 + 3 y)3 ].
3
6
x x 2 + 3 y dx dy
3
0
=
9
3 + 5y
dx dy
x
1 4
From Exercise 5,
x x 2 + 3 y dx
255
dx
2 x
255 -1/2
x
dx
2
= 255x1/2
25
16
= 255(5 - 4)
= 255
17.
dy dx
=
xy
1
(See Exercise 3.)
14.
x x 2 + 3 y dy dx
0 4
2x 2
[( x + 15)3/2 - ( x 2 + 12)3/2 ] dx
9
3
2
[( x 2 + 15)]5/2 - ( x 2 + 12)5/2
45
0
2
=
(245/2 - 215/2 - 155/2 + 125/2 )
45
=
dx
dy
1 1 xy
1 ln | y | dx
1 x
1
ln 3
dx
1 x
= (ln 3) ln | x | 1
= (ln 3)(ln 3 - 0)
= (ln 3)2
1192
18.

5
dx dy
=
y
2
4
1
dx dy
1 2 y
1 (4 - 2) dy
y
1
5
19.
=
=
16 + 2 y dy
2 y
3
16
4
3
3
(27 + 12 y)dy
4
1
22.
( x
+ 4 y 3 )dy dx;
+ 4 y 3 ) dy dx
=
=
( x 2 + 4 y 3) dy dx
( x 2 y + y 4 ) dx
0
12 + y ln2 - 3 dy
5
5
3x
5 + y ln x dy
( x3 + 4 xy) dy
0
( x
6 x + y dx dy
5
x
4
(3x 2 + 4 y)dx dy
1 x 2, 0 y 3
= (108 + 96) - (27 + 6) = 171
4
12
+
2
3
= 8 ln 2 + 4
4
= (27 y + 6 y 2 )
= 8 ln
20.
y 2
= 8 ln | y | +
3
2
= 8 (ln 4 - ln 2) +
+ 4 y)dx dy
25 + 5 y - 9 + 3 y dy
2y
3
3
2y
+ 4 y)dx dy;
(3x
x2
yx
+
dy
2y
3
0 x 3,1 y 4
(3x
R
x + y dx dy
y
3
21.
36
27
9
+ 8 ln2 - ln2
5
5
2
9
7
= + ln2
5
2
= 2 ln 5
2
dy
y
= 2 ln | y | 1
9 + y ln2 dy
5
9y
y2
=
+
ln2
2
x dy
1
y
(3x 2 + 81) dx
= ( x 3 + 81x )
2
1
= (8 + 162) - (1 + 81) = 88
Section 17.6
23.
1193
x + y dy dx; 1 x 3, 0 y 1
25.
(x + y)
x + y dy dx
3
=
=
=
=
=
=
24.
dy dx
= -3
0
1
( x + y)-1 dx
1
= -3
1
1
dx
x + 6
x + 1
= -3( ln | x + 6| - ln | x + 1| )
x+6
= -3 ln
x +1
4
2
8
= -3 ln 2 - ln
3
2
= -3ln 8
3
x3 + 2 y dx dy;
3
4
or 3 ln
4
3
= -3ln
0 x 2, 0 y 3
( x + y)-2 dy dx
x 2 x3 + 2 y dx dy
= -3
2
[( x + 1)3/2 - x3/2 ] dx
3
1
3
2 2
( x + 1)5/2 - x5/2
1
3 5
4 5/2
(4 - 35/2 - 25/2 + 15/2 )
15
4
(32 - 35/2 - 25/2 + 1)
15
4
(33 - 35/2 - 25/2 )
15
( x + y)1/2dy dx
( x + y)3/2 dx
1 3
0
( x + y)2 dy dx; 2 x 4, 1 y 6
26.
2x + 5 y2
dx dy;
0 x 2,1 y 3
=
=
=
0 0 x2 ( x3 + 2 y)1/2 dx dy
3
2
2 3
( x + 2 y)3/2 dy
0
0 9
3
2
[(8 + 2 y)5/2 - (2 y)5/2 ]
0
45
2
(145/2 - 65/2 - 85/2 )
=
45
2x + 5 y2
3
0 9 [(8 + 2 y)3/2 - (2 y)3/2 ] dy
y(2 x + 5 y 2 )-1/2 dx dy
dx dy
1
2(2 x + 5 y 2 )1/2 dy
2
0
[ y(4 + 5 y 2 )1/2 - y(5 y 2 )1/2 ] dy
1
3
1 2
1 2
= (4 + 5 y 2 )3/2 (5 y 2 )3/2
10 3
10 3
1
1
[(493/2 - 453/2 ) - (93/2 - 53/2 )]
15
1
(343 - 135 5 - 27 + 5 5)
=
15
1
(316 - 130 5)
=
15
1194
27.
ye( x + y )dx dy; 2 x 3, 0 y 2
29.
z = 8 x + 4 y + 10; -1 x 1, 0 y 3
V =
ye
(x+ y )
dx dy
=
ye
x+ y2
dy
2
2
dx dy
ye
x+ y2
3+ y 2
( ye
= e3
- ye
ye y dy - e2
) dy
e3 y 2 2
e2 y 2
(e ) (e )
2
2
0
ye y dy
30.
V =
=
dx dy; 1 x 2,1 y 3
2 x3 + 2 y
x e
dx dy
1 x3 + 2 y
e
3
31.
- (24 x + 18 + 30 - 0) dx
1
1
- (24 x + 48) dx
-1
- (3x + 10 y + 20) dy dx
0
3
(3xy + 5 y 2 + 20 y )
[(3x + 5 + 20) - (-6 x + 20 - 40)] dx
(9 x + 45) dx
0
3
0
3
-2
dx
81
351
+ 135 - 0 =
2
2
z = x 2 ; 0 x 2, 0 y 5
dy
V =
1 8+ 2 y
(e
- e1+ 2 y ) dy
3
1 14
(e - e7 - e10 + e3 )
6
x 2 dy dx
x 2 y dx
0
1
= (e8 + 2 y - e1+ 2 y )
6
1
=
1
1
= x 2 + 45x
2
0
dx dy
+ 10 y ) dx
+2 y
x 2e x
- (8xy + 2 y
z = 3x + 10 y + 20; 0 x 3, -2 y 1
=
2 x3 + 2 y
(8 x + 4 y + 10) dy dx
= (12 + 48) - (12 - 48) = 96
0
2
x e
1
1
= (12 x 2 + 48x )
e3 4
e2 4
(e - e0 ) (e - e 0 )
=
2
2
1
= (e7 - e6 - e3 + e2 )
2
28.
2+ y2
0
2
5x 2dx
5 3
x
3
2
0
40
=
3
Section 17.6
32.
1195
z =
V =
y ;0 x 4, 0 y 9
4
2 3/2
y
dx =
3
0
2
(27) dx
3
18 dx = 18x
= 72
1
[ y (16 + y 2 )3/2 - y 4 ] dy
3
y 5
1 1
(16 + y 2 )5/2
35
5
1
(175/2 - 1 - 165/2 )
15
1
(175/2 - 1 - 1024)
15
1
(175/2 - 1025)
15
z = x x 2 + y ; 0 x 1, 0 y 1
1
V =
x x 2 + ydx dy
V =
When x = 0, u = y.
When x = 1, u = 1 + y.
=
=
=
1+ y
u1/2du dy
1+ y
1 2 3/2
u
y
0 2 3
1
[(1 + y)3/2 - y 3/2 ] dy
0 3
1 2
= [(1 + y )5/2 - y 5/2 ]
3 5
0
2 5/2
=
(2 - 1 - 1)
15
2 5/2
=
(2 - 2)
15
V =
yx( x 2 + y 2 )1/2dx dy
0
4
y 2
( x + y 2 )3/2 dy
3
0
y
[(16 + y 2 )3/2 - ( y 2 )3/2 ] dy
3
( x + y 2 )2
1 1
xy
2
( x + y 2 )2
dy dx
2
2 -2
xy
x
y
dy
(
)
+
dx
1 1
2
4
1
2
2 -2
dx
x
x
y
y
dy
(
)
(2
)
+
1 1 2
; 1 x 2, 1 y 4
- x( x 2 + y 2 )-1 dx
1 2
1
=+
=-
z = yx x 2 + y 2 ;0 x 4,0 y 1
dy
xy
z =
35.
Let u = x 2 + y. Then du = 2 x dx.
34.
33.
y1/2dy dx
1
2
1
- x( x 2 + 16)-1 + x( x 2 + 1)-1 dx
2
1
2
1 2
( x + 16)-1(2 x) dx
2
1 2
( x + 1)-1(2 x) dx
2
1 1
ln x 2 + 16
2 2
1 1
+ ln x 2 + 1
2 2
2
1
2
1
1
1
ln 20 + ln 17
4
4
1
1
+ ln 5 - ln 2
4
4
1
= (-ln 20 + ln 17 + ln 5 - ln 2)
4
1 (17)(5)
= ln
4 (20)(2)
1 17
= ln
4
8
=-
1196
36.

z = e x + y ; 0 x 1, 0 y 1
V =
=
=
39.
0 0 e x + ydx dy
1
0 e
0 (e1+ y - e y ) dy
y
-e )
=
=
=
0 0
1024
16,384
2
8
+
- (64) - (4)
5
21
3
3
32
128 16 16
-
+
-
5
21
3
3
1024
32
16,384 - 128
=
+
5
5
21
128
32 -32
-
3
3
3
992
16, 256 128
+
5
21
3
20,832
81, 280
4480
=
+
105
105
105
97, 632
=
105
=
xe xy dy dx
1
x xy
e
dx
0 x
0
0 (e
- e0 ) dx
= (e - x)
40.
= e - 2 - e0 + 0
3y
= e2 - 3
38.
2 x3e x
=
=
=
( x 2 + y) dx dy
2x e
x6
8
4
2
x
x
2
+
dx
3
3
xe xy dx dy;0 x 2; 0 y 1
R
dx dy
x2
y 3
2
x y + 3 dx
= e2 - 2e + 1
xy
( x 2 + y 2 )dy dx
x5
x7
2
8
=
+
- x3 - x
21
3
3
5
2
= e - e - e +1
xe
37.
x2
dy
= (e
2 2
=
1
x+ y
1+ y
x
xy
+
dy
3
0
3 x2 y
dx dy; 0 x 1, 0 y 1
3y
2 3
(9 y3 + 3 y 2 ) dy
0
2
= y 4 + y 3
4
0
dx dy
= 36 + 8 - 0 = 44
1
0 0 2x3e x ydy dx
2
2
2 x3 1 e x y dx
x2
0
0
0 (2xe x
2
= (e x - x 2 )
- 2 xe0 ) dx
1
0
= (e - 1) - (e0 - 0)
= e-2
Section 17.6
41.
1197
x
xy dy dx
43.
2
=
3
2
=
3
2( xy)3/2
3x dx
0
3
4 x
0
dx
x
x
0
=
=
2 x3
x dx =
3 3
=
0
42.
=
=
( x + y)1/2 dy dx
2 (ln |4 y | -ln |2 y |) dy
6
4y
2 ln 2 y
2 ln 2 dy
2
( x + y)3/2
3
dx
0
2
[(2 x)3/2 - x3/2 ] dx
3
4
x2
1
dy dx
y
x2
1 ln y x
1 (ln x2 - ln x) dx
4
1 (2 ln x - ln x) dx
4
1 ln x dx
2 5/2
=
(8 - 2(4)5/2 - 25/2 + 2)
15
= ( x ln x -
2 5/2
(8 - 64 - 25/2 + 2)
15
2 5/2
=
(8 - 62 - 25/2 )
15
dx
21
2
= (2 x)5/2 - x5/2
3 5
5
1
dy
1 x
2 (ln | x |) 2 y dy
= (ln 2) y 2
= (ln 2)(6 - 2) = 4 ln 2
44.
x + y dy dx
4y
Note: We can write 4 ln 2 as ln 24, or ln 16.
1
dx dy
x
2
(64)
9
128
=
9
4
4y
2 2 y
=
( xy)1/2 dy dx
dx )
1
Integration by parts
u = ln x, dv = dx
du =
1
x
dx, v = x
4
= ( x ln x - x) 1
= 4 ln 4 - 4 + 1
= 4 ln 4 - 3
Note: We can write ln y instead of ln |y | since x is
in [1, 4] and y is in [x, x2], so y > 0.
1198
45.

ex
x
dy dx
y
1
4
48.
2 x 4, 2 y 3x
dx
(2x + 6 y) dy dx
1
4
( x ln | y |)
(2x + 6 y) dy dx;
R
( x ln e x - x ln 1) dx
x 2 dx =
46.
4x
x
3
=
0
64
3
=
=
4x
x+ y
3x
[2 xy + 3 y 2 ]
dx
dx
2
4
[2 x(3x) + 3(3x)2 - (4 x + 12)] dx

[33x 2 - 4 x - 12] dx
= (11x3 - 2 x 2 - 12 x)
2x
(e5 x - e3x ) dx
4
2
= (704 - 32 - 48) - (88 - 8 - 24)

= 568
0
1
1
= e5 x - e3x
5
0
3
1
1
1
1
= e5 - e3 - +
5
3
5
3
=
(2 x + 6 y) dy dx
3x
2x
1
e x + y dy dx
e5
e3
2
+
5
3
15
49.
(4 - 4x ) dy dx; 0 x 1,
2
0 y 2 - 2x
(4 - 4x ) dy dx
2
47.
(5x + 8 y) dy dx; 1 x 3,
R
x -1
(5xy + 4 y 2 )
dx
0
[5x( x - 1) + 4( x - 1)2 - 0] dx
(9 x - 13x + 4) dx
1
3
13 2
= 3x3 x + 4 x
1
2
117
13
= 81 + 12 - 3 + 4
2
2
= 34
4(1 - x 2 ) dy dx
0
2(1- x)
[4(1 - x 2 ) y]
dx
0
4(1 - x 2 )(2)(1 - x) dx
=8
x -1
(5x + 8 y) dy dx
2- 2 x
0 y x -1
(5x + 8 y) dy dx
(1 - x - x 2 + x3 ) dx
0
1
x2
x3
x 4
= 8 x +
2
3
4
0
1
1
1
= 8 1 - - +
2
3
4
1
1
= 8 -
2 12
= 8
5
10
=
12
3
Section 17.6
50.
1199
dy dx
; 1 x 2, 0 y x - 1
x
dy dx
x
y
x
x -1
0
x -1
( x
dy dx
x
dx
x2
-1
-x 2
( x 2 - y ) dy dx
x2
x2 y - y
dx
2 2
-1
-x
4
4
1
x 4 - x + x 4 + x dx
2
2
-1
2 x5
=
2 x dx =
5
-1
-1
2
2
4
= + =
5
5
5
= 1 - ln 2
- y ) dy dx
= ( x - ln x) 1
= 2 - ln 2 - 1
51.
1
1 - dx
x
1
- y ) dy dx; -1 x 1,
x -1
dx
x
-x 2 y x 2
( x
R
52.
e x /y dx dy; 1 y 2, 0 x y 2
53.
x /y
x y dy dx; R bounded by y = x ,
3
y = 2x
dx dy
y2
e x /y dx dy
2 x /y 2
[y e
y2
dy
]
0
2 2
( y 2e y /y - y 2e0 ) dy
(ey 2 - y 2 ) dy
y3
= (e - 1)
3
The points of intersection can be determined by

solving the following system for x.
y = x2
y = 2x
8
1
= (e - 1) -
3
3
7(e - 1)
=
3
x2 = 2x
x ( x - 2) = 0
x = 0 or x = 2
Therefore,
x y dx dy
3
2x
x2
x y dy dx =
2
3 y
x 2
2x
dx
x2
1200

2
4
x 3 (4 x ) - x 3 ( x ) dx
2
2
0
7
2
x
5
2 x - 2 dx
55.
x = 2.
dy dx
1
; R bounded by y = x, y = ,
y
x
1
1 8
x
= x 6 3
16 0
1 6
1
2 28
3
16
64
=
- 16
3
16
.
=
3
54.
The graphs of y = x and y =
1
intersect at (1,
x
1).
x 2 y 2dy dx; R bounded by y = x,
dy
dx =
1/x y
y = 2 x, and x = 1
ln y
dx
1/x
ln x - ln 1 dx
2 ln x dx
1
2
= 2( x ln x - x) 1
= 2[(2 ln 2 - 2) - (ln 1 - 1)]

= 4 ln 2 - 2
1
2x
x 2 y 2 dy dx
56.
1 2 3
7
18
2 y /x
y = 0, x = 2.
The region lies between the curve y = x 2 and

the x-axis between x = 0 and x = 2.
2 y /x
dy dx
dy dx; R bounded by y = x 2 ,
dx
7x
dx
0 3
2x
x
8x
dx
3
3
7 x6
=
18
x y
3
x 2 y /x
e
2
1
2
y= x2
dx
y =0
x e2 x - x dx
2
2
e2 y /x dy dx
x2
xe2 x dx -
1
2
x dx
Section 17.6
1201
For the first integral, use integration by parts with

u = x and dv = e
1
v = e2 x .
2
1
2
0 xe
2x
2x
dx. Then du = dx and
58.
0 y/2
Change the order of integration.

2
dx
1 1
1
= xe 2 x 2 2
2
0
e x dx dy
e x dx dy =
y /2
= ex
11
x dx = - x 2
2 2
0
0
= -1
61.
The average value of f over R is
=
2
y
1
A
3e - 7
8
=
=
1
dx dy
ln x
1
dx dy
ln x
ln x
1
dy dx
ln
x
1
0
ln x
2
1
dx
ln
x
1
0
=
=
1 (1 - 0) dx
2
= 2 -1 = 1
1
6
1
6
(6 xy + 2 x) dy dx
1
3
(3xy 2 + 2 xy) dx
1
6
1
6
[(27 x + 6 x) - (3x + 2 x)] dx
2
5
28 x dx
1
14 x 2
6
5
2
7
= (25 - 4) = 49.
3
= x1
f ( x, y ) dy dx
Changing the order of integration,
0 e
f ( x, y) = 6 xy + 2 x; 2 x 5, 1 y 3
A = (5 - 2) (3 - 1) = 6.
ln 2
The area of region R is
1 4
1
3
7
e - e 4 - 1 - 1 = e4 2
8
8
8
0 e
= e -1
Combine.
57.
(2 xe x - 0) dx
= e - e0
ln 2
dx
e y
Evaluate the second integral.

1
2
2x
1
1
= e4 - (e 4 - 1)
2
8
x2
e x dy dx
2x
1
1 1
2e 4 - e 2 x
=
0
4
4 2
( )
e2 x dx
62.
f ( x, y) = x 2 + y 2 ; 0 x 2, 0 y 3
A = (2 - 0) (3 - 0) = 6.
The average value of
f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2
over R is
1202

1
A
( x
+ y 2 ) dy dx
1
=
6
=
=
1
6
1
( x + y ) dy dx =
6
2
y 3
2
x y + 3 dx
1 3
( x + 9 x)
6
0
(3x 2 + 9) dx =
1
1
13
(8 + 18 - 0)20 = 26 =
.
6
6
3
f ( x, y) = e-5 y + 3x ; 0 x 2, 0 y 2
63.

(2 - 0) (2 - 0) = 4.
2
1
4
-5 y + 3 x
1
dy dx =
4
1
- e-5 y + 3x
5
1 1
1
= - e3x -10 - e3x
20 3
3
64.
=0
dx =
0
1
4
1
- [e3x -10 - e3x ] dx
5
1 -4
e6 + e-10 - e-4 - 1
[e - e6 - e-10 + 1] =
.
60
60
f ( x, y ) = e2 x + y ; 1 x 2, 2 y 3
A = (2 - 1) (3 - 2) = 1.
1
A
2x+ y
dy dx
e2 x + y dy dx =
3
2
=
=
e2 x + y dy dx
(e2 x + 3 - e2 x + 2 ) dx
1 2x +3
- e2 x + 2 )
(e
2
7
(e2 x + y ) dx =
=
1
1 4+3
- e 2 + 3 - e4 + 2 + e 4 )
(e
2
e -e -e +e
.
2
Section 17.6
65.
1203
The plane that intersects the axes has the equation

z = 6 - 2 x - 2 y.
V =
f ( x, y) dA
(6 - 2 x - 2 y ) dy dx
-x + 3
-x + 3
(6 y - 2 xy - y 2 )
dx
[-6 x + 18 - 2 x(-x + 3) - (3 - x)2 ] dx
(-6 x + 18 + 2 x 2 - 6 x - 9 + 6 x - x 2 ) dx
x3
- 3x 2 + 9 x
( x - 6 x + 9) dx =
3
0
2
= (9 - 27 + 27) - 0 = 9
The volume is 9 in3.
66.
1 2
x + 2 x + y 2 + 5 y + 100
9
C ( x, y ) =
A (80 - 40) (70 - 30) = 1600.

The average cost is
1
A
C (x, y) dy dx
R
1
1600
1
=
1600
70
30
70

30
70
30
80
40
1 2
x + 2 x + y 2 + 5 y + 100 dy dx
9
1 3
x + x 2 + xy 2 + 5xy + 100 x
27
80
dy
40
320
40
1 2
1
1 2
1
5

+4+
+1+
y + y + 5 -
y + y + dy
27
27
20
4
40
8
2
1204

70
30
1 2
1
857
y + y+
dy
40
8
54
1 3
1 2
857
=
y +
y +
120
16
54
70
y
30
8575
1225
29,995
225
4285
=
+
+
+
- 225 +
3
4
27
4
9
94,990
=
27
3518.
The average cost is about $3518.
67.
P ( x, y) = 500 x0.2 y 0.8 , 10 x 50,

20 y 40
A = 40 20 = 800
Average production:
1
800
50

10
5
=
8
40
500 x 0.2 y 0.8 dy dx
20
50
10
1.8
25 (40
40
x 0.2 y1.8
1.8
dx =
20
1.8
- 20 ) x1.2
72
1.2
25
72
50
=
10
50
x 0.2 (401.8 - 201.8 ) dx
10
125
(401.8 - 201.8 ) (501.2 - 101.2 )
432
14,753 units
68.
P( x, y) = -( x - 100)2 - ( y - 50)2 + 2000

Area = (150 - 100)(80 - 40) = (50)(40)
= 2000
The average weekly profit is
1
2000
[-( x - 100)
- ( y - 50)2 + 2000] dy dx
1
2000
150

100
80
[-( x - 100)2 - ( y - 50)2 + 2000] dydx
40
3
80
-( x - 100)2 y - ( y - 50) + 2000 y dx
3
100
40
3
3
150
1
-( x - 100)2 (80 - 40) - (80 - 50) + (40 - 50) + 2000(80 - 40) dx
=
2000 100
3
3
3
3
150
1
-40( x - 100)2 - 30 + (-10) + 2000(40) dx
=
2000 100
3
3
1
2000
150
Section 17.6
1205
150
28,000
+ 80,000 dx
3
100
-40( x - 100)3
150
1
28,000
=

x + 80, 000 x
2000
3
3
100
1
2000
-40( x - 100)2
1 40
40
28,000
- (150 - 100)3 +
(100 - 100)3 (150 - 100) + 80,000(150 - 100)
2000 3
3
3
1 40
40
28,000
- (50)3 +
=
0(50) + 80,000(50)
2000 3
3
3
=
1 -5,000,000 - 1, 400,000 + 12,000,000
2000
3
1 5, 600,000
=
= $933.33.
2000
3
=
69.
R = q1 p1 + q2 p2 where
q1 = 300 - 2 p1,
q2 = 500 - 1.2 p2 , 25 p1 50,
and 50 p2 75.
A = 25 25 = 625
R = (300 - 2 p1) p1 + (500 - 1.2 p2 ) p2
R = 300 p1 - 2 p12 + 500 p2 - 1.2 p22
Average Revenue:
1
625
50
75
25 50 (300 p
1
625
1
=
625
=
1
625
- 2 p12 + 500 p 2 - 1.2 p22 )dp2dp1
50
25 (300 p p
1
50 22,500 p
25
- 2 p12 p 2 + 250 p22 - 0.4 p23)
75
50
dp1
- 150 p12 + 1, 406, 250 - 168, 750)

dp1
- (15,000 p1 - 100 p12 + 625,000 - 50, 000)
50
25 (662,500 + 7500 p
- 50 p12 )dp1
50
1
50 p13
662,500 p1 + 3750 p12
625
3 25
1
6, 250,000
781, 250
=
- 16,562,500 - 2,343,750 +
33,125,000 + 9,375,000
625
3
3
$34,833
1206

4
8
1 288 x 2
4x4
=
- 512 x
32 2
4
0
T ( x, y) = x + 16 y - 32 xy + 40
70.
Area = (4 - 0)(2 - 0) = 8
1 288(8 - 0)2
4(8 - 0)4
- 512(8 - 0)
32
2
4
1
(9216 - 4096 - 4096)
=
32
= $32,000
The average time is

1
8
( x4 + 16 y 4 - 32 xy + 40)dy dx
R
1
8
0 0 ( x4 + 16 y 4 - 32 xy + 40) dy dx
2
16 y 5
32 xy 2
4
x y + 5 - 2 + 40 y dx
0
0
1
=
8
5
x 4 (2 - 0) + 16(2 - 0)
5
0
32 x(2 - 0)2
+ 40(2 - 0) dx
2
1 4 4
512
=
- 64 x + 80 dx
2x +
8 0
5
1
8
64 x 2
1 2 x 5
512
+ 80
+
2
8 5
5
1 2(4 - 0)5
512
(4 - 0)
=
+
8
5
5
64(4 - 0)2
+ 80(4 - 0)
2
1 2048
2048
=
+
- 512 + 320
8 5
5
= 78.4 hours
1.
True
2.
True
3.
True
4.
True
5.
False: f ( x + h, y) = 3( x + h)2
+ 2( x + h) y + y 2
6.
False: (a, b) could be a saddle point.
7.
False: No; near a saddle point the function takes

on values both larger and smaller than its value at
the saddle point.
8.
True
9.
False: We need to test values of the function at

nearby points that satisfy the constraints to tell if
the point found represents a maximum or
minimum.
P( x, y) = 36 xy - x3 - 8 y 3
71.
Areas = (8 - 0)(4 - 0)
= 32
The average profit is
1
32
Chapter 17 Review Exercises
(36xy - x3 - 8 y3) dy dx
R
1
32
1
32
1
=
32
=
1
32
0 0 (36xy - x3 - 8 y3) dy dx
8
2
4
36 x(4 - 0) - x 3(4 - 0) - 8(4 - 0) dx
2
4
False: When dx and dy are interchanged, the

limits on the first integral must be exchanged
with the limits on the second integral.
11.
True
12.
False: The two integrals are over different

regions, and neither region is a simple region of
the sort that we deal with in this chapter.
2
8 y 4
36 xy
- x3 y dx
4 0
0 2
10.
(288 x - 4 x 3 - 512)dx
17.
f ( x, y) = -4 x 2 + 6 xy - 3
f (-1, 2) = -4(-1)2 + 6(-1)(2) - 3 = -19
f (6, -3) = -4(6) 2 + 6(6)(-3) - 3
= -4(36) + (-108) - 3
= -255
Section 17.R
18.
1207
2 2
f ( x, y) = 2 x y - 7 x + 4 y
f (-1, 2) = 2(1)(4) - 7(-1) + 4(2) = 23
23.
f (6, -3) = 2(36)(9) - 7(6) + 4(-3) = 594
19.
x - 2y
x + 5y
-5
(-1) - 2(2)
5
f (-1, 2) =
=
=(-1) + 5(2)
9
9
(6) - 2(-3)
12
4
=
=f (6, -3) =
-9
(6) + 5(-3)
3
f ( x, y) =
24.
2
20.
f ( x, y ) =
x + y
x-y
1+ 4
=-1 - 2
36 + 9
=
f (6, -3) =
6+3
f (-1, 2) =
21.
22.
The plane 5 x + 2 y = 10 intersects the x- and yaxes at (2, 0, 0) and (0, 5, 0). Note that there is no
z-intercept since x = y = 0 is not a solution of
the equation of the plane.
5
3
4 x + 3z = 12
No y-intercept
4 x = 12
x =3
45
5
=
9
3
3z = 12
z = 4
The plane x + y + z = 4 intersects the axes at

(4, 0, 0), (0, 4, 0), and (0, 0, 4).
25.
x =3
The plane is parallel to the yz-plane. It intersects
the x-axis at (3, 0, 0).
26.
y = 4
x + 2 y + 6z = 6
x =6
2y = 6
y =3
No x-intercept, no z-intercept
The graph is a plane parallel to the xz-plane.
6z = 6
z =1
1208
27.
z = f ( x, y) = 3x3 + 4 x 2 y - 2 y 2
(a)
(b)
31.
z
= 9 x 2 + 8 xy
x
f x ( x, y) =
z
= 4 x2 - 4 y
y
z
(-1, 4) = 4(-1) 2 - 4(4) = -12
y
4 x2 + y 2
1
(4 x 2 + y 2 )-1/2 (8x)
2
4x
(4 x 2 + y 2 )-1/2
1
f y ( x, y) = (4 x 2 + y 2 )-1/2 (2 y)
2
y
=
2
(4 x + y 2 )1/2
f xy ( x, y) = 8x
(c)
f ( x, y) =
f xy ( x, y)(2, -1) = 8(2) = 16
28.
z = f ( x, y) =
(a)
32.
x + y2
x - y2
f x ( x, y) =
( x - y 2 ) 2 y - ( x + y 2 )(-2 y)
z
=
y
( x - y 2 )2
4 xy
=
( x - y 2 )2
2
(b)
=
f y ( x, y) =
z
(x - y ) 1 - (x + y ) 1
=
x
( x - y 2 )2
=
-2 y
2
2 2
33.
f xx ( x, y) = 4 y 2 ( x - y 2 )-3
=
(3x 2 + y 2 ) 2 - (2 x + 5 y 2 ) 6 x
(3x 2 + y 2 )2
2 y 2 - 6 x 2 - 30 xy 2
(3x 2 + y 2 )2
(3x 2 + y 2 ) 10 y - (2 x + 5 y 2 ) 2 y
(3x 2 + y 2 ) 2
30 x 2 y - 4 xy
(3x 2 + y 2 )2
34.
(x - y )
= 2( y - 2)[1 + ( y - 2)]e x + 2 y
f ( x, y) = 5x 4 y 3 - 6 x5 y
f x ( x, y) = 20 x3 y3 - 30 x 4 y
f y ( x, y) = 15 x y - 6 x
= 2( y - 2)( y - 1)e x + 2 y
35.
f y ( x, y ) = 18 x 2 y 2 - 4
4 2
f y ( x, y ) = e x + 2 y 2( y - 2) + ( y - 2)2 2e x + 2 y
0
=0
1
f x ( x, y ) = 12 xy 3
f ( x, y) = ( y - 2) 2 e x + 2 y
f x ( x, y) = ( y - 2) 2 e x + 2 y
2 3
f ( x, y ) = 6 x 2 y 3 - 4 y
f ( x, y) = x3e3 y
f y ( x, y) = 3x3e3 y
4 y2
f xx (-1, 0) =
30.
3x 2 + y 2
f x ( x, y) = 3x 2e3 y
z
-8
1
= (0, 2) =
2
x
2
(-4)
29.
2x + 5 y 2
(x - y )
= -2 y 2 ( x - y 2 )-2
(c)
f ( x, y) =
f ( x, y) = ln | 2 x 2
1
f x ( x, y) =
2
2x +
4x
=
2 x2 +
1
f y ( x, y) =
2
2x +
2y
=
2
2x +
+ y2 |
y2
4x
y2
y2
2y
y2
Section 17.R
36.
1209
f ( x, y) = ln | 2 - x 2 y3 |
1
(-2 xy 3 )
f x ( x, y) =
2 - x2 y3
=
f y ( x, y) =
=
37.
40.
2 3
2-x y
(-3x 2 y 2 )
2 - x2 y3
3
f ( x, y) = 5x y - 6 xy
f xy ( x, y) =
f xx ( x, y) = 30 xy
41.
( x - 1)2
-3 - y
( x - 1)
= (-3 - y )( x - 1)-2
2(3 + y)
( x - 1)3
-1
( x - 1) 2
f ( x, y) = 4 x 2e 2 y
f x ( x, y) = 8xe 2 y
f xy ( x, y) = 15x 2 - 12 y
f xx ( x, y) = 8e2 y
f xy ( x, y) = 16 xe2 y
f ( x, y) = -3x 2 y 3 + x3 y
f x ( x, y) = -6 xy 3 + 3x 2 y
f xx ( x, y) = -6 y 3 + 6 xy
( x - 1) 3 - (3x + y) 1
f xx ( x, y) = -2(-3 - y)( x - 1)-3
-3 x 2 y 2
f x ( x, y) = 15x 2 y - 6 y 2
38.
3x + y
x -1
f x ( x, y) =
-2 xy 3
2 - x2 y3
1
f ( x, y) =
42.
f ( x, y) = ye x
f x ( x, y) = 2 xye x
f xy ( x, y) = -18xy 2 + 3x 2
2
2
f xx ( x, y) = 2 xy 2 xe x + e x 2 y
39.
f ( x, y ) =
f x ( x, y ) =
=
f xx ( x, y ) =
=
3x
2x - y
(2 x - y ) 3 - 3x 2
(2 x - y )2
-3 y
(2 x - y )
(2 x - y ) 2 0 - (-3 y ) 2(2 x - y ) 2
(2 x - y ) 4
12 y
(2 x - y )3
(2 x - y )2 (-3)
- (-3 y ) 2(2 x - y ) (-1)
f xy ( x, y ) =
(2 x - y )4
-6 x - 3 y
=
(2 x - y )3
= 2 ye x (2 x 2 + 1)
f xy ( x, y) = 2 xe x
43.
f ( x, y) = ln | 2 - x 2 y |
1
f x ( x, y) =
(-2 xy)
2 - x2 y
2 xy
= 2
x y-2
f xx ( x, y) =
=
=
=
( x 2 y - 2)2 y - 2 xy(2 xy)

( x 2 y - 2)2
2 y [( x 2 y - 2) - 2 x 2 y]
( x 2 y - 2)2
2 y(-x 2 y - 2)
( x 2 y - 2)2
-2 x 2 y 2 - 4 y
(2 - x 2 y)2
1210

f xy ( x, y) =
=
=
=
44.
2 x( x 2 y - 2) - x 2 (2 xy)
2
( x y - 2)
2 x[( x 2 y - 2) - x 2 y]
2x + 9 = 0
( x 2 y - 2) 2
2 x(-2)
x =-
( x 2 y - 2)2
-4 x
z xx ( x, y) = 2, z yy ( x, y) = 2, z xy ( z, y) = 0
D = 2(2) - (0)2 = 4 > 0 and z xx ( x, y) > 0.
3y2
2
1 + 3xy
3y2
47.
1 + 3xy 2
f ( x, y) = x 2 + 3xy - 7 x + 5 y 2 - 16 y
f x ( x, y) = 2 x + 3 y - 7
2 -1
f xx ( x, y) = 3 y 2 (-3 y 2 )(1 + 3xy 2 )-2
f xy ( x, y) =
Relative minimum at - 92 , 4
= 3 y (1 + 3xy )
9
2
2y - 8 = 0
y = 4
(2 - x 2 y)2
z = x2 + y2 + 9x - 8 y + 1
z x ( x, y) = 2 x + 9, z y ( x, y) = 2 y - 8
f ( x, y) = ln |1 + 3xy 2 |
f x ( x, y) =
45.
46.
-9 y 4
2 2
(1 + 3xy )
(1 + 3xy 2 ) 6 y - 3 y 2 (6 xy)
(1 + 3xy 2 ) 2
6y
(1 + 3xy 2 )2
z = 2 x 2 - 3 y 2 + 12 y
z x ( x, y) = 4 x
z y ( x, y) = -6 y + 12
f y ( x, y) = 3x + 10 y - 16
Solve the system f x ( x, y) = 0, f y ( x, y ) = 0.
2x + 3 y - 7 = 0
3x + 10 y - 16 = 0
-6 x - 9 y + 21 =
6 x + 20 y - 32 =
11y - 11 =
y =
0
0
0
1
2 x + 3(1) - 7 = 0
2x = 4
x = 2
If z x ( x, y) = 0, x = 0. If z y ( x, y) = 0, y = 2.

z xx ( x, y) = 4
f xx ( x, y) = 2
f yy ( x, y) = 10
f xy ( x, y) = 3
z yy ( x, y) = -6
z xy ( x, y) = 0
D = 4(-6) - 02 = -24 < 0
D = 2 10 - 32 = 11 > 0
Since f xx = 2 > 0, there is a relative minimum
at (2,1).
Section 17.R
48.
1211
For (3, 1),
z = x3 - 8 y 2 + 6 xy + 4
D = 1 1 - 4 = -3 < 0.
z x ( x, y) = 3x 2 + 6 y, z y ( x, y) = -16 y + 6 x
Therefore, z has a saddle point at (3, 1).
3x 2 + 6 y = 0
x2 + 2 y = 0
y =-
50.
x2
2
f ( x, y) = 2 x 2 + 4 xy + 4 y 2 - 3x + 5 y - 15
f x ( x, y) = 4 x + 4 y - 3
f y ( x, y) = 4 x + 8 y + 5
-16 y + 6 x = 0
-8 y + 3 x = 0
Substituting, we have
4x + 4 y - 3 = 0
4x + 8 y + 5 = 0
x 2
-8 - + 3x = 0
2
-4 x - 4 y + 3 = 0
4x + 8 y + 5 = 0
4y + 8 = 0
y = -2
4 x 2 + 3x = 0
x(4 x + 3) = 0
3
4
9
y = 0 or y = - .
32
x = 0 or x = -
4 x + 4(-2) - 3 = 0
4 x = 11
11
x =
4
z xx ( x, y) = 6 x, z yy ( x, y) = -16, z xy ( x, y) = 6
D = 6 x(-16) - (6)2 = -96 x - 36

At (0,0), D = -36 < 0.
Saddle point at (0,0).
f xx ( x, y) = 4
f yy ( x, y) = 8
9 , D = 36 > 0 and z ( x, y)
At - 34 , - 32
xx
- 92
f xy ( x, y) = 4
< 0.
D = 4 8 - 42 = 16 > 0
9
Relative maximum at - 34 , - 32
49.
Therefore, 11
, -2 is a critical point.
4
1
1
z = x 2 + y 2 + 2 xy - 5x - 7 y + 10
2
2
z x ( x, y) = x + 2 y - 5
z y ( x, y) = y + 2 x - 7
Setting z x = z y = 0 and solving yields
x + 2y = 5
2x + y = 7
-2 x - 4 y = -10
2x + y =
7
- 3y = - 3
Since f xx = 4 > 0, there is a relative minimum
at 11
, -2 .
4
51.
z = x3 + y 2 + 2 xy - 4 x - 3 y - 2
z x ( x, y) = 3x 2 + 2 y - 4
z y ( x, y) = 2 y + 2 x - 3
Setting z x ( x, y) = z y ( x, y) = 0 yields
3x 2 + 2 y - 4 = 0 (1)
2 y + 2 x - 3 = 0. (2)
Solving for 2y in equation (2) gives
2 y = -2 x + 3.
y = 1, x = 3.
z xx ( x, y) = 1, z yy ( x, y) = 1, z xy ( x, y) = 2
1212

Substitute into equation (1).
54.
3x 2 + (-2 x) + 3 - 4 = 0
f ( x, y) = x 2 y; x + y = 4
1.
g ( x) = x + y - 4
2.
F ( x, y, ) = x 2 y - ( x + y - 4)
3.
Fx ( x, y, ) = 2 xy -
3x - 2 x - 1 = 0
(3x + 1)( x - 1) = 0
1
or x = 1
3
11
1
or y =
y =
6
2
Fy ( x, y, ) = x 2 -
x=-
F ( x, y, ) = -( x + y - 4)
4.
x 2 - = 0 ( 2)
z xx ( x, y) = 6 x, z yy ( x, y) = 2, z xy ( x, y) = 2
x + y - 4 = 0 (3)
,
For - 13 , 11
6
5.
= 2 xy
= x2
1
D = 6 - (2) - 4
3
2 xy = x 2
= -4 - 4 = -8 < 0,
2 xy - = 0 (1)
2 xy - x 2 = 0
x(2 y - x) = 0
x = 0 or 2 y = x
.
so z has a saddle point at - 13 , 11
6
D = 6(1)(2) - 4 = 8 > 0.
z xx 1,
at 1,
52.
1
2
1
2
) = 6 > 0, so z has a relative minimum
y = 4 or y =
).
2
If y =
f ( x, y ) = 7 x + y - 3x + 6 y - 5xy
4,x
3
4
.
3
8.
3
f x ( x, y ) = 14 x - 3 - 5 y
The critical points are (0, 4) and
f y ( x, y ) = 2 y + 6 - 5 x
f (0, 4) = 0
8 4
64 4
f , =
3 3
9 3
256
=
27
14 x - 5 y - 3 = 0
-5 x + 2 y + 6 = 0
28x - 10 y - 6 = 0
-25 x + 10 y + 30 = 0
3x
+ 24 = 0
x = -8
-5(-8) + 2 y + 6 = 0
2 y = -46
y = -23
f xx ( x, y) = 14, f yy ( x, y) = 2, f xy ( x, y) = -5
D = 14(2) - (-5) 2 = 3 > 0 and f xx ( x, y) > 0.
Relative minimum at (-8, -23)
( 83 , 43 ).
Therefore, f has a minimum of 0 at (0,4)

and a maximum of
55.
256
27
at
( 83 , 43 ).
f ( x, y) = x 2 + y 2 ; x = y - 6.
1.
g ( x, y) = x - y + 6
2.
F ( x, y, ) = x 2 + y 2 - ( x - y + 6)
3.
Fx ( x, y, ) = 2 x -
Fy ( x, y, ) = 2 y +
F ( x, y, ) = -( x - y + 6)
Section 17.R
1213
4.
2 x - = 0 (1)
2 y + = 0 (2)
y = 80
or
x - y + 6 = 0 (3)
5.
2 y + y - 80 = 0
3 y = 80
Equations (1) and (2) give = 2 x, and

= -2 y. Thus,
and
2 x = -2 y
x = - y.
f (0,80) = 0 802 = 0
Substituting into equation (3),
160 80
(160) 2 (80)
,
f
=
3
3
9
3
2, 048, 000
=
> f (0,80)
27
(- y) - y + 6 = 0
y = 3.
x = -3.
So
f (-3,3) = (-3)2 + (3) 2 = 18.
And
f has a maximum at
Fxx ( x, y, ) = 2
Fyy ( x, y, ) = 2
Therefore, if x =
Fxy ( x, y, ) = 0
is maximized.
D = 2 2 - 02 = 4 > 0
80
3
160
x =
.
3
y =
( 1603 , 803 ).
160
3
and y =
80 ,
3
then x 2 y
Since Fxx > 0, there is a relative minimum of
Maximize f ( x, y) = xy 2 , subject to
x + y = 75.
18 at (-3,3).
1.
g ( x, y) = x + y - 75
2.
F ( x, y, ) = xy 2 - ( x + y - 75)
3.
Fx ( x, y, ) = y 2 -
56. Let x and y be the numbers such that x + y = 80
and f ( x, y) = x 2 y.
57.
1.
g ( x) = x + y - 80
Fy ( x, y, ) = 2 xy -
2.
F ( x, y, ) = x 2 y - ( x + y - 80)
F ( x, y, ) = -( x + y - 75)
3.
Fx ( x, y, ) = 2 xy -
4.
y 2 - = 0 (1)
2 xy - = 0 (2)
x + y - 75 = 0 (3)
5.
Equations (1) and (2) give = y 2 and

= 2 xy. Thus,
Fy ( x, y, ) = x 2 -
F ( x, y, ) = -( x + y - 80)
4.
2 xy - = 0 (1)
x 2 - = 0 ( 2)
x + y - 80 = 0 (3)
5.
y 2 = 2 xy
y ( y - 2 x) = 0
y = 0 or y = 2 x
= 2 xy
= x2
2 xy = x 2
2 xy - x 2 = 0
x + (0) - 75 = 0
x = 75.
x(2 y - x) = 0
x = 0 or x = 2 y
Substituting y = 2 x into equation (3),
So
x + (2 x) - 75 = 0
x = 25.
y = 2 x = 50.
1214

Thus,
61.
f (75, 0) = 75(0) 2 = 0, and
Let z = f ( x, y) =
Then
f (25,50) = 25(50) = 62,500.
dz = f x ( x, y) dx + f y ( x, y) dy.
1 2
( x + y 2 )-1 2 (2 x) dx
2
1
+ ( x 2 + y 2 )(2 y) dx
2
x
y
=
dx +
dy
2
2
2
x + y
x + y2
Since f (25,50) > f (75, 0), x = 25 and
dz =
y = 50 will maximize f ( x, y) = xy 2.
58.
No, a maximum does not exist without the requirement that x and y are positive. Consider
maximizing x 2 y with x + y = 80. If x < 0,
then y = 80 - x > 80. The values of y and
To approximate 5.12 + 12.052 , we let x = 5,

dx = 0.1, y = 12, and dy = 0.05.
x 2 y will increase as the value of | x | increases,

so there is no maximum. A similar situation
Then,
occurs by xy 2 when x + y = 50, by taking

y < 0 and considering what happens to the
dz =
values of x and xy as | y | increases.

z = f ( x, y) = 6 x 2 - 7 y 2 + 4 xy
x = 3, y = -1, dx = 0.03, dy = 0.01
12
(0.1) +
5 + 12
5 + 122
5
12
=
(0.1) +
(0.05) 0.0846.
13
13
59.
x2 + y 2 .
(0.05)
Therefore,
f (5.1,12.05) = f (5,12) + z
f (5,12) + dz
f x ( x, y) = 12 x + 4 y
f y ( x, y) = -14 y + 4 x
dz = (12 x + 4 y) dx + (-14 y + 4 x) dy
= [12(3) + 4(-1)](0.03)
= 52 + 122 + 0.0846
f (5.1,12.05) 13.0846
+ [-14(-1) + 4(3)](0.01)
= 0.96 + 0.26 = 1.22
60.
Using a calculator,
x + 5y
z = ( x, y) =
x - 2y
x = 1, y = -2, dx = -0.04, dy = 0.02
f x ( x, y) =
=
f y ( x, y) =
=
dz =
=
( x - 2 y) 2
2
( x - 2 y)
( x - 2 y)(5) - ( x + 5 y)(-2)
( x - 2 y)2
7x
( x - 2 y)
-7(-2)
dx +
62.
Let z = f ( x, y) =
xe y .
dz = f x ( x, y) dx + f y ( x, y) dy
-7 y

results is |13.0846 - 13.0848| = 0.0002.
Then
( x - 2 y)(1) - ( x + 5 y)(1)
( x - 2 y)2
-7 y
5.12 + 12.052 13.0848 .
7x
( x - 2 y)2
(-0.04)
1 -1/2 y
x
e dx + x1/2e y dy
2
ey
dx +
2 x
xe y dy.
To approximate 4.06e0.04 , let x = 4,

dx = 0.06, y = 0, and dy = 0.04.
dy
[1 - 2(-2)]
7(1)
(0.02)
+
[1 - 2(-2)]2
= -0.0224 + 0.0056 = -0.0168
Therefore,
e0
(0.06) + 4e0 (0.04)
2 4
1
dz = (0.06) + 2(0.04)
4
dz = 0.095.
dz =
Section 17.R
1215
f (4.06, 0.04) = f (4, 0) + z
f (4, 0) + dz
67.
= 4e + 0.095
f (4.06, 0.04) 2.095
65.
6x
2
4x + 2 y
64 y 3
=
+ 40 y
9
4
1
68.
0 0 (2x + 6 y + y2 )dydx
dx
10 x + 75 + 125 - 0 dx
350
10 x +
dx
3
0
3
When x = 0, u = 2 y .
350
= 5x 2 +
x
3 0
When x = 5, u = 100 + 2 y .
100 + 2 y 2
2 y2
= (45 + 350) - 0 = 395
u-1/2du
2
100 + 2 y
3
(2u1/2 )
4
2 y2
3
= 2[(100 + 2 y 2 )1/2 - (2 y 2 )1/2 ]
4
3
= [(100 + 2 y 2 )1/2 - (2 y 2 )1/2 ]
2
66.
y 2 (7 x + 11y 3 )-1/2 dy
1
3
2
(7 x + 11y 3 )1/2
1
33
2
=
[(7 x + 297)1/2 - (7 x + 11)1/2 ]
33
2 xy + 3 y 2 + 1 y3 dx
3 0
0
Let u = 4 x 2 + 2 y 2 ; then du = 8x dx.
3
=
4
64 y 2 + 40 dy
3
64
(8) + 40(2)
9
512
720
=
+
9
9
1232
=
9
1 3x +5 y 5
e
1
3
1
= (e15+5 y - e3+5 y )
3
e3x +5 y dx =
1 x3 y 2 + 5 x 2 dx
3
2 0
= (4 y - 3)(2 2 - 2 1)
= 8y - 6
64.
( x 2 y 2 + 5x) dx dy
4y - 3
dx
x
= (4 y - 3)(2 x )
Using a calculator, 4.06e0.04 2.0972.

results is |2.095 - 2.0972| = 0.0022.
63.
69.
3 2
=
=
6 x + 3 y dx dy
1
(6 x + 3 y )3/2 dx
3 9
2
1
[(30 + 3 y )3/2 - (12 + 3 y )3/2 ] dy
9
4
1 1 2
[(30 + 3 y )5/2 - (12 + 3 y )5/2 ]
3
3 9 5
2
=
[(42)5/2 - (24)5/2 - (39)5/2 + (21)5/2 ]
135
1216
70.

5
e2 x -7 y dx
73.
1 2 x -7 y
e
2
( x
+ 2 y 2 ) dx dy
(e 2 x-7 y ) dx dy
3
2
1 10-7 y
(e
- e6-7 y ) dy
1 2
+ 2 y 2 )dx dy; 0 x 5, 0 y 2
1 10-7 y
e
=
- e6 - 7 y
2
2
( x
1 10-7 y
(e
- e6- 7 y )
14
1
2 2
dxdy
=
y
1
y
2
4
(4 - 2) dy
y
= 2 ln y
dxdy
=
x
ln x
74.
2 x + y dx dy; 1 x 3, 2 y 5
2 x + y dx dy
=
=
dy
ln 2 dy
1 2 (2x + y)1/2 dydx

5
2
(2 x + y)3/2 dx
3
1
2
2 3[(2x + 5)3/2 - (2x + 2)3/2 ] dx
2
[(2 x + 5)5/2 - (2 x + 2)5/2 ]
15
1
= y ln 2 1
= 2 ln 2 - ln 2
= ln 2
125
+ 10 y 2 dy
3
4
= 2 ln
2
= 2 ln 2 or ln 4
72.
x dy
2
125
10 3
y+
y
=
3
0
3
250
80
=
+
= 110
3
3
e3 + e-8 - e-4 - e-1

=
14
71.
125

+ 10 y 2 - 0 dy
0 3
1
= - (e-4 - e-8 - e3 + e-1)
14
( x 2 + 2 y 2 ) dx dy
1 3
x + 2 xy 2 dy
0 3
0
=-
2
(115/2 - 85/2 - 75/2 + 45/2 )
15
2
(115/2 - 85/2 - 75/2 + 32)
=
15
=
Section 17.R
75.
1217
y + x dx dy; 0 x 7, 1 y 9
y + x dx dy
77.
V =
=
=
z = x + 8 y + 4; 0 x 3, 1 y 2
0 1
y + x dy dx
2
( y + x)3/2 dx
0 3
1
2 2
[(9 + x)5/2 - (1 + x)5/2 ]
3 5
0
0 1 ( x + 8 y + 4) dy dx
3
( xy + 4 y 2 + 4 y)
2
1
dx
0 [(2x + 16 + 8) - ( x + 4 + 4)] dx
3
0 ( x + 16) dx
= x 2 + 16 x
2
0
4
[(16)5/2 - (8)5/2 - (9)5/2 + (1)5/2 ]
15
4 5
[4 - (2 2)5 - 35 + 1]
=
15
2
[(9 + x)3/2 - (1 + x)3/2 ] dx
3
105
= + 48 - 0 =
2
2
78.
z = x 2 + y 2 ; 3 x 5, 2 y 4
V =
(x2 + y 2 ) dy dx
R
4
=
(1024 - 32(4 2) - 243 + 1)
15
4
(782 - 128 2)
=
15
4
(782 - 85/2 )
=
15
76.
ye y
+x
ye
dx dy
=
=
2 x 2 + 56 dx = 2 x + 56 x
3
3
3
3
3
250
280
+
- 18 - 56
3
3
308
=
3
x 2 y + y dx
3
3
2
5
64
8
4x2 +
- 2 x 2 - dx
3
3
3
=
y2 + x
3 2 ( x2 + y 2 ) dy dx
dx dy; 0 x 1, 0 y 1
=
1
0 0
ye y
+x
dy dx
1 y2 + x
e
dx
0 2
0
1 1+ x
[e
- e x ] dx
0 2
79.
2x
xy 2
dx
0 2
0
0 0
1 1+ x
[e
- ex ]
2
0
1 2
[e - e - e + 1]
2
e 2 - 2e + 1
2
xy dy dx
2x
0 2 (4x2 - 0) dx
1
0 2x3dx
1
1
1
= x 4 =
2
2
0
1218
80.

2
1 2
2x2
1 2
y
2
1
2
83.
y dy dx
2 x2
(2 x - 2) dx
= x5 - 2 x
5
1
81.
=
=
x2
x
( x 2 - x 4 ) dx
2
84.
( x5 - x7 ) dx
2y
2
y +1
dy
1
0
x dx dy =
1 2
y 2 + 4 dy dx
x /2
x
2
y 2 + 4 dy dx
x /2
4
=
1
11
1
1 1
1
= - =
=
2 6
8
2 24
48
dy
(2 y) - 2
(0) dy
2
y + 1
y + 1
dx dy
2y
x
y2 + 1
y +1
1
2
= ln 2 - ln 1
= ln 2 - 0 = ln 2
dy dx
2y
= ln ( y 2 + 1)
1 x 6
x8
=
2 6
8
0
82.
y +1
1 3
1
=
2
x3 y dy dx
x
x /2
x3
2
2 y dx
x 2
52
5
64
2
=
- 4 - - 2
5
dy dx
y +1
x /2
1
2
dx
2y
y 2 + 4 dx dy
( y 2 + 4)1/2 x
dy
dy
[( y 2 + 4)1/2 (2 y)] - ( y 2 + 4)(0)] dy
1
( y - y 2 ) dy
2
y 3
1 y 2
=
2 2
3
2y
( y 2 + 4)1/2 (2 y) dy
=
0
1 1
1
1
= - =
2 2
3
12
=
=
=
=
=
( y 2 + 4)3/2
3
2
2 2
2
(4 + 4)3/2 - (02 + 4)3/2
3
3
2
(203/2 - 43/2 )
3
2
(20 20 - 8)
3
2
(40 5 - 8)
3
16
(5 5 - 1)
3
Section 17.R
85.
1219
(b)
(2 x + 3 y) dx dy; 0 y 1,
= 4(15)2 + 5(10)2 - 4(15)(10) + 15

= 900 + 500 - 600 + 15
y x 2- y
= 800 + 15 803.87
2- y
0 y
=
=
=
=
(2 x + 3 y) dx dy
0 ( x
2- y
+ 3xy)
The cost is about $803.87.

(c)
dy
= 1600 + 2000 - 1600 +
[(2 - y)2 - y 2 + 3 y(2 - y - y)] dy
= 2000 +
88.
(4 + 2 y - 6 y 2 ) dy
3
= (4 y + y - 2 y )
(2 - x
(a)
cx = 2 + 4 y
cx (640, 6) = 2 + 4(6)
= 26
For an additional 1 MB of memory, the
approximate change in cost is $26.
- y 2 ) dy dx; 0 x 1,
(b)
x2 y x
1
c y (640, 6) = 2(6) + 4(640)

= 2572
0 x (2 - x2 - y2 ) dy dx
For an additional hour of labor, the

approximate change in cost is $2572.
=
=
y3
2
2
y
x
y
dx
3 2
0
x
3
1
x
x6
3
2
4
2 x - x - 3 - 2 x + x + 3 dx
89.
z
0.7 y 0.3
= 0.7 x0.7 -1 y 0.3 =
.
x
x 0.3
4 x3
x 6
2
+ x4 +
dx
2 x - 2 x 3
3
0
(b) The marginal productivity of capital is
C ( x, y) = 4 x 2 + 5 y 2 - 4 xy +
(a)
z = x0.7 y 0.3
(a) The marginal productivity of labor is
2 x3
x4
x5
x 7
= x 2 +
+
3
3
5
21
0
2
1
1
1
26
= 1- - + +
=
3
3
5
21
105
87.
c y = 2 y + 4x
20 2004.47
c( x, y) = 2 x + y 2 + 4 xy + 25
= 4 +1- 2 = 3
86.
20
(4 - 4 y + y 2 - y 2 + 6 y - 6 y 2 ) dy
C (20, 20)
= 4(20)2 + 5(20)2 - 4(20)(20) +
C (15,10)
z
0.3x0.7
= 0.3x 0.7 y 0.3-1 =
.
y
y 0.7
90.
(a) Minimize c( x, y)
= x 2 + 5 y 2 + 4 xy - 70 x
- 164 y + 1800
C (10,5)
= 4(10)2 + 5(5)2 - 4(10)(5) + 10
cx = 2 x + 4 y - 70
= 400 + 125 - 200 + 10
c y = 10 y + 4 x - 164
= 325 + 10 328.16
2 x + 4 y - 70 = 0
4 x + 10 y - 164 = 0
20
1220

-4 x - 8 y + 140 = 0
4 x + 10 y - 164 = 0
2y -
2 y = 3x. Substitute 6x for 4 y in the last

equation.
-2 x - 6 x + 80 = 0
24 = 0
y = 12
3
x = 15.
2
f (10,15) = 33, 750.
x = 10, y =
4 x + 10(12) - 164 = 0
4 x = 44
x = 11
The maximum utility is 33,750, obtained by

Extremum at (11,12)
cxx = 2, c yy = 10, cxy = 4
For (11, 12),
D = (2)(10) - 16 = 4 > 0 and
cxx (11, 12) = 2 > 0.
There is a relative minimum at (11, 12).
(b)
92.
Maximize f ( x, y) = x5 y 2 subject to
10 x + 6 y = 42 or 5 x + 3 y = 21.
1.
g ( x, y) = 5x + 3 y - 21
2.
F ( x, y) = x5 y 2 - (5 x + 3 y - 21)
3.
Fx ( x, y, ) = 5 x 4 y 2 - 5
Fy ( x, y, ) = 2 x5 y - 3
c(11,12)
= (11)2 + 5(12)2 + 4(11)(12)
- 70(11) - 164(12) + 1800
= 121 + 720 + 528 - 770
- 1968 + 1800
F ( x, y, ) = -5 x - 3 y + 21
4.
2 x5 y - 3 = 0
-5 x - 3 y + 21 = 0
= $431
5.
91.
Maximize f ( x, y) = xy 3 subject to
2 x + 4 y = 80.
1.
g ( x, y) = 2 x + 4 y - 80
2.
F ( x, y) = xy 3 - (2 x + 4 y - 80)
3.
Fx ( x, y, ) = y 3 - 2
Fy ( x, y, ) = 3xy 2 - 4
F ( x, y, ) = -2 x - 4 y + 80
4.
y 3 - 2 = 0
3xy 2 - 4 = 0
-2 x - 4 y + 80 = 0
5.
Use the first and second equations to express

4 and eliminate 4.
2 y 3 = 4
3xy 2 = 4
2 y 3 = 3xy 2
5x 4 y 2 - 5 = 0

eliminate .
x4 y2 =
2 5
x y =
3
2
x 4 y 2 = x5 y
3
xy 0 and divide by x 4 y to find that
y = (2/3) x. Substitute for y in the last
equation.
2
-5 x - 3 x + 21 = 0
3
7 x = 21
2
x = 3, y = (3) = 2.
3
f (3, 2) = 972.
The maximum utility is 927, obtained by
If y equals 0, the utility will have a

minimum value of 0. So we can assume
y 0 and divide by y 2 to find that
Section 17.R
93.
1221
C ( x, y) = 100 ln ( x 2 + y) + e xy /20
dV =
x = 15, y = 9, dx = 1, dy = -1
200 x
y xy /20
dC = 2
+
e
dx
x + y
20
100
x xy /20
+ 2
+
e
dy
x + y
20
dC (15,9)
200(15)
9 (15)(9)/20
(1)
= 2
+
e
20
15 + 9
100
15 (9)(15)/20
(-1)
+ 2
+
e
20
15 + 9
1450
3 27/4
=
e
117
10
= -243.82
Costs decrease by $243.82.
94.
1
V = r 2h
3
r = 2 cm, h = 8 cm
dr = 0.21 cm, dh = 0.21 cm
dV =
=
=
=
(2rh dr + r 2dh)
[2(2)(8)(0.21) + 4(0.21)]
(6.72 + 0.84)
(7.56)
7.92 cm3
95.
(2rh dr + r 2dh)
[2(2.9)(11.4)(0.2) + (2.9)2 (0.2)]
(13.224 + 1.682)
(14.906)
15.6 cm3
97.
P( x, y) = 0.01(-x 2 + 3xy + 160 x - 5 y 2

+ 200 y + 2600)
with x + y = 280.
(a)
y = 280 - x
P( x) = 0.01[-x 2 + 3x(280 - x) + 160 x

- 5(280 - x)2 + 200(280 - x)
+ 2600]
= 0.01(-x 2 + 840 x - 3x 2 + 160 x
- 392, 000 + 2800 x - 5 x 2
+ 56, 000 - 200 x + 2600)
P( x) = 0.01(-9 x 2 + 3600 x - 333, 400)
P( x) = 0.01(-18 x + 3600)
0.01(-18x + 3600) = 0
- 18x = -3600
x = 200
If x < 200, P( x) > 0, and if x > 200,
P( x) < 0.
4 3
r , r = 2 ft,
3
1
dr = 1 in =
ft
12
V =
1
dV = 4 r 2 dr = 4 (2) 2 4.19 ft 3
12
96.
1
V = r 2h
3
r = 2.9 cm, h = 11.4 cm
dr = dh = 0.2 cm
Therefore, P is maximum when x = 200.

If x = 200, y = 80.
P(200,80)
= 0.01[-2002 + 3(200)(80) + 160(200)
- 5(80)2 + 200(80) + 2600]
= 0.01(26, 600) = 266
Thus, $200 spent on fertilizer and $80 spent

on seed will produce a maximum profit of
$266 per acre.
1222

4.
P( x, y) = 0.01(-x 2 + 3xy + 160 x - 5 y 2

+ 200 y + 2600)
(b)
0.01(-2 x + 3 y + 160) - = 0 (1)

0.01(3x - 10 y + 200) - = 0 (2)
x + y - 280 = 0 (3)
Px ( x, y) = 0.01(-2 x + 3 y + 160)
Py ( x, y) = 0.01(3x - 10 y + 200)
5.
0.01(-2 x + 3 y + 160) = 0

0.01(-2 x + 3 y + 160)
0.01(3x - 10 y + 200) = 0
= 0.01(3x - 10 y + 200)
These equations simplify to
- 2 x + 3 y + 160
= 3x - 10 y + 200
-2 x + 3 y = -160
- 5x + 13 y
3x - 10 y = -200.
= 40.
Solve this system.
Multiplying equation (3) by 5 gives
-6 x + 9 y = -480
5 x + 5 y - 1400 = 0.
6 x - 20 y = -400
- 11y = -880
- 5 x + 13 y =
y = 80
40
5x + 5 y = 1400
18 y = 1440
If y = 80,
y = 80
3x - 10(80) = -200
3x = 600
If y = 80,
x = 200.
5x + 5(80) = 1400
5 x = 1000
Pxx ( x, y) = 0.01(-2) = -0.02
x = 200.
Pyy ( x, y) = 0.01(-10) = -0.1

Pxy ( x, y) = 0
Thus, P(200,80) is a maximum. As

before, P(200,80) = 266.
Thus, $200 spent on fertilizer and $80
spent on seed will produce a maximum
profit of $266 per acre.
For (200,80), D = (-0.02)(-0.1) - 02

= 0.002 > 0, and Pxx < 0, so there is a
relative maximum at (200,80).
P(200,80) = 266, as in part (a) Thus, $200 spent

on fertilizer and $80 spent on seed will produce a
maximum profit of $ 266 per acre.
(c)
98.
Assume that blood vessels are cylindrical.
V = r 2h
r = 0.7, h = 2.7
dr = dh = .1
Maximize P( x, y)
dV = 2 rh dr + r 2 dh
= 0.01(-x 2 + 3xy + 160 x - 5 y 2
= 2 (0.7)(2.7)(0.1) + (0.7) 2 (0.1)
+ 200 y + 2600)
1.341
1.
g ( x, y) = x + y - 280
F ( x, y, )
The possible error is 1.341 cm3.

99.
= 0.01(-x + 3xy + 160 x - 5 y

+ 200 y + 2600) - ( x + y - 280)
3.
T ( A, W , S ) = -18.37 - 0.09 A
+ 0.34W + 0.25S
Fy = 0.01(3x - 10 y + 200) -
T (65,85,180) = -18.37 - 0.09(65)

+ 0.34(85) + 0.25(180)
= 49.68
F = -( x + y - 280)
The total body water is 49.68 liters.
Fx = 0.01(-2 x + 3 y + 160) -
(a)
Section 17.R
(b)
1223
TA ( A, W , S ) = -0.09
The approximate change in total body water if age is increased by 1 yr and mass and height are held constant is
-0.09 liter.
TW ( A,W , S ) = 0.34
The approximate change in total body water if mass is increased by 1 kg and height are held constant is 0.34 liter.
TS ( A,W , S ) = 0.25
The approximate change in total body water if height is increased by 1 cm and age and mass are held constant is
0.25 liter.
100.
L(w, t ) = (0.00082t + 0.0955)e(ln w +10.49)/2.842

(a)
L(450, 4)
= [0.00082(4) + 0.0955] e(ln(450) +10.49) / 2.842 33.982
The length is about 33.98 cm.

(b)
Lw (w, t ) = (0.00082t + 0.0955) e(ln w +10.49)/2.842
1
2.842w
Lw (450, 7) 0.02723
The approximate change in the length of a trout if its mass increases form 450 to 451 g while age is held
constant at 7 yr is 0.027 cm.
Lt (w, t ) = 0.00082e(ln w +10.49)/2.842

Lt (450, 7) 0.2821
The approximate change in the length of a trout if its age increases from 7 to 8 yr while mass is held constant
at 450 g is 0.28 cm.
101. (a)
f (60,1900) 50
In 1900, 50% of those born 60 years earlier are still alive.

(b) f (70, 2000) 75
In 2000, 75% of those born 70 years earlier are still alive.
(c)
f x (60,1900) -1.25
In 1900, the percent of those born 60 years earlier who are still alive was dropping at a rate of 1.25 percent per
additional year of life.
(d)
f x (70, 2000) -2
In 2000, the percent of those born 70 years earlier who are still alive was dropping at a rate of 2 percent per
additional year of life.
102.
f (a, b) =
(a)
1
b 4a 2 - b 2
4
1
(2) 4(3)2 - 22
4
1
=
32 = 2 2 2.828
2
The area of the bottom of the planter is a approximately 2.828 ft2.
f (3, 2) =
1224

(b)
x(4 - x ) = 0
1
b 4a 2 - b 2
4
1
1
dA = b (4a 2 - b2 )-1/2 (8a)da
4
2
1
1
+ b (4a 2 - b 2 )-1/2 (-2b)
4
2
1
+ (4a 2 - b2 ) 1/2 db
4
ab
dA =
da
2
4a - b 2
-b 2
1
+
+ 4a 2 - b2 db
4 4a 2 - b2
A=
x = 0 or 4 - x = 0.
Since x = 0 is not a solution of equation
(3), then
4 - x = 0
4
.
x

4
4 x + 4 y - 2 xy = 0
x
or
4x + 4 y - 8 y = 0
x = y.
If a = 3, b = 2, da = 0, and db = 0.5,
dA =
-2 2
1
+
4 4(3)2 - 22
Substituting x = y into equation (3) gives
4(3)2 - 22 (0.5)
x 2 y - 125 = 0
y 3 = 125
y = 5.
dA 0.6187.
The approximate effect on the area is an increase of
0.6187 ft2.
103. Let x be the length of each of the square faces of
the box and y be the length of the box.
Therefore, x = y = 5. The dimensions are

5 inches by 5 inches by 5 inches.
104. Maximize f ( x, y) = xy, subject to
2 x + y = 400.
1.
g ( x, y) = 2 x + y - 400
2.
F ( x, y, ) = xy - (2 x + y - 400)
3.
Fx = y - 2
Fy = x -
Since the volume must be 125, the constraint is

2
125 = x y.
F = -(2 x + y - 400)
f ( x, y) = 2 x 2 + 4 xy is the surface area of

the box.
1.
y - 2 = 0
4.
x- = 0
2 x + y - 400 = 0
g ( x) = x 2 y - 125
2
2.
F ( x, y, ) = 2 x + 4 xy - ( x y - 125)
3.
Fx ( x, y, ) = 4 x + 4 y - 2 xy
5.
Fy ( x, y, ) = 4 x - x 2
F ( x, y, ) = -( x 2 y - 125)
4.
5.
4 x + 4 y - 2 xy = 0
(1)
4 x - x 2 = 0
(2)
x 2 y - 125 = 0
(3)
y
, = x
2
y
= x
2
y = 2x
Substituting into 2 x + y - 400, we have

2 x + 2 x - 400 = 0,
so
x = 100, y = 200.
Dimensions are 100 feet by 200 feet for maximum area of 20,000 ft2.
Factoring equation (2) gives
Section 17.R
1225
Extended Application: Using Multivariable

Fitting to Create a Response Surface Design
1.
4.
G yy ( x, y) = -0.00326
Gxy ( x, y) = 0.000194
The general cubic function of two variables has

the form
3
G( x, y) = Ax + By + Cx y + Dxy
D = (-0.00404)(-0.00326) - (0.000194) 2
0.0000131
+ Ex 2 + Fy 2 + Gxy + Hx
Since D > 0 and Gxx = -0.00404 < 0,

G(55.254, 48.589) is a relative maximum of
+ Ty + J
which has 10 terms.
2.
3.
The maximum appears to be close to orange = 56,

banana = 48.
G ( x, y) = -0.00202 x 2 - 0.00163 y 2
+ 0.000194 xy + 0.21380 x
+ 0.14768 y - 2.36204
G( x, y).
5.
The test results include random errors or noise,

which may explain the 7.2 rating. Also, the
function that best fits all of the data points is not
necessarily above all of the points.
6.
The two flavor surfaces have saddle points near

the middle of the domain. For overall flavor, the
maxima are at the edges of the domain, either
400 minutes at about 130C or 20 minutes at
about 160C.
7.
With this more stringent requirement, the allowable regions in the three contour plots do not
overlap. The blanching efficiency would need to
be allowed to be less that 93%.
8.
The lower area of overlap suggests a processing

temperature between 145C and 155C with
treatment times from 50 to 70 seconds. This
region represents processing nuts at higher
temperatures but for a shorter time.
Gx ( x, y) = -0.00404 x + 0.000194 y
+ 0.21380
G y ( x, y) = -0.00326 y + 0.000194 x
+ 0.14768
-0.00404 x + 0.000194 y = -0.21380
-0.00326 y + 0.000194 x = -0.14768
The solution to the system is x 55.254,
y 48.589.
Gxx ( x, y) = -0.00404
1226

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Chapter 17

f (2, 3) = 4(2)2 + 2(2)(3) +

f (2, -1) = 2(2) - 3(-1) + 5 = 12

f (-4, 1) = 2(-4) - 3(1) + 5 = -6

f (-2, -3) = 2(-2) - 3(-3) + 5 = 10

f (0, 8) = 2(0) - 3(8) + 5 = -19

f (1, 2, 3) = 4(1)(3) - 3(1) 2 (2) + 2(3) 2

g (-2, 4) = (-2)2 - 2(-2)(4) + (4)3

g (-1, -2) = (-1)2 - 2(-1)(-2) + (-2)3

g (-2, 3) = (-2)2 - 2(-2)(3) + (3)3

g (5, 1) = (5)2 - 2(5)(1) + (1)3

Use the Cobb-Douglas production function

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 17 MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS

To find x-intercept, let y = 0, z = 0.

To find y-intercept, let x = 0, z = 0.

To find z-intercept, let x = 0, y = 0.

Sketch the portion of the plane in the first octant

For z = 0, 3x + y = 8. Graph the line

For z = 2, 3x + y = 4. Graph the line

Sketch the portion of the plane in the first octant

For z = 4, 3x + y = 0. Graph the line

The level curve is

a parabola in the xy-plane with vertex at the origin.

For z = 0, 3x + 2 y = 24. Graph the line

curve is a parabola in the plane z = 2 with

curve is a parabola in the plane z = 4 with

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 17 MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS

If d 0, then for the plane to have a portion in

positive, so at least one of a, b, or c must have the

If d = 0, then the trace in the xy-plane is the

y, the trace in the yz-plane is

y = - bc z, and the trace in the xz-plane is

so a, b, and c cannot all have the same sign.

which are two lines that intersect at the origin.

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Level curves on planes z = k , where k > 0, are

These are circles with centers (0, 0, k ) and

Note that z > 0 for all values of x and y

The graph is an ellipsoid, as shown in (b).

The graph of z = 5( x 2 + y 2 )-1/2 is (d).

This gives one branch of the hyperbola xz = 5,

This gives one branch of the hyperbola yz = 5,

Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Chapter 17 MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS

The graphing calculator indicates that

5 x3 + 15x 2h + 15xh 2 + 5h3 + 3 y 2 - 5x3 - 3 y 2

(1)(1 + h)e1+1+ 2h + h - (1)(1)e1+1

So, this limit reduces to the exact same limit

= lim (15 x + 15xh + 5h )

f (1+ h, 1)- f (1,1)

The slope of the tangent line in the direction

The slope of the tangent line in the direction

The y = 1 column gives

f1( x) = 7.045 + 1.98x.

A linear regression on the y = 0 column gives

The y = 2 column gives

Thus, b = 2 and we have