TEST ON RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR

AIM:
To determine the volumetric efficiency and isothermal efficiency of the
given reciprocating air compressor and draw the following graphs:
(a) Volumetric efficiency Vs Receiver pressure
(b) Isothermal efficiency Vs Receiver pressure

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Tachometer, stop clock

SPECIFICATIONS OF THE COMPRESSOR & MOTOR:

Compressor type
Maximum pressure
Number of Cylinders
Intercooler type
Cylinder bore diameter
Stroke length of the piston

: Single cylinder, vertical

: 10 Kg/cm2
: 1
:
: 70mm
: 56mm

THEORY:
The mass of air inhaled by a reciprocating compressor will not be generally
equal to the mass of air which should fill the complete swept volume during the
suction stroke. This is due to the fact that during every suction stroke the stagnant
air in the inlet passage has to be accelerated and also due to the various restrictions
in the inlet passage causing pressure drop.
The ratio of the actual volume of free air inhaled at standard atmospheric
conditions per stroke or per unit time to the swept volume by the L.P. cylinder
piston is called volumetric efficiency.
Actual volume of free air inhaled per stroke or per unit time
vol

=
Swept volume of cylinder piston per stroke or per unit time

The standard atmospheric conditions are an atmospheric pressure of 1.013 bar and
a temperature of 150 C. The value of volumetric efficiency varies between 70 and
85 percent.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SET-UP:

The test rig consists of a twin cylinder reciprocation air compressor with air
cooling in between the two stages. The compressed air is collected in a receiver
tank fitted with a pressure gauge.
The air to the L.P. cylinder is sucked through an air settling tank fitted with
an orifice to measure the actual air flow. An energy meter measures the input
electrical energy to the motor.

PRECAUTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Do not close the orifice of the air tank.

Check the level of water in the U-tube manometer.
Before starting, close the outlet valve of the air receiver tank.
Open the outlet valve of the air receiver tank after the completion of the
experiment.

5. Before taking readings, steady state condition should be obtained.

PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Close the outlet valve of the air receiver tank.

Check the connections to the U-tube manometer.
Start the compressor by pressing the starter button of the motor.
Allow the compressor to develop the required pressure.
Open the outlet of the air receiver tank slowly and adjust such that the
pressure remains constant at a certain required value in the pressure
gauge.
6. Take the following readings : a) Speed of the compressor
b) U-tube manometer reading
c) Time for 5 revolutions in the energy meter.
7. By closing the outlet valve of the air receiver tank, allow the compressor

to develop higher pressure and repeat the procedure for different

receiver tank pressures. Take at least 5 sets of readings.

CALCULATIONS:
Actual discharge

1. Volumetric efficiency vol =

Theoretical discharge

x100

(%)

Actual discharge Qact

CdA (2gha)

(m3/s)

Where,
Cd

Coefficient of discharge for orifice = 0.62

Cross sectional area of the orifice = d2/4

(m2)

Diameter of the orifice

(m)

9.81

ha

Air head causing the flow = (h1~h2)/100 (w/a) (m)

= 15mm

(m/s2)

h1 and h2 are water level in the manometer

(cm)

Density of water 1000

(kg/ m3)

Density of air = 1.293 x 273 / (273 + t)

(kg/ m3)

Ambient temperature
D2 L

(0C)

Theoretical discharge Qth =

(m3/s)
4

60

Where,
D

Bore diameter

70mm

(m)

Stroke length

56mm

(m)

Isothermal work on air

2. Isothermal efficiency iso =

x100 (%)
Shaft work input to compressor
Pd

Isothermal work on air = Ps Vs ln

(W)
Ps

Where,
Ps

Suction pressure Atmospheric pressure

(N/m2 )

Vs

Qact = Actual discharge

(m3/s)

Pd

Abs. Delivery pressure

Atm. Pressure + Gauge pressure in air receiver tank

(N/m 2 )

Shaft work input to compressor = Electrical power input x motor x trans.

Where,
n

3600x1000

Electrical power Input =

x
t

(W)
EMC

Number of revolutions of the disc (generally 5 revs)

Time for n revs.

EMC =

Energy meter constant

1500 rev/kWh

motor =

Motor efficiency

0.8

trans. =

Transmission efficiency

0.8

RESULT:
The following graphs are drawn:
(a) Volumetric efficiency Vs Receiver pressure
(b) Isothermal efficiency Vs Receiver pressure
[

TABULATION:
Speed
Sl.
No.

Air receiver
tank pressure
(kg/cm2)
(rpm)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Air settling tank

manometer
reading in cm
h1

h2

h1~h2

Time for 5 rev.

in Energy
meter

Volumetric
Efficiency

Isothermal
Efficiency

(S)

(%)

(%)

RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR

1. What are the applications of reciprocating air compressor?
2. Which process of compression involves less work input?
3. Why the prime mover is not directly connected to the air compressor?
4. Differentiate between reciprocating air compressor and centrifugal air
compressor?
5. Define isothermal efficiency.
6. What is the expected value of volumetric efficiency for a well designed?
7. Lost out the methods of inter cooling between stages.
8. What are the post compression treatments for compressed air used in
chemical industries?
9. What are the differences in construction between reciprocating air
compressor and I.C.engines?
10. What are the instruments used for doing volumetric efficiency test?

NATURAL CONVENCTION FROM VERTICAL

CYLINDER
AIM:
To determine the heat transfer coefficient in natural convection from a
vertical cylinder at various heat input rates and to compare the experimental and
theoretical results.
SPECIFICATION OF TEST RIG:
Diameter of tube d = 40mm
Length of tube L
= 500mm
Material of the tube = Brass
DESCRIPTION OF TEST RIG:
The test rig consists of vertical brass tube mounted vertically inside a
rectangular duct. Seven thermocouples are embedded in the tube at various
locations to read surface temperatures. Also a thermocouple is provided to read the
temperature of ambient air. The thermocouples are connected to the temperature
indicator through selector switch. By selecting a particular thermocouple we can
read the temperature at that particular location.
A resistance heater is provided inside the vertical tube to heat the brass
tube. The heat input is measured by the voltmeter and ammeter. The input is varied
by dimmer stat.
PRECAUTION:
1. Before switching on the main switch keep the dimmer stat in zero
position.
2. Never exceed 80 watts.
3. The thermocouple selector switch should be turned gently.
4. Before switching off the main switch the dimmer stat should be returned
to zero position.
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the supply and adjust the dimmer stat to obtain the required
heat input.
2. Wait till the fairly steady is reached, which is confirmed from the
temperature readings T2 to T5.
3. Note down surface temperatures at various locations by operating the
selector switch.
4. Note down the ambient temperature.
5. Repeat the experiment at different heat input rates.

OBSERVATION:
Sl.
No.

Voltmeter
Reading
(volts)

Ammeter
Reading
(amps)

Temperature of
Air

Surface Temperatures (0C)

T2

T3

T4

T5

Tsavg

T1

1.
2.
CALCULATION:
(i) Experimental:
q
Heat transfer coefficient

(W / (m2 0C)

=
As (Tsavg Tair)

Where,
Rate of heat input

q
As
Tsavg

=
=
=
=

VI

(W)

Surface area of the vertical cylinder

dL
(m2)
average surface temperature
T2 \ T3 \ T4 \ T5
(0C)

Tair

=
=

4
avg. temperature of air
(T1+T2 )/ 2

(0C)

(ii) Theoretical:
Theoretical heat transfer coefficient can be calculated from the correlation as
follows:
Nu

0.56 (GrPr)0.25 for 104 < GrPr < 108

Nu

0.13 (GrPr)0.333 for 108 < GrPr < 1012

T6

Where,
Nu

Nusselt number

hL / kair

Gr

Grashoff number

L3gT/2

Pr

Prandtl number (From Tables)

kair

Thermal conductivity of air

(W / (m 0C)

Length of the cylinder

(m)

Acceleration due to gravity

(m/S2)

Coefficient of volumetric expansion of air

1/Tf

(0K-1)

Tsavg +Tair
Tf
Tsavg

=
2
& Tair should be in Kelvin scale

kinematic viscosity of air

(m2 /S)

(Tsavg Ta)

(0K)

All the properties of air should be evaluated at film temperature Tf.

RESULT:
The surface temperatures along the length of the vertical cylinder are shown
in the graph and the results are tabulated below:

Heat input rate

Sl.
No.

q
(W)

1.
2.

Tsavg Tair
(0K)

Experimental Heat
Transfer Coefficient
(W / (m2 0C))

Theoretical Heat
Transfer Coefficient
(W / (m2 0C))

NATURAL CONVENCTION FROM VERTICAL

CYLINDER
1. Define natural convection.
2. Why the duct containing the cylinder opens both at the bottom and top?
3. Draw the temperature profile of the surface.
4. What is the empirical relation governing natural convection?
5. Mention the significances of Grashoff No.
6. What is the significances of Nusselt No & prandtl No.
7. What are the applications of this experiment?
8. What is thermally induced Buoyancy?
9. For the same surface temperature which orientation of surface will have high
heat transfer coefficient?
10. Define heat flux

FORCED CONVECTION FROM HORIZONTAL

TUBE AT DIFFERENT HEAT INPUT RATES
AIM:
To determine the heat transfer coefficients at different heat input rates when air
flow rate is kept constant in a horizontal tube and to compare the results with theoretical
values.

SPECIFICATIONS OF TEST RIG:

Inner diameter of pipe

(Di)

20mm

Outer diameter of pipe

(Do)

40mm

Length of the pipe

(L)

500mm

Diameter of Orifice

(d)

24mm

Centrifugal blower with 1hp motor.

DESCRIPTION OF TEST RIG:
The air is forced through the horizontal pipe by a centrifugal air blower.
The air flow rate is controlled by a gate valve. A heater is provided around the tube
to heat it. The heat input is calculated from voltmeter and ammeter readings and it
can be varied by adjusted the dimmer stat.
Six thermocouples are embedded (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6) to read the
temperatures. From the thermocouples 1 and 6, the inlet and outlet temperatures of
air can be found out, and the remaining thermocouples indicate the surface
temperatures of the tube. The thermocouples are connected to the temperature
indicator through the selector switch. The temperature at a particular location can
be read from the temperature indicator by selecting corresponding thermocouples.
The flow rate air can be gauged by orifice meter and manometer set-up.
PRECAUTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Keep the dimmer stat at zero position switching on the power supply
Do not stop the blower in between the testing period.
Do not disturb the thermocouple while testing.
Operate the thermocouple selector switch gently.
Do not exceed 200 watts.

PROCEDURE:
1. Start the blower and adjust the flow by means of valve to some desired
difference in manometer level.
2. Start the heating of the test section and with the help of dimmer stat
adjust the heat input by noting voltmeter and ammeter readings.
3. Note the thermocouple reading after steady stat is reached.
4. Keeping the air flow rate constant, adjust the heat input to the next
higher value by means dimmer stat, and repeat the experiment.

OBSERVATION:

Sl.
No.

Voltmeter
reading

Ammeter
reading

Inlet temp.
of air
T1

CALCULATIONS:

Outlet
Temperature along the
temp. of air duct

Manometer
reading

T6 oC

h1
cm

T2oC T3oC T4oC T5oC

h2
cm

1. Experimental:
Experimental heat transfer co-efficient,
(W/( m2

hexp

q / [As (Tsav Ta)]

C))

mCpT

Mass flow rate of air

air V

air

(1.293 x 273) / [273 + ((T1+T6) /2)](kg/m3)

Volumetric flow rate

Cd

Coefficient of discharge 0.64

d2 /4

(m)

Velocity of air

(m/s)

(2ghair)

hair

(h1 ~ h2) w / air

(m)

Cp

Specific heat of air at

(J/(kg oC))

Temperature rise of air = T6 T1 (oC)

As

Area of the heat transfer = DiL (m2)

Tavg

(T1+T6) /2

Tavg

Average surface temperature

(T2+T3+T4+T5) / 4

Average air temperature

(T1+T6) /2

Where,
(W)

Where,
(kg/s)

Cd a

Where,

Tair
2. Theoretical:

(0C)
(0C)

The properties of air should be evaluated film temperature

Tf

(Tsavg + Ta) / 2

The propertied to be taken from the data book for the air are
Pr
=
Prandtl No.
kw
=
Thermal conductivity of air
(W/( m2 0C))

=
Kinematic viscosity
For flow through horizontal tube the correlation used to find the surface
heat transfer coefficient is
=

Reynolds No.

Velocity of air flow

Volume flow rate / cross section area of tube

V / (/4)Di2

0.023 (ReD)0.8 (Pr)0.4

NuD

Di /

ReD

(m/s)

Where,
NuD =

Nusselt No. =

hDi / kw

RESULT:

Sl.No.

Voltage & Current

setting
V

Velocity of air
flow (m/s)
I

Experimental
heat transfer
coefficient
(W/( m2 0C))

Theoretical
heat transfer
coefficient
(W/( m2 0C))

FORCED CONVECTION FROM HORIZONTAL

CYLINDER
1. Define forced convection.
2. What are the types of experiments that can be performed in this apparatus?
3. Define Reynolds No
4. Mention its range of values for various flow regimes
5. What is the effect of Reynolds No on heat transfer coefficient?
6. What is the effect of surface temperature on heat transfer coefficient?
7. Mention the practical significance of this experiment
8. What is the range of value of heat transfer coefficient if heat is transferred to a
gaseous medium?
9. What is the range of heat transfer coefficient value in case of a liquid medium?
10. What are the various empirical correlations used in forced convection?

TEST ON A PARALLEL FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER

AIM:
To conduct an experiment on parallel flow heat exchanger and to determine
a) heat transfer rates,
b) Overall heat transfer coefficient, and also to compare this value of the
overall heat transfer coefficient with that obtained theoretically,
c) Effectiveness of the heat exchanger.
APPARATUS AND INSTRUMENTS:
1. Parallel flow heat exchanger
2. Graduated flask
3. Stop watch
SPECIFICATION OF THE TEST RIG :
Inner tube material
Inner diameter
(di)
Outer diameter
(do)
Outer tube material
Inner diameter
(Di)
Outer diameter
(Do)
Length of the heat exchanger (L)
Hot water supply

: copper
: 12mm
: 15mm
: GI
: 40mm
:
: 1800mm
: Single phase type geyser

DESCRIPTION OF THE TEST RIG:

The apparatus consists of a tube-in-tube type concentric tube heat
exchanger. The hot water is obtained from an electric geyser and it flows through
the inner tube while the cold water is flowing in the annulus.
In counter flow type heat exchanger, the hot fluid and the cold fluid flow in
opposite directions.
In this apparatus, the flow rates of both the fluids are measured by means of
graduated flask and stop watch. The temperatures are measured by using
thermometers. The outer tube is insulated to avoid heat losses.

PROCEDURE:
1. Start the flow in hot water side.

2. Start the flow in cold water side.

3. By operating the valves as shown in figure make it as parallel flow.
4. Switch on the geyser to obtain hot water.
5. Adjust the flow rate both on hot water side and cold water side within the
range. Approximately
Hot water side
: 2 lit/min
Cold water side
: 5 lit/min
6. Wait till steady state condition is attained.
7. Record the temperatures on hot water side and cold water side and the flow r
rates accurately.
8. Switch off the geyser.
9. Close the valves.
10. For parallel flow open valve V2, V4 and V5 (Hot water)

OBSERVATION:
Hot water side

Cold water side

Time for
Time for
Inlet
Outlet
Inlet
Outlet
Sl.No.
water
water
temperature temperature
temperature temperature
collection
collection
(0C)
(0C)
(0C)
(0C)
(s)
(s)

CALCULATIONS:
1. Heat transfer rate from hot water (qh) = mh Cph (Thi Tho)

(W)

Where,
mh

hot water flow rate

(kg/s)

Cph

specific heat of hot water

(J/( kg 0C))

at Ta =

(Thi + Tho)

/2

Thi

inlet temperature of hot water

(0C)

Tho

outlet temperature of hot water

(0C)

2. Heat transfer rate to cold water (qc)

= mc Cpc (Tci Tco)

(W)

Where,
mc

cold water flow rate

(kg/s)

Cpc

specific heat of cold water

(J/( kg 0C))

at Ta =

(Tci + Tco)

Tci

inlet temperature of cold water

(0C)

Tco

outlet temperature of cold water

(0C)

3. Average heat transfer rate qa

/2

= (qh + qc) / 2

(W)

4. Overall heat transfer coefficient

= qa / (Ai LMTD)

(W/( m2

C))

b) Based on outside surface Uro = qa / (Ao LMTD)

(W/( m2

C))

a) Based on inside surface Uri

Where,
Ai

= di L(inside surface area of inner tube)

(m2)

Ao

= do L(outside surface area of inner tube)

(m2)

LMTD

= Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference

(0C)

= (i - o) /ln (i / o)
Where,

= Thi Tci

= Tho Tco

5. Effectivness of the heat exchanger = mc Cpc (Tco Tci) / [(mCp)min *( Thi ci)]

* Note: mc Cpc & mh Ch find out the minimum value of these two terms and
substitute in denominataor.
6. For finding the overall heat transfer coefficient theoretically, the values of inside
and outside heat transfer coefficients have to be determined using correlations.
Inside heat transfer coefficient hi is calculated using the correlation.
=

0.023 (ReD)0.8 (Pr)0.3

NuD

Nusselt No. = ( hi di )/ kw

hi

Inside ht. Tr. Coefficient

ReD

Reynolds No. (hdi) /

Pr

Prandtl No. (from tables)

kw

Thermal conductivity of hot water at Tha (W/( m2 0C))

Kinematic viscosity of hot water at Tha (m2/s)

Tha

(Thi + Tho)

/2

(0C)

= Velocity of hot water = mh / (hw (/4) di 2)

(m/s)

hw

= Density of hot water at Tha

(kg / m3)

NuD
Where,

(W/( m2 0C))

Outside heat transfer coefficient ho is calculated using the correlation

NuD

0.023 (ReD)0.8 (Pr)0.4

Where,
NuD = Nusselt No. = (ho de) / kw
ReD

=Reynolds No. (cde) /

Pr

=Prandtl No. (From tables)

De

=Equivalent diameter = (Di do)

kw

=Thermal conductivity of cold water at Tca

(W/(m2 0C))

= Kinematic viscosity of water at Tca

(m2/s)

Tca

= (Tci + Tco) / 2

(0C)

(m)

= Velocity of cold water = mc /[ (cw (/4) Di2 do2)]

cw

= Density of cold water at Tca

(m/s)

(kg / m3)

The overall heat transfer co-efficient can be calculated using the correlation.
l

ri

Uri

hi

l ro

ln
kt

=
Uro

ro

+
hi ri

based on inside surface (W/( m2 0C))

ro

ro
ln

kt

+
ri

ro

ri

ho
l

+
ri

based on inside surface

(W/( m2

C))

ho

Where,
kt = Thermal conductivity of inner material i.e., Copper = 380 W/(m 0C)

RESULT:
The heat transfer rates, both experimental and theoretical overall heat
transfer coefficients, effectiveness are tabulated for different flow rates.
Sl.
No.

Flow rate

Kg/s

Hot
water

Cold
water

Average
ht. tr. rate
qa

Inside overall
ht. tr. Coeff.
(W/( m2 0C))

Expt

Theo

Outside overall
Effectivene
ht. tr. coeff..
2 0
ss
(W/( m C))

Expt

Theo

PARALLEL/COUNTER FLOW DOUBLE PIPE HEAT

EXCHANGER
1. What are the applications of this heat exchanger?
2. Describe how heat is transferred in this apparatus.
3. Differentiate between surface heat transfer coefficient and overall heat
transfer co-efficient.
4. What is LMTD?
5. Write the advantages of parallel flow.
6. Write the advantages of counter flow.
7. What is equivalent diameter and where is it essential?
8. Define effectiveness of heat exchanger.
9. Lost out the criteria for selection of tube side fluid.
10. What is the expected overall heat transfer coefficient for water to water heat
exchange?

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF A SPECIMEN BY

TWO SLAB GUARDED HOT PLATE METHOD
AIM:
To find the thermal conductivity of the specimen at different heat fluxes by two
slab guarded hot plate.

SPECIFICATION:
Thickness of the specimen
The effective heat transfer area dia
Heaters

(dx)
(d)

= 0.006 m
= 0.125 m
= 2No. (Main heater and guard heater)

DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus consisting of a guarded hot plate and cold plate. A specimen whose
thermal conductivity is to be measured is sand witched between the hot and cold plate.
Both hot plate and guard heaters are heated by electrical heaters. A small trough is the
cold plate to hold coolant water circulation. A similar arrangement is made on the other
side of the heater as shown in the figure. Thermocouples are attached to measure
temperature in between the hot plate and specimen plate, also cold plate and the specimen
plate on both sides. The specimen plates are identical in shape.
A multipoint digital temperature indicator with selector switch is provided to note
the temperature at different locations. A regulator is provided to control the input energy
to the main heater and guard heater. An ammeter and voltmeter are provided to note and
vary the input energy heater.
The whole assembly is kept in an enclosure with heat insulating material filled all
around to minimize the heat loss.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the power supply to the unit. Turn the regulator knob clockwise and the
power o the main heater to any desired value.
2. Adjust the regulator for guard heater so that the main heater temperature is almost
equal to the guard heater temperature.
3. Allow water through the cold plate at a steady rate. Note the temperatures at different
locations when the unit reaches steady state. The steady state is defined, as, the
temperature gradient across the plate remains same at different time intervals,
as the specimen plate is a bad conductor.
4. For different power inputs in ascending order only the experiment may be repeated
and readings are tabulated as below.
5. The guard heater enables the heat flow in uni-direction.
Thermocouples 1, 2, 3 & 4 are connected to the main heater.
Thermocouples 5 & 6 are connected to the interface of the specimen and cold plate.
Thermocouples 7 & 8 are connected to the guard heater.

TABULATION:
Sl.
No

Main heater
V1

I1

T1

T2

Guard heater
T3

T4

V2

I2

T7

T8

Cooling
plate
T5
T6

CALCULATIONS:
1. Heat input to main heater

W1

V1 I

2. Area of heat flow

( / 4) * (0.125)2

3. Heat flux

W1 / 2A

4. Thermal conductivity of the specimen k =

W1L / 2A (Th Tc) (W / m oC )

Where,
Th

(T1 + T2 + T3 +T4 ) (0C)

Tc

(T5 + T6 ) / 2

RESULT:

DETERMINATION OF THERMALCONDUCTIVITY
OF A MATERIAL IN LAGGED PIPE

AIM:
To determine the thermal conductivity of saw dust by knowing the thermal
conductivity of asbestos using lagged pipe

SPECIFICATIONS:
Heater diameter

d1

20 mm

Heater with asbestos diameter

d2

40 mm

Asbestos and saw dust diameter

d3

80 mm

Length

500 mm

THEORY:
The insulation is defined as a material, which retards the heat flow with
reasonable effectiveness. Heat is transferred through insulation by conduction,
convection and radiation or by the combination of these three.

There is no

insulation that is 100% effective to prevent the flow of heat under temperature
gradient.

DESCRIPTION:
The experimental setup in which the heat is transferred through insulation
by conduction is under study in the given apparatus. The apparatus consisting of a
rod heater with asbestos lagging. The assembly is inside and MS pipe. Between
the asbestos lagging and MS pipe saw dust is filled.
The set us as shown in the figure. Let r1 be the radius of the heater, r2 be
the radius of the heater with asbestos lagging and r3 be the inner radius of the
outer MS pipe. Knowing the thermal conductivity of one lagging material the
thermal conductivity of the other insulating material can be found.

PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the unit and check if all channels of temperature indicator showing
proper temperature.

2. Switch on the heater using the regulator and keep the power input at some
particular value.
3. Allow the unit to stabilize for about 20 to 30 minutes.
4. Now note down the ammeter, voltmeter reading which gives the heat input.
Temperatures 1, 2 and 3 are the temperatures of heater rod, 4, 5 and 6 are the
temperatures on the asbestos layer. 7 and 8 are temperatures on the saw dust
lagging. The average temperature of each cylinder is taken for calculation.
5. The temperatures are measured by thermocouple (Fe/Ko) with multipoint digital
temperature indicator.
6. The experiment may be repeated for different heat inputs.

OBSERVATION:

S.No.

Voltmeter

Ammeter

reading

reading

V
volts

A
amps

CALCULATION:

Heat temperature
T1
C

T2
C

T3
C

Average
temp.

Saw dust

Asbestos temperature
T4
C

T5
C

T6
C

Average
temp.

T7
C

temperature
T8 Average
C
temp.

Q =

K1 2Lt
------------------ln(r2/r1)

K2 2Lt
---------------------ln(r3/r2)

Where,
t

temperature drop across the lagged pipe

K1

thermal conductivity of asbestos

K2

thermal conductivity of saw dust

length of the heater

0.5 mtrs

r1

radius of heater

10 mm

r2

radius of asbestos lagging

20 mm

r3

radius of saw dust lagging

40mm

heat flow through lagging material

RESULT:
Thus the thermal conductivity of sawdust is known to be

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF A SPECIMEN BY

TWO SLAB GUARDED HOT PLATE METHOD

1. What is the basic law used in this experiment.

2. Why do we provide guarded heater
3. Why the slab is surrounded by glass wool in all sides
4. Which property will affect the heat transfer by conduction?
5. If temperature remains constant with time the rate of heat transfer is -------6. Fouriers law of heat conduction gives the heat flow for -------------7. What do you understand by steady & unsteady flow?
8. Co-efficient of thermal conductivity is defined as the hat flow per unit time ---------9. Why do we use sodium in nuclear reactors?
10. The rate of heat transfer from a solid surface to a fluid is obtained from -----------low of cooling