XMTRP 1703010
XMTRP 1703010
of Chemical Engineering
course 424508 E
For this result it was assumed that the coating is thick, so that L b.
a.
For somewhat longer times, however, the dye will reach the surface of the coating
at x = L. Like for x = 0 it holds also for x = L that c/x = 0. Extend the equation
(3.124) with one extra term so that it corrects for the situation at x = L and allows
for calculations at longer times.
b.
Using the result from a.), calculate the moment t (in seconds) at which the
concentration at x = L is the same as at x = 0; which means C(0,t) = C(L,t). (It is
assumed that that means that the concentration is then more or less evenly
distributed over the coating thickness L.)
For simplification, note that L - b L + b L since L >> b, and also L2 >> b2.
(2 + 4 = 6 p.)
2/5
720. Consider the one-dimensional steady-state heat transfer in the thin cooling fin shown in the
figure below.
T1 =
q y
1
4
18T2 9T3 + 2T4 + 6 w
+ (O ( y ) )
11
d2 T
+ cT = 0
dx 2
with T( x = 0) = T1 ;
T( x = L) = T2
T2 T1 cos L
c
+ T1 cos x c
T( x ) =
sin x
sin L
T( x ) T1
and give the expression for
.
T2 T1
(2 + 4 = 6 p.)
3/5
722.
2c 1 c
c
= D 2 +
x
r
x 0, all r : t Q = 2r x D
r
x < 0, all r : c = 0;
r = , all x : c = 0
z
where D is the diffusion coefficient of the injected substance
in the flowing medium. Here, tQ is the amount of injected
material that is found in a round slice centered around the
x-axis with thickness x = Vt.
y
r
x
With t = x/V, this is similar to non-stationary diffusion with a source Q: during a short
time t =x/V, a pulse with strength Qt is injected into such a slice, which can be
described with the expression for a 2-dimensional solution for a source Qt/x per
meter. (Neglecting diffusion in x-direction implies that all injected material stays in the
slice in which it was injected.)
a.
Show that this approach gives the following expression for the concentration field
c(x,r) for x 0
c ( x, r ) = c ( x , y , z ) =
Q
1
V 4D x
y2 + z2
r 2
Q
exp
=
exp
x
x
4D
4Dx
4D
V
V
V
This is applied to the dispersion of a small amount of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in a wide
water channel. Consider a case where 1 g/s HCl is injected through a 0.05 m diameter
injection tube into a 3 m wide, 3 m deep water flow with uniform velocity 0.5 m/s. The
molecular diffusion coefficient for HCl in the water is D = 2.610-9 m2/s, but in order to
take into account turbulence a diffusion coefficient D = 110-4 m2/s is assumed.
b.
c.
Show that diffusion in the flow (= x) direction can be neglected (Pe >> 1).
Give the expression for the HCl concentration, c, along the axis through the
injection point, c(x, r = 0) and calculate c(x = 1, r = 0), which is at 1 m from the
injection point.
4/5
d.
Calculate, for x = 1 m, the sideways dispersion distance, r* (m), for which the
concentration c(x = 1, r = r*) is equal to 1% of the axial concentration c(x = 1, r = 0).
(4 + 1 + 2 + 2 = 9 p.)
723.
0.3 m
0.3 m
$
y
x
FIRE
Data for the concrete: thermal conductivity = 1,76 W/(mK), density = 2400 kg/m3,
specific heat capacity cp = 1200 J/(kgK), a = 6,1 10-7 m2/s.
a. For reasons of fire safety it is necessary to know after how much time a temperature of
520 C is reached at the concrete surface, which will occur first at the point x = 0, y = 0.
Calculate this time, in seconds. Use the Additional course material slides 32-36, but
note again that the initial temperature at the start is not = 0 but is equal to Ti.
b. In the column, at 7.5 cm from the outside, 4 steel support bars give extra strength. The
temperature of this should stay below 420C for safety reasons. Consider here the steel
bar at (x = 0.075 m, y = 0.075 m), indicated with $ since this will be heated up most
and fastest.
Calculate the time at which the temperature would be 420C at the steel support bar
$, assuming that the surface temperature for the sides x = 0 and y = 0 is equal to the
temperature of the fire, 1050C. (Neglect the relatively short time needed to reach this
temperature at these sides).
(3 + 6 = 9 p.)
724
on next page
5/5
724. In a process small spheres of Teflon with a diameter D = 5 mm are produced. These spheres
must be cooled from a uniform temperature 60C to a maximum temperature (at the centre
of the particle) of 12C. This is done by dropping the particles through a large column of
water that has a uniform temperature Tw = 10C. The particles move downwards through
this water at a velocity v = 0.44 m/s. An engineer claims that a column height H equal to 5
m is enough but this must be verified.
Data for Teflon: thermal conductivity = 0,3 W/(mK), density = 2200 kg/m3, specific
heat capacity cp = 1000 J/(kgK), a = 1,36 10-7 m2/s. All these are constants.
For the heat transfer coefficient particle water: = 7200 W/(m2K)
a. Check if the main resistance for heat transfer is on the inside or at the outside of the
particle (by calculating the Bi number = (D/6)/ for a sphere). If the heat resistance
inside >> the heat resistance outside the particle can it then be assumed that the
temperature at the particle surface is equal to Tw? If so, use that under b.), below.
b. Calculate the time necessary for reaching a temperature of 12C at the centre of the
particle, r = 0, where r = the radial coordinate inside the particle.
For this:
b1:
T a 2 T
r
=
t r 2 r r
Give an expression for T(r,t) for the temperature inside a polymer particle at t > 0.
Use the method of eigenfunctions and eigenvalues.
b3:
Using only the first eigenvalue in the result given under b2, calculate how much
time is needed for the temperature at r = 0 to reach the value T = 12C.
lim sin(r )
=
r
r 0
c. Calculate how much height of 10C water column is needed, and check if the suggested
column height H = 5 m is enough.
d. Is it preferable to use a Laplace transform method for solving this problem? If not, why
not?
(1 + (1 + 3 + 5) + 1 + 1 = 12 p.)
end.