POWER SYSTEM STABILITY ANALYSIS

USING MATLAB
A
Minor project report

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

Electrical & Electronic Engineering

By

Akshay Sisodia (1306421005)

Bhaskar Prakash Singh (1306421015)
Deepak Sharma (1306421017)

Hindustan College of Science and Technology, Farah,

Mathura

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University

LUCKNOW, INDIA
May, 2016

CERTIFICATE

Certified that Akshay Sisodia, Bhaskar Prakash Singh, Deepak Sharma has
carried out the the project work entitled Power System Stability Analysis Using
Matlab for the Bachelor Of Technology in Electrical & Electronic Engineering
from Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow. The Minor project
embodies result if original work and studies as are carried out by the student
themselves and the content in this project has not been summited for the award of
other degree/diploma to any other University/Institution.

Akshay Sisodia (1306421005)

Bhaskar Prakasha Singh (1306421015)
Deepak Sharma (1306421017)

Countersigned by:

Mr. Nishant Prakash

Project Coordinator
EEE, Departmant
HCST, Mathura

ABSTRACT

The stability of an interconnected power system is its ability to return to

normal or stable operation after having been subjected to some form of
disturbance. With interconnected system continually growing in size and
extended over vast geographical regions, it is becoming increasingly more
difficult to maintain synchronism between various part of power system.
In our project we have studied the stability- steady state stability and the
swing equation and its solution using numerical methods using MATLAB.
We have presented the swing equation along with its solution and
implement it with the help of MATLAB.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Any work is practically impossible without motivation, encouragement, support and
proper guidance. First and foremost we would like to bent low at the lotus feet of
Almighty, without whose grace, this work have not been completed.
We have no adequate words to reveal our gratitude and ineptness to our virtuous
supervisor Mr. Nishant Prakash , for his impairing guidance and worthy
suggestions, given all through the completion of this project. It was his
understanding and encouraging atmosphere, which made our work easier and
interesting. His diligence and dedication led our work towards the gateway of
success.
We shall be failing in our duties if, we do not record our sincere thank to Mrs.
Richa Kapoor, HOD (EEE), H.C.S.T., Mathura for providing necessary facilities
and proper arrangement required for the completion of this project work.
We acknowledge our gratitude Mr. Nishant Prakash , Lab. In charge (Minor
Project), H.C.S.T., Mathura who helped me a lot at critical moments. We are also
deeply indebted to our parents who are the chief source of inspiration. They have
always enhanced the strength of our soul amidst unprecedented conditions. We are
deeply beholder to them.
At last but not the least, we owe our sincere and healthful thanks to all our
classmates, friends who helped us to complete our project.

CONTENTS

S.NO

TOPIC

Page
Chapter 1
1.
2.
3.

Introduction
Stability
Swing Equation
Chapter 2

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

6
7
8
10

Steady State Stability

Damping torque
Illustration
MATLAB Programing
Output graph
Chapter 3

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

10
11
13
13
15
16

Transient stability studies

Numerical solution of swing equation
Simulink Design
Output Waveform
References

16
17
19
20
22

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Successful operation of a power system depend largely on the engineers

ability to provide reliable and uninterrupted service to the load. The reliability of the
power supply implies much more than merely being available. Ideally, the load must
be fed at constant voltage and frequency at all times.
The first requirement of reliable service is to keep the synchronous generators
running in parallel and with adequate capacity to meet the load demand.
Synchronous machine do not easily fall out of step under normal conditions. If a
machine tends to speed up or slow down, synchronizing forces tends to keep it in
step. Condition do arise, however such as a fault on the network, failure in a price of
equipment, sudden application of a major load such as a steel mill, or loss of a line
or generator unit, in which operation is such that the synchronizing forces for one or
more machine may not be adequate, and small impact in the system may cause this
machine to lose synchronism.
A second requirement of reliable electrical service is to maintain the integrity
of the power network. The high voltage transmission system connect the generating
station and the load centres. Interruption in this network may hinder the flow of
power to the load. This usually require a study of large geographical area since
almost all power system are interconnected with neighbouring system.
Random changes in the load are taking place at all the times, with subsequent
adjustment of generation. We may look at any of these as a change from one
equilibrium state to another. Synchronism frequently may be lost in that transition
period, or growing oscillation may occur over a transmission line, eventually leading
to its tripping. These problem may be studied by the power system engineer and fall
under the heading Power System Stability.

STABILITY
The tendency of a power system to develop restoring forces equal to or greater
than the disturbing forces to maintain the state of equilibrium is known as
STABILITY.
The problem of interest is one where a power system operating under a
steady load condition is perturbed, causing the readjustment of the voltage angles of
the synchronous machines. If such an occurrence creates an unbalance between the
system generation and load, it results in the establishment of a new steady-state
operating condition, with the subsequent adjustment of the voltage angles. The
perturbation could be a major disturbance such as the loss of a generator, a fault or
the loss of a line, or a combination of such events. It could also be a small load or
random load changes occurring under normal operating conditions. Adjustment to
the new operating condition is called the transient period. The system behavior
during this time is called the dynamic system performance, which is of concern in
defining system stability. The main criterion for stability is that the synchronous
machines maintain synchronism at the end of the transient period.
So we can say that if the oscillatory response of a power system during the
transient period following a disturbance is damped and the system settles in a finite
time to a new steady operating condition, we say the system is stable. If the system
is not stable, it is considered unstable. This primitive definition of stability requires
that the system oscillations be damped.
This condition is sometimes called asymptotic stability and means that the
system contains inherent forces that tend to reduce oscillations. This is a desirable
feature in many systems and is considered necessary for power systems. The
definition also excludes continuous oscillation from the family of stable systems,
although oscillators are stable
in
a
mathematical
sense. The
reason is practical since a continually oscillating system would be undesirable for
both the supplier and the user of electric power. Hence the definition describes
a practical specification for an acceptable operating condition. The stability
problem is concerned with the behaviour of the synchronous machines after a
disturbance. For convenience of analysis, stability problems are generally divided
into two major categories-steady state stability and transient state stability and
transient state stability.
8

SWING EQUATION

Under normal operating condition, the relative position of the rotor axis and the
resultant magnetic field axis is fixed. The angle between two is known as the power
angle or torque angle. During any disturbance, rotor will accelerate or decelerate
with respect to the synchronously rotating air gap mmf, a relative motion begins.
The equation describing the relative motion is known as the Swing Equation.
Synchronous machine operation: Consider a synchronous generator with electromagnetic torque Te running at
synchronous speed sm.
During the normal operation, the mechanical torque Tm = Te.
A disturbance occur will result in accelerating/decelerating torque
Ta = Tm Te (Ta>0 if accelerating, Ta<0 if decelerating).
By law of rotation :J(d2m/dt2) = Ta = Tm Te
Where, J is the combined moment of inertia of prime mover and generator.

m is the angular displacement of rotor w.r.t. stationery reference frame on

the stator.
m = smt + m , smt is the constant angular velocity.
Taking the second derivative of m.
(d2 m/dt2) = (d2 m/dt2)

Substituting into law of rotationJ(d2m/dt2) = Ta = Tm Te

Multiplying m to obtain power equation9

J(d2 m/dt2) = M(d2 m/dt2) = mTm - mTe = Pm - Pe

Where, Pm and Pe are mechanical power and electromagnetic
power.

Swing equation in terms of inertial constant M.

M(d2 m/dt2) = Pm - Pe

Relations between electrical power angle d and mechanical power angle dm

and electrical speed and mechanical speed: = (P/2)m , = (P/2)n , where P is the pole number.

Swing equation in terms of electrical power angle :(P/2)M(d2 m/dt2) = Pm - Pe

Converting the swing equation into per unit system.

(2Hd2 m/Sdt2) = Pm (pu) - Pe (pu)
Where, H is the inertia constant

10

CHAPTER 2

11

Steady State Stability

The ability of power system to remain its synchronism and returns
to its original state when subjected to small disturbances. Such
stability is not affected by any control efforts such as voltage
regulators or governor.
Analysis of steady-state stability by swing equation

Starting from swing equation.

(Hd2 m/fodt2) = Pm (pu) - Pe (pu) = Pm Pmax Sin
Introducing the small disturbances

Derivation is from
= o+

Simplify the nonlinear function of power angle

Analysis of steady-state stability by swing equation

Swing equation in terms of

(Hd2 /fodt2) + Pmcos o = 0

PS= Pmax cos0: the slope of the power-angle curve at 0, PS is positive

when 00 < < 90o
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The second order differential equation-

(Hd2 /fodt2) + Pmcos o = 0

Characteristics equation :- S2 = -(fo/H)Ps

Rule 1: if PS is negative, one root is in RHP and system is unstable.

Rule 2: if PS is positive, two roots in the j axis and motion is
oscillatory and undamped, system is marginally stable the
oscillatory frequency of undamped system

Damping Torque

Phenomena: when there is a difference angular velocity

between rotor and air gap field, an induction torque will be
set up on rotor tending to minimize the difference of
velocities.
Introduce a damping power by damping torque.

Pd = D(d/dt)

Introduce the damping power into swing equation

Characteristic equation:

(Hd2 /fodt2) + D(d/dt) + PS = 0

(d2 /dt2) + 2n(d /dt) + n2 = 0

Analysis of characteristics equation :S2 + 2nS + n2 = 0

For damping coefficient:-

13

<1

Roots of characteristic equation:S1 , S2 = -N

jn

Damped frequency of oscillation :d = n

Positive damping (1>>0) : S1,S2 have negative real part if PS is positive, this
implies the response is bounded and system is stable.

Solution of swing equation :(d2 /dt2) + 2n(d /dt) + n2 = 0

Roots of swing equation : =

, = o +

Rotor angular frequency :-

= -

, = 0 +

Response time constant:-

14

Settling time :-

Relation between settling time and inertia constant H; Increase H will result in
longer ts, decrease n and .

Illustration:

A 60 Hz synchronous generator having

inertia constant H =9.94
MJ/MVA and a transient reactance
Xd=0.3 p.u. is connected to an infinite bus through
a purely
reactive circuit as shown in figure 3.1. Reactances are marked on
the diagram
on a common system base. The generator is
delivering real power of 0.6 p.u., 0.8 power factor lagging to the
infinite bus at a voltage of V=1 per unit.?

Diagram for steady state stability problem

MATLAB CODE FOR STEADY STATE STABILITY DESIGN

global Pm f H E V X1 X2
15

X3 Pm = 0.80; E = 1.17; V
= 1.0;
X1 = 0.65; X2 = 1.80; X3 = 0.8;
H = 5.0; f = 60; tf = 1; Dt = 0.01;
% Fault is cleared in 0.3

sec. tc = 0.3;
swingmeu(Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3, H, f, tc, tf, Dt)
% Fault is cleared in 0.4 sec. and
0.5 sec. tc = .5;
swingmeu(Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3, H, f,
tc, tf, Dt) tc = .4;
swingmeu(Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3, H, f, tc,
tf, Dt) disp('Parts (a) & (b) are repeated
using swingrk4') disp('Press Enter to
continue')
pause
tc = 0.3;
22
swingrk4(Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3, H, f, tc, tf)
tc = 0.5;
swingrk4(Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3, H, f, tc, tf)
16

tc = 0.4;
swingrk4(Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3, H, f, tc, tf).

OUTPUT GRAPH

Graph
17

18

CHAPTER 3

19

TRANSIENT STABILITY STUDIES

The transient stability studies involve the determination of whether or

not synchronism is maintained after the machine has been subjected to
severe disturbance. This may be sudden application of load, loss of
generation, loss of large load, or a fault on the system. In most
disturbances, oscillations are of such magnitude that linearization is not
permissible and the nonlinear swing equation must be solved.

20

NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF SWING EQUATION

The transient stability analysis requires the solution of a system of
coupled non-linear differential equations. In general, no analytical
solution of these equations exists. However, techniques are available to
obtain approximate solution of such differential equations by numerical
methods and one must therefore resort to numerical computation
techniques commonly known as digital simulation. Some of the
commonly used numerical techniques for the solution of the swing
equation are:

Point by point method

Euler modified method

Runge-Kutta method

In our analysis, we have used Euler modified method and

Point-by Point Method.

21

Illustration: A 60 Hz synchronous generator having inertia constant, H

= 5MJ/MVA and a direct axis transient reactance Xd = 0.3p.u. is
connected to an infinite bus through a purely reactive circuit as
shown in Fig. 1. Reactances are shown on the diagram in a common
system base. The generator is delivering reactive power Pe=0.8p.u. and
Q = 0.074p.u. to the infinite bus at a voltage of 1p.u. A three phase fault
occurs at the middle of one line and is cleared by isolating the faulted
circuit simultaneously at both ends as shown in Fig.1. The fault is
cleared in 0.3 second. The numerical solution is obtained for 1.0 second
using the modified Euler method with a step size of t= 0.01second in
Matlab7.0. The swing curve is used to determine the system stability
and the critical clearing time is determined. The simulation was
repeated and the swing plots obtained using SIMULINK.

Fig---1- Diagram for transient state stability design

22

SIMULINK DESIGN

Simulink Design for Transient

Stability Design

OUTPUT WAVEFORMS
23

USING MODIFIED EULER METHOD

Swing Curve using Modified Euler Method for
fault cleared at 0.3s

24

Swing Curve using Modified Euler Method for fault cleared at

0.4s

Now at 0.5 sec

25

Swing Curve using Modified Euler Method for fault

cleared at 0.5s

References
[1]. Nagrath, I.J., and Kothari, D.P., Power System Engineering, New
Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 1995.
[2]. Wadhwa, C.L., Electrical Power Systems, New Delhi, New Age
International publishers, 2005.
[3].W.D. Stevenson, Elements of Power System Analysis, 3rd Edition,
McGrawHill,1975.
[4].Saadat, Hadi, Power System Analysis, New Delhi, Tata McGrawHill Publishing Company Limited, 2002.

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