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Basic Inputs Into Building Construction

The document discusses inputs into building construction including land, labor, capital, and materials. It then provides details on designing an overhead water tank for a 3 bedroom villa requiring 770 liters of water storage. Finally, it discusses the design of reinforced concrete slabs including types of slabs, reinforcement design, construction process using formwork, and span to effective depth ratios.

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Anonymous 3hPIuGAB
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610 views

Basic Inputs Into Building Construction

The document discusses inputs into building construction including land, labor, capital, and materials. It then provides details on designing an overhead water tank for a 3 bedroom villa requiring 770 liters of water storage. Finally, it discusses the design of reinforced concrete slabs including types of slabs, reinforcement design, construction process using formwork, and span to effective depth ratios.

Uploaded by

Anonymous 3hPIuGAB
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Inputs into Building


Construction | Engineering
Economics

Building Construction Economics


We will be discussing Inputs into Building Construction in terms of four important
factors:
1.
Land
2.
Labour
3.
Capital
4.
Materials

Land
Marshall defines Land Land means the materials, and the forces which
nature gives us freely for the human beings (other creatures as well), in
land, in water, in air, light and Heat.

Land is natures gift


Land has no supply price (supply remains same) whether price of land is high or low
Land is permanent (lack of mobility)
Land lacks mobility in geographic sense
Provides infinite variation in fertility, utility, situation etc

Labour
Any work whether manual or material which is undertaken for a monetary consideration, is
called Labour in economics.

Marshall defines Any exertion of mind or body undergone partly or


wholly with a view to some good (consideration) other than pleasure,
derived directly from work.

Labour is inseparable from labourer.

Labourer has to sell his labour in person.


Labour has no reserve price.
Labour has weak bargaining power.
Labour force cannot be increased or decreased.

Capital
Refers to that part of mans wealth which is used in producing further wealth or which yields
an income. Land is considered as a capital as:
1.
2.

It is free gift of nature.


Capital is perishable whereas land has no mobility.

The capital can be increased but the amount of land is fixed and the value may vary
depending on location. Capital formation is the very core of the Economic development.
Without capital, Building industry cannot survive and flourish for the benefit of the society.

Materials
Materials are available in two forms:
1.
Natural Materials
2.
Manmade Materials

Natural Materials
Natural materials such as stones, mud, minerals, water (wood), ores for various materials
like Gold, silver, copper, iron, aluminium, sand etc.

Manmade Materials
These materials include bricks, stone blocks, tiles, granites, marble, steel, aluminium,
copper products, PVC, cement, wood, plywood, laminates, paints, most of the building
materials.
Building industry put to use both natural and manmade materials, to construct structures to
cater to various needs of human beings on the Gods Gift LAND.
Technological research in producing innovative new Building Materials that can withstand
suitably THE GLOBAL WARMING, which is causing ecological imbalance at an alarming
rate and such innovations are the need of the hour. This is true especially in the case of our
country INDIA

Design of Overhead Water Tank | Design of RCC Structures


As per NBC (National Building Code, 2005) standards,
Water required per person per day = 150 litres
Drinking water = 4litres per person per day

Calculation for an overhead water tank for a 3 BHK Villa:


Let us assume the average family size = 5 persons in the house
Water required for daily chores per person per day as per NBC norms;
150 x 5 = 750 litres

Drinking water required:


4 x 5 = 20 litres
Total quantity of water required = 750+20 = 770 litres
Volume of water = 770/1000 = 0.77 cubic metres

Dimensions for the overhead water tank:


Length = 1.2m
Breadth = 0.6m
Depth = 1.1m
Total Volume = 1.20.61.1 = 0.792 cubic metres

Reinforced Cement Concrete Slab

A Reinforced Concrete Slab is the one of the most important component in a

building. It is a structural element of modern buildings. Slabs are supported


on Columns and Beams.
RCC Slabs whose thickness ranges from 10 to 50 centimetres are most often used

for the construction of floors and ceilings.


Thin concrete slabs are also used for exterior paving purpose.

RCC Slab Construction

In many domestic and industrial buildings a thick concrete slab, supported on

foundations or directly on the sub soil, is used to construct the ground floor of a
building.
In high rises buildings and skyscrapers, thinner, pre-cast concrete slabs are slung

between the steel frames to form the floors and ceilings on each level.
While making structural drawings of the reinforced concrete slab, the slabs are
abbreviated to r.c.slab or simply r.c..

Design of various types of slabs and their reinforcement


For a suspended slab, there are a number of designs to improve the strength-to-weight
ratio. In all cases the top surface remains flat, and the underside is modulated:

Corrugated, usually where the concrete is poured into a corrugated steel tray. This

improves strength and prevents the slab bending under its own weight. The
corrugations run across the short dimension, from side to side.
A ribbed slab, giving considerable extra strength on one direction.

A waffle slab, giving added strength in both directions.

Reinforcement design

A one way slab has structural strength in shortest direction.


A two way slab has structural strength in two directions.

These slabs could be cantilevered or Simply Supported Slabs.

Construction

A concrete slab can be cast in two ways: It could either be prefabricated or cast in

situ.
Prefabricated concrete slabs are cast in a factory and then transported to the site

ready to be lowered into place between steel or concrete beams.


They may be pre-stressed (in the factory), post-stressed (on site), or unstressed.

Care should be taken to see that the supporting structure is built to the correct
dimensions to avoid trouble with the fitting of slabs over the supporting structure.
In situ concrete slabs are built on the building site using formwork. Formwork is a

box-like setup in which concrete is poured for the construction of slabs.


For reinforced concrete slabs, reinforcing steel bars are placed within the formwork

and then the concrete is poured.


Plastic tipped metal, or plastic bar chairs are used to hold the reinforcing steel bars

away from the bottom and sides of the form-work, so that when the concrete sets it
completely envelops the reinforcement.
Formwork differs with the kind of slab. For a ground slab, the form-work may
consist only of sidewalls pushed into the ground whereas for a suspended slab, the
form-work is shaped like a tray, often supported by a temporary scaffold until the
concrete sets.

Materials used for the formwork

The formwork is commonly built from wooden planks and boards, plastic, or steel.

On commercial building sites today, plastic and steel are more common as they save
labour.
On low-budget sites, for instance when laying a concrete garden path, wooden
planks are very common. After the concrete has set the wood may be removed, or left
there permanently.

In some cases formwork is not necessary for instance, a ground slab surrounded
by brick or block foundation walls, where the walls act as the sides of the tray and
hardcore acts as the base.

Span Effective Depth ratios

Excessive deflections of slabs will cause damage to the ceiling, floor finishes and

other architectural details. To avoid this, limits are set on the span-depth ratios.
These limits are exactly the same as those for beams. As a slab is usually a slender
member the restriction on the span-depth ratio becomes more important and this can
often control the depth of slab required in terms of the span effective depth ratio is
given by,

Minimum effective depth = span/(basic ratio x modification factor)


The modification factor is based on the area of tension steel in the shorter span when a slab
is singly reinforced at midspan, the modification factors for the areas of tensions and
compression steel are as given in the figure 2 and 4 of the code.

Solid Slab spanning in two directions

When a slab is supported on all four of its sides, it effectively spans in both

directions, and it is sometimes more economical to design the slab on this basis. The
moment of bending in each direction will depend on the ratio of the two spans and the
conditions of restraint at each support.
If the slab is square and the restraint is similar along the four sides, then the load will

span equally in both directions. If the slab is rectangular, then more than one-half of the
load will be carried in the shorter direction and lesser load will be imposed on the
longer direction.
If one span is much longer than the other, a large portion of the load will be carried in

the shorter direction and the slab may as well be designed as spanning in only one
direction.
Moments in each direction of span are generally calculated using co-efficients which

are tabulated in the code.


The slab is reinforced with the bars in both directions parallel to the spans with the
steel for the shorter span placed farthest from the natural acis to five the greater
effective depth.

The span-efective depths are based on the shorter span and the percentage of the
reinforcement in that direction.

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