Jee Main Mathematics II

For all Engineering Entrance Examinations held across India.
JEE Main
Mathematics
Salient Features
Exhaustive coverage of MCQs subtopic wise.
2953 MCQs including questions from various competitive exams.
Precise theory for every topic.
Neat, labelled and authentic diagrams.
Hints provided wherever relevant.
Additional information relevant to the concepts.
Simple and lucid language.

Self evaluative in nature.
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Preface
Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space and change. It is one of the oldest academic discipline that has
led towards human progress. Its root lies in mans fascination with numbers.
Maths not only adds great value towards a progressive society but also contributes immensely towards other sciences
like Physics and Chemistry. Interdisciplinary research in the above mentioned fields has led to monumental
contributions towards progress in technology.
Targets Maths Vol. II has been compiled according to the notified syllabus for JEE (Main), which in turn has been
framed after reviewing various national syllabi.
Targets Maths Vol. II comprises of a comprehensive coverage of theoretical concepts and multiple choice
questions. In the development of each chapter we have ensured the inclusion of shortcuts and unique points
represented as an Important Note for the benefit of students.
The flow of content and MCQs has been planned keeping in mind the weightage given to a topic as per the
JEE (Main).
MCQs in each chapter are a mix of questions based on theory and numericals and their level of difficulty is at par with
that of various engineering competitive examinations.
This edition of Maths Vol. II has been conceptualized with absolute focus on the assistance students would require
to answer tricky questions and would give them an edge over the competition.
Lastly, I am grateful to the publishers of this book for their persistent efforts, commitment to quality and their
unending support to bring out this book, without which it would have been difficult for me to partner with students on
this journey towards their success.
All the best to all Aspirants!

Yours faithfully,
Author
No.
Topic Name
Page No.
1
Matrices and Determinants
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability
113
Integral Calculus
330
Differential Equations
505
Vector Algebra
570
Three Dimensional Geometry
638
Statistics and Probability
697
Mathematical Reasoning
786
Physics (Vol. II)
TARGET Publications
01
Syllabus For JEE (Main)

1.1 Determinants
1.1.1
Determinants of order two and three, properties and evaluation of determinants
1.1.2
Area of a triangle using determinants
1.1.3
Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three

variables
1.2 Matrices
1.2.1
Matrices of order two and three, Algebra of matrices and Types of matrices
1.2.2
Adjoint and Evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and

elementary transformations
1.2.3
Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three

variables
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1.1
Determinants
1.
Determinant of order two and three:

i.
Determinant of order two:

The arrangement of four numbers a1, a2, b1, b2 in 2 rows and 2 columns enclosed between two vertical
a b1
is a determinant of order two.
bars as 1
a 2 b2
The value of the determinant

eg.
2 3
4 7
a1
b1
a2
b2
is defined as a1b2 b1a2.
= 2(7) (3)4
= 14 + 12
= 26
ii.
Determinant of order three:

The arrangement of nine numbers a1, b1, c1, a2, b2, c2, a3, b3, c3 in 3 rows and 3 columns enclosed
a1 b1 c1
between two vertical bars as a 2
b2
c 2 is a determinant of order three.
a 3 b3 c3
Here, the elements in the horizontal line are said to form a row. The three rows are denoted by
R1, R2, R3 respectively.
Similarly, the elements in the vertical line are said to form a column. The three columns are denoted
by C1, C2, C3 respectively.
a1 b1 c1
The value of the determinant a 2
b2
c 2 is given by
a3
b3
c3
a1
b2
c2
b3
c3
b1
a2
c2
a3
c3
+ c1
a2
b2
a3
b3
= a1(b2c3 b3c2) b1(a2c3 a3c2) + c1(a2b3 b2a3)
eg.
1 1 2
1 3
3 3
3 1
3 1 3 =1
1
+2
3 2
1 2
1 3
1 3 2
= 1(2 9) 1(6 3) + 2(9 1)
= 7 3 + 16
=6
Important Notes
2.
A determinant of order 3 can be expanded along any row or column.
If each element of a row or a column of a determinant is zero, then its value is zero.
Minors and Cofactors:

a11 a12 a13
Let = a 21 a 22
a 31 a 32
a 23
a 33
Here, aij denotes the element of the determinant in ith row and jth column.
2
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i.
Minor of an element:
The minor of an element aij is defined as the value of the determinant obtained by eliminating the
ith row and jth column of .
It is denoted by Mij.
a11 a12 a13
If = a 21 a 22
a 31 a 32
a 23 , then
a 33
M11 = minor of a11 =

a 22
a 23
a 32
a 33
a 21 a 23
a 31
a 33
= a22a33 a32a23
= a21a33 a31a23
a 21 a 22
= a21a32 a31a22
a 31 a 32
Similarly, we can find the minors of other elements.

eg.
2 3 1
Find the minor of 2 in the determinant 4 0 5 .
1 6 7
Solution:
ii.
Minor of 2 =
0 5
= (0)(7) (5)(6) = 30
6 7
Cofactor of an element:
The cofactor of an element aij in is equal to (1)i + j Mij, where Mij is the minor of aij.
It is denoted by Cij or Aij.
Thus, Cij = (1)i + j Mij
a11 a12 a13
If = a 21 a 22
a 31 a 32
a 23 , then
a 33
C11 = (1)1 + 1 M11 = M11

C12 = (1)1 + 2 M12 = M12
C13 = (1)1 + 3 M13 = M13
Similarly, we can find the cofactors of other elements.
eg.
2 3 1
Find the cofactor of 3 in the determinant 4 0 5 .
1 6 7
Solution:
4 5
1 7
= (28 5)
= 23
Cofactor of 3 = (1)1 + 2
Important Note
The sum of the products of the elements of any row (or column) with the cofactors
of corresponding elements of any other row (or column) is zero.
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3.
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Properties of determinants:
i.
The value of a determinant is unchanged, if its rows and columns are interchanged.
a1 b1 c1
a1 a 2 a 3
Thus, if D = a 2
a3
b2
b3
c 2 , then the value of D1 = b1

c3
c1
b2
c2
b3 is D.
c3
eg.
8 5 1
Let D = 5 8 1
6 3 1
By interchanging rows and columns, we get
8 5 6
D1 = 5 8 3
1 1 1
ii.
By expanding the determinants D and D1, we get the value of each determinant equal to 2.
Interchanging of any two rows (or columns) will change the sign of the value of the determinant.
eg.
8 5 1
Let D = 5 8 1 . Then, D = 2
6 3 1
Let D1 be the determinant obtained by interchanging second and third row of D. Then,
8 5 1
D1 = 6 3 1
5 8 1
iii.
= 2
D1 = D
If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are identical, then its value is zero.
eg.
1 1 1
a b c =0
.[ R1 R3]
a.
1 1 1
b.
iv.
41 1 1
44 1 1 = 0
47 1 1
.[ C2 C3]
If all the elements of any row (or column) are multiplied by a number k, then the value of new
determinant so obtained is k times the value of the original determinant.
eg.
8 5 6
Let D = 5 8 3 . Then, D = 2
1 1 1
Let D1 be the determinant obtained by multiplying the third row of D by k. Then,
8 5 6
D1 = 5 8 3 = 8(5k) 5(8k) + 6(13k)
k k k
= 2k = kD
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v.
If each element of any row (or column) of a determinant is the sum of two terms, then the determinant
can be expressed as the sum of two determinants.
eg.
a1 + x b1 + y c1 + z
a1 b1 c1
x y z
a2
b2
c2 = a 2 b 2 c2 + a 2 b 2 c2
a.
a3
b3
c3
a 3 b 3 c3
a 3 b3 c3
a1
a2
a3
b.
vi.
b1 + p c1
a1
b 2 + q c2 = a 2
b3 + r c3
a3
b1
b2
b3
c1
a1
c2 + a 2
c3
a3
p c1
q c2
r c3
If a constant multiple of all elements of any row (or column) is added to the corresponding elements
of any other row (or column), then the value of the new determinant so obtained remains unchanged.
eg.
8 5 6
Let D = 5 8 3 .
1 1 1
Let D1 be the determinant obtained by multiplying the elements of the first row of D by k and adding
these elements to the corresponding elements of the third row. Then,
8
5
6
8
3
D1 = 5
1 + 8k 1 + 5k 1 + 6k
By solving, we get D = D1
4.
Product or Multiplication of two determinants:

a1
Let the two determinants of third order be 1 = a 2

a3
b1
b2
b3
c1
1
c 2 , 2 = 2
c3
3
2
3
2 and be their product.

3
Rule: Take the 1st row of 1 and multiply it successively with 1st, 2nd and 3rd rows of 2. The three
expressions thus obtained will be elements of 1st row of . In a similar manner the elements of 2nd and 3rd
row of are obtained.
a1 b1 c1
1 1 1
= a2
a3
b2
b3
c2 2
c3
3
2
3
2
3
a11 + b11 + c11 a1 2 + b12 + c1 2

= a 2 1 + b 21 + c 2 1 a 2 2 + b 22 + c 2 2
a 31 + b31 + c3 1 a 3 2 + b32 + c3 2
a1 3 + b13 + c1 3
a 2 3 + b 2 3 + c 2 3
a 3 3 + b33 + c3 3
This is row by row multiplication rule for finding the product of two determinants.
We can also multiply rows by columns or columns by rows or columns by columns.
eg.
Find the value of

Solution:
4 1 4 1
.
2 1 2 1
4 1 4 1
17 9
=
=4
2 1 2 1
9 5
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5.
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Area of a triangle using determinants:

y1 1
x1
1
x2
Area of a triangle whose vertices are (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is equal to
2
x3
y2 1 .
y3 1
Since, area cannot be negative, therefore we always take the absolute value of the above determinant for the
area.
eg.
If the vertices of a triangle are (3, 3), (5, 7) and (1, 4), then find its area.
Solution: Let A (3, 3), B (5, 7) and C (1, 4)
3 3 1
1
area of ABC = 5 7 1
2
1 4 1
= 4 sq.units
Important Notes
x1
If points (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) are collinear, then x2
x3
y1 1
y2 1 = 0.
y3 1
x
6.
The equation of the line joining points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is x1
x2
y1 1 = 0.
y2 1
System of linear equations:

A system of linear equations in 3 unknowns x, y, z is of the form
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
i.
If d1, d2 and d3 are all zero, the system is called homogeneous and nonhomogeneous if at least one
di is non-zero.
ii.
A system of linear equations may have a unique solution, or many solutions, or no solution at all. If it
has a solution (whether unique or not) the system is said to be consistent. If it has no solution, it is
called an inconsistent system.
Solution of a non-homogeneous system of linear equations:
i.
The solution of the system of linear equations
a1x + b1y = c1
a2x + b2y = c2
a b1
c b1
a c1
D
D
is given by x = 1 , y = 2 , where D = 1
, D1 = 1
and D2 = 1
a 2 b2
c2 b2
a 2 c2
D
D
7.
provided that D 0.
Conditions for consistency:
a.
b.
c.
6
If D 0, then the given system of equations is consistent and has a unique solution given by
D
D
x= 1,y= 2 .
D
D
If D = 0 and D1 = D2 = 0, then the given system of equations is consistent and has infinitely
many solutions.
If D = 0 and one of D1 and D2 is non-zero, then the given system of equations is inconsistent.
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ii.

a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
is given by x =
D
D1
D
, y = 2 and z = 3 ,
D
D
D
a1
b1
c1
d1
b1
cl
a1
d1
c1
a1
b1
d1
where D = a 2
a3
b2
b3
c 2 , D1 = d 2
c3
d3
b2
b3
c 2 , D2 = a 2
c3
a3
d2
d3
c 2 and D3 = a 2
c3
a3
b2
b3
d2
d3
provided that D 0.
a.
D
D
D
x = 1 , y = 2 and z = 3 .
D
D
D
b.
If D = 0 and D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations is either consistent with

infinitely many solutions or has no solution.
c.
If D = 0 and at least one of the determinants D1, D2 and D3 is non-zero, then the given system of
equations is inconsistent.
egs.
i.
Using Cramers Rule, solve the following linear equations:
3x 2y = 5,
x 3y = 3
Solution:
We have, D =
D1 =
3 3
= 7 0
= 21 and D2 =
1 3
= 14
D1
21
=
=3
7
D
and y =
ii.
1 3
by cramers rule,
x=
3 2
D2
14
=2
=
7
D
x = 3 and y = 2.
Verify whether the system of equations: 3x y 2z = 2, 2y z = 1, 3x 5y = 3 is

consistent or inconsistent.
3 1 2
Solution:
1 2
We have, D = 0 2 1 = 0, D1 = 1 2 1 = 5 0
3 5 0
3 5 0
Since, D = 0 and D1 0
Hence, the given system of equations is inconsistent.
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Solution of a homogeneous system of linear equations:

If a1x + b1y + c1z = 0
a2x + b2y + c2z = 0
a3x + b3y + c3z = 0
is a homogeneous system of equations, such that
a1 b1 c1
8.
D = a2
a3
b2
b3
c 2 0, then x = y = z = 0 is the only solution and it is known as the trivial solution.

c3
If D = 0, then the system is consistent with infinitely many solutions.

eg.
Solve the following system of homogeneous equations:
3x 4y + 5z = 0
x + y 2z = 0
2 x + 3y + z = 0
3 4 5
Solution: D = 1
2
1
3
2 = 46 0
1
the given system of equations has only the trivial solution i.e., x = y = z = 0.
1.2
Matrices
1.
Matrix:
A rectangular arrangement of mn numbers (real or complex) in m rows and n columns is called a matrix.
This arrangement is enclosed by [ ] or ( ). Generally matrices are represented by capital letters A, B, C, etc.
and its elements are represented by small letters a, b, c, etc.
2.
Order of a matrix:
If a matrix A has m rows and n columns, then A is of order m n or simple m n matrix (read as m by n
matrix). A matrix A of order m n is usually written as
a11 a12 a13 .... a1j .... a1n
a 21 a 22 a 23 .... a 2 j .... a 2n
A=
a i1 a i2 a i3 .... a ij .... a in
a m1 a m2 a m3 .... a mj .... a mn
or A = [aij]m n, where i = 1, 2, . m
j = 1, 2, . n
Here, aij denotes the element of the matrix A in ith row and jth column.
A matrix of order m n contains mn elements. Every row of such a matrix contains n elements and every
column contains m elements.
eg.
3 1
Order of the matrix 2 3 is 3 2.
4 7
3.
Types of matrices:
i.
Row matrix:
A matrix having only one row is called a row-matrix or a row vector.
Thus, A = [aij]m n is a row matrix, if m = 1.
8
TARGET Publications
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eg.
[3] , [5 2 3] are row matrices of order 1 1, 1 3 respectively.
ii.
Column matrix:
A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix or a column vector.
Thus, A = [aij]m n is a column matrix, if n = 1
eg.
1
[3] , 3 are column matrices of order 1 1, 3 1 respectively.
5
iii.
Rectangular matrix:
A matrix A = [aij]mn is called a rectangular matrix, if number of rows is not equal to number of
columns (m n).
eg.
1 2
[3 2 1] , 2 1 are rectangular matrices of order 1 3, 3 2 respectively.
4 3
iv.
Square matrix:
A matrix A = [aij]mn is called a square matrix, if number of rows is equal to number of columns
(m = n).
eg.
1 2 3
1 3
2 5 , 2 3 4 are square matrices of order 2 2, 3 3 respectively.
3 4 5
v.
Null matrix or Zero matrix:

A matrix whose all elements are zero is called a null matrix or a zero matrix. It is denoted by O.
Thus, A = [aij]m n is a zero matrix, if aij = 0 i and j
eg.
0 0
[0],
are zero matrices of order 1 1, 2 2 respectively.
0 0
vi.
Diagonal matrix:
A square matrix in which all its non-diagonal elements are zero is called a diagonal matrix.
Thus, a square matrix A = [aij]nn is a diagonal matrix, if aij = 0 i j
eg.
2 0 0
1 0
0 1 , 0 3 0 are diagonal matrices of order 2 and 3 respectively.
0 0 1
Important Notes
A diagonal matrix of order n n having d1, d2, ., dn as diagonal elements is denoted by

diag [d1, d2, , dn].
1 0 0
eg. 0 4 0 is a diagonal matrix and is denoted by diag [1, 4, 7].
0 0 7
Number of zeros in a diagonal matrix of order n is n2 n.
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vii.
TARGET Publications
Scalar matrix:
A square matrix A = [aij]nn is called a scalar matrix, if all its non-diagonal elements are zero and
diagonal elements are same.
0, i j
, where is a constant.
Thus, a square matrix A = [aij]nn is a scalar matrix, if aij =
, i = j
eg.
2 0 0
8 0
0 8 , 0 2 0 are scalar matrices of order 2 and 3 respectively.
0 0 2
Important Note
A scalar matrix is always a diagonal matrix.
viii. Unit matrix or Identity matrix:

A square matrix A = [aij]nn is called an identity or unit matrix, if all its non-diagonal elements are
zero and diagonal elements are one.
0, i j
Thus, a square matrix A = [aij]nn is a unit matrix, if aij =
1, i = j
A unit matrix is denoted by I.

eg.
1 0 0
1 0
0 1 , 0 1 0 are identity matrices of order 2 and 3 respectively.
0 0 1
Important Note
ix.
Triangular matrix:
A square matrix is said to be triangular matrix if each element above or below the diagonal is zero.
a.
Upper triangular matrix:
A square matrix A = [aij]nn is called an upper triangular matrix, if every element below the
diagonal is zero.
Thus, a square matrix A = [aij]nn is an upper triangular matrix, if aij = 0 i > j
eg.
2 4 6
0 3 5 is an upper triangular matrix.
0 0 9
b.
10
Every unit matrix is a diagonal as well as a scalar matrix.
Lower triangular matrix:

A square matrix A = [aij]nn is called a lower triangular matrix, if every element above the
diagonal is zero.
Thus, a square matrix A = [aij]nn is a lower triangular matrix, if aij = 0 i < j
eg.
5 0 0
2 6 0 is a lower triangular matrix.
1 3 4
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Important Notes
x.
Minimum number of zeros in a triangular matrix of order n is
A diagonal matrix is an upper as well as lower triangular matrix.
Singular matrix:
A square matrix A is called a singular matrix, if |A| = 0.
eg.
3 3
If A =
, then
1 1
|A| =
3 3
1 1
=33=0
A is a singular matrix.
xi.
Non-singular matrix:
A square matrix A is called a non-singular matrix, if |A| 0.
eg.
5 3
If A =
, then
2 4
|A| =
4.
n ( n 1)
5 3
= 20 + 6 = 26 0
2 4
A is a non-singular matrix.
Trace of a matrix:
The sum of all diagonal elements of a square matrix A is called the trace of matrix A. It is denoted by
tr(A).
n
Thus, tr(A) = a ii = a11 + a22 + . + ann

i =1
eg.
3 2 7
If A = 1 4 3 , then tr(A) = 3 + 4 + 8 = 15
2 5 8
Properties of trace of a matrix:
Let A = [aij]m n and B = [bij]m n and be a scalar. Then,
i.
tr(A B) = tr(A) tr(B)
ii.
tr(A) = tr(A)
iii.
tr(AB) = tr(BA)
iv.
tr(A) = tr(AT)
v.
tr(In) = n
vi.
tr(O) = 0
vii.
tr(AB) tr(A). tr(B)
11
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5.
Submatrix:
A matrix which is obtained from a given matrix by deleting any number of rows or columns or both is
called a submatrix of the given matrix.
eg.
5 3 1
2 1
3 5 is a submatrix of the matrix 4 2 1 .
6 3 5
6.
Equality of matrices:
Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to be equal, if
i.
they are of the same order
ii.
their corresponding elements are equal (i.e., aij = bij i, j)

egs.
a b
1 2
a.
If A =
and B =
are equal matrices, then

c d
3 4
a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 and d = 4
b.
7.
3 4
2 5 1
C=
and D =
are not equal matrices because their orders are not same.
2 1
2 3 1
Algebra of matrices:
i.
Addition of matrices:
Let A = [aij]m n and B = [bij]m n be two matrices. Then their sum (denoted by A + B) is defined to be
matrix [cij]m n, where cij = aij + bij for 1 i m, 1 j n.
eg.
1 2 3
7 8 9
,
If A =
and B =
4
2 8
4 5 6
1 + 7 2 8 3 + 9 8 6 6
then A + B =
=
2
4 + 2 5 + 8 6 4 6 3
Similarly, their subtraction A B is defined as A B = [aij bij]m n i, j.
Important Note
Matrix addition and subtraction can be possible only when matrices are of the same order.
Properties of matrix addition:

If A, B and C are three matrices of same order, then
a.
A+B=B+A
(Commutative law)
b.
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (Associative law)
c.
A + O = O + A = A, where O is a zero matrix of the same order as A.
d.
A + (A) = O = (A) + A, where (A) is obtained by changing the sign of every element of A
which is additive inverse of the matrix.
e.
12
A + B = A + C
B = C
B + A = C + A
(Cancellation law)
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ii.
Multiplication of matrices:
Let A and B be any two matrices, then their product AB will be defined only when number of
columns in A is equal to the number of rows in B. If A = [aik]mn and B = [bkj]np, then their product
AB is of order m p and is defined as
(AB)ij =
a
k =1
ik
b kj
= ai1b1j + ai2b2j + . + ainbnj

= (ith row of A) (jth column of B)
eg.
2 5 3
3 6 4 .
4 7 5
Here, number of columns of A = 3 = number of rows of B.
AB is defined as a 2 3 matrix.
1 2 3
Find AB, if A =
and B =
4 5 6
Solution:
1 2 + 2 3 + 3 4 1 5 + 2 6 + 3 7 1 3 + 2 4 + 3 5
AB =
4 2 + 5 3 + 6 4 4 5 + 5 6 + 6 7 4 3 + 5 4 + 6 5
20 38 26
=
47 92 62
Properties of matrix multiplication:

If A, B and C are three matrices such that their product is defined, then
a.
AB BA (generally not commutative)
b.
(AB)C = A(BC)
c.
AI = IA = A, where A is a square matrix and I is an identity matrix of same order.
d.
A (B + C) = AB + AC
(A + B)C = AC + BC
(Associative law)
(Distributive law)
e.
AB = AC B = C
f.
If AB = 0, then it does not imply that A = 0 or B = 0
(Cancellation law is not applicable)
Important Notes
Multiplication of two diagonal matrices is a diagonal matrix.
Multiplication of two scalar matrices is a scalar matrix.
If A and B are square matrices of the same order, then
a.
i.
(A + B)2 = A2 + AB + BA + B2
ii.
(A B)2 = A2 AB BA + B2
iii.
(A+B) (AB) = A2 AB + BA B2
iv.
A (B) = (A) B = (AB)
(A + B)2 A2 + 2AB + B2 unless AB = BA
Scalar multiplication of matrices:

Let A = [aij]mn be a matrix and be a number (scalar), then the matrix obtained by multiplying
every element of A by is called the scalar multiple of A by . It is denoted by A.
Thus, if A = [aij]m n, then A = A = [aij]m n i, j
13
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Properties of scalar multiplication:

If A, B are two matrices of same order and , are any numbers, then
1.
(A B) = A B
b.
8.
2.
( )A = A A
3.
(A) = (A) = (A)
4.
()A = (A) = (A)
5.
O.A = O
6.
.O = O
Positive integral powers of matrices:

The positive integral powers of a matrix A are defined only when A is a square matrix.
Then, we define
A1 = A and An+1 = An.A, where n N
From this definition,
A2 = A.A, A3 = A2. A = A.A.A
For any positive integers m and n,
1.
Am An = Am + n
2.
(Am)n = Amn = (An)m
3.
In = I, Im = I
4.
A0 = In, where A is a square matrix of order n
Transpose of a matrix:
A matrix obtained from the matrix A by interchanging its rows and columns is called the transpose of A.
It is denoted by At or AT or A .
Thus, if the order of A is m n, then the order of AT is n m.
eg.
2 3
2 4 1
T
If A =
, then A = 4 1
3
1
2
1 2
Properties of transpose of a matrix:
If A and B are two matrices, then
i.
(AT)T = A
14
ii.
(kA)T = kAT, where k is a scalar
iii.
a.
(A + B)T = AT + BT
b.
(A B)T = AT BT
A and B being of the same order
iv.
(AB)T = BT AT, A and B being conformable for the product AB
v.
(An)T = (AT)n, n N
vi.
a.
Trace AT = Trace A
b.
Trace AAT 0
Maths (Vol. II)
TARGET Publications
9.
Symmetric matrix:
A square matrix A = [aij]nn is called symmetric matrix, if A = AT or aij = aji i, j.
eg.
2 4
If A =
, then
4 5
2 4
AT =
4 5
A = AT
A is a symmetric matrix.
Important Notes
10.
A unit matrix is always a symmetric matrix.
Maximum number of different elements in a symmetric matrix of order n is
n ( n + 1)
2
Skew-symmetric matrix:
A square matrix A = [aij]nn is called skew-symmetric matrix, if A = AT or aij = aji ij j.
eg.
0 2
If A =
, then
2 0
0
AT =
2
0
AT =
2
2
0
2
0
A = AT
A is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Important Notes
All diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are always zero.
Trace of a skew-symmetric matrix is always zero.
Properties of symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices:

i.
If A is a square matrix, then A + AT, AAT,ATA are symmetric matrices and A AT is a
skew-symmetric matrix.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
The matrix BTAB is symmetric or skew-symmetric according as A is symmetric or skew-symmetric.

If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then
a.
A2n is a symmetric matrix for n N.
b.
A2n + 1 is a skew-symmetric matrix for n N.
If A and B are symmetric matrices, then
a.
A B, AB + BA are symmetric matrices
b.
AB BA is a skew- symmetric matrix
c.
AB is a symmetric matrix iff AB = BA.
If A and B are skew-symmetric matrices, then
a.
A B, AB BA are skew-symmetric matrices.
b.
AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
A square matrix A can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix as
1
1
A = ( A + AT ) + ( A AT )
2
2
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11.
TARGET Publications
Orthogonal matrix:
A square matrix A is called an orthogonal matrix, if AAT = ATA = I
eg.
cos sin
If A =
, then
sin cos
cos sin
AT =
sin cos
cos sin cos sin
A.AT =
sin cos sin cos

1 0
=
=I
0 1
Similarly, ATA = I
A is an orthogonal matrix.
Important Note
A unit matrix is always a orthogonal matrix.
Properties of orthogonal matrix:

i.
If A is an orthogonal matrix, then AT and A1 are also orthogonal matrices.
ii.
12.
If A and B are two orthogonal matrices, then AB and BA are also orthogonal matrices.
Idempotent matrix:
A square matrix A is called an idempotent matrix, if A2 = A.
eg.
1 1
2 2
If A =
, then
1 1
2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
A2 = A.A =
=
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
A is an idempotent matrix.
1
2
1
2
1
2
=A
1
2
Important Note
13.
A unit matrix is always an idempotent matrix.
Nilpotent matrix:
A square matrix A is said to be a nilpotent matrix of index p, if p is the least positive integer such that
Ap = O.
eg.
4 8
If A =
, then
2 4
4 84 8
A2 = A.A =
=
2 4 2 4
A is a nilpotent matrix of index 2.
0 0
0 0 = O
Important Note
16
Determinant of every nilpotent matrix is zero.

Maths (Vol. II)
TARGET Publications
14.
Involutory matrix:
A square matrix A is said to be an involutory matrix, if A2 = I.
eg.
1 0 0
If A = 0 1 0 , then
a b 1
1 0 0
A = A.A = 0 1 0
a b 1
2
1 0 0
0 1 0
a b 1
1 0 0
= 0 1 0 = I
0 0 1
A is an involutory matrix.
Important Note
15.
Every unit matrix is involutory.
Conjugate of a matrix:
The matrix obtained from a given matrix A by replacing each entry containing complex numbers with its
complex conjugate is called conjugate of A. It is denoted by A .

eg.
1 + 2i 2 3i 3 + 4i
If A = 4 5i 5 + 6i 6 7i , then A =
7 + 8i
7
8
1 2i 2 + 3i 3 4i
4 + 5i 5 6i 6 + 7i
7 8i
7
8
Transpose conjugate of a matrix:

The transpose of the conjugate of a matrix A is called transpose conjugate of A.
It is denoted by A.
eg.
1 + 2i 2 3i 3 + 4i
If A = 4 5i 5 + 6i 6 7i , then A =
8
7 + 8i
7
16.
8
1 2i 4 + 5i
2 + 3i 5 6i 7 8i
7
3 4i 6 + 7i
Hermitian matrix:
A square matrix A = [aij]nn is said to be hermitian matrix, if A = A or aij = a ji i, j.

eg.
3 + 4i
3 + 4i
3
3
, then A =
If A =
5
5
3 4i
3 4i
A = A
A is a hermitian matrix.
Important Note
Determinant of a hermitian matrix is purely real.
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TARGET Publications
Skew-Hermitian matrix:
A square matrix A = [aij]nn is said to be a skew-hermitian matrix if A = A or aij = a ji i, j

eg.
1 2i
i
If A =
,
0
1 2i
18.
1 + 2i
i
then A =
0
1 + 2i
1 2i
i
=
0
1 2i
A = A
A is a skew-hermitian matrix.
Adjoint of a square matrix:
The adjoint of a square matrix A = [aij] is the transpose of the matrix of cofactors of elements of A.
It is denoted by adj A.
Let A = [aij] be a square matrix and Cij be the cofactor of aij in A. Then, adj A = [Cij]T
a11 a12
If A = a 21 a 22
a 31 a 32
a13
a 23 , then adj A =
a 33
C11 C12
C
21 C22
C31 C32
C13
C11
C23 = C12
C13
C33
C 21
C 22
C23
C31
C32
C33
eg.
1 2 3
If A = 2 3 2 , find adj A.
3 3 4
Solution: Here, C11 = (1)1+1
C13 = (1)1+3
C22 = (1)2+2
C31 = (1)3+1
C33 = (1)3+3
3 2
3 4
2 3
3 3
1 3
3 4
2 3
3 2
1 2
2 3
= 6, C12 = (1)1+2
2 2
3 4
= 3, C21 = (1)2+1
= 5, C23 = (1)2+3
= 5, C32 = (1)3+2
= 2,
2 3
3 4
1 2
3 3
1 3
2 2
= 1,
= 3,
= 4,
= 1
6 1 5
6 2 3
adj A = 1 5 3 = 2 5 4
5 4 1
3 3 1
Properties of adjoint matrix:

If A and B are square matrices of order n such that |A| 0 and |B| 0, then
i.
A(adj A) = |A| In = (adj A)A
18
ii.
|adj A| = |A|n 1
iii.
adj (adj A) = |A|n 2 A

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TARGET Publications
( n 1)2
iv.
|adj (adj A)| = A
v.
adj (AT) = (adj A)T
vi.
adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
vii.
adj (Am) = (adj A)m, m N
viii. adj (kA) = kn 1 (adj A), k R

ix.
adj (In) = In
x.
adj (O) = O
Important Notes
19.
Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is a diagonal matrix.
Adjoint of a triangular matrix is a triangular matrix.
Adjoint of a singular matrix is a singular matrix.
Adjoint of a symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix.
Inverse of a matrix:
Let A be a n-rowed square matrix. Then, if there exists a square matrix B of the same order such
that AB = I = BA, matrix B is called the inverse of matrix A.
It is denoted by A1.
Thus, AA1 = I = A1A
A square matrix A has inverse iff A is non-singular i.e., A1 exists iff |A| 0.
Inverse by adjoint method:
1
The inverse of a non-singular square matrix A is given by A1 =
(adjA) , if |A| 0.
A
eg.
2 3
If A =
, find A1.
4 2
Solution: |A| =
= 8 0
A1 exists
Here, C11 = (1)1+1(2) = 2, C12 = (1)1+2(4) = 4,
C21 = (1)2+1(3) = 3, C22 = (1)2+2(2) = 2
T
2 4
2 3
adj A =
=
3 2
4 2
A1 =
adjA
1 2 3
=
8 4 2
|A|
Important Notes
Matrix A is invertible if A1 exists.
The inverse of a square matrix, if exists, it is unique.
A nilpotent matrix is always non - invertible.
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Properties of inverse matrix:

If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then
i.
(A1)1 = A
ii.
(AT)1 = (A1)T
iii.
(AB)1 = B1 A1
iv.
(An)1 = (A1)n, n N
v.
adj (A1) = (adjA)1
vi.
|A1| =
1
|A|
Important Notes
20.
Inverse of a diagonal matrix is a diagonal matrix.
Inverse of a triangular matrix is a triangular matrix.
Inverse of a scalar matrix is a scalar matrix.
Inverse of a symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix.
Elementary transformations:
The elementary transformations are the operations performed on rows (or columns) of a matrix.
i.
Interchanging any two rows (or columns). It is denoted by Ri Rj (Ci Cj).
ii.
Multiplying the elements of any row (or column) by a non-zero scalar.

It is denoted by Ri kRi (Ci kCi)
iii.
Multiplying the elements of any row (or column) by a non-zero scalar k and adding them to
corresponding elements of another row (or column).
It is denoted by Ri + kRj(Ci + kCj).
Inverse of a non-singular square matrix by elementary transformations:
Let A be a non-singular square matrix of order n.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
To find A1 by elementary row (or column) transformations:

Consider, AA1 = I
Perform suitable elementary row (or column) transformations on matrix A, so as to convert it into an
identity matrix of order n.
The same row (or column) transformations should be performed on the R.H.S. i.e. on I. Let, I gets
converted into a n n matrix B.
Thus, AA1 = I reduces to IA1 = B i.e. A1 = B.
eg.
2 3
If A =
, find A1.
1 2
2 3
Solution:
|A| =
=43=10
1 2
20
A1 exists.
Consider, AA1 = I
2 3 1 1 0
1 2 A = 0 1
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TARGET Publications
Applying R1 R1 + R2, we get

1 1 1 1 1
1 2 A = 0 1

1 1 1
0 1 A =
1 1
1 2

1 0 1
0 1 A =
21.
2 3
1 2
2 3
A1 =
1 2
Rank of a matrix:
A positive integer r is said to be the rank of a non zero matrix A, if
i.
there exists at least one minor in A of order r which is not zero and
ii.
every minor of order (r + 1) or more is zero.

It is denoted by (A) = r.
eg.
1 2 3
Find the rank of matrix A = 2 3 4 .
3 5 7
1 2 3
Solution: |A| = 2 3 4 = 1(1) 2(2) + 3(1) = 0
3 5 7
rank of A < 3
3 4
= 21 20 = 1 0
5 7
rank of A = 2.
Important Note
The rank of the null matrix is not defined and the rank of every non-null matrix is greater
than or equal to 1.
Properties of rank of a matrix:

i.
If In is a unit matrix of order n, then (In) = n.
ii.
If A is a n n non-singular matrix, then (A) = n.
iii.
The rank of a singular square matrix of order n cannot be n.
iv.
Elementary operations do not change the rank of a matrix.
v.
If AT is a transpose of A, then (AT) = (A).
vi.
If A is an m n matrix, then r(A) min (m, n).
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TARGET Publications
Echelon form of a matrix:

A non-zero matrix A is said to be in echelon form if either A is the null matrix or A satisfies the following
conditions:
i.
Every non-zero row in A precedes every zero row.
ii.
The number of zeros before the first non-zero element in a row is less than the number of such zeros
in the next row.
The number of non-zero rows of a matrix given in the echelon form is its rank.
eg.
0 1 3 5
The matrix 0 0 1 2 is in the echelon form because
0 0 0 0
it has two non-zero rows, so the rank is 2.
23.
System of simultaneous linear equations:

Consider the following system of m linear equations in n unknowns as given below:
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + . + a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + . + a2n xn = b2
.. ..
.. ..
am1 x1 + am2 x2 + . + amn xn = bm
This system of equations can be written in matrix form as AX = B,

a11 a12 a1n
x1
b1
a
b
a 22 a 2n
x
, X = 2 and B = 2
where A = 21

a m1 a m2 a mn mn
xn n1
b m m1
The m n matrix A is called the coefficient matrix of the system of linear equations.
i.
Solution of non-homogeneous system of linear equations:

a.
Matrix method:
If AX = B, then X = A1 B gives a unique solution, provided A is non-singular. But if A is a
singular matrix i.e., if |A| = 0, then the system of equation AX = B may be consistent with
infinitely many solutions or it may be inconsistent.
b.
22
Rank method:
Rank method for solution of non-homogeneous system AX = B
1.
Write down A, B
2.
Write the augmented matrix [A : B]
3.
Reduce the augmented matrix to echelon form by using elementary row operations.
4.
Find the number of non-zero rows in A and [A : B] to find the ranks of A and [A : B]
respectively.
5.
If (A) (A : B), then the system is inconsistent.
6.
If (A) = (A : B) = number of unknowns, then the system has a unique solution.

If (A) = (A : B) < number of unknowns, then the system has an infinite number of
solutions.
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TARGET Publications
c.
Criterion of consistency:
Let AX = B be a system of n-linear equations in n unknowns.
1.
If |A| 0, then the system is consistent and has the unique solution given by X = A1 B.
2.
If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B = O, then the given system of equations is consistent and has
infinitely many solutions.
3.
If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B O, then the given system of equations is inconsistent.
egs.
a.
Solve the following system of equations by matrix method:
3x 4y = 5 and 4x + 2y = 3
Solution: The given system of equations can be written in the matrix form as AX = B,
3 4
x
5
, X = and B =
where A =
4 2
y
3
Now, |A| = 22 0
The given system of equations has a unique solution given by X = A1B.
Here, C11 = 2, C12 = 4, C21 = 4, C22 = 3
T
b.
2 4
2 4
=
adj A =
4 3
4 3
1 2 4
adjA
=
A1 =
22 4 3
|A|
1 2 4 5
1 22
=
X = A1 B =
22 4 3 3
22 11
1
x
y = 1

2
1
x = 1 and y =
2
For what value of , the system of equations

x + y + z = 6,
x + 2y + 3z = 10,
x + 2y + z = 12
is inconsistent?
Solution:
1 1 1 x 6
The given system of equations can be written as 1 2 3 y = 10
1 2 z 12
Applying R2 R2 R1, R3 R3 R1, we get
1 1 1 x 6
0 1
2 y = 4
0 1 1 z 6
Applying R3 R3 R2, we get
1 x 6
1 1
0 1
2 y = 4
0 0 3 z 2
For = 3, rank of matrix A is 2 and that of the augmented matrix is 3.
So, the system is inconsistent.
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c.
TARGET Publications
Solve the system of equations

2x y = 5,
4x 2y = 7.
Solution:
The given system of equations can be written in the matrix form as AX = B,

2 1
where A =
,X=
4 2
x
y , B =

5
7

Now, |A| = 0
A is singular.
Either the given system of equations has no solution or an infinite number of solutions.
Here, C11 = 2, C12 = 4, C21 = 1, C22 = 2
T
2 4
2 1
=
adj A =
2
1
4 2
2 1 5
(adj A) B =

4 2 7
3
= 0.
6
Hence, the given system of equations is inconsistent.
24.
Solution of homogeneous system of linear equations:

i.
Matrix method:
Let AX = O be a homogeneous system of n-linear equations with n-unknowns. If A is a non-singular

matrix, then the system of equations has a unique solution X = O i.e., x1 = x2 = . = xn = 0.
This solution is known as a trivial solution. A system AX = O of n homogeneous linear equations in
n unknowns, has non-trivial solution iff the coefficient matrix A is singular.
ii.
Rank method:
In case of a homogeneous system of linear equations, the rank of the augmented matrix is always
same as that of the coefficient matrix. So, a homogeneous system of linear equations is always
consistent.
If r(A) = n = number of variables, then AX = O has a unique solution X = 0 i.e., x1 = x2 = . = xn = 0
If r(A) = r < n ( = number of variables), then the system of equations has infinitely many solutions.
25.
24
Properties of determinant of a matrix:
i.
If A and B are square matrices of the same order, then |AB| = |A| |B|.
ii.
If A is a square matrix of order n, then |A| = |AT|.
iii.
If A is a square matrix of order n, then |kA| = kn |A|.
iv.
If A and B are square matrices of same order, then |AB| = |BA|.
v.
If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order, then |A| = 0.
vi.
|A|n = |An|, n N
Maths (Vol. II)
TARGET Publications
Formulae
1.1
Determinants
1.
Determinant of order two and three:

a12
a
a12
a
i.
If A = 11
, then det A = 11
= a11 a22 a12 a21
a 21 a 22
a 21 a 22
ii.
a11 a12
If A = a 21 a 22
a 31 a 32
det A = a11
a 22
a 32
a13
a 23 , then
a 33
a 23
a
a 23
a
a 22
a12 21
+ a13 21
a 33
a 31 a 33
a 31 a 32
= a11 a22 a33 a11 a32 a23 a12 a21 a33 + a12 a31 a23 + a13 a21 a32 a13 a31 a22
2.
Minors and Cofactors:

i.
Minor of an element:
a11 a12 a13
If = a 21 a 22
a 31 a 32
a 23 , then
a 33
a 22
a 32
a 21 a 23
= a21a33 a31a23
a 31 a 33

ii.
a 23
= a22a33 a32a23
a 33
a 21 a 22
a 31
a 32
= a21a32 a31a22 and so on.
Cofactor of an element:
a11 a12 a13
If = a 21 a 22
a 31 a 32
a 23 , then
a 33
C11 = (1)1 + 1 M11 = M11

C12 = (1)1 + 2 M12 = M12
C13 = (1)1 + 3 M13 = M13 and so on.
3.
Properties of determinants:
i.
The value of a determinant is unchanged, if its rows and columns are interchanged.
ii.
Interchanging of any two rows (or columns) will change the sign of the value of the determinant.
iii. If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are identical, then its value is zero.
iv. If all the elements of any row (or column) are multiplied by a number k, then the value of new
determinant so obtained is k times the value of the original determinant.
v.
If each element of any row (or column) of a determinant is the sum of two terms, then the determinant
can be expressed as the sum of two determinants.
vi. If a constant multiple of all elements of any row (or column) is added to the corresponding elements
of any other row (or column), then the value of the new determinant so obtained remains unchanged.
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4.
TARGET Publications
Product of two determinants:
a1
b1
c1
Let the two determinants of third order be 1 = a 2

a3
b2
b3
c 2 , 2 = 2
c3
3
2
3
2 and be their product.

3
a1
b1
c1
= a2
a3
b2
b3
c2 2
c3
3
2
3
2
3
a11 + b11 + c11
5.
a1 2 + b12 + c1 2
a1 3 + b13 + c1 3
= a 2 1 + b 21 + c 2 1 a 2 2 + b 22 + c 2 2
a 31 + b31 + c3 1 a 3 2 + b3 2 + c3 2
a 2 3 + b 2 3 + c 2 3
a 3 3 + b33 + c3 3
Area of a triangle:
x1
1
x2
Area of a triangle whose vertices are (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3) is given by =
2
x3
y1 1
y2 1 .
y3 1
When the area of the triangle is zero, then the points are collinear.
6.
Solution of non-homogeneous system of linear equations:

i.
a1x + b1y = c1
a2x + b2y = c2
is given by x =
a
D1
D
, y = 2 , where D = 1
a2
D
D
b1
b2
, D1 =
c1
b1
c2
b2
and D2 =
a1
c1
a2
c2
provided that D 0.
a.
D
D
x= 1,y= 2 .
D
D
ii.
b.
If D = 0 and D1 = D2 = 0, then the given system of equations is consistent and has infinitely
many solutions.
c.
If D = 0 and one of D1 and D2 is non-zero, then the given system of equations is inconsistent.

a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
D
D
D
is given by x = 1 , y = 2 and z = 3 ,
D
D
D
a1
b1
c1
d1
b1
cl
a1
d1
c1
a1
b1
d1
where D = a 2
a3
b2
b3
c 2 , D1 = d 2
c3
d3
b2
b3
c 2 , D2 = a 2
c3
a3
d2
d3
c 2 and D3 = a 2
c3
a3
b2
b3
d2
d3
provided that D 0.
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TARGET Publications
Maths (Vol. II)

a.
D
D
D
x = 1 , y = 2 and z = 3 .
D
D
D
7.
b.
If D = 0 and D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations is either consistent with

infinitely many solutions or has no solution.
c.
If D = 0 and at least one of the determinants D1, D2 and D3 is non-zero, then the given system of
equations is inconsistent.

If a1x + b1y + c1z = 0
a2x + b2y + c2z = 0
a3x + b3y + c3z = 0
is a homogeneous system of equations, such that
a1
b1
c1
D = a2
a3
b2
b3
c 2 0, then x = y = z = 0 is the only solution and it is known as the trivial solution.

c3
If D = 0, then the system is consistent with infinitely many solutions.

1.2
Matrices
1.
Matrix:
A rectangular arrangement of mn numbers (real or complex) in m rows and n columns is called a matrix.
2.
Types of matrices:
i.
Row matrix:
A matrix having only one row is called a row-matrix or a row vector.
ii.
Column matrix:
A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix or a column vector.
iii.
Rectangular matrix:
A matrix A = [aij]mn is called a rectangular matrix, if number of rows is not equal to number of
columns (m n).
iv.
Square matrix:
A matrix A = [aij]mn is called a square matrix, if number of rows is equal to number of columns
(m = n).
v.
Null matrix or zero matrix:

A matrix whose all elements are zero is called a null matrix or a zero matrix.
vi.
Diagonal matrix:
A square matrix A = [aij]nn is a diagonal matrix, if aij = 0 i j.
vii.
Scalar matrix:
A square matrix A = [aij]nn is called a scalar matrix, if all its non-diagonal elements are zero and
diagonal elements are same.
viii. Unit matrix or Identity matrix:

A square matrix A = [aij]nn is called an identity or unit matrix, if all its non-diagonal elements are
zero and diagonal elements are one.
27
Maths (Vol. II)

ix.
Triangular matrix:
A square matrix is said to be triangular matrix if each element above or below the diagonal is zero.
a.
A square matrix A = [aij] is called an upper triangular matrix, if aij = 0 i > j
b.
3.
TARGET Publications
A square matrix A = [aij] is called a lower triangular matrix, if aij = 0 i < j
x.
Singular matrix:
A square matrix A is called a singular matrix, if |A| = 0.
xi.
Non-singular matrix:
A square matrix A is called a non-singular matrix, if |A| 0.
Trace of a matrix:
The sum of all diagonal elements of a square matrix A is called the trace of matrix A. It is denoted by tr(A).
Thus, tr(A) =
a
i =1
ii
= a11 + a22 + . + ann
4.
Submatrix:
A matrix which is obtained from a given matrix by deleting any number of rows or columns or both is
called a submatrix of the given matrix.
5.
Equality of matrices:
Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to be equal, if
i.
they are of the same order
ii.
their corresponding elements are equal.
6.
Algebra of matrices:
i.
Addition of matrices:
Let A = [aij]m n and B = [bij]m n be two matrices. Then their sum (denoted by A + B) is defined to be
matrix [cij]m n, where cij = aij + bij for 1 i m, 1 j n.
Similarly, their subtraction A B is defined as A B = [aij bij]m n i, j.
ii.
Multiplication of matrices:
Let A and B be any two matrices, then their product AB will be defined only when number of
columns in A is equal to the number of rows in B. If A = [aik]mn and B = [bkj]np, then their product
AB is of order m p and is defined as
(AB)ij =
a
k =1
ik
b kj = ai1b1j + ai2b2j + . + ainbnj
7.
Transpose of a matrix:
A matrix obtained from the matrix A by interchanging its rows and columns is called the transpose of A.
Thus, if the order of A is m n, then the order of AT is n m.
8.
Symmetric matrix:
A square matrix A = [aij]nn is called symmetric matrix, if A = AT or aij = aji i, j.
9.
Skew symmetric matrix:

A square matrix A = [aij]nn is called skew-symmetric matrix, if A = AT or aij = aji ij j.
10.
Orthogonal matrix:
A square matrix A is called an orthogonal matrix, if AAT = ATA = I
11.
Idempotent matrix:
A square matrix A is called an idempotent matrix, if A2 = A.
28
Maths (Vol. II)
TARGET Publications
12.
Nilpotent matrix:
A square matrix A is said to be a nilpotent matrix of index p, if p is the least positive integer such that
Ap = O.
13.
Involutory matrix:
A square matrix A is said to be an involutory matrix, if A2 = I.
14.
Conjugate of a matrix:
The matrix obtained from a given matrix A by replacing each entry containing complex numbers with its
complex conjugate is called conjugate of A..
15.
Hermitian matrix:
A square matrix A = [aij]nn is said to be hermitian matrix, if A = A or aij = a ji i, j.

16.
Skew hermitian matrix:
A square matrix A = [aij]nn is said to be a skew-hermitian matrix if A = A or aij = a ji i, j

17.
Adjoint of a matrix:
The adjoint of a square matrix A = [aij] is the transpose of the matrix of cofactors of elements of A.
Let A = [aij] be a square matrix and Cij be the cofactor of aij in A. Then, adj A = [Cij]T
a11
If A = a 21
a 31
a12
a 22
a 32
a13
a 23 , then adj A =
a 33
C11 C12
C
21 C22
C31 C32
C13
C11
C23 = C12
C13
C33
C21
C22
C23
C31
C32
C33
18.
Inverse of a matrix:
Let A be a n-rowed square matrix. Then, if there exists a square matrix B of the same order such
that AB = I = BA, matrix B is called the inverse of matrix A.
A square matrix A has inverse iff A is non-singular i.e., A1 exists iff |A| 0.
1
The inverse of a non-singular square matrix A is given by A1 =
(adjA) , if |A| 0.
A
19.
i.
Solution of a non-homogeneous system of linear equations:

If AX = B, then X = A1 B gives a unique solution, provided A is non-singular. But if A is a singular
matrix i.e., if |A| = 0, then the system of equation AX = B may be consistent with infinitely many
solutions or it may be inconsistent.
Criterion of consistency:
Let AX = B be a system of n-linear equations in n unknowns.
a.
If |A| 0, then the system is consistent and has the unique solution given by X = A1 B.
ii.
b.
If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B = 0, then the given system of equations is consistent and has infinitely
many solutions.
c.
If |A| = 0 and (adj A) B 0, then the given system of equations is inconsistent.

Let AX = O be a homogeneous system of n-linear equations with n-unknowns. If A is a non-singular
matrix, then the system of equations has a unique solution X = O i.e., x1 = x2 = . = xn = 0.
This solution is known as a trivial solution. A system AX = O of n homogeneous linear equations in n
unknowns, has non-trivial solution iff the coefficient matrix A is singular.
29
Maths (Vol. II)
TARGET Publications
Shortcuts
1.
1 a a2
1 b b 2 = (a b) (b c) (c a)
c2
1 c
2.
3.
a
a3
b
b3
b c
1 a a3
c = 1 b b3 = (a b) (b c) (c a) (a + b + c)
c3
1 c c3
1
b c a = 3abc a3 b3 c3
c a b
= (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca)
=
a a2
b ca abc = b b 2
c ab abc
c c2
a
4.
1
(a + b + c) [(a b)2 + (b c)2 + (c a)2]
2
bc abc
a3
b3 = abc (a b) (b c) (c a)
c3
a1
b1
c1
A1
B1
C1
5.
If = a 2
a3
b2
b3
c 2 and = A 2
c3
A3
B2
B3
C 2 , where A1, B1, C1 are co-factors of a1, b1, c1, etc. then = 2.
C3
6.
If a square matrix A is orthogonal i.e., if ATA = I, then det A is 1 or 1.
7.
If A is an involutory matrix, then
8.
If a square matrix A is unitary i.e., if AA = I, then |det A| = 1.
9.
i.
ii.
10.
11.
12.
30
1
1
1
1
(I + A) and (I A) are idempotent and (I + A). (I A) = 0.
2
2
2
2
If A is a square matrix of order 2, then |adj A| = |A|.

If A is a square matrix of order 3, then |adj A| = |A|2.
a b
1
1
If A =
, then A = ad bc
c
d
(
)
a 0 0
If A = 0 b 0 , then An =
0 0 c
0
0
d b
c a , (ad bc 0)
0
bn
0
0
c n
1
a
1
and A = 0
0
1
b
0
1
c
If Am = I for some positive integer m, where A is a square matrix, then A is invertible and A1 = Am 1.
Maths (Vol. II)
TARGET Publications
1 k
Multiple Choice Questions

1.1
7.
Determinants
1.1.1 Determinants of order two and three,

properties and evaluation of determinants
4
1.
2.
4.
x
8.
25
25
The value of x, if 1
0
1
0
x 1 = 0, is equal
1 x
to
[Pb. CET 2002]
(B)
9
1
(C)
(D)
8
1
7 =
1
0
354
1
1 bc
a
1
1 ca =
b
1
1 ab
c
(A) 0
1
(C)
abc
(B)
(D)
(C)
4
5
1 0
a b
and 2 =
2, 3
1 0
c d
(B)
(D)
, then 21 is
[RPET 1984]
bd
None of these
If
4 1
3 2
x 3
=
, then x =
1 x
2 1
2 1
[RPET 1996]
(B)
abc
(D)
None of these
(A)
(C)
11.
[MP PET 1991]
(B)
(D)
1 a2 + b2 + c2
1 + a2 b2 + c2
12.
(B)
(D)
8
9
14
6
(B)
(D)
log 3 512 log 4 3

log 3 8
(A)
(C)
[Karnataka CET 1994]

2
(B)
5
2
(D)
5
8 5 1
What is value of x, if 5 x 1 = 2?
6 3 1
(A)
(C)
If 1 =
equal to
(A) ac
(C) (b a) (d c)
10.
1 2 3
If 2 x 3 = 0, then x =
3 4 5
2
5
2
9.
[RPET 2002]
1
a b
a 1 c =
b c 1
1 + a2 + b2 + c2
1 + a2 + b2 c2
187
54
[IIT 1979]
0
None of these
(B)
(D)
(A)
6.
1
1
(A)
(A)
(C)
5.
(B)
(D)
(A)
(C)
19 17 15
(A)
(C)
3.
75
0
If 3 k 2 = 0, then the value of k is

2 3 1
The value of the determinant 1 1 1 is

4 11 1
(A)
(C)
log 4 9
log 2 3 log8 3
log 3 4 log 3 4
[Tamilnadu (Engg.) 2002]

(B) 10
(D) 17
7
13
The minors of 4 and 9 and the co-factors of

1 2 3
4 and 9 in determinant
4 5 6 are
7 8 9
respectively
(A) 42, 3; 42, 3
(C) 42, 3; 42, 3
[J & K 2005]
42, 3; 42, 3
42, 3; 42, 3
5
13.
2
7
(B)
(D)
3
If A = 4 3 2 , then cofactors of the

4 7 3
elements of 2nd row are
(A) 39, 3, 11
(B)
(C) 39, 27, 11
(D)
[RPET 2002]
39, 3, 11
39, 3, 11
31
Maths (Vol. II)

14.
15.
ma1
b1
a2
a3
ma 2
ma 3
b2 =
b3
(B)
(D)
52
The value of 53
53
54
54
55 is
54
55
56
52
513
x
(B)
(D)
y z
22.
(B)
(D)
c
6a
If m n p = k, then 3m
x y z
3x
k
6
3k
(A)
(C)
b c
ka
(B)
(D)
log e e 5
log10 10 5
(A)
(C)
(A)
(C)
23.
p =
z
24.
25.
0
96
(B)
(D)
(A)
(C)
26.
e
0

(B) 4
(D) 1
2
0
y z z x is equal to
qr rp
0
1
(A)
(C)
27.
(B)
(D)
1
none of these
2 4 2
If A = 3 1 0 and B = 6 2 0 , then
2 4 2
2 4 8
x 4
[RPET 1990, 99]

(B) 1/abc
(D) 0
39
57
The determinant
a b bc ca
x y
pq
[RPET 1986]
k
k3
ab
[MP PET 1996]
The value of 44 45 46 =
47 48 49
(A)
(C)
6k
kb kc
0
12cos2 x 10sin2 x
12sin2x 10cos2x 2
10sin2x
41 42 43
2k
bc
ca =
abc
ab + bc + ca
12
14 17 20 =
15 18 21
(A)
(C)
2b 2c
5 =
e
[Roorkee 1992]
0
4
(B)
(D)
1 2 4
(B)
(D)
1 1 is
1 1
13 16 19
1/a a 2
1/b b 2
1/c
32
(D)
3k
20.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
If = x y z , then kx ky kz =
p q r
kp kq kr
(A)
(C)
19.
(B)
[EAMCET 1994]
[RPET 1999]
4
None of these
n
y
sin 2 x cos 2 x 1
cos 2 x sin 2 x 1 =
10
0
59
2y
The value of the determinant 1

1
equal to
(A) 4
(C) 1
ma1a2a3
mb1a2a3
18.
21.
If = p q r , then 2p 4q 2r equals
a b c
a 2b c
(A)
(C)
17.
[RPET 1989]
0
ma1a2b3
(A)
(C)
16.
a1
(A)
(C)
TARGET Publications
B = 4A
B = A

(B) B = 4A
(D) B = 6A
y+z
y 4 z+x =
z 4 x+ y
(A)
(C)
4
xyz

(B) x + y + z
(D) 0
Maths (Vol. II)
TARGET Publications
a
28.
29.
If a 6, b, c satisfy 3
4
b
a
c = 0, then abc =
b
(A)
(C)
(B)
(D)
[EAMCET 2000]
0
ab + bc
a+b+c
b3
If is a complex cube root of unity, then the

2 2 2
determinant 1 1
1 =
1
(A)
(C)
30.
2b 2c
0
1
(A)
(C)
(B)
(D)
32.
(B)
(D)
34.
1
x
[RPET 1996]
(B)
(D)
39.
A root of the equation

3 x 6
3
6
3
3 x
3
= 0 is
3
6 x
[Roorkee 1991; RPET 2001; J & K 2005]

(A) 6
(B) 3
(C) 0
(D) None of these
7 = 0 are
x
40.
The roots of the equation

1+ x
1
1
1
1
1+ x
1 = 0 are
1 1+ x
[MP PET 1989; Roorkee 1998]
m m m = 0 are
b x b
[Kerala (Engg.) 2002]

(B) 0, 6
(D) 6
0, 6
6
Solution of the equation p + 1 p + 1 p + x = 0

3
x +1 x + 2
[AMU 2002]
are
(A) x = 1, 2
(B) x = 2, 3
(C) x = 1, p, 2
(D) x = 1, 2, p
x 16
[Pb. CET 2001; Karnataka CET 1994]

0, 12, 12
(B) 0, 12, 12
0, 12, 16
(D) 0, 9, 16
x = a, b
x = a, b
x+2
2 = 0, then x is
x+3
3
38.
0
xy
The roots of the determinant (in x)

a a x
(A)
(C)
2
3
[MP PET 1991]

1, 9
1, 9
The roots of the equation x 5

0 9
(A)
(C)
If
(B)
(D)
b+c
(A)
(C)
0
33.
37.
1, 9
1, 9
x +1
(A)
(C)
[MP PET 1993; Karnataka CET 1994;

Pb. CET 2004]
a+b+c
(B) (a + b + c)2
0
(D) 1 + a + b + c
1 1+ x
1 =
1 1 1+ y
[IIT 1987; MP PET 2002]

(B) 1, 2
(D) 1, 2
x+2
5 = 0, then x =
x+4
3
2
2
(A)
(C)
1
2
The value of the determinant 1 b c + a is

1 c a+b
(A)
(C)
If
1, 2
1, 2
x +1
1
None of these
1 a
31.
(A)
(C)
36.
20
The roots of the equation 1 2 5 = 0 are

1 2 x 5x2
If is a complex cube root of unity, then

1 2 /2
=
1 1
1
1 1
35.
(B)
(D)
[EAMCET 1993]
x = a, b
x = a, b
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
0, 3
0, 0, 3
0, 0, 0, 3
None of these
33
Maths (Vol. II)

41.
The roots of the equation

x 1 1
1
(A)
(C)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
One of the roots of the given equation

x+a
b
c
x+c
a = 0 is
x+b
a
(A)
(C)
48.
x c = 0 is
0
44.
49.
= 0, then the values

3x 8
3
3
3x 8
of x are
[RPET 1997]
2 11
,
3 3
11
,1
3
(A)
(C)
2
0,
3
1
,1
2
(B)
(D)
50.
1
46.
C1
n
C2
(A)
(C)
34
1
n +1
C1
n +1
C2
0
1
1
n+2
n+2
C1 =
C2
abc
ab + bc + ca
(B)
(D)
c 2 ab
[IIT 1988; MP PET 1990, 91; RPET 2002]

(A) 0
(B) a3 + b3 + c3 3abc
(C) 3abc
(D) (a + b + c)3
1 1 1
51.
The determinant 1 2 3 is not equal to

1 3 6
[MP PET 1988]
2 1 1
2 1 1
(A)
2 2 3
2 3 6
(B)
1 2 1
(B)
(D)
1
none of these
[RPET 1986]
a+b+c
None of these
1 a a 2 bc
1 b b 2 ac =
1 c
If 9 is a root of the equation 2 x 2 = 0,

7 6 x
then the other two roots are
[IIT 1983; MNR 1992; MP PET 1995;
DCE 1997; UPSEAT 2001]
(A) 2, 7
(B) 2, 7
(C) 2, 7
(D) 2, 7

1
1
1
(A)
(C)
x 3 7
45.
2 (10! 11!)
2 (10! 13!)
2 (10! 11! 12!)
2 (11! 12! 13!)
b+c
c+a
a + b is
b+ca c+a b a +bc
3
3
If
The value of the determinant 11! 12! 13! is

12! 13! 14!
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
[EAMCET 1988; Karnataka CET 1991;

MNR 1980; MP PET 1988, 99, 2001;
DCE 2001]
(A) x = 0
(B) x = a
(D) x = c
(C) x = b
3x 8
(x y) (y z) (z x)
2(x y) (y z) (z x)
(x y) (y z) (z x) (x + y + z)
none of these
[Orissa JEE 2003]
If a b c, the value of x which satisfies the

0
xa xb
0
x+c
z3
10! 11! 12!
[MP PET 1988, 2002; RPET 1996]

(a + b)
(B) (b + c)
a
(D) (a + b + c)
equation x + a
x+b
x3
y 3 is
1 x
The value of the determinant 1 y
1 z

(B) 1, 2
(D) 1, 2
1, 2
1, 2
b
c
43.
47.
x 1 1 = 0 are
x 1
1
1
1
42.
TARGET Publications
(C)
1 5 3
1 9 6
3 2 3
4 3 6
3
(D)
1 1
6 2 3
10 3 6
Maths (Vol. II)
TARGET Publications
1
52.
The value of
1+ x
bc
ca
ab is
b+c c+a a+b
58.

1
0
(a b) (b c) (c a)
(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
a bc
53.
2b
2c
2a
(A)
(B)
(C)
2a
=
bca
2b
2c
ca b
(D)
[RPET 1990, 95]

(a + b + c)2
(a + b + c)3
(a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca)
None of these
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
59.
b+c ab a
54.
c+a bc b =
a +b ca c
a+b
55.
(A)
(C)
[IIT 1986; MNR 1985;

MP PET 1998; Pb. CET 2003]
a2 + b2 + c2 3abc
(B) 3ab
3a + 5b
(D) 0
a 1 a
[RPET 1988]
57.
0
(a b) (b c) (c a)
a3 + b3 + c3 3abc
None of these
b 2 + c2
b2
c
(A)
(C)
62.
a2
c2 + a 2
c
abc
4a2b2c2
a2
b2
63.
(B)
(D)
[IIT 1980]
4abc
a2b2c2
1 1 1
+ +
x y z
0
abc
(B)
(D)
[RPET 2000]
abc
None of these
x +1
x3 + 2
x
z
y
[MNR 1990; MP PET 1999]

(B) x3 +
(D) x3
y
x = k(x + y + z) (x z)2, then k =
z
2xyz
xyz
(B)
(D)
1
x2y2z2
265 240 219

The value of 240 225 198 is equal to
219 198 181
(A)
(C)
a +b
2
[RPET 1992; Kerala (Engg.) 2002]

1 1 1
xyz 1 + + +
x y z
xyz
1 1 1
1+ + +
x y z
y+z
If z + x
x+ y
(A)
(C)
bc
b 1 b ca =
c 1 c ab
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
61.
1+ y
1 =
1
1+ z
If is a cube root of unity, then
2
x +1
1 =
x + 2
2
1
x+
a + 2b a + 3b
a + 2b a + 3b a + 4b =
a + 4b a + 5b a + 6b
(A)
(C)
56.
60.
If a1 + b1 + c1 = 0 such that
1+ a
1
1
1 1+ b
1 = , then the value of is
1
1 1+ c
(A)
(C)
[MP PET 1990]

a3 + b3 + c3 3abc
3abc a3 b3 c3
a3 + b3 + c3 a2b b2c c2a
(a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 + ab + bc + ca)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
1
1
0
779
(B)
(D)
[RPET 1989]
679
1000
x2 + x
x +1 x 2
2
If 2 x + 3 x 1 3x
3x 3 = Ax 12,
2
x + 2x + 3 2x 1 2x 1
then the value of A is
(A) 12
(C) 12
[IIT 1982]
(B)
(D)
24
24
35
Maths (Vol. II)

64.
TARGET Publications
If a, b, c are positive integers, then the

a2 + x
ab
ac
2
is
ab
b +x
bc
determinant =
2
ac
bc
c +x
divisible by
(A) x3
(C) a2 + b2 + c2
65.
p
If Dp = p 2
p3
71.
15 8
35 9 ,then
25 10
68.
(a
(b
(c
69.
b x
c x
+a
+ b x
+ c x
(A)
(C)
) (a
) (b
) (c
0
a2b2c2
73.
sin 4 is equal to
1
(A)
2
1
(C)
2
74.
= 0 , then
[Orissa JEE 2005]
k 2 + c2 1
k (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
k (a2 + b2 + c2)
k (a b) (b c) (c a)
k (a + b c) (b + c a) (c + a b)
If D1 = b + c c + a a + b and
c+a a+b b+c
b c
D2 = b c a , then
c a b
(A)
(C)
D1 = 2D2
D1 = D2
(B)
(D)
p
1 + 4sin 4
75.
D2 = 2D1
D1 D2
b
If a p, b q, c 0 and p + a q + b 2c = 0,
a
b
r
then
p
q
r
+
+
=
pa qb rc
(A)
(C)
3
1
1
1
[IIT 1999, DCE 2005]

(B) 1
(D) 100
0
100
sin 2
cos 2
(D)
a+b b+c c+a
(B)
( x + 1) x
( x + 1) x ( x 1)
ka k 2 + a 2 1
The value of the determinant kb k 2 + b 2 1
is
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
[UPSEAT 2002; AMU 2005]

(B) 2abc
(D) None of these
4sin 4
x +1
2x
x ( x 1)
3x ( x 1) x ( x 1)( x 2 )
kc
1 =
1 + sin 2
sin 2
If cos 2 1 + cos 2
4sin 4
36
)
)
)
x 2
If f(x) =
(A)
(C)

(B) 9b2(a + b)
(D) b2(a + b)
x 2
If = 3a 4a + 3b 5a + 4b + 3c ,
6a 9a + 6b 11a + 9b + 6c
72.
to
9a2(a + b)
a2(a + b)
a+b+c
then f(100) is equal to
a
a + b a + 2b
a
a + b is equal
The value of a + 2b
a + b a + 2b
a
(A)
(C)
a+b
where a = i, b = , c = 2, then is equal to

(A) i
(B) 2
(C)
(D) i
[EAMCET 1991; UPSEAT 1999]

(B) 1
(D) 3abc
0
2
[MNR 1985; UPSEAT 2000]

(B) 2
(D) None of these
2
x2 2
a
1
1
1
a
b
c
=
2
2
2
2
a bc b ac c ab
(A)
(C)
67.
(A)
(C)
x2
None of these
(B)
(D)
D1 + D2 + D3 + D4 + D5 =
[Kurukshetra CEE 1998]
(A) 0
(B) 25
(C) 625
(D) None of these
66.
70.
x +1 x + 2 x + 4
x+3 x+5 x+8 =
x + 7 x + 10 x + 14
(B)
(D)
[EAMCET 2003]
2
0
Maths (Vol. II)
TARGET Publications
76.
If a, b, c are unequal, what is the condition that

the value of the following determinant is zero
a a2 a3 + 1
= b b 2 b3 + 1
77.
1 + abc = 0
a+b+c+1=0
(a b) (b c) (c a) = 0
None of these
Let a, b, c be positive and not all equal, the

a b c
82.
value of the determinant b c a , is

c a b
(A)
(C)
positive
zero
(B)
(D)
78.
c
b
If ab + bc + ca = 0 and

cos
sin
1
=
sin
cos
1 is
cos ( + ) sin ( + ) 1
[DCE 2006]
negative
none of these
ax
bx
a = 0,
a
cx
then one of the value of x is

(A)
(B)
(a + b +
1
83.
(D)
79.
3 2
2
2
2 ( a + b + c )
1
2
84.
80.
16
17
If a2 + b2 + c2 = 2 and
1 + a 2 x (1 + b 2 ) x
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
f(x) = (1 + a
(1 + a
18
19
(1 + c2 ) x
) x 1 + b x (1 + c ) x , then
) x (1 + b ) x 1 + c x
2
f(x) is a polynomial of degree [AIEEE 2005]

(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 0
(D) 1
[RPET 2000]
(B) on n
(D) none of these
cos C
cos B
3
(B)
(D)
sin ( n + 2 ) x
cos C
1 cos A is
cos B cos A
1
[IIT 1981]
(A)
(C)
sin ( n + 1) x
If A, B, C be the angles of a triangle, then

1
If p4 + q3 + r2 + s + t
2 + 3 1 + 3
= + 1 2 4 , the value of t is
+4
1
1
cos ( n + 1) x cos ( n + 2 ) x does not
depend
(A) on x
(C) on both x and n
2
1 2
2
2
2 ( a + b + c )
None of these
cos ( nx )
sin ( nx )
c2 ) 2
(C)
independent of
independent of
independent of and
none of these
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
[AMU 2000]
is
equal to
(A) cos cos cos
(B) cos + cos + cos
(C) 1
(D) 0
[IIT 1985; DCE 1999]
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
The determinant
1
cos ( ) cos ( )
= cos ( )
1
cos ( )
cos ( ) cos ( )
1
c3 + 1
c2
81.
85.
1
0
cos A cos B cos C
cos A + cos B cos C

1
cos ( ) cos
cos ( )
1
cos is
cos
(A)
(C)
cos
2
+
1
1
[UPSEAT 2003]
(B) 2 2
(D) 0
37
Maths (Vol. II)

86.
TARGET Publications
sin ( + ) cos ( + ) 1
If A = sin ( + ) cos ( + ) 1 , then
sin ( + )
91.
cos ( + ) 1
[Orissa JEE 2003]
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
87.
If
A = 0 for all
A is an odd function of
A = 0 for = + +
A is independent of
x
is
x!
( x + 1)!
( x + 2 )!
88.
ac
equal to
(A) 3
(C) 4
positive
integer,
( x + 1)! ( x + 2 )!
( x + 2 )! ( x + 3)!
( x + 3 )! ( x + 4 )!
is equal to
then
2 x! (x + 1)!
2 x! (x + 1)! (x + 2)!
2 x! (x + 3)!
2 (x + 1)! (x + 2)! (x + 3)!
a a +1 a 1
a +1
b +1
b b + 1 b 1 + a 1
b 1
c c 1 c + 1 (1)n + 2 a (1) n +1 b
c 1
c +1
( 1)
If the points (x, 2), (5, 2), (8, 8) are collinear,

then x is equal to
1
(A) 3
(B)
3
(C) 1
(D) 3
94.
If the area of a triangle is 4 square units whose

vertices are (k, 0), (4, 0), (0, 2), then the
values of k are
(A) 0, 8
(B) 4, 3
(C) 2, 4
(D) 2, 6
95.
If the points (2, 3), (, 1) and (0, 4) are

collinear, then the value of is
4
(A)
(B) 2
7
10
7
(C)
(D)
7
10
96.
If the points (a, 0), (0, b) and (1, 1) are

1 1
collinear, then + is equal to
a b
(A) a
(B) 1
(C) 1
(D) b
97.
The equation of the line joining the points

A (1, 2) and B (3, 6) is
(B) x y = 0
(A) y = 2x
(D) x + y = 0
(C) 2y = x
98.
If the points (a1, b1), (a2, b2) and

(a1 + a2, b1 + b2) are collinear, then
(B) a1b2 = a2b1
(A) a1b2 = a2b1
(D) a1b1 + a2b2 = 0
(C) a1b1 = a2b2
99.
Points (k, 2 2k), (k + 1, 2k) and

(4 k, 6 2k) are collinear, if k is equal to
(A) 2, 1
(B) 1, 3
1
(C) 1, 2
(D) 1,
2
[AIEEE 2009]
x 3 2 x 2 18 3x 3 81
If f(x) = x 5 2 x 2 50 4 x 3 500 , then
f(1).f(3) + f(3).f(5) + f(5).f(1) =

(A) f(1)
(B) f(3)
(C) f(1) + f(3)
(D) f(1) + f(5)
( b + c)
90.
If
a2
b2
(c + a )
c2
c2
a2
2
= k abc(a+b+c)3,
b2
(a + b)
then the value of k is

(A) 1
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 2
38
[AIEEE 2012]
2
1
93.
= 0,
zero
any even integer
any odd integer
any integer
(B)
(D)
If the vertices of a triangle are A(5, 4),

B(2, 4) and C(2, 6), then its area in sq. units is
(A) 70 sq. units
(B) 38 sq. units
(C) 30 sq. units
(D) 35 sq. units
then the value of n is
89.
a 2 + b2
92.
Let a, b, c be such that b (a + c) 0. If
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
bc
1.1.2 Area of a triangle using determinants
[DCE 2009]
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
If a, b, c are non-zero complex numbers

satisfying a2 + b2 + c2 = 0 and
b 2 + c2
ab
ac
2
2
ab
c +a
bc
= ka2b2c2, then k is
Maths (Vol. II)
TARGET Publications
100. If (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) are vertices of an
equilateral triangle whose each side is equal to
2
x1 y1 2
a, then x2
x3
(A)
y2
y3
2 is
2
3 2
a
4
3a4
(B)
3a 4
16
101. A triangle has its three sides equal to a, b and
c. If the co-ordinates of its vertices are (x1, y1),
2
x1 y1 2
(x2, y2) and (x3, y3), then x2 y2 2 is
x3 y3 2
(C)
3a2
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(a + b + c)(b + c a)(c + a b)(a + b c)

(a b + c)2 (b + c a) (a + b c)
(a b c)(b + c a)(c a b)(a + b c)
(a + b c)(b + c a)(c a + b)(a b + c)
(D)
1.1.3 Test of consistency and solution of

simultaneous linear equations in two or
three variables
1
3
7
(B)
(D)
6 1
1 4
7
(C)
66 1
1 1 4
1
2
6 1
1 4
x + y + z = 1
has no solution, if is
1
2
5
1 1 1
2
3 4
1
2
1 1 1
2 3 4
1
2
None of these
103. The number of solutions of the system of

equations
2x + y z = 7, x 3y + 2z = 1, x + 4y 3z = 5
[EAMCET 2003]
is
(A) 3
(B) 2
(C) 1
(D) 0
104. The value of for which the system of
equations 2x y z = 12, x 2y + z = 4,
x + y + z = 4 has no solution is
[IIT Screening 2004]
(A) 3
(B) 3
(C) 2
(D) 2
107. If the system of equations x + 2y 3z = 1,

(k + 3)z = 3, (2k + 1) x + z = 0 is inconsistent,
[Roorkee 2000]
then the value of k is
1
(A) 3
(B)
2
(C) 0
(D) 2
x + y + z = 1
106. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. The

following system of equations
x2 y 2 z2
x2 y 2 z2
+
+ =1,
=
1,
a 2 b2 c2
a 2 b2 c2
x2 y 2 z2
2 + 2 + 2 = 1 has
a
b
c
(A) no solution
(B) unique solution
(C) infinitely many solutions
(D) none of these
108. The system of equations

x + y + z = 1
102. If 2x + 3y 5z = 7, x + y + z = 6,
3x 4y + 2z = 1, then x =
2 5 7 7 3 5
(A)
105. The system of linear equations x + y + z = 2,

2x + y z = 3, 3x + 2y + kz = 4 has a unique
solution, if
[EAMCET 1994; DCE 2000]
(A) k 0
(B) 1 < k < 1
(C) 2 < k < 2
(D) k = 0
[AIEEE 2005]
(A)
(C)
not equal to 2
2
(B)
(D)
1
either 2 or 1
109. The system of equations x1 x2 + x3 = 2,

3x1 x2 + 2x3 = 6 and 3x1 + x2 + x3 = 18 has
[AMU 2001]
(A) no solution
(B) exactly one solution
(C) infinite solutions
(D) none of these
110. If a1 x + b1 y + c1z = 0,a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 z = 0 ,
a1
a 3 x + b3 y + c3 z = 0 and a 2
a3
b1
b2
b3
c1
c 2 = 0, then
c3
the given system has

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
[Roorkee 1990]
one trivial and one non-trivial solution
no solution
one solution
infinite solutions
39
Maths (Vol. II)

111. The following system of equations
3x 2y + z = 0, x 14y + 15z = 0,
x + 2y 3z = 0 has a solution other than
x = y = z = 0 for equal to
[MP PET 1990]
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 5
112. x + ky z = 0, 3x ky z = 0 and
x 3y + z = 0 has a non-zero solution for k =
[IIT 1988]
(A) 1
(B) 0
(C) 1
(D) 2
113. The number of solutions of the equations
x + y z = 0, 3x y z = 0, x 3y + z = 0 is
[MP PET 1992]
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) Infinite
114. If x + y z = 0, 3x y 3z = 0, x 3y + z = 0
has a non zero solution, then =
[MP PET 1990]
(A) 1
(B) 0
(C) 1
(D) 3
115. The number of solutions of the equations
x + 4y z = 0, 3x 4y z = 0, x 3y + z = 0 is
[MP PET 1992]
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) Infinite
116. The value of a for which the system of
equations a3x + (a + 1)3 y + (a + 2)3 z = 0,
ax + (a + 1) y + (a + 2) z = 0, x + y + z = 0,
has a non-zero solution is
[Pb. CET 2000]
(A) 1
(B) 0
(C) 1
(D) None of these
117. The value of k for which the system of
equations x + ky + 3z = 0, 3x + ky 2z = 0,
2x + 3y 4z = 0 has a non-trivial solution is
31
(A) 15
(B)
2
33
(C) 16
(D)
2
118. If the system of equations x ky z = 0,

kx y z = 0 and x + y z = 0 has a non zero
solution, then the possible values of k are
(A) 1, 2
(B) 1, 2
(C) 0, 1
(D) 1, 1
40
TARGET Publications
119. Set of equations a + b 2c = 0, 2a 3b + c = 0

and a 5b + 4c = is consistent for equal to
[Orissa JEE 2004]
(A) 1
(B) 0
(C) 1
(D) 2
120. If the system of equations
3x 2y + z = 0, x 14y + 15z = 0,
x + 2y + 3z = 0 have a non-trivial solution,
then =
[EAMCET 1993]
(A) 5
(B) 5
(C) 29
(D) 29
121. For what value of , the system of equations
x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 10, x + 2y + z = 12
is inconsistent?
[AIEEE 2002]
(A) = 1
(B) = 2
(C) = 2
(D) = 3
122. If the system of equations x + ay = 0, az + y = 0
and ax + z = 0 has infinite solutions, then the
value of a is
(A) 1
(B) 1
(C) 0
(D) No real values
123. Value of for which the homogeneous system
of equations 2x + 3y 2z = 0, 2x y + 3z = 0,
7x + y z = 0 has non-trivial solutions is
57
57
(B)
(A)
10
10
81
55
(D)
(C)
10
10
124. The system of equations x + y + z = 0,
x + y + z = 0, x y + z = 0 , will have a
non-zero solution if real values of are given
[IIT 1984]
by
(A) 0
(B) 1
3
(C) 3
(D)
125. Let the homogeneous system of linear
equations
px + y + z = 0, x + qy + z = 0, x + y + rz = 0,
where p, q, r 1, have a non-zero solution,
1
1
1
then the value of
+
+
is
1 p 1 q 1 r
(A) 1
(B) 0
(C) 2
(D) 1
126. If f(x) = ax2 + bx + c is a quadratic function

such that f(1) = 8, f(2) = 11 and f(3) = 6, then
f(0) is equal to
(A) 0
(B) 6
(C) 8
(D) 11
Maths (Vol. II)
TARGET Publications
348. If Dr = 2r 1 4
2r 1 5
n ( n + 1)
2
n2
, then the value of
n
2 1
9
354. If AX = B, B = 52 and
0
3 1/2 1/2
A = 4 3/4 5/4 , then X is equal to
2 1/4 3/4
1
D
r =1
(A)
(C)
is
[DCE 2006]
0
(B)
n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
(D)
6
1
none of these
349. If A is a square matrix of order n and A = kB ,

where k is a scalar, then |A|=
(A) |B|
(B) k | B |
(C)
k n |B|
(D)
n |B|
350. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 such

that |A| = 1, |B| = 3, then |3AB| =
(A) 9 (B) 81 (C) 27 (D) 81
3 1
5 1
351. If
X=
, then X =
4 1
2 3
[MP PET 1994]
3 4
3 4
(A)
(B)
14 13
14 13
(C)
3 4
14 13
(D)
3 4
14 13
cos sin
352. If A =
, then which of the
sin cos
following statements is not correct?
[DCE 2001]
(A) A is orthogonal matrix
(B) A is orthogonal matrix
(C) Determinant A = 1
(D) A is not invertible
1 2
1 0
353. Let A =
, B =
and X be a
3 5
0 2
matrix such that A = BX, then X is equal to
[DCE 1995]
2
4
1 2 4
(A)
(B)
2 3 5
3 5
(C)
1 2 4
2 3 5
(D)
(A)
none of these
(C)
1
3

5
4
2

3
(B)
(D)
1/ 2
1 / 2
2
3
3/ 4
3 / 4
355. For each real number x such that 1 < x < 1, let
1 x
A( x) be the matrix (1 x) 1
and
x 1
x+ y
z=
. Then,
1 + xy
(A) A(z) = A( x) + A( y )
(B)
(C)
(D)
A(z) = A( x)[A( y )]1

A(z) = A( x) A( y )
A(z) = A( x) A( y )
1 1 2
2 0 1 and B =
3 2 1
If AX = B, then X =
1
1
(A)
(B) 2
2
3
3
x1
356. Let X = x2 , A =
x3
(C)
1
2

3
(D)
3
1 .

4
1
2

3
0 0 1
357. Let A = 0 1 0 . The only correct
1 0 0
statement about the matrix A is
[AIEEE 2004]
2
(A) A = I
(B) A = ( 1) I, where I is a unit matrix
(C)
(D)
A 1 does not exist

A is a zero matrix
59
Maths (Vol. II)
TARGET Publications
358. If [ ] denotes the greatest integer less than or

equal to the real number under consideration,
and 1 x < 0, 0 y < 1, 1 z < 2, then the
value of the determinant
[ x] + 1 [ y ]
[z]
[ y ] + 1 [z] , is
[ y ] [z] + 1
[ x]
[ x]
(A)
(C)
[z]
[x]
(B)
(D)
[DCE 1998]
[y]
none of these
359. If C = 2 cos , then the value of the determinant

C 1 0
= 1
0
C 1 , is
1 C
[Orissa JEE 2002]
(C)
sin 4
sin
2sin 2 2
sin
4cos 2 ( 2cos 1)
(D)
none of these
(A)
(B)
360. Let P = [aij] be a 3 3 matrix and let Q = [bij],

where bij = 2i + j aij for 1 i, j 3. If the
determinant of P is 2, then the determinant of
[IIT 2012]
the matrix Q is
(A) 210 (B) 211 (C) 212 (D) 213
a b a b
1
361. If b c b c = 0 and , then
2
2 1
0
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
a, b, c are in A. P.
a, b, c are in G.P.
a, b, c are in H. P.
none of these
(abc) 0, then the value of x in the unique

solution of the above equations is
[Pb. CET 2004]
(bcd)
(bcd)
(A)
(B)
(abc)
(abc)
60
(acd)
(abc)
Then the sum of the diagonal entries of M is

[IIT 2011]
(A) 7
(B) 8
(C) 9
(D) 6
3 1
2 , A = 1 1 and Q = PAP T ,
364. If P = 2
0 1
1
3
2 2
then P T Q 2005 P is equal to
3 / 2 2005
1 2005
(A)
(B)
1
0
0
1
2005
1
1
3 / 2
(C)
(D)
1
3/2
0 2005
365. If P is a 3 3 matrix such that PT = 2P + I,

where PT is the transpose of P and I is 3 3
identity, then there exists a column matrix
x 0
[IIT 2012]
X = y 0 such that PX =
x 0
(A)
(C)
362. Consider the system of linear equations

a1x + b1y+c1z + d1= 0, a2x + b2y + c2z + d2= 0,
and a3x + b3y + c3z + d3 = 0. Let us denote by
a1 b1 c1
if
(abc) the determinant a 2 b 2 c 2
a 3 b3 c3
(C)
363. Let M be a 3 3 matrix satisfying

0 1
1 1
1 0
M 1 = 2 , M 1 = 1 and M 1 = 0 .
0 3
0 1
1 12
(D)
(abd)
(abc)
0
0

0
2X
(B)
(D)
366. Let A and B be 3 3 matrices of real numbers,

where A is symmetric, B is skew-symmetric
and (A + B)(A B) = (A B)(A + B)
if (AB)T = (1)n AB, then
(A) n Z
(B) n N
(C) n is an even natural number
(D) n is an odd natural number
5 5
367. Let A = 0 5 . If |A2| = 25, then ||
0 0 5
[AIEEE 2007]
equals
1
(A)
(B) 5
5
(C) 52
(D) 1
Maths (Vol. II)
TARGET Publications
1 2
368. If f() = 2 1 , then f
2 1
to
(A)
(C)
( 3 3)
is equal
[Kerala PET 2008]

(B) 4
(D) 2
1
4
369. If the matrix

r r 1
Mr =
, r = 1, 2, 3, ...., then the
r 1 r
value of det (M1) + det(M2) +....+ det (M2008)
is
[Kerala PET 2008]
(A) 2007
(B) 2008
(C) (2008)2
(D) (2007)2
1 0
1 0
370. If A =
and I =
, then which one

1 1
0 1
of the following holds for all n 1, by the
principle of mathematical induction?
[AIEEE 2005]
(A) An = 2n1 A + (n 1)I
(B) An = nA + (n 1)I
(C) An = 2n1 A (n 1)I
(D) An = nA (n 1)I
3
371. If 1 and = 1, then the value of

3 5
3 5 is equal to [Kerala PET 2008]
5 3
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
3
3(3 + 6 + 9)
3( + 2 + 3)
3
372. Let A and B be two matrices of order n n.

Let A be non-singular and B be singular.
Consider the following:
1.
AB is singular.
2.
AB is non-singular.
3.
A1 B is singular.
4.
A1 B is non-singular.
Which of the above is/are correct?
(A) 1 only
(B) 3 only
(C) 1 and 3
(D) 2 and 4
373. Let (x, y, z) be points with integer coordinates

satisfying the system of homogeneous
equations:
....(i)
3x y z = 0
....(ii)
3x + z = 0
....(iii)
3x + 2y + z = 0
Then, the number of such points for which
x2 + y2 + z2 100 is
[IIT 2009]
(A) 6
(B) 7
(C) 49
(D) none of these
374. If a = 1 + 2 + 4 + ... upto n terms,
b = 1 + 3 + 9 + ... upto n terms
and c = 1 + 5 + 25 + ... upto n terms,
a 2b 4c
then 2 2 2 =
2n
(A)
(C)
3n
5n
(30)n
0
(B)
(D)
(10)n
2n + 3n + 5n
375. Consider the system of equations in x, y, z as

x sin 3 y + z = 0
x cos 2 + 4y + 3z = 0
2x + 7y + 7z = 0
If this system has a non-trivial solution, then
for any integer n, values of are given by
[DCE 2009]
(A)
(1) n
+
n
(B)
(1) n
+
n
(C)
(1) n
n +
(D)
n
2
376. If A is an 3 3 non-singular matrix such that

AA = AA and B = A1A, then BB equals
[JEE (Main) 2014]
1
(A) B
(B) (B1)
(C) I + B
(D) I
377. If , 0 and f(n) = n + n and
3
1 + f (1) 1 + f (2)
1 + f (1) 1 + f (2) 1 + f (3)
1 + f (2) 1 + f (3) 1 + f (4)
= K(1 )2 (1 )2 ( )2, then K is equal
[JEE (Main) 2014]
to
(A) 1
(B) 1
1
(C)
(D)
61
Maths (Vol. II)
TARGET Publications
9
1.
62
(D)
2.
(A)
3.
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions

(A)
4.
(A)
5.
(C)
6.
(B)
7.
(D)
8.
(B)
9.
(B)
10. (C)
11. (B)
12. (B)
13. (C)
14. (A)
15. (B)
16. (B)
17. (D)
18. (D)
19. (D)
20. (D)
21. (D)
22. (A)
23. (A)
24. (C)
25. (A)
26. (B)
27. (D)
28. (C)
29. (A)
30. (A)
31. (C)
32. (D)
33. (B)
34. (A)
35. (B)
36. (D)
37. (A)
38. (A)
39. (C)
40. (B)
41. (B)
42. (D)
43. (A)
44. (B)
45. (A)
46. (B)
47. (C)
48. (C)
49. (D)
50. (A)
51. (A)
52. (C)
53. (B)
54. (B)
55. (D)
56. (B)
57. (C)
58. (A)
59. (B)
60. (D)
61. (B)
62. (A)
63. (B)
64. (B)
65. (D)
66. (A)
67. (B)
68. (A)
69. (C)
70. (B)
71. (A)
72. (A)
73. (C)
74. (A)
75. (B)
76. (A)
77. (B)
78. (A)
79. (B)
80. (A)
81. (D)
82. (A)
83. (B)
84. (B)
85. (D)
86. (D)
87. (B)
88. (C)
89. (B)
90. (C)
91. (C)
92. (D)
93. (D)
94. (A)
95. (C)
96. (B)
97. (A)
98. (A)
99. (D)
100. (B)
101. (A)
102. (C)
103. (D)
104. (D)
105. (A)
106. (B)
107. (A)
108. (C)
109. (C)
110. (D)
111. (D)
112. (C)
113. (D)
114. (D)
115. (B)
116. (A)
117. (D)
118. (D)
119. (B)
120. (D)
121. (D)
122. (A)
123. (A)
124. (A)
125. (D)
126. (B)
127. (A)
128. (B)
129. (D)
130. (A)
131. (C)
132. (B)
133. (A)
134. (C)
135. (C)
136. (B)
137. (B)
138. (C)
139. (B)
140. (D)
141. (B)
142. (A)
143. (C)
144. (A)
145. (D)
146. (D)
147. (D)
148. (C)
149. (D)
150. (B)
151. (B)
152. (D)
153. (C)
154. (A)
155. (C)
156. (D)
157. (C)
158. (A)
159. (C)
160. (C)
161. (C)
162. (C)
163. (B)
164. (B)
165. (A)
166. (B)
167. (A)
168. (C)
169. (B)
170. (D)
171. (B)
172. (C)
173. (A)
174. (B)
175. (A)
176. (B)
177. (A)
178. (A)
179. (D)
180. (D)
181. (D)
182. (B)
183. (B)
184. (B)
185. (C)
186. (A)
187. (A)
188. (A)
189. (B)
190. (B)
191. (D)
192. (B)
193. (D)
194. (B)
195. (C)
196. (D)
197. (D)
198. (B)
199. (A)
200. (C)
201. (B)
202. (B)
203. (D)
204. (B)
205. (B)
206. (C)
207. (C)
208. (D)
209. (D)
210. (B)
211. (D)
212. (B)
213. (D)
214. (D)
215. (D)
216. (A)
217. (C)
218. (B)
219. (B)
220. (B)
221. (B)
222. (B)
223. (C)
224. (A)
225. (B)
226. (D)
227. (A)
228. (C)
229. (D)
230. (B)
231. (A)
232. (A)
233. (A)
234. (C)
235. (D)
236. (A)
237. (B)
238. (D)
239. (B)
240. (B)
241. (C)
242. (C)
243. (C)
244. (B)
245. (B)
246. (C)
247. (C)
248. (A)
249. (A)
250. (C)
251. (A)
252. (B)
253. (B)
254. (B)
255. (A)
256. (D)
257. (A)
258. (B)
259. (A)
260. (A)
261. (B)
262. (B)
263. (C)
264. (D)
265. (A)
266. (B)
267. (B)
268. (D)
269. (D)
270. (A)
271. (A)
272. (D)
273. (B)
274. (A)
275. (A)
276. (C)
277. (A)
278. (B)
279. (C)
280. (D)
281. (B)
282. (A)
283. (D)
284. (D)
285. (B)
286. (D)
287. (A)
288. (A)
289. (A)
290. (B)
291. (D)
292. (B)
293. (D)
294. (B)
295. (C)
296. (D)
297. (A)
298. (A)
299. (D)
300. (C)
301. (A)
302. (A)
303. (C)
304. (A)
305. (B)
306. (B)
307. (A)
308. (A)
309. (B)
310. (B)
311. (A)
312. (A)
313. (B)
314. (A)
315. (D)
316. (A)
317. (B)
318. (B)
319. (B)
320. (D)
321. (A)
322. (A)
323. (A)
324. (C)
325. (C)
326. (C)
327. (D)
328. (B)
329. (A)
330. (A)
331. (D)
332. (A)
333. (B)
334. (A)
335. (A)
336. (B)
337. (B)
338. (D)
339. (A)
340. (A)
341. (B)
342. (B)
343. (B)
344. (D)
345. (B)
346. (A)
347. (B)
348. (A)
349. (C)
350. (B)
351. (A)
352. (D)
353. (B)
354. (A)
355. (C)
356. (B)
357. (A)
358. (A)
359. (A)
360. (D)
361. (B)
362. (B)
363. (C)
364. (A)
365. (D)
366. (D)
367. (A)
368. (B)
369. (C)
370. (D)
371. (D)
372. (C)
373. (B)
374. (C)
375. (C)
376. (D)
377. (A)
Maths (Vol. II)
TARGET Publications
a 11
2
3
4
= 2 2 2 a 21
a 31
a 11
a 21
a 31
= 29 2 22
22 a13
22 a 23
22 a 33
2a12
2a 22
2a 32
a12
a 22
a 32
a13
a 23
a 33
a b c
363. Let M = x y z . Then,
l m n
0 1
b 1
M 1 = 2 y = 2
0 3
m 3
12
=2 P
361.
1 1
M 1 = 1
0 1
| Q | = 212 | P | = 212 2 = 213

a
b a b
b c b c = 0
2 1
0
a[(b c)] b[2(b c)]

ab + ac + 2b 2bc + ab 2ac
b2 + 2bc = 0
(ac b2) 2(ac b2) = 0
(ac b2) (1 2) = 0
ac b2 = 0 or 1 2 = 0
Since,
1
2
b2 = ac i.e., a, b, c are in G.P.
362. By Cramers rule,

d1 b1 c1
d 2 b 2 c 2
d 3 b 3 c3
D
x= 1 =
a1 b1 c1
D
a 2 b 2 c2
a 3 b3 c3
b1 c1 d1
b2 c2 d 2
b3 c3 d 3
x=
a1 b1 c1
a 2 b2 c2
a 3 b3 c3
x=
110
(bcd)
(abc)
1
a b
x y = 1

l m
1
by the equality of matrices,

a b = 1, x y = 1, l m = 1
a = 0, x = 3, l = 2
1
a + b+c
12
l + m + n
12
M 1 = 0 x + y + z = 0
+ (a b)(b 2c) = 0
2
ac + 2b2 2ac b2 = 0

b = 1, y = 2, m = 3

a + b + c = 0, x + y + z = 0, l + m + n = 12
c = 1, z = 5, n = 7
sum of diagonal elements of M
=a+y+n
=0+2+7=9
3 1 3
1

2
2 2
2 1 0
364. P. PT =
=
1
3 1
3 0 1
2
2 2 2
P.PT = I
PT = P1
Given, Q = PAPT
PTQP = PT (PAPT) P
= (PTP) A (PTP)
=A
.[ PTP = I]
1 1
=
0 1
Q2 = (PAPT) (PAPT)
= PA (PTP) APT
= PA2PT
T 2
P Q P = PT (PA2PT) P
= (PTP) A2 (PTP)
= A2
1 2
=
0 1
Proceeding in this manner, we get
1 2005
PTQ2005P = A2005 =
1
0
Maths (Vol. II)
TARGET Publications
365. PT = 2P + I
(PT)T = (2P + I)T
P = 2PT + I
P = 2(2P + I) + I
P = 4P + 3I
3P + 3I = O
P+I=O
P = I
PX = IX
PX = X
369. |Mr| =
= 2r 1
det (M1) + det(M2) +....+ det (M2008)

= [2(1) 1] + [2(2) 1] +....+ [2(2008) 1]
= 1 + 3 + 5 + ....upto 2008 terms
= (2008)2
.[From (i)]
1 2
368. f() = 2 1
2 1
Applying C1 C1 + C2 + C3, we get

1 + + 2 2
f() = 1 + + 2 2 1
1 + + 2 1
1 2
= (1 + + 2) 1 2 1
1 1
= (1 + + 2){1(3 1) ( 1)
+ 2(1 2)}
2
3
2
= (1 + + )( 1 + + 2 4)
= (1 + + 2)( 1 + 3 4)
= (1 + + 2){( 1) + 3(1 )}
= (1 + + 2) ( 1) (1 3)
= (3 1) (1 3)
1/3
f(3 ) = (3 1) (1 3)
= 4
....[ = 31/3, 3 = 3]
r
2
= r (r 1)
1 0 2 1 0
1 0
370. Here, A =
, A =
and A3 =
1 1
3 1
2 1
Only option (D) satisfies these relations.
371.
3 5
1 2 4
3
3 5 = 2 4 1
5 3
4 1 2
= 3{1(6 1) 2(4 4) + 4(2 8)}
367. Since, A is an upper triangular matrix.
|A| = 5 5 = 25
Given, |A2| = 25
|A|2 = 25 (25)2 = 25
1
2 =
25
1
|| =
5
r 1
366. (A + B)(A B) = (A B)(A + B)

AB = BA
.(i)
T
n
Now, (AB) = (1) AB
BTAT = (1)nAB
(B)A = (1)nAB
....[ BT = B and AT = A]
BA = (1)nBA
(1)n = 1
n is an odd natural number
r 1
= 3 (6 1 + 6 12)
= 3 (26 1 9.3)
= 29 3 96
= 2 3 6
....[ 9 = 1 (given)]
9 =1, ( 3 )3 1 = 0
.... (3 1) ( 6 + 3 + 1) = 0
6 + 3 + 1= 0as 3 1
= 2 (1)
=3
372. Given, |A| 0 and |B| = 0
|AB| = |A| |B| = 0

and |A1 B| = |A1| |B|
=
1
|B|
|A|
.... | A 1 | =
| A |
=0
AB and A B are singular.
1
373. Adding (i) and (ii), we get y = 0.

From (ii), z = 3x.
Putting these values in x2 + y2 + z2 100,
we get x2 10
10 x 10
Since, x is an integer.
x = 3, 2, 1, 0
Hence, there are 7 points.
111
Maths (Vol. II)

374. Here, a =
TARGET Publications
1(2n 1)
a = 2n 1
2 1
b=
1(3n 1)
2b = 3n 1
3 1
c=
1(5 1)
4c = 5n 1
5 1
3
1 + f (1) 1 + f (2)
377. 1 + f (1) 1 + f (2) 1 + f (3)
1 + f (2) 1 + f (3) 1 + f (4)
1+1+1
1 + + 1 + 2 + 2
= 1 + + 1 + 2 + 2 1 + 3 + 3
1 + 2 + 2 1 + 3 + 3 1 + 4 + 4
a 2b 4c
2n 1 3n 1 5n 1
2 2 2 = 2
2
2
n
n
n
n
n
2 3 5
2
3
5n
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1 1 2
1 2 2 1 2
By taking 2 common from R2, we get

a 2b 4c
2n 1 3n 1 5n 1
2 2 2 =2 1
1
1
n
n
n
n
n
2 3 5
2
3
5n
= (1 )2(1 )2( )2
K=1
Applying R3 R3 R1, we get

a 2b 4c
2n 1 3n 1 5n 1
2 2 2 =2 1
1
1
n
n
n
2 3 5
1
1
1
....[ R2 R3]
=0
375. The given system of equations has a nontrivial solution.

sin 3 1 1
cos 2
2
4
7
3 =0
7
sin 3(7) + 1(7cos 2 6) + 1(7cos 2 8)

7 sin 3 + 14cos 2 14 = 0
sin 3 + 2cos 2 2 = 0
3 sin 4 sin3 + 2 4 sin2 2 = 0
sin (4 sin2 + 4 sin 3) = 0
sin (2 sin + 3) (2 sin 1) = 0
1
sin = 0 or sin =
2
= n or = n + (1)n
6
376. BB = (A1A) (A1A)
= (A1A) (A(A1))
= A1 AA(A1)
....[ AA = AA (given)]
1
= (A A) (A(A ))
= I(A1 A)
= I.I = I2 = I
112

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Matrices and Determinants

Limits, Continuity and Differentiability

Three Dimensional Geometry

Statistics and Probability

Physics (Vol. II)

Matrices and Determinants

Syllabus For JEE (Main)

Determinants of order two and three, properties and evaluation of determinants

Area of a triangle using determinants

Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three

Adjoint and Evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and

Test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three

Maths (Vol. II)

Determinant of order two and three:

Determinant of order two:

The value of the determinant

is defined as a1b2 b1a2.

Determinant of order three:

between two vertical bars as a 2

c 2 is a determinant of order three.

= a1(b2c3 b3c2) b1(a2c3 a3c2) + c1(a2b3 b2a3)

A determinant of order 3 can be expanded along any row or column.

Minors and Cofactors:

Matrices and Determinants

Maths (Vol. II)

M11 = minor of a11 =

Similarly, we can find the minors of other elements.

C11 = (1)1 + 1 M11 = M11

Matrices and Determinants

Maths (Vol. II)

c 2 , then the value of D1 = b1

Matrices and Determinants

Maths (Vol. II)

Product or Multiplication of two determinants:

Let the two determinants of third order be 1 = a 2

2 and be their product.

a11 + b11 + c11 a1 2 + b12 + c1 2

Find the value of

Matrices and Determinants

Maths (Vol. II)

Area of a triangle using determinants:

System of linear equations:

Maths (Vol. II)

The solution of the system of linear equations

If D = 0 and D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations is either consistent with

Verify whether the system of equations: 3x y 2z = 2, 2y z = 1, 3x 5y = 3 is

Matrices and Determinants

Maths (Vol. II)

Solution of a homogeneous system of linear equations:

c 2 0, then x = y = z = 0 is the only solution and it is known as the trivial solution.

If D = 0, then the system is consistent with infinitely many solutions.

Matrices and Determinants