Chapter 2 Part 2

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT (CENG 5102)
CHAPTER-2: CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND PLANTS
PART-2 PRODUCTIVITY OF EARTH WORK EQUIPMENTS
APRIL 2013
(NASIR B.)
CONTENTS
Determination of Production of an Equipment
Productivity of Shovel Family and Excavator
General
Productivity of Face Shovel
Productivity of Dragline
Productivity of Clamshell
Productivity of Hoe/Excavator
Productivity of Heavy Earth Moving and
Grading Equipments
Productivity of Loader
Productivity of Dozer
Productivity of Scraper
Productivity of Grader
1. Determination of Production of an Equipment

Terminologies
Peak Productivity: is the theoretical productivity governed by design
limitations only.
V x fs x f f
Where: Qp = Peak Productivity

V = Volume carried/ bucket capacity
fs = Bank Volume/loose volume
ff = Bucket fill factor
Actual Productivity: Productivity of an equipment after taking care

of effective working hours and job management factor on the peak
productivity.

Terminologies
Actual Productivity:
Q a Q p x fw x f j
Where: Qa = Actual Productivity
Qp = Peak Productivity
fw = Factor to take care of effective working hours
fj= Factors to take care of the management conditions
The computation of the actual production of construction equipment

is complex. But through idealization, approximation and in general
simplification, one can arrive at an optimum result.

Equipments can be broadly classified into two based on equipment
productivity concepts:
Cyclic Operating or
Continuously Operating.
Cyclic operating equipments: These are machines which are
intentionally or unintentionally influenced by their operators. The
actual productivity can be computed from:
Q a Vn x n o x
Where: Qa = Actual Productivity (Bm3/hr)
Vn = Volume per cycle (Bm3)
= Efficiency of the equipment
no = number of cycle /Unit Time (usually Time in hours), if To
60
n
is theoretical cycle time

o
T

Continuously operating equipments: These are machines that
continuously operate, like pumps, conveyor belts, etc. For these kinds
of machines:
V x a x n x 60 x
n
o
Where: Qa = Actual Productivity (Bm3/hr)

Vn = Volume per bucket
a = Number of buckets
= Efficiency of the equipment
no = number of cycle /Unit Time (usually Time in hours)
2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS
Qa - Shovel family is dependent on the actual volume per cycle and

the cycle time.
Vn Volume per bucket.
Plate line capacity is the bucket volume contained within the bucket
when following the outline of the bucket sides.
Struck capacity is the bucket capacity when the load is struck off
flush with the bucket sides.
Water line capacity assumes a level of material flush with the lowest
edge of the bucket (i.e., the material level corresponds to the water
level that would result if the bucket were filled with water).
Heaped volume is the maximum volume that can be placed in the
bucket without spillage based on a specified angle of repose for the
material in the bucket.

Figure Struck and Heaped Bucket Capacity (Caterpillar Inc.)
Rated bucket capacity for different machine

9
Commonly - Bucket ratings for the cable shovel, dragline, and cable
backhoe are based on struck volume:
Thus it is often assumed that the heaping of the buckets will
compensate for the swell of the soil. That is, a 5 m3 bucket would
be assumed to actually hold 5 Bank m3 of material.
A better estimate of the volume of material in one bucket load will
be obtained if the nominal bucket volume is multiplied by a bucket
fill factor or bucket efficiency factor.
If desired, the bucket load may be converted to bank volume by
multiplying its loose volume by the soils load factor. Refer
Example 2 1.
10
Example 2.1
Estimate the actual bucket load in bank cubic meters for a loader
bucket whose heaped capacity is 3.82 m3. The soils bucket fill factor
is 0.9 and its load factor is 0.8.
Solution
Bucket load = Bucket Volume x B.F.F x fL = 3.82Lm3x0.9x0.8 = 2.75Bm3
11
CYCLE TIME (no) = Number of cycle /Unit Time = 60/Tc ,

Where Tc cycle Time in minutes
TC = TF + TV
Where
TV =Variable Cycle Time - Variable time represents those
components of cycle time related with travel time.
Variable Cycle time is the time required to excavate and
travel to load and travel to return to original position after
loading.
TF = Fixed Cycle Time - Fixed time represents those components
of cycle time other than travel time.
Fixed Cycle time represents the time required to maneuver,
change gears, start loading, and dump.
12
A. Productivity of Face Shovel (Power Shovel)

The production capacity or output of a shovel is expressed in cubic
meter per hour.
The output varies for various type of materials to be digged. The
following are the main factors which affect the out put of face shovel:
Nature of the soil

Height or Depth of cut
Type of material
Angle of swing
Capacity of hauling unit and continuity of work
Mechanical condition of shovel
Efficiency of the operator
Relative positions of the shovel and hauling unit
Type of machine such as crawler or wheeled
13

Output of a shovel can be calculated using the following formula:
Hourly production (m3/hr) = q x (3600/C) x Efficiency
Where: q = production in m3 per cycle
= Heaped capacity x Swell factor x Bucket factor.
Manufacturer of the equipment used to provide a graph b/n bucket
size Vs Production/hr.
Since this gives production in ideal conditions, the figures thus
obtained should be scaled down to expected production by using
efficiency factor and bucket fill factor.
Excavation Efficiency Factor
Sand, gravel, common earth
60%
Clay
50%
Blasted rock
40%
14

Bucket Factor
Sand, gravel, common earth
90%
Well blasted rock
70%
Poorly blasted rock
50%
The above figures are for crawler type of tractor shovel, however for
wheel shovels, bucket factor is about 10% lesser than those
mentioned above.
15
B. Productivity of Dragline
Output or performance of dragline depends on the following factors:
Nature of the soil.
Depth of cut.
Angle of swing.
Capacity of hauling units, if employed.
Mechanical condition of the dragline.
Efficiency and skill of the operator.
Management conditions.
Size and type of bucket.
Working cycle
16
Data are taken from Liebhers Technical Hand Book Earth moving
Product line.
Drag Line Production = Dragline Capacity (m3) x C x f
Where, C = Theoretical Cycles/hr = 120 Cycles/hr
f = Correcting factor
= f1 x f2 x f3 x f4 x f5 x f6 x f7
f2 Digging factor
Boom Length (m)
12
18
24
30
Digging factor,f2
0.86
0.79
0.72
0.65
f3 Hoist factor
Boom Length (m)
Hoist factor,f3
12
18
24
30
0.95
0.92
0.90
0.87
17
f1 - Fill factor
Class
1
Fill factor
Sand or fine gravel

a) Dry
b) Damp
c) Wet
1.1 to 1.2
1.0 to 1.1
0.9 to 0.8
Clay
a) Sandy clay, dry
b) Cohesive, dry
c) Very cohesive, hard
0.95 to 1.0
0.9 to 0.95
0.88 to 0.9
Earth with sand or gravel, dry
0.85 to 0.88
Top Soil
a) Sandy clay
b) Clay damp
0.82 to 0.85
0.80 to 0.82
Clay with sand or gravel, damp
0.75 to 0.80
Slatelike rock, gravel
0.72 to 0.75
Gravel with clay, hard
0.70 to 0.72
Clay with large size gravel, damp
0.68 to 0.70
18
f4 Swing factor (Simultaneous swing and hoist)
Angle of Swing (deg)
90
120
180
Swing factor, f4
0.98
0.95
0.91
f5 Loading factor
Method of dumping
Truck
Hopper
Stock pile
Loading factor, f5
0.96
0.95
1.0
60 min/hr
50 min/hr
40 min/hr
1.0
0.83
0.67
Experienced
Average
Beginner
1.0
0.95
0.85
f6 Job efficiency factor

Actual working time
Job efficiency factor, f6
f7 Operator factor
Operator
Operator factor, f7
19
Example 2.2
An experienced operator has to excavate wet gravel with a dragline
capacity of 2.3 m3. The boom length is 18m and the swing angle will
be 120 degrees. The material is dumped onto stockpile. Actual working
time is 50 min per hour.
Solution
Drag line production = Bucket capacity x C x f.
where C = theoretical cycles/hr = 120 cycles/hr
= 2.3 x 120 x f
where f = f1 x f2 x f3 x f4 x f5 x f6 x f7 = 0.8x0.79x0.92x0.95x1.0x0.83x1.0
= 0.4588
Therefore, Drag line production = 2.3x120x0.4588
= 126.4 m3/hr
20
C. Productivity of Clamshell
Data are taken from Liebhers Technical Hand Book Earth moving
Product line.
Clamshell Production (m3/hr)= Clamshell Capacity (m3) x C x f
Where, C = Theoretical Cycles/hr = 120 Cycles/hr
f = Correcting factor
= f1 x f2 x f3 x f4 x f5 x f6 x f7
Correction factors
f1 Fill factor
Same as those for dragline.
21
f2 Digging factor
Clamshell capacity (m3)
Digging factor, f2 =
0.98
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.95
f3 Hoist factor (considering average rope speed of 50m/min)

Digging depth (m)
Hoist factor, f3 =
10
15
20
0.88
0.76
0.64
0.52
f4 Swing factor
Swing Angle (deg)
60
90
120
180
Swing factor, f4=
1.2
1.0
0.98
0.90
f5 Dump factor
Method of dumping
Truck
Hopper
Stock pile
Dump factor, f5 =
0.90
0.95
1.0
22
f6 Job efficiency factor
Actual working time
Job efficiency factor, f6 =
60 min/hr
50 min/hr
40 min/hr
1.0
0.83
0.67
Experienced
Average
Beginner
1.0
0.95
0.85
f7 Operator factor
Operator
Operator factor, f7 =
Example 2.3
An average operator has to excavate damp sand with a clamshell of
2.0 m3. The digging depth is 10m and the swing angle will be 120
degrees. The sand is added into trucks and actual working time is 50
min/hr.
23
Solution
Clamshell production = Clamshell capacity x C x f.
where C = theoretical cycles/hr
= 2.0 x 120 x f
where, f = f1 x f2 x f3 x f4 x f5 x f6 x f7
= 1.0 x 0.97 x 0.76 x 0.98 x 0.9 x 0.83 x 0.95
= 0.5127
Therefore, Clamshell Production = 2.0x120x0.5127
= 123.0 m3/hr
24
D. Productivity of Excavator/Hoe
Steps for estimating production of Excavator/hoe:
Step-1: Obtain the heaped bucket load volume (in Lm3) from the
manufacturers data sheet.
Heaped bucket capacity ratings for Excavator buckets assume a
1:1 material angle of repose
Step-2: Material Type
Step-3: Apply a bucket fill factor based on the type of machine and
the class of material being excavated. Refer Table D-1.
Table D-1 Fill factor for hydraulic Hoe (Caterpillar Inc.)
Moist loam/ sandy clay
100-110%
Sand and gravel
95-100%
Rock-poorly blasted
40-50%
Rock-well blasted
60-75%
Hard, tough clay
80-90%
25
Step-4: Estimate cycle time (load, swing, dump and swing empty).
Refer Table D-2.
Swing is influenced by job conditions such as obstructions and
clearances.
Table D-2 Excavation Cycle times for hydraulic crawler hoes under average condition
Bucket Size
(cy)
Load Bucket
(sec)
Swing Loaded
(Sec)
Dump Bucket
(Sec)
Swing empty
(sec)
Total cycle
(sec)
<1
14
1-1
15
2-2
17
20
22
22
24
26
Step-4:
Small machines swing faster than large ones.
Cycle times are based on swing angle of 30-60.
27
Step-5: Check depth of cut. Refer Table D-3.
Typical cycle times are for depth of cut between 40-60% of
maximum digging depth.
28
Step-5:
Table D-3: Representative dimensions, loading clearance, and filling capacity, hydraulic crawler Hoe
29
Steps for estimating production of Excavator:
Step-6: Check loading height
Does the selected Excavator/hoe have the reach capability to load
the haul unit. Refer table D-3.
Step-7: Efficiency factor
The three primary conditions that control the efficiency of
excavator loading operations are:
Bunching: In actual operation cycle times are never constant.
When loading haul units they will sometimes bunch. The impact
of bunching is a function of the number of haul units.
Operator efficiency: How good is the operator.
Equipment availability: Are the haul units in good condition and
repair? They will be available x% of the time.
30
Step-8: Calculation.
Step-9: Convert production to Bank Volume (BCY)
Table D-4
Swell factor
31
Production formula
Where, Q = Heaped Capacity

F = Bucket Fill Factor
AS:D = Angle of swing and depth (height) of cut correction
t = Cycle time in seconds
E = Efficiency min/hr
Volume correction for loose volume to bank volume:
32
Example 2.3
A crawler hoe having a 3-cy bucket is being considered for use on a
project to excavate very hard clay from a borrow pit. The clay will be
loaded into trucks having a loading height of 9 ft 9 in. Soil- boring
information indicates that below 8 ft, the material changes to an
unacceptable silt material. What is the estimated production of the
hoe in cubic yards bank measure, if the efficiency factor is equal to
50-min/hour?
Solution
Step-1: Size of bucket = 3-cy
Step-2 : Bucket fill factor, Table D-1 gives 80-90%, Use average
Bucket fill factor = (80+90)/2 = 85%
33
Solution cont.
Step-3: Typical cycle element times
Optimum depth of cut is 30-60% of maximum digging depth.
From Table D-3 for a 3 -Cy size Hoe, maximum digging depth
is 23-27 ft , Depth of excavation 8 ft.
(8ft/23ft) x 100 = 34% 30% okay!
(8ft/27ft) x 100 = 30% 30% okay!
Therefore under average conditions and for 3-Cy Size hoe,
cycle times from Table D-2:
1. Load Bucket
7sec
Very hard clay
2. Swing with load
3. Dump load
4. Return swing
Cycle time
6sec
4sec
5sec
22sec
Load trucks
Load trucks
34
Solution cont.
Step-4: Efficiency factor, 50 min/hour
Step-5: Class of material, hard clay Swell 35% (Table D-4)
Step-6: Probable production
Check maximum loading Height to ensure the hoe can service the
trucks . From Table D-3, 21 to 22 ft.
21ft > 9ft 9in. Okay!
35
3. PRODUCTIVITY OF EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS
A. Productivity of Loader
The following example demonstrates the process for estimating
loader production.
Example 3-1
A 4-cy wheel loader will be used to load trucks from a quarry stock
pile of processed aggregate having a maximum aggregate size of 1
in. The haul distance will be negligible. The aggregate has a loose
unit weight of 3,100. Estimate the loader production in tons based on
50-min/hour efficiency factor. Use a conservative fill factor.
Solution
Step-1: Size of bucket = 4-cy
Step-2: Bucket fill factor (Table A-1), aggregate over 1in., 85-90%,
use 85% conservative estimate
36
Solution cont.
Table A-1 Bucket fill factors for wheel and truck loader
37
Solution cont.
Step-2: Bucket fill factor
Check tipping:
Load weight: 4-cy x 0.85 = 3.4 lcy
3.4 lcy x 3,400 lb/lcy (loose unit weight of material) = 10,540 lb.
From Table A-2, 4-cy machine static tipping load at full turn is
25,000 lb, Therefore operating (50% static tipping at full turn) is
0.5 x 25,000 lb = 12,500 lb
10,540 lb actual load < 12,500 lb operating load; therefore okay!
Step-3: Typical fixed time (Table A-4) 4-cy wheel loader, 30 to 33
sec; use 30 sec.
38
Solution cont.
Table A-2 Representative specifications for wheel loader
39
Table A-3 Representative specification for truck loaders
Table A-4 Fixed cycle time for loaders
40
Solution cont.
Step-4: Efficiency factor, 50 min/hour
Step-5: Class of material, aggregate 3,100 lb per lcy.
Example 3-2
The loader in example 3.1 will also be used to charge the aggregate
bins of an asphalt plant that is located at the quarry. The one way haul
distance from the 1 in. Aggregate stockpile to the cold bins of the
plant is 220ft. The asphalt plant uses 105 tons per hour of 1 in.
Aggregate. Can the loader meet the requirement?
41
Solution
Step-3: Typical fixed cycle time (Table A-4) 4-cy wheel loader, 30 to
33 sec, use 30 sec.
From Table A-2 , Travel speeds forward:
First, 4.3 mph; second, 7.7 mph; third, 13.3 mph.
Travel speed reverse:
First, 4.9 mph; second, 8.6 mph; third, 14.9 mph.
Travel loaded: 220 ft, because of short distance and required time to
accelerate and brake, use 80% first gear maximum speed.
42
Solution
Step-3:
Return empty: 220 ft, because of short distance and required time to
accelerate and brake, use 80% second gear maximum speed.
43
B. Productivity of a Dozer
The production of dozer mainly depend upon the following factors:
i. Size and condition of the dozer
ii. Distance traveled by the dozer
iii. Speed of operation
iv. Characteristic of soil being handled
v. Surface on which dozer is operating
vi. Efficiency
A dozer has no set volumetric capacity. There is no hopper or bowl to
load; instead, the amount of material the dozer moves is dependant on
the quantity that will remain in front of the blade during the push.
44
The major factors that control dozer production rate are:
1. Condition of the material
2. Blade type
3. Cycle time
The type and condition of the material being handled affects the
shape of the pushed mass in front of the blade.
Cohesive materials (clays) will boil and heap.
Materials that exhibit a slippery quality or those that have high
mica content will ride over the ground and swell out.
Cohesionless materials (sands) are known as dead materials
because they do not exhibit heap or swell properties.
45
46
2. Blade type
Blade capacity is a function of a blade type and physical size.
Blade volumetric load
The load that a blade will carry can be estimated by several methods:
i. Manufacturer's blade rating
ii. Previous experience (similar material, equipment, and work
conditions)
iii. Field measurements
i. Manufacturers Blade rating
Manufacturers may provide a blade rating based on SAE practice
J1265.
47
2. Blade type
i. Manufacturers Blade rating
48
2. Blade type
ii. Previous experience
Properly documented past experience is an excellent blade load
estimating method.
iii. Field measurement
A procedure for measuring blade loads is as follow:
Obtain a normal load
The dozer pushes a normal blade load onto a level area.
Stop the dozer's forward motion. While raising the blade, move
forward slightly to create a symmetrical pile.
Reverse and move away from the pile.
49
2. Blade type
Measurement
Measure the height (H) of the pile at the inside edge of each rack.
Measure the width (W) of the pile at the inside edge of each rack.
Measure the greatest length (L) of the pile. This will not necessarily
be at the middle.
Computation
Average both the two-height and the two-width measurements. If
the measurements are in feet, the blade load in loose cubic yards
(lcy) is calculated by the formula
50
2. Blade type
51
2. Blade type
Example 3.3
52
3. Cycle time
The sum of the time required to push, backtrack, and maneuver into
position to push represents the complete dozer cycle.
Dozing is generally performed at slow speed, 1.5 to 2 mph.
Return Speed is usually the maximum that can be attained in the
distance available.
For distances less than 100 ft, the operator cannot get the machine
past the second gear.
53
The following example demonstrates the process for estimating dozer
production.
Example 3.4
A power-shift crawler tractor has a rated blade capacity of 7.65Lm3.
The dozer is excavating loose common earth and pushing a distance
of 200ft (61m) with speed of 4km/hr. Maximum reverse speed in
third range is 8 km/hr. Estimate the production of the dozer, if job
efficiency is 50 min/hr.
Solution
Fixed time = 0.05 min (From Table B-1)
Dozing speed = 4.0 km/hr given but can be obtained from Table B-2.
54
Solution cont.
Dozing time = 61m /(4 km/hr x 16.7 m/min) = 0.91 min
Note: 1km/hr = 16.7 m/min
Return time = 61m /(8 km/hr x 16.7 m/min) = 0.45 min
Cycle time = (0.05+0.91+0.45)min = 1.41min
Production = 7.65 Lm3 x [(50min/hr)/(1.41min)] = 271 Lm3/hr
Table B-1 Typical dozer fixed cycle times
Operating condition
Time (min)
Power-shift transmission
0.05
Direct-drive transmission
0.10
Hard digging
0.15
55
Table B-2 Typical dozer operating speeds
Operating conditions
Speeds
Dozing
Hard materials, haul 30m or less
2.4 Km/hr
Hard materials, haul over 30m
3.2 Km/hr
Loose materials, haul 30m or less
3.2 km/hr
Loose material haul over 30m
4.0 km/hr
Return
30m or less
Max reverse speed in second range

(power shift) or reverse speed in gear
used for dozing (direct drive)
Over 30m
Max reverse speed in third range

(power shift) or highest reverse speed
56
Other methods of computing production are:
57
58
2. The productivity of a dozer, specifically for levelling and spreading
work can be calculated by:
59
60
Use of graphs, charts and curves for estimating production
Production curves for estimating the amount of material that
Caterpillar bulldozers can push are usually available by the
manufacturers.
These curves are published in the Caterpillar Performance Handbook.
The bulldozer production curves give maximum uncorrected
production for universal, semi-universal, and straight blades and are
based on the following conditions:
100% efficiency (60 minute hour level cycle).
Power shift machines with 0.05 min. fixed times.
Machine cuts for 15 m (50 feet), then drifts blade load to dump
over a high wall. (Dump time 0 sec.)
Soil density of 1370 kg/Lm3 (2300 lb/LCY).
61
To obtain estimated production in bank cubic meters or bank cubic

yards, appropriate load factor from the Tables section should be
applied to the corrected production as calculated above.
62
63
64
65
66
Example 3.3
Determine average hourly production of a D8R/8SU (with tilt
cylinder) moving hard-packed clay an average distance of 45 m (150
feet) down a 15% grade, using a slot dozing technique.
Estimated material weight is 1600 kg/Lm3 (2650 lb/LCY). Operator
is average. Job efficiency is estimated at 50 min/hr.
Solution
Uncorrected Maximum Production 458 Lm3/hr (600 LCY/hr)
from Estimated dozer production graph for Semi universal blade.
67
Solution cont.
68
Productivity of Rippers
Out put of rippers depend upon characteristic of soil, size of the dozer,
speed of the machine, shape and size of the ripper tooth, number of
shanks used, and depth and width of ripping pass.
However, the following are the formulae used in general for
calculating the out put of ripper.
Production per hour = (Bank volume ripped per pass) x (No. of passes
per hour)
Where, Bank volume ripped per pass = (Length of pass)x(Width of
ripping pass)x(Depth of penetration)x(Efficiency)
No. of passes per hour = 60/(Time for making one pass in min.)
Time taken in one pass = (Length of pass/Traveling speed) + Turn round
69
C. Productivity of Scraper
Out put of scrapers depends on the following main factors:
i. Size and mechanical condition of the scraper
ii. Hauling distance
iii. Condition of the haul road
iv. Characteristic s of soil and work area.
v. Efficiency
Steps for determining production of scraper are summarised as
follow:
Step-1: Determination of weight (Empty vehicle weight, load
weight and gross vehicle weight)
Step -2: Rolling resistance
Step-3: Grade resistance/assistance
Step-4: Total resistance/assistance
70
C. Productivity of Scraper
Steps for determining production of scraper are summarised as
follow:
Step-5: Travel speed
Step-6: Travel time
Step-7: Load time
Step-8: Dump time
Step-9: Turning time
Step-10: Total cycle time
Step-11: Pusher cycle time
Step-11: Total resistance/assistance
Step-12: Balance fleet time
Step-13: Efficiency
Step-14: Production
71
4. PRODUCTIVITY OF GRADING EQUIPMENTS
Out put of a motor grader depends upon the following main factors:
i. Size and mechanical condition of the motor grader
ii. Size of the blade
iii. Speed of travel
iv. Characteristics of soil being handled
v. Efficiency of the operator
In the majority of the cases, as the grader has multiple applications,
the computation of its productivity is not always possible. It can,
however, be estimated, case by case.
Method-1
Average actual productivity for levelling and spreading can be
computed as follow:
72
Method-1
Qa = B x L x fN x fZ x 60/T [m2/hr]
B = l x cosA
Where, B = width per strip with due consideration of over lapping
l = length of blade
A = Angle of blade width respect to the axis (refer Table 4.1)
L = lift thickness after compaction
fN = factor to take care of site conditions, operator
effectiveness (refer Table 4.2)
fZ = time factor (refer Table 4.3)
T = Cycle time, T = 0.06 P/v
P = number of passes
V = forward and back ward average speed
73
Method-1
Table 4.1 Blade angle for different operation
Type of earth/operation
Angle A in degrees
Normal
30
Hard earth
45
Loose and light material
20
Scarify, mix and spreading across
30-50
Fine levelling and spreading along
0-30
74
Method-1
Table 4.2 fN- factor to take care of site conditions and operator effectiveness
Very good
good
Average
Poor
Site condition
0.95
0.9
0.8
0.6
Operator effectiveness
1.0
0.85
0.75
0.6
Table 4.3.A Average speed for different operation

Type of operation
Road maintenance
Mix
Speed in Km/hr
4-9
8
Spread
4-9
Sub base work
4-8
Fine levelling
9-22
Cutting slopes
7-9
Ditching
4-8
Back ward and idle non operational speed
10-Vmax as per
manufacturers Spec.
75
Method-1
Table 4.3.B Average speed for different operation
Type of operation
Speed in Km/hr
Bank slopping
4.0
Ditching
4-6
Finishing
6.5-14.5
Grading and road maintenance
6.4-9.7
Mining
14.5-32.2
Snow removal
19.3-32.2
Spreading
9.7-14.5
76
Method-2
Grader production is also calculated as area covered by motor grader
per hour.
A = B x Vav x
Where, B = width per strip (m)
= 0.8 x l x cos A
l = length of blade
A = Angle with respect to axis
Vav = Average speed (m/hr)
= efficiency
Time required to complete a roadway project can be calculated by
T = Number of passes x Distance (Km)
Average speed (Km/hr) x Efficiency factor
77
Method-3 (CAT Performance handbook)

One method expresses a motor graders production in relation to the
area covered by the moldboard.
A = S x (Le Lo) x 1000 x E (Metric)
A = S x (Le Lo) x 5280 x E (English)
where, A = Hourly operating area (m2/h or ft2/h)
S = Operating speed (Km/h or mph)
Le = Effective blade length (m or ft)
Lo = Width of overlap (m or ft)
E = Efficiency
78

Operating speeds: typical operating speeds by operation are provided
as follow:
Effective blade length: Since the moldboard is usually angled when

moving material, an effective blade length must be computed to
account for this angle. This is the actual width of material swept by
the moldboard.
79

Effective blade length:
Width overlap: The width of overlap is generally 0.6 m (2.0 ft). This
overlap accounts for the need to keep the tires out of the windrow on
the return pass.
80
Method-3 (CAT P Performance handbook)

Job Efficiency: Job efficiencies vary based on job conditions,
operator skill, etc.
A good estimation for efficiency is approximately 0.70 to 0.85, but
actual operating conditions should be used to determine the best
value.
Example 4-1
A 140H motor grader with a 3.66 m (12 ft) moldboard is performing
road maintenance on a township road. The machine is working at an
average speed of 13 km/h (8 mph) with a moldboard carry angle of
60 degrees. What is the motor graders production based on coverage
area?
Note: Due to the long passes involved in road maintenance- fewer
turnarounds - a higher job efficiency of 0.90 is chosen.
81
Method-3 (CAT P Performance handbook)

Solution
From the table, the effective blade length is 3.17 m (10.4 ft).
Metric
Production, A = 13 km/h x (3.17 m - 0.6 m) x 1000 x 0.90
A = 30,069 m2/hr (3.07 hectars/hr)
English
Production, A = 8 mph x (10.4 ft - 2 ft) x 5280 x 0.90
A = 319,334 ft2/hr (7.33 acres/hr)
82
THANK YOU!
83

Chapter 2 Part 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 2 Part 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 2 Part 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

1. Determination of Production of an Equipment

Where: Qp = Peak Productivity

Actual Productivity: Productivity of an equipment after taking care

1. Determination of Production of an Equipment

The computation of the actual production of construction equipment

1. Determination of Production of an Equipment

is theoretical cycle time

1. Determination of Production of an Equipment

Where: Qa = Actual Productivity (Bm3/hr)

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

Qa - Shovel family is dependent on the actual volume per cycle and

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

Rated bucket capacity for different machine

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

CYCLE TIME (no) = Number of cycle /Unit Time = 60/Tc ,

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

A. Productivity of Face Shovel (Power Shovel)

Nature of the soil

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

A. Productivity of Face Shovel (Power Shovel)

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

A. Productivity of Face Shovel (Power Shovel)

Sand, gravel, common earth

Well blasted rock

Poorly blasted rock

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

Sand or fine gravel

Earth with sand or gravel, dry

Clay with sand or gravel, damp

Slatelike rock, gravel

Gravel with clay, hard

Clay with large size gravel, damp

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

f6 Job efficiency factor

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

f3 Hoist factor (considering average rope speed of 50m/min)

Swing factor, f4=

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

Sand and gravel

Hard, tough clay

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

Step-9: Convert production to Bank Volume (BCY)

2. PRODUCTIVITY OF SHOVEL FAMILY AND EXCAVATORS

Where, Q = Heaped Capacity