Chapter 05 - Torsion: Torsion of A Thin Walled Cylinder

StructuralMechanics
MSY310 Year2014
Chapter05
Chapter 05 Torsion
Torsion of a thinwalled cylinder
Consider a thinwalled cylinder of
dimensions: mean radius , thick
ness and length
The cylinder is subjected to the axial torque
at each end
The only stress necessary in order to react to the axial torque is a
circumferential uniform shear stress in the wall of the cylinder:
Equilibrium: the shear stress
acting on a wall element
gives a shear force of:
And a reacting moment
about the central axis
of:
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Chapter05
Chapter 05 Torsion
The total reacting torque is:
Which is in equilibrium with the applied torque
Note that the circumferential shear stress

is associated
with a complementary shear stress
in the longitudinal
direction
Geometry of deformation
The rotation of one end through an
angle
results in a change in angle
between a cross section and a
longitudinal generator of the
cylinder
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Chapter05
Chapter 05 Torsion
The angle is the shear strain associated with the shear stress
The displacement of
to
may be expressed both as
therefore:
Stressstrain relationship
and
StructuralMechanics
MSY310 Year2014
Chapter05
Chapter 05 Torsion
Torsion of a solid circular shaft
For the case of a solid cylinder the shear stress varies over the cross section
We require that:
a) The shaft is straight and of uniform crosssection over its length
b) The torque is constant along the length of the shaft
The longitudinal and transverse symmetry of the shaft enables the following
deductions:
1. Crosssection which are plane before twisting remain plane during
twisting
2. Radial lines remain radial during twisting
3. Deformation is by rotation of one crosssectional plane relative to the
next, and planes remain normal to the axis of the shaft
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Chapter 05 Torsion
Geometry of deformation
The cylindrical shaft of length
and outer radius
subjected
to torque
may be regarded as being
built up of a large number of thinwalled
tubes just fitting inside each other
They are all twisted through the same
angle of rotation
Therefore for any arbitrary tubes of radius
and
experiencing shear strain
and
we may write:
StructuralMechanics
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Chapter05
Chapter 05 Torsion
The equation
constant
demonstrates that:
0 (the centre of the shaft)
0
For
is for
(shafts surface)
The maximum
The shear strain variation in between the minimum and maximum value
is linear
Stressstrain relation
Thus the shear stress has the same

behaviour as the shear strain (zero in the
shafts centre, maximum for the shafts
surface, linear behaviour in between)
StructuralMechanics
MSY310 Year2014
Chapter05
Chapter 05 Torsion
Equilibrium
Force per unit length:

Torque per unit length of tube, about shaft axis:

Resisting torque on whole tube:
2

Resisting torque for whole crosssection:
2
The resisting torque is equal to the applied torque, therefore:
The integral function:

is the polar second moment of area of the section, and is denoted by the
symbol
(see last page)
StructuralMechanics
MSY310 Year2014
Chapter05
Chapter 05 Torsion
Therefore:
Where:
torque [
]
polar second moment of area [ ]
shear stress [ ] at radius [ ]
shear modulus [ ]
angle of twist [
] over length [ ]
StructuralMechanics
MSY310 Year2014
Chapter05
Chapter 05 Torsion
Torsion of a hollow circular shaft
The torsion relationship could be directly applied, just the polar second
moment of area is now:
The shear stress varies linearly
at the bore, to
from
at the outer surface
StructuralMechanics
MSY310 Year2014
Chapter05
Chapter 05 Torsion
Torsion of shafts in series
The total torque
is transmitted by each portion of the shaft
Equilibrium:
Geometry of deformation: the total deformation
length
plus
over the length , so that
Stressstrain relation:
is due to
over the
StructuralMechanics
MSY310 Year2014
Chapter05
Chapter 05 Torsion
For a series of
shaft in series with different materials, we can write:
Example 5.5 pag. 111
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Chapter05
Chapter 05 Torsion
Torsion of concentric shafts
The total torque
is carried by the hollow shaft and by the solid shaft
Equilibrium:
Geometry of deformation: both shafts twist through the same angle
they are rigidly connected
Stressstrain relation:
since
StructuralMechanics
MSY310 Year2014
Chapter05
Chapter 05 Torsion
The maximum shear stress in each shaft are:
StructuralMechanics
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Chapter05
Chapter 05 Torsion
Torsion of a thin tube of noncircular section
The thin walled tube is assumed
to be of constant crosssection
throughout its length. The wall
thickness is variable and is
indicated by
The torque
is acting about the
longitudinal axis
The torque is introducing a shear
stress over the end of the tube
and a complementary shear
stress in the longitudinal direction
Consider a small portion
of the tube and assume that the shearing
stress is constant throughout the wall thickness
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Chapter05
Chapter 05 Torsion
The shearing force along the thin edge
is
per unit length and for
longitudinal equilibrium of
this force must be equal to that on the
thin edge
Since
was an arbitrary choice, it follows that
is
constant for all parts of the tube
The value
is called the shear flow and is an
internal shearing force per unit length of the
circumference of the section of the thin tube
The force
acting in a tangential direction on an
element of the perimeter of length
is:

If is the perpendicular distance from the tangent to the
tube axis, then the moment of this force is:
StructuralMechanics
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Chapter05
Chapter 05 Torsion
The total torque on the crosssection is:
The integration extends over the whole circumference. Since
is twice the shaded area in the picture, so

for the whole circumference is equal to 2 , where
is
the area enclosed by the centreline of the wall tube
(dotted line in the picture)
is constant:
StructuralMechanics
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Chapter05
Chapter 05 Torsion
Angle of twist
The angle of twist
can be determined from energy consideration (pag.
113114) and is equal to:
Where:
torque [
]
area enclosed by the centreline of the wall of the tube [
width of an element of the perimeter [ ]
thickness of an element of the perimeter [ ]
shear modulus [ ]
angle of twist [
] over length [ ]
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Chapter05
Chapter 05 Torsion
If the tube is of constant thickness
around the circumference , then:
And, as a function of the shear stress:
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Chapter05
Chapter 05 Torsion
Torsion of a thin rectangular strip
An approximate solution exist for this problem (pag. 115116):
Where
is the distance from the central axis. So:
Example 5.7 pag. 116 and 58 pag. 117
StructuralMechanics
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Chapter05
Chapter 05 Torsion
Torsion of solid rectangular and square crosssection
The result in term of torque, maximum shear stress at the centre of the long
side and angle of twist are:
where
is the longer and is the shorter side, and
dependent on the geometry:
and
are factors
StructuralMechanics
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Chapter05
Chapter 05 Appendix
Centre of Area or Centroid
Let the coordinates of the centre of
area ( . .) be
and
as in the
picture
Then the moment of the whole area
about an axis is the same as the sum of
the moments of all the elements of area
about that axis:
StructuralMechanics
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Chapter05
Chapter 05 Appendix
If either or both of the
and
then or or both area zero, and
axes pass through the centre of area,
If the shape has one axis of symmetry then the centre of area will lie on that
axis. If there are two axes of symmetry then their intersection will be the
centre of area
StructuralMechanics
MSY310 Year2014
Chapter05
Chapter 05 Appendix
Polar Second Moment of Area
The second moment of area about an axis perpendicular to the plane of an
area is termed the polar second moment of area
With reference to the picture:

Chapter 05 - Torsion: Torsion of A Thin Walled Cylinder

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StructuralMechanics

Which is in equilibrium with the applied torque

Note that the circumferential shear stress

Thus the shear stress has the same

The integral function:

The shear stress varies linearly

shaft in series with different materials, we can write:

Example 5.5 pag. 111

Example 5.4 pag. 110

The integration extends over the whole circumference. Since

is twice the shaded area in the picture, so

around the circumference , then:

And, as a function of the shear stress:

Example 5.6 pag. 114

An approximate solution exist for this problem (pag. 115116):

is the distance from the central axis. So:

Example 5.7 pag. 116 and 58 pag. 117

axes pass through the centre of area,

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