CH 04

Decimals and
percentages
4
How much would you pay if
you bought a hooded top
and a pair of cargo pants at
the half-yearly sale? In this
chapter you will learn how
to use decimals and
percentages to help you
answer questions like this.
Wear what you want

HALF YEARLY SALE
Hooded tops were $39.00 now reduced by 25%

Cargo pants were $59.00 now reduced by 40%
T-shirts
were $20.00 now reduced by 10%
Shorts
Jeans
Hurry! Limited stock available! Will not last!
128
Maths Quest 7 for Victoria
Place value
Whole numbers
The position of a digit within a number indicates the value of the digit. The further the
digit is to the left in a number, the larger the place value.
Hundred
thousands
Ten
thousands
Thousands
Hundreds
Tens
Units
10 000
1000
100
10
100 000
Each place to the left of another has a value which is 10 times larger. Each place to
1
- of the previous position.
the right has a value which is ----10
Look at the value of the 3 in each of the following.
Number
132
3217
4103
Value of 3 in number
3 tens or 30
3 thousands or 3000
3 units (ones) or 3
Decimal parts
Whole numbers have units as their smallest place value. It is possible to keep going to
smaller values than units. To show values smaller than units, a decimal point, or dot, is
placed after the units. The value of the positions to the left and right of the decimal
point are shown in the table below.
Thousands Hundreds
1000
100
Tens
Units
Tenths
10
1
-----10
Ten
Hundredths Thousandths thousandths
1
--------100
Look at the value of the 3 in these numbers:

3
14.32
the 3 is 3 tenths or ----10
3
106.013
the 3 is 3 thousandths or ----------1000
0.000 03
the 3 is 3 hundred thousandths or
1
-----------1000
3
------------------- .
100 000
WORKED Example 1
Find the value of the 6 in each of the following.
a 10.64
b 0.163
c 321.036
THINK
WRITE
a The value of the first place to the right of the decimal point is
tenths, so the digit is tenths.
6
-----10
b The second place after the decimal point is hundredths, so the

digit is hundredths.
6
--------100
c The digit is in the thousandths place, so the digit is thousandths.
6
-----------1000
1
---------------10 000
Chapter 4 Decimals and percentages
WORKED Example 2
For the number 76.204 write the value of each digit in words and numbers.
THINK
WRITE
7 is in the tens position.

6 is in the units position.
2 is in the first position after the decimal point, so
it is tenths.
seventy, 70
six, 6
two tenths,
0 is in the hundredths position.
zero hundredths,
4 is in the thousandths position.
four thousandths,
1
2
3
2
-----10
0
--------100
4
-----------1000
The number 76.204 can be written in expanded fractional form as:

70 + 6 +
2
-----10
0
--------100
4
------------ .
1000
WORKED Example 3
Write 3.4501 in expanded fractional form.
THINK
1
2
Write the question.

Find the place value of each digit.
4
-,
3: 3 ones = 3, 4: 4 tenths = ----10
5
- , 0: 0 thousandths, 1: ten
5: 5 hundredths = -------1 100
-.
thousandth = --------------10 000
Write the number in expanded fractional form.
WRITE
3.4501
=3+
4
-----10
5
--------100
1
---------------10 000
WORKED Example 4
Add one tenth to each of the following numbers.
a 3.4
b 0.179
c 13
THINK
WRITE
a Tenths is the first place after the decimal point so

add 1 to the first digit after the decimal point.
a 3.4 + one tenth = 3.5
b Add 1 to the first place after the decimal point.
b 0.179 + one tenth = 0.279
c There is no tenths place shown (zero tenths),

because 13 = 13.0; so add a decimal point and write
1 after the decimal point.
c 13 + one tenth = 13.1
129
130
Decimal places
The number of decimal places is the number of digits after the decimal point.
10.3014
has 4 decimal places
0.002
has 3 decimal places
51
has no decimal places
51.0
has one decimal place
Zeros at the end of a decimal do not change the size of the number.
remember
remember
1. The position of a digit within a number indicates the value of the digit. Each
place is 10 times larger than the one immediately to the right. The positions are
shown in the table below.
Thousands Hundreds Tens
Units
Tenths
Hundredths
Thousandths
Ten
thousandths
2. The number of decimal places is the number of digits after the decimal point.
Zeros at the end of a decimal do not change the size of the number.
4A
WORKED
Example
WORKED
Example
Place value
1 Find the value of the 2 in each of the following.

a 5.2
b 19.12
c 0.02
e 0.982 047
f 491.7521
g 6.1342
i 27.003
j 12.14
k 1.8902
d 100.29
h 90.0002
l 897.014 12
2 Find the value of the 9 in each of the following.

a 0.9
b 14.98
c 6.1937
e 12.090
f 0.009 14
g 3.4629
i 39.214
j 9
k 900.76
d 18.89
h 1.276 89
l 90.612
3 For the following numbers write the value of each digit in words and numbers.
a 4.1
b 1.85
c 0.271
d 9.020
e 16.001
f 3.402 07
4 For each of the following numbers write the value of each digit in numbers.
a 0.4
b 2.7
c 6.80
d 5.23
e 0.763
f 2.108
g 19.910
h 0.1101
i 7.2964
j 0.330 24
k 300.03
l 12.276 403
WORKED
Example
WORKED
Example
5 Write the following numbers in expanded fractional form.

a 2.47
b 3.69
c 1.25
e 39.01
f 16.07
g 7.123
i 13.482
j 0.3062
k 0.1305
d 56.01
h 5.987
l 0.5002
6 Add one tenth to each of the following numbers.

a 5.7
b 3.6
c 0.24
e 10.0
f 103.568
g 28.02
i 65.772
j 1.729 021
k 0.899 99
d 0.15
h 0.248
l 1.9
131
7 Add four hundredths to each of the following numbers.

a 2.11
b 7.24
c 512.35
e 41.10
f 100.002
g 13.251 43
i 0.9
j 11.4
k 31.69
d 0.107
h 0.335 12
l 0.08
8 Add two thousandths to the following numbers.

a 9.413
b 11.305
c 84.2114
e 0.6102
f 2.000
g 0.004 3678
i 3.21
j 0.2
k 0.229
d 17.7751
h 49.27
l 4.168
9 State how many decimal places are in each of the following numbers.
a 3.15
b 10.2
c 100.019
d 4.60
e 8.999
f 14.3021
g 1869.0567
h 7.0
i 9.246 013 90 j 112
k 30
l 1
10 multiple choice
a Four tenths, one hundredth and 3 thousandths equals:
A 4.13
B 3.14
C 0.413
D 0.314
b Five hundredths, 2 thousandths and 7 ten thousandths equals:
A 527
B 52.7
C 5.27
D 0.527
E 314
E 0.0527
11 For each of the following numbers:

i state the place value of the zero.
ii Would the value of the number change if the zero wasnt there? (Write yes or no.)
a 6.02
b 10.49
c 7.360
d 13.10
e 4.0
f 133.027 g 0.65
h 17.809
i 20
12 Write true (T) or false (F) for each of the following.
a 76.34 has 4 decimal places.
b 109.651 plus two tenths equals 109.851.
c
6
-----10
3
--------100
4
---------------10 000
is the same as 0.6304.
d 4.03 has the same value as 4.3.

e 29.60 has the same value as 29.6.
f
1.2804 could be written as 1 +
3
-----10
8
--------100
4
------------ .
1000
g 1090.264 51 has 5 decimal places.

h If one hundredth is added to 0.627, the answer is 0.727.
13 Copy and complete by putting only one digit in each box.
Example
37.684
Tens
Units
0.205
1.06
74.108
108
-----------1000
105
--------10
Tenths
Hundredths
Thousandths
132
Comparing decimal numbers

To compare the size of decimal numbers, it is necessary to compare the size of the
digits with the same place value. First compare the whole number parts or the digits to
the left of the decimal point. If they are the same for each number, move to the first
digit after the decimal point, then the second, the third and so on until the digits are
different. The larger digit will belong to the larger number.
To work out which is larger, 1.214 or 1.223, look at the digits carefully. In this example
the number part is 1 for both numbers. There are 2 tenths in each number. The number
1.214 has 1 hundredth, 1.223 has 2 hundredths and so 1.223 is the larger number.
WORKED Example 5
Find the largest number in each of the following.
a 0.126, 0.216, 0.122 b 2.384, 2.388, 2.138 c 0.506, 0.605, 0.612
THINK
WRITE
a As the units digit is 0 in each number, compare the

tenths. The number 0.216 has 2 tenths, the others
have 1 tenth so 0.216 is the largest number.
a 0.216 is bigger than 0.126 and

0.122.
As the units digits are the same, compare the

tenths and eliminate the smallest number.
The hundredths are the same so compare the
thousandths and decide which number is bigger.
b 2.384 and 2.388 are both bigger

than 2.138.
2.388 is bigger than 2.384 and
2.138.
As the unit digit is 0 compare the tenths and

eliminate the smallest number.
Compare the hundredths and find the biggest
number.
c 0.605 and 0.612 are bigger than

0.506.
0.612 is bigger than 0.605 and
0.506.
1
2
1
2
When comparing two numbers, it is easier to use symbols instead of words as shown in
Chapter 3 on fractions. So 0.825 is less than 0.897 can be written as 0.825 < 0.897.
Similarly, 0.486 is greater than 0.156 can be written as 0.486 > 0.156.
WORKED Example 6
Write less than (<) or greater than (>) signs between the following pairs of numbers to
make true statements.
a 0.312 0.318
b 0.0246 0.0168
THINK
WRITE
a Both numbers have the same number of tenths and

the same number of hundredths, so compare
thousandths and insert the correct sign.
a 0.312 < 0.318
b Both numbers have no tenths, so compare

hundredths and insert the correct sign.
b 0.0246 > 0.0168
133
remember
remember
1. To compare the size of decimal numbers, it is necessary to compare the size of
the digits with the same place value.
2. The symbol < means less than.
3. The symbol > means greater than.
4B
Comparing decimal numbers
1 Find the largest number in each of the following.

a 0.24, 0.32, 0.12
b 0.76, 0.68, 0.91
5
c 0.57, 0.51, 0.59
d 0.92, 0.99, 0.93
e 0.192, 0.191, 0.901
f 0.660, 0.666, 0.662
g 0.1440, 0.1436, 0.1433
h 0.0392, 0.039 90, 0.0039
i 2.506, 2.305, 2.559
j 10.0023, 10.0231, 10.0233
k 0.110 43, 0.110 49, 0.110 40
l 0.102 36, 0.100 23, 0.101 09
WORKED
Example
2 Write < or > signs between each of the following pairs of numbers to make true statements.
a 3.2
2.9
b 8.6
8.9
6
c 1.27
1.28
d 0.64
0.67
e 1.37
1.41
f 0.29
0.39
g 13.103
13.112
h 0.427
0.424
i 0.580
0.508
j 0.0101
0.0120
k 0.048 01
0.4801
l 1.3830
1.3824
WORKED
Example
3 Write the following in order from smallest to largest (ascending order).

a 0.21, 0.39, 0.17, 0.45, 0.33
b 0.16, 0.19, 0.27, 0.12, 0.22
c 0.314, 0.413, 0.420, 0.391, 0.502
d 0.613, 0.624, 0.690, 0.710, 0.677
e 0.821, 0.803, 0.811, 0.807, 0.902
f 0.1164, 0.1245, 0.1033, 0.1002, 0.1196
g 0.9864, 0.9812, 0.9943, 0.9087, 0.9189
h 0.4004, 0.4139, 0.4826, 0.4100, 0.4076
i 4.6249, 4.5097, 4.802, 4.6031, 4.0292
j 13.0294, 13.0291, 13.0229, 13.0299, 13.0929
k 0.004 65, 0.005 02, 0.003, 0.0056, 0.009
l 0.507, 0.61, 0.595, 0.5079, 0.617
4 Write the following in order from largest to smallest (descending order).
a 0.36, 0.31, 0.39, 0.48, 0.19
b 0.27, 0.38, 0.16, 0.02, 0.35
c 0.91, 0.97, 0.90, 0.95, 0.99
d 0.02, 0.29, 0.07, 0.13, 0.09
e 1.264, 1.279, 1.273, 1.291, 1.288
f 0.442, 0.437, 0.491, 0.406, 0.433
g 0.372, 0.318, 0.390, 0.309, 0.317
h 0.502, 0.556, 0.573, 0.602, 0.591
i 0.8207, 0.8889, 0.8823, 0.8217, 0.8448
j 0.7657, 0.6024, 0.0307, 0.1079, 0.7695
k 1.349 54, 1.486 59, 1.702 96, 1.843 21, 1.486 13
l 12.289 50, 12.208 64, 12.392, 12.002 36, 12.9092
134
5 Year 7 girls competing in their school swimming sports recorded the following times in
the 50 metre freestyle, backstroke and breaststroke events.
Time (seconds) recorded by contestants
Event
Carolyn Jessica
Mara
Jenika
Robyn
Shelley
Kyah
Freestyle
37.23
39.04
40.90
38.91
37.45
37.02
37.89
Backstroke
40.23
43.87
44.08
42.65
41.98
40.29
41.05
Breaststroke
41.63
42.70
41.10
41.21
42.66
41.33
41.49
a Who won the freestyle event? How much did she win it by?
b Who won the backstroke event? How much did she win it by?
c Who won the breaststroke event? How much did she win it by?
6 The results sheet from a boys javelin event at the school athletics is shown below (each
student had 3 throws).
Distance (metres)
Student
Throw 1
Throw 2
Throw 3
David
22.25
22.34
22.17
Brenton
22.46
22.78
22.65
Lloyd
22.09
21.98
22.21
Eli
22.12
22.32
22.32
Daniel
22.67
22.56
22.65
Ari
21.89
21.78
22.05
Aaron
22.23
22.30
22.43
a Write down the longest throw for

each boy.
b Who won the competition?
c Who came second?
d Who came third?
e How much further did the winner
throw the javelin than the person
who came second?
135
Converting decimal numbers

(decimals) to fractions
In addition to expressing decimal numbers in expanded fractional notation, decimal
numbers can also be written as single fractions. This can be done by following the steps
given below.
1. Write every number after the decimal point as the numerator of the fraction.
2. The denominator is the place value of the last digit.
WORKED Example 7
Write the following decimals as fractions without simplifying.
a 0.2
b 0.86
c 0.6021
d 3.041
THINK
WRITE
Write the decimal.

The numerator is 2 and the last decimal place is
tenths so the denominator is 10.
a 0.2
Write the decimal.

The numerator is 86. The last decimal place is
hundredths so the denominator is 100.
b 0.86
Write the decimal.

The numerator is 6021. The last place is tens of
thousandths so the denominator is 10 000.
c 0.6021
Write the decimal.

Write the whole number part and change the
decimal part to a fraction.
d 3.041
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
-----10
86
--------100
6021
---------------10 000
41
= 3 ----------1000
Once decimal numbers have been written as a fraction or mixed number, they can be
simplified or cancelled. To simplify a fraction, divide both the numerator and the
denominator by the highest common factor.
WORKED Example 8
Write 7.264 as a mixed number in simplest form.
THINK
1
2
3
4
Write the decimal number.

Write the whole number part and change the
decimal part to a fraction.
Divide the numerator and the denominator by the
highest common factor.
Simplify the fraction.
WRITE
7.264
264
= 7 ----------1000
264 8
= 7 --------------------1000 8
33
= 7 -------125
136
remember
remember
To write decimal numbers as single fractions:
1. write the whole number part first
2. write all decimal places as the numerator of the fraction
3. write the denominator as the place value of the last digit
4. simplify the fraction if required.
4C
Converting decimal numbers

to fractions
1 Write the following decimals as fractions without simplifying.

a 0.3
b 0.5
c 0.9
7a, b, c
e 0.49
f 0.63
g 0.502
Converting
i 0.882
j 0.9456
k 0.9209
decimals to
WORKED
Example
d 0.21
h 0.617
l 0.4621
fractions
2 Write the following decimals as mixed numbers.

a 1.3
b 1.6
c 2.7
7d
e 2.13
f 6.48
g 5.27
i 12.843
j 16.682
k 2.4917
WORKED
Example
Converting
decimals to
fractions
d 9.4
h 19.182
l 4.3386
3 Write the following as fractions, then simplify.

a 0.4
b 0.8
c 0.24
e 0.12
f 0.30
g 0.64
i 0.75
j 0.120
k 0.286
4.1
d 0.44
h 0.28
l 0.468
4 Write the following as mixed numbers in simplest form.

a 1.2
b 2.8
c 4.2
8
e 12.42
f 3.15
g 6.25
i 37.205
j 18.645
k 24.345
WORKED
Example
d 8.5
h 9.140
l 100.0048
5 multiple choice
a 0.13 as a fraction is:
A
13
-----10
13
--------100
13
-----------1000
1.3
--------100
3
E 1 ----10
b 0.207 as a fraction is:

A
c
207
-----------1000
207
--------100
7
C 2 ----10
7
D 20 ----10
E 207
0.52 as a fraction in simplest form is:

A
52
--------100
26
-----50
13
-----25
26
--------100
13
-----50
358
-----------1000
179
--------250
d 0.716 as a fraction in simplest form is:

A
716
---------------10 000
368
--------500
716
-----------1000
137
Rounding off
Often when a calculator is used to solve a problem, many decimal places are given in
the answer. When this happens it is necessary to round off. For example, when calculating interest on an investment, an answer of $152.3479 would be meaningless
because 2 decimal places indicates the number of cents. The answer would be rounded
to 2 decimal places and the interest would be $152.35. An answer in centimetres would
be rounded to 1 decimal place because a tenth of a centimetre is 1 millimetre and it
would be difficult to measure more accurately than to the nearest millimetre.
Rounding off 3.243 1096 to 2 decimal places would give 3.24.
Rounding off 4.328 1334 to 2 decimal places gives 4.33.
Rounding decimal numbers

Look at the first digit past the number of decimal places required.
If this number is less than 5, write the number with the required number of decimal
places.
If this number is 5 or more, add 1 to the last decimal place being kept.
For example if 2.6137 is rounded to 2 decimal places, we would think of the number
with the required decimal places (2.61). Then we would look at the next digit which, in
this case, is 3. As this is less than 5, we leave the number as it is. The answer is
approximately 2.61. This can be written as 2.6137 2.61. The shows that the 2 parts
are approximately equal. In fact, 2.61 is 37 ten thousandths less than 2.6137.
If we were rounding 2.6167 to 2 decimal places, we would think of the number with
the required decimal places (2.61). Then we would look at the next digit which, in this
case, is 6. As this is greater than 5, we increase the last digit by 1, so the 1 becomes 2.
The answer is 2.6167 2.62 when rounded to 2 decimal places.
WORKED Example 9
Round the following to 2 decimal places.
a 3.641 883
THINK
WRITE
Write the number and think of it

with the required number of decimal
places.
Look at the next digit and, if it is less
than 5, write the number with the
required number of digits after the
decimal point.
a 3.641 883
Write the number and think of it

with the required number of decimal
places.
Look at the next digit and, if it is
greater than or equal to 5, add 1 to
the last decimal place that is being
kept.
b 18.965 4020
3.64
18.97
b 18.965 4020
138
If you add 1 to the last decimal place and the number in this position is a 9, the result
is 10. The 0 is put in the last required place and the 1 is added to the digit in the next
place to the left. So 0.298 rounded to 2 decimal places is approximately 0.30.
WORKED Example 10
Round the following to the number of decimal places shown in the brackets.
a 27.462 973 (4)
b 0.009 94 (3)
THINK
a 1 Write the number and think of it with the required
number of decimal places.
2 Look at the next digit and, if it is greater than or equal
to 5, add 1 to the last decimal place. If 1 is being
added to 9, write 0 in the last place and add 1 to the
previous digit.
b 1 Write the number and think of it with the required
number of decimal places.
Look
at the next digit and, if it is greater than or equal
2
to 5, add 1 to the last decimal place. If 1 is being
added to 9, write 0 in the last place and add 1 to the
previous digit.
WRITE
a 27.462 973
27.4630
b 0.009 94
0.010
WORKED Example 11
Round 8.672 to the nearest unit.
THINK
1 Write the decimal and think of the number with the
whole number part only.
2 Look at the first digit after the decimal point and, if it is
greater than or equal to 5, add 1 to the whole number.
WRITE
8.672
9
It can be seen that 8.672 is closer to 9 than it is to 8, so this is a way of finding a suitable approximation.
WORKED Example 12
Melinda had $51.67 in her bank account. She wanted to withdraw all her money so the
bank rounded the amount to the nearest 5 cents. How much money did the teller give to
Melinda?
THINK
1 Write the actual amount she had in her account.
2 The amount will end in 5 if the last digit is closer to 5
and 0 if the last digit is closer to 10, so rewrite the
approximate value.
Write
a sentence.
3
WRITE
$51.67
$51.65
Melinda will receive $51.65

from the bank.
139
remember
remember
1. To round off a decimal number:
Look at the first digit past the number of decimal places required.
(a) If this number is less than 5, write the number with the number of decimal
places required.
(b) If this number is 5 or more, add 1 to the last decimal place being kept.
If you add 1 to the last decimal place and the number in this position is a 9, the
result is 10. The 0 is put in the last required place and the 1 is added to the digit
in the next place to the left.
2. Rounding off an answer gives a useful approximation of the original decimal.
Use the symbol instead of = to show that the answer is an approximation.
4D
WORKED
Example
WORKED
Example
10
Rounding off
1 Round the following to 2 decimal places.

a 0.3241
b 0.863
e 7.128 63
f 100.813 82
i 0.185 00
j 19.6979
c 1.246 10
g 71.260 39
k 0.3957
d 13.049 92
h 0.0092
l 0.999
2 Round the following to 1 decimal place.

a 0.410
b 0.87
e 300.06
f 12.82
i 17.610 27
j 0.8989
c 9.27
g 99.91
k 93.994
d 25.25
h 8.88
l 0.959 027
3 Round the following to the number of decimal places shown in the brackets.
a 2.386 214
(2)
b 14.034 59
(1)
c 0.027 135 (2)
d 0.876 4903 (4)
e 64.295 18
(4)
f 0.382 04 (3)
g 96.28 049
(1)
h 3.0409
(2)
i 8.902
(2)
j 47.879 69
(3)
k 0.099 498 632 (2)
l 0.486 2590 (2)
4 multiple choice
a 13.179 rounded to 2 decimal places is equal to:
A 13.17
B 13.20
C 13.18
b 0.2465 rounded to 1 decimal place is equal to:
A 0.3
B 0.25
C 1.2
c 1.7688 rounded to 3 decimal places is equal to:
A 1.768
B 1.770
C 1.778
d 2.998 rounded to 1 decimal place is equal to:
A 3.0
B 2.9
C 2.8
WORKED
Example
11
5 Round the following to the nearest unit.

a 10.7
b 8.2
e 112.1
f 21.76
i 0.12
j 0.513
D 13.27
E 13.19
D 0.5
E 0.2
D 1.800
E 1.769
D 3.1
E 3.9
c 3.6
g 42.0379
k 0.99
d 92.7
h 2137.50
l 40.987
Rounding
Rounding
(DIY)
140
6 Round the following to the nearest ten.

a 13
b 76
e 262
f 175
i 10 024
j 209 718.5
WORKED
Example
12
c 47
g 306.2
k 18.6
7 Round the following to the nearest hundred.

a 320
b 190
c 894
e 125
f 6751
g 875.2
i 1724
j 1 462 836.5
k 71
d 138
h 9750.051
l 47
8 Round the following to the nearest thousand.

a 3426
b 5890
c 12 300
e 28 000
f 9462
g 1098
i 12 780
j 862
k 129 980
d 18 640
h 496 830
l 49 899
9 In the supermarket Chriss shopping bill came to $27.68. As there are

no 1 or 2 cent pieces, this amount must be rounded to the nearest
5 cents. How much will Chris pay for his shopping?
10 The maximum temperature was recorded as 24.7C. In
the news broadcast, the presenter quoted this to the
nearest degree. What temperature was quoted?
4.1
d 138
h 1484
l 5.92
11 Using a calculator, Hymie worked out that the piece

of timber required to finish making a support for a
gate should be 3.567 82 metres. Realistically, the
timber can be measured only to the nearest millimetre (nearest thousandth of a metre). What
measurement should be used for the length of the
timber?
1
1 What is the value of 5 in 12.654?
2 For the number 1.9632, write the value of each digit in words.
3 Add two hundredths to 4.308.
4 Use < or > between 4.098 and 4.908 to make a true statement.
5 Write the following in order from smallest to largest.
7.03, 4.15, 24.5, 6.08, 0.0709, 0.8, 324.8, 1.61
6 Write 0.67 as a fraction.
7 Write 0.4 as a fraction in simplest form.
8 Write 7.082 as a mixed number.
9 Round 13.628 to 2 decimal places.
10 Round 13.628 to 1 decimal place.
141
Adding decimal numbers

When adding numbers with decimals:
1. Line up the decimal points so that digits of the same place value are underneath each
other.
2. Add numbers with decimals as though adding whole numbers, working from right to
left.
3. Make sure that the decimal point in the answer is directly underneath the decimal
point in the question.
WORKED Example 13
Calculate:
a 0.3
+ 0.5
b 12.14
+ 2.33
THINK
a Copy the question exactly and add the digits as for whole
numbers. Write the decimal point directly below the
decimal points in the question.
b Copy the question exactly and add the digits as for whole
numbers. Write the decimal point directly below the
WRITE
a
0.3
+ 0.5
0.8
b
12.14
+ 2.33
14.47
It is useful to check answers by rounding to the nearest first digit which is not zero and
adding in your head.
WORKED Example 14
Calculate the following, after filling the blank spaces with zeros.
a 0.048
b 1.25
+ 1.3
3.146
+ 7.0
THINK
a 1 Write the question replacing the spaces with zeros.
2
Add the digits as for whole numbers. Write the decimal

point directly below the decimal points in the question.
Check the answer by rounding and then adding. (The

checked answer will be less than the actual answer
because the first answer is rounded up a little and the
second number is rounded down a larger amount so we
would obtain 0.05 + 1 = 1.05 1.348.)
WRITE
a
0.048
+ 1.300
1.348
Continued over page
142
THINK
WRITE
Write the question replacing the spaces with zeros.
Add the digits as for whole numbers. Write the

decimal point directly below the decimal points in the
question.
Check the answer by rounding and then adding

1 + 3 + 7 = 11 11.396. (This step can be done in
your head.)
1.250
3.146
+ 7.000
11.396
If the question is not written in columns, it is necessary to rewrite it with the decimal
points one under the other.
WORKED Example 15
Rewrite in columns, then add 0.26 + 1.8 + 12.214.

THINK
WRITE
Write the question in columns with the decimal points

directly beneath each other with the zeros included.
Add the digits as for whole numbers. Write the decimal

Check the answer by rounding and then adding
0.3 + 2 + 12 = 14.3 14.274.
0.260
1.800
+ 12.214
14.274
remember
remember
1. To add numbers containing decimals write the numbers in columns, making
sure that the decimal points are directly underneath each other. If there are
blank places, replace them with zeros.
2. Add numbers with decimal points as for whole numbers and insert the decimal
4E
WORKED
Example
13
Example
14a
Adding decimal numbers
1 Calculate the following.
WORKED
143
0.4
+ 0.1
4.6
+ 0.3
5.2
+ 3.7
0.5
+ 0.2
8.9
+ 5.4
0.12
+ 0.33
1.2
+ 2.3
2.6
+ 1.3
Adding
decimals
1.67
+ 1.02
2.35
+ 1.04
0.18
+ 0.73
1.04
+ 8.89
15.19
+ 18.23
0.421
+ 0.392
8.062
+ 5.177
20.024
+ 18.118
0.764
+ 0.8210
10.0364
+ 92.1494
2 Calculate the following, after filling the blank spaces with zeros.
a
3.12
b
8.69
c
6.27
+ 4.321
+ 3.1
+ 0.5
d
0.904
+ 0.32
18.943
+ 3.87
1.641
+ 0.4
1.5
+ 13.291
12.31
+7
3.26
+ 18.6460
100.049
+ 3.01
0.1
+ 37.992
3.2286
+ 0.85
m
12.26
+ 1089.094
4.3
+ 3.6082
8.1559
+ 0.21
Adding
decimals
Adding
decimals
(DIY)
144
WORKED
Example
14b
3 Calculate the following, after filling in the blank spaces with zeros.
a
4.2
b
7.28
c
2.64
3.6
9.5
0.17
+ 0.1
+ 3.6
+ 3.22
d
WORKED
Example
15
1.83
4.27
+ 12.68
3.02
4.1
+ 9.27
13.017
8.6
+ 34.13
4.2
62.013
+ 1946.12
0.2791
0.34
+ 0.1
13.942
6.38
+2
0.38
2.640 29
+ 19.02
153.27
0.8321
+ 21.7
48.129 06
9
+ 204.32
c
f
i
l
o
0.22 + 1.37
0.362 + 7.078
0.264 + 9.17
8.027 + 0.9415
26.29 + 1030.4963
4 Rewrite the following in columns, then add.

a 1.4 + 3.2
b 6.5 + 0.4
d 12.12 + 28.15
e 0.213 + 12.495
g 4.39 + 0.5
h 8.21 + 100.039
j 3.261 + 0.21
k 15.987 + 1.293
m 10.8271 + 6.5
n 1.8 + 18.6329
5 Rewrite the following sums, then add.
a 0.24 + 3.16 + 8.29
c 40.271 + 0.36 + 1.4
e 9.2 + 5 + 26.482
g 0.82 + 4.1 + 29.264 + 8.33
i 100 + 4.3 + 0.298 + 1.36
k 3.026 + 5.9938 + 8.7718 + 3.2
b
d
f
h
j
l
14.23 + 1.06 + 86.29 + 3.64

5.27 + 1.381 + 12.3
0.31 + 4.26 + 5.039 + 0.19
4.27 + 8.996 + 0.8
82.3 + 100.6 + 0.9949 + 9
126 + 372.8 + 100.0264 + 2020.13
6 multiple choice
a 1.6 + 4.8 equals:
A 5.4
B 6.4
b 3.26 + 0.458 equals:
A 3.718
B 0.784
c 1.84 + 0.61 + 4.07 equals:
A 6.52
B 6.42
d 216 + 1.38 + 0.002 64 equals:
A 217.4064 B 0.618
C 0.54
D 0.64
E 64
C 0.037 18
D 3.484
E 7.84
C 5.42
D 5.52
E 0.652
C 217.644
D 217.382 64
E 21.7644
7 Josh deposited $27.60 into his bank account. If his balance before the deposit was
$139.40, what is Joshs new bank balance?
8 Jessica bought the following items at the school canteen: 1 can of Coke for $1.60, 1
sausage roll for $1.20, 1 packet of chips for $1.50 and 2 Redskins for $0.40 (Redskins
cost 20 cents each). How much did Jessica spend?
145
9 A triathlon consists of a 0.5 kilometre swim, a 15.35 kilometre ride and a 4.2
kilometre run. How far do the competitors have to travel altogether?
10 In one day Amy walked 3.6 kilometres to school, 0.8 kilometres from school to the
shops, 1.2 kilometres from the shops to a friends house and finally 2.5 kilometres
from her friends house to her home. How far did Amy walk?
11 For lunch Paul ordered 1 potato cake, 1 dim sim, the minimum of chips and a milkshake from the menu shown below. How much did Paul spend on his lunch?
MENU
Flake
$3.50
Coffee
$2.20
Whiting
$3.50
Tea
$2.20
Dim sims
$0.60
Soft drinks
$1.80
Potato cakes
$0.50
Milkshakes
$3.00
Minimum chips
$2.50
Palindromic decimals
Palindromic numbers read the same forwards and backwards. For example 121,
23 532 and 6776 are all palindromic numbers.
Palindromic decimal numbers read the same from left to right and right to left.
For example, 75.57 is a palindromic decimal number whereas 6.96 and 722.7 are
not. If a decimal number is not palindromic we can follow a procedure to obtain a
palindromic decimal number.
Start with the decimal number 6.8, then add its reverse (8.6) to obtain a new
decimal number.
6.8
+ 8.6
15.4
The new decimal number is not palindromic, so continue the process until a
palindromic decimal number is obtained.
Next add 15.4 and its reverse.
15.4
+ 4.51
19.91
The number 19.91 is a palindromic decimal number. This process took 2 steps.
1. How many steps are required until a palindromic decimal number results after
starting with 5.9?
starting with 9.7?
starting with 8.9?
4. Which decimal numbers of the form 1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5, 6.6, 7.7, 8.8, 9.9
require the most number of steps to form a palindromic decimal number?
146
Subtracting decimal numbers

When subtracting numbers containing decimals:
1. Line up the decimal points so that the digits of the same place value are underneath
each other.
2. Work from right to left, subtracting digits as though subtracting whole numbers.
3. Make sure that the decimal point in the answer is directly underneath the decimal
points in the question.
WORKED Example 16
Calculate:
0.56
0.14
THINK
1
WRITE
Copy the question exactly and subtract

the digits as for whole numbers. Write
the decimal point directly below the
Check the answer by rounding;
0.6 0.1 = 0.5 0.42. (This step can be
done in your head.)
0.56
0.14
0.42
Make sure when subtracting decimals you fill in the blank decimal places with zeros.
WORKED Example 17
Rewrite the following in columns, then subtract.
a 1.82 0.57
b 2.641 0.85
THINK
WRITE
Write in columns with the decimal

points directly under each other.
Subtract, and insert the decimal
point directly below the other
2 1 = 1 1.25.
Write in columns with the decimal

points directly under each other
adding zeros as appropriate. Subtract
as for whole numbers and insert the
decimal point directly below the
other decimal points.
3 1 = 2 1.791.
1.87 12
0.5 7
or
1.8 12
0.51 7
1.2 5
1.2 5
2.65 141
0.8 50
2.6141
0.8150
1.7 91
1.7 91
147
remember
remember
1. To subtract decimal numbers, write the numbers in columns with the decimal
points directly underneath each other. If there are blank spaces, replace them
with zeros.
2. Subtract as for whole numbers and insert the decimal point directly below the
4F
WORKED
Example
16

a
0.72
0.51
d
9.36
4.04
Subtracting decimal numbers

b
1.36
0.25
6.87
6.27
10.278
9.155
0.679
0.333
5.83
2.65
0.61
0.48
12.231
8.026
4.831
2.625
19.26
11.58
1.07
0.89
0.5274
0.3875
3.0091
1.6723
5.283
1.19
0.6301
0.5495
2 Calculate, filling the spaces with zeros as required.

a
3.27
b
0.64
1.2
0.5
d
29.154
16.32
0.002 6
0.000 71
95.678
38.1
31.02
26
11.11
9.99
98.26
9.07
18.26
12.7
146
58.91
1000.0201
6.43
12
8.64
1.41
0.943
3.2
0.467
Subtracting
decimals
Subtracting
decimals
148
WORKED
Example
17
3 Rewrite the following in columns, then subtract.

a 5.64 2.3
b 12.07 6.14
d 0.687 0.36
e 15.226 11.08
g 6.734 4.8
h 12.2 8.911
j 100.562 86.0294
k 38 21.234
m 5 0.8864
n 0.2 0.0049
c
f
i
l
o
13.869 10.02
42.83 15
13.9009 12.65
47 8.762
3.279 2.506 84
4 multiple choice
a 0.39 0.15 equals:
A 0.0024
B 0.024
C 0.24
b 1.4 0.147 would be rewritten as:
A 1.4
B
1.400
C 1.40
0.417
0.147
1.47
0.3 0.024 equals:
A 0.06
B 0.276
d 150.278 0.99 equals:
A 150.728 B 149.288
D 2.4
E 24
D 1.004
0.147
E 1.040
0.147
C 0.7
D 0.76
E 76
C 1.492 88
D 159.388
E 1.593 88
5 Ryan works in a newsagency. A customer bought $9.65 worth of goods and gave
Ryan a $20 note. How much change should Ryan give the customer?
6 A jockey has a mass of 52.3 kilograms. After exercising for 2 days and spending time
in a sauna, the jockey has lost 1.82 kilograms. What is the jockeys mass now?
7 If 1.27 metres is cut from a piece of
material that is 13 metres long, how much
material is left?
8 Cathy Freeman won a particular 400 metres
race in 51.35 seconds. Her best time is
2.97 seconds faster than this. What is
Cathys best time?
9 Gary and Liz are replacing the skirting
boards in their lounge room. They know the
perimeter of the room is 34.28 metres.
If there is a door 0.82 metres wide and a
fireplace 2.18 metres wide that do not
require skirting boards, how much wood
will they need to buy for their lounge room?
GAM
me
E ti
Decimals and
percentages 01
149
10 The following table shows the times recorded for each swimmer in the under 13, 50
metre freestyle relay for 6 teams.
Times for each swimmer (seconds)
Team
Swimmer 1
Swimmer 2
Swimmer 3
Swimmer 4
36.7
41.3
39.2
35.8
38.1
46.5
38.8
35.9
34.6
39.2
39.9
35.2
41.6
40.8
43.7
40.5
37.9
40.2
38.6
39.2
38.3
39.1
40.8
37.6
a Find the total time for each team. Put your results in a table.
b Which team won the relay?
c What was the difference in time between the first and second placed teams?
Multiplying decimal numbers by a

whole number
When multiplying a decimal number by a whole number:
1. set the question out as for multiplying whole numbers
2. ignore the decimal points and multiply the numbers
3. count the total number of decimal places in all parts of the question. The answer has
the same number of decimal places as the question.
WORKED Example 18
Calculate:
a 12.6 7
b 4.361 32.
THINK
WRITE
Rewrite and multiply digits as for whole

numbers, ignoring the decimal point. Count the
number of decimal places altogether (1) and put
in the decimal point.
10 7 = 70 88.2.
Rewrite and multiply digits as for whole

numbers, ignoring the decimal point. Count the
number of decimal places altogether (3) and put
in the decimal point.
12.6
7
88.2
4.361
32
8.722
130.830
139.552

4 30 = 120 139.552.
150
WORKED Example 19
Calculate:
a 5.1 600
b 0.0364 24 000.
THINK
WRITE
Multiplying by 600 is the same as first

multiplying by 6 then multiplying by 100.
Calculate 5.1 6.
Multiply the result by 100. Move the position of

the decimal point 2 places to the right.
Multiplying by 24 000 is the same as first

multiplying by 24 then multiplying by 1000.
Calculate 0.0364 24.
5.1
6
30.6
5.1 600 = 3060
0.0364
24
1456
7280
0.8736
Multiply the result by 1000. Move the position

of the decimal point 3 places to the right.
0.0364 24 000 = 873.6
remember
remember
1. When multiplying a decimal by a whole number, set the question out as for
multiplying whole numbers. Ignore the decimal points and multiply the
numbers then count the total number of decimal places in all parts of the
question. The answer has the same number of decimal places as the question.
2. When multiplying by a multiple of 10, move the position of the decimal point
the same number of places to the right as there are zeros. When multiplying,
the answer is always larger.
4G
4.2
WORKED
Example
18a
WORKED
Example
18b
Multiplying
decimals by
whole numbers
Multiplying decimal numbers

by a whole number

a 3.5 4
d 10.2 6
g 27.18 7
j 1.064 6
b
e
h
k
15.7 8
22.34 5
64.87 8
0.264 81 3
c
f
i
l
16.3 9
47.63 9
3.724 7
14.192 683 8

a 14.9 21
d 2.38 23
g 4.621 58
j 86.324 39
m 347.016 213
b
e
h
k
n
21.8 15
4.93 31
3.921 82
94.9286 123
824.095 849
c
f
i
l
o
0.62 17
8.62 27
0.6438 47
87.652 182
9632.1048 961

a 14.23 10
d 0.99 10
b 8.652 10
e 27.4815 10
c
f
151
3.149 10
0.0023 10
4 Copy and complete the following sentence.

Multiplying a decimal number by 10 is the same as moving the position of the
decimal point
place to the
.
5 Calculate.
a 8.278 100
d 13.026 100
b 4.962 100
e 5.2943 100
c
f
0.2784 100
296.845 100

decimal point
places to the
.
a 0.2498 1000
c 1.4861 1000
b 0.602 49 1000
d 83.020 91 1000

decimal point
places to the
.
9 State the number of places that the position of the decimal point would be moved to
the right when multiplying by:
a 10 000
b 100 000
c 1 000 000.
10 Calculate the following by moving the position of the decimal point.
a 13.27 10
b 0.264 10
c 8.049 10
d 0.486 10
e 7.457 10
f 127.729 10
g 82.3 10
h 197 10
i 3.0 10
11 Calculate the following by moving the position of the decimal point.
a 6.48 10
b 13.896 100
c 589.0643 100
d 0.2708 1000
e 217.148 96 1000
f 8.426 19 100 000
g 0.820 496 783 100 000
h 32.689 043 267 100 000
i 0.984 326 641 1 000 000
j 59.027 683 017 1 000 000
k 0.000 278 498 32 1 000 000
l 0.46 1000
m 529 10 000
n 39.486 1 000 000
12 Change the following amounts of money to cents. (Hint: There are 100 cents in one
dollar.)
a $35
b $127
c $11
d $25.35
e $58.20
f $110.15
a 3.64 300
19
d 42.6 900
g 4.6 32 000
WORKED
Example
b 7.58 600
e 0.127 8000
h 8.1 54 000
c
f
26.9 500
0.543 11 000
152
14 One thousand Year 7 students contributed 75 cents each to the bushfire appeal. How
many dollars did they contribute altogether?
QUEST
GE
EN
MAT H
15 Benjamin and Robyn were providing ice-cream for 600 children. How much icecream would be needed if each child was expected to eat 0.18 litres?
CH
AL
1 If a bottle and its cork cost $1.10 and the bottle costs $1.00 more than
the cork, how much does the cork cost? (Hint: The answer is not 10
cents.)
2 What decimal number gives the same result when multiplied by 5 as it
does when 5 is added to it?
3 Identify the pattern in this sequence of numbers:
0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.6, 1.1, 2.0.
What are the next three numbers in the sequence?

To multiply numbers containing decimals, ignore the decimal point and follow the
same steps as if multiplying by whole numbers. Count the number of decimal places in
all parts of the question to find the number of decimal places in the answer.
WORKED Example 20
Calculate the following.
a 3.26
0.4
b 0.4629
2.6
THINK
WRITE
Multiply, ignoring the decimal

places.
326
4
1304
Count the number of decimals after

the point in both the decimal
numbers being multiplied and insert
the decimal point in the answer.
There are 2 decimal places in 3.26
and 1 in 0.4 so there will be 3
decimal places in the answer.
3 0.4 = 1.2 1.304.
3.26 0.4 = 1.304
THINK
WRITE
Multiply, ignoring the decimal

places.
153
4629
26
27 774
92 580
120 354
Count the number of decimals after

the point in both the decimal
numbers being multiplied and insert
the decimal point in the answer.
There are 4 decimal places in 0.4629
and 1 in 2.6 so there will be 5
decimal places in the answer.
0.5 3 = 1.5 1.203 54.
0.4629 2.6 = 1.203 54
remember
remember
1. To multiply numbers containing decimals, ignore the decimal points and
multiply them in the same way as for whole numbers. Count the number of
decimal places in all parts of the question. Place a decimal point in the answer
so that the number of decimal places is the same as the total number in the
question.
2. Check calculations by rounding.
4H
a 1.4 0.6
20a
d 9.7 0.8
g 0.77 0.5
j 5.38 0.8
m 4.832 0.6
WORKED
Example

a 0.002 0.05
d 0.037 0.006
g 0.56 0.7
a 0.25 1.2
20b
d 0.79 8.3
g 11.64 4.8
j 67.73 0.28
m 13.56 0.315
4.2 0.7
0.35 0.4
0.49 0.9
0.347 0.6
12.2641 0.4
c
f
i
l
o
0.8 0.4
0.64 0.3
1.63 0.2
0.498 0.7
20.032 79 0.5
b 0.003 0.004
e 0.000 061 0.04
h 0.030 31 0.02
c
f
i
0.7 0.09
0.004 0.09
0.0006 0.007
0.37 2.3
4.68 3.6
15.08 1.9
90.65 0.88
3.694 0.461
c
f
i
l
o
0.47 5.4
8.04 7.5
35.17 0.35
46.96 0.76
12.417 1.273
b
e
h
k
n
WORKED
Example
b
e
h
k
n
4.3
Multiplying
decimals
Multiplying
decimals
154
4 multiple choice
a When calculating 8.32 0.64, the number of decimal places in the answer is:
A 0
B 1
C 2
D 3
E 4
b 0.2 0.2 equals:
A 0.004
B 0.04
C 0.4
D 4
E 40
c 1.4 0.8 equals:
A 1.12
B 8.2
C 82
D 11.2
E 112
d 0.0312 0.51 equals:
A 0.001 5912 B 0.015 912 C 0.156 312
D 0.159 12
E 1.5912
5 Michael bought 0.65 kilogram of cubed steak. How much did Michael pay for the
steak?
6 Judy bought 34.5 litres of petrol at 92.9 cents per litre. How much did Judy pay for her
petrol:
a in cents?
b in dollars?
7 James is using the recipe for chocolate chip muffins to make 1.5 times the given
amount. If the recipe lists 0.25 litres of milk in the ingredients, how much milk should
James use for his muffins?
10.97 m
8 Find the area of the tennis court shown if

area = length width.
QUEST
GE
EN
MAT H
23.77 m
CH
AL
1 A grasshopper can jump about 59 times its length. How far can a
3.25 cm long grasshopper jump?
2 What number can you multiply by itself to get an answer of 0.36?
3 A ball is dropped from a height of 1 metre. If it reaches 0.7 times the
height of the previous bounce at each bounce, work out how many
times the ball bounces until the height is less than 1 centimetre.
155
Dividing decimal numbers by whole

numbers
To divide a decimal number by a whole number:
1. set the question out as for division of whole numbers
2. divide as for whole numbers
3. the decimal point in the answer must be exactly in line with the decimal point in the
question.
WORKED Example 21
Calculate:
a 1.48 2
b 124.968 12.
THINK
WRITE
Set up the division. Write the decimal point in

the answer directly above the decimal point in
the question and divide as for short division.
Check by rounding;
1 2 = 0.5 0.74.
a 2)0.74
2)1.48
Set up the division. Write the decimal point in

the answer directly above the decimal point in
the question and divide as for short division.
Check by rounding;
120 12 = 10 10.414.
b 12) 10.414
12)124.968
Sometimes when dividing there are remainders.

3.8
For example 15.3 4: 4 ) 15.3 remainder 1
Instead of leaving a remainder, add zeros to the end of the number and keep dividing
until there is no remainder.
3.825
4 ) 15.300
WORKED Example 22
Calculate 21.76 5. Add zeros and keep dividing until there is no remainder.
THINK
1
Set up the division. Write the decimal point in the

answer directly above the decimal point in the
question and divide as for short division adding
zeros as required.
20 5 = 4 4.352.
WRITE
4.352
5 ) 21.760
156
WORKED Example 23
Calculate:
a 4.8 40
b 19.2 6000.
THINK
WRITE
Dividing by 40 is the same as first

dividing by 4 then dividing by 10.
To divide by 10, move the position
of the decimal point 1 place to the
left.
Write your final answer.
Dividing by 6000 is the same as

dividing by 6 then dividing by 1000.
To divide by 1000, move the position
of the decimal point 3 places to the
left.
Write your final answer.
1
2
1
2
1.2
4) 4.8
1.2 10 = 0.12
4.8 40 = 0.12
3.2
6 ) 19.2
3.2 1000 = 0.0032
19.2 6000 = 0.0032
remember
remember
1. To divide a decimal number by a whole number, set the question out as for
division of whole numbers and divide as for whole numbers.
2. The decimal point in the answer must be exactly in line with the decimal point
in the question.
3. When there is a remainder, add zeros to the end of the number and keep
dividing until there is no remainder.
4. When dividing a decimal by a multiple of 10, move the position of the decimal
point to the left the same number of places as there are zeros. When dividing,
the answer is always smaller.
4I
4.4
WORKED
Example
21
Dividing decimals
by whole numbers
1 Calculate:
a 3.6 6
d 4.86 9
g 9.68 4
j 8.029 7
m 20.5782 3
p 46.80 15
s 77.052 12
Dividing decimal numbers by

whole numbers
b
e
h
k
n
q
t
21.7 7
8.05 5
1.576 2
32.5608 8
126.4704 4
24.541 11
121.3421 11
c
f
i
l
o
r
u
17.4 6
14.13 3
17.841 9
41.8645 5
37.56 12
17.108 14
56.88 12
WORKED
Example
22
157
2 Calculate the following. In each case, add zeros and keep dividing until there is no
remainder.
a 3.7 2
b 9.5 2
c 7.3 5
d 9.8 4
e 7.5 6
f 55.6 8
a 67.2 10
d 102.5 10
g 0.989 10
b 35.9 10
e 99.9 10
h 102.04 10
c
f
i
81.4 10
0.546 10
35.492 10

Dividing a decimal number by 10 is the same as moving the position of the decimal
point
place to the
.
a 156.9 100
d 607.7 100
g 24.80 100
b 24.9 100
e 2340.1 100
h 0.312 100
c
f
i
10.6 100
34.8 100
0.3581 100

Dividing a decimal by 100 is the same as moving the position of the decimal point
places to the
.
7 Change the following to dollars ($) by dividing by 100.
a 365 cents
b 170 cents
c
d 75 cents
e 90 cents
f
5685 cents
6350 cents

a 13.98 1000
d 767.9062 1000
504.87 1000
6001.65 1000
b 29.876 1000
e 140.09 1000
c
f
9 State the number of decimal places the position of the decimal point would be moved
to the left when dividing by:
a 1000
b 10 000
c 100 000
d 1 000 000.
10 Calculate the following by changing the position of the decimal point.
a
c
e
g
i
k
m
WORKED
Example
23
14.07 10
985.06 100
3592.87 1000
5332.0667 100 000
103 454.97 1 000 000
152.70 1 000 000
0.7205 10 000
b
d
f
h
j
l
n
968.13 100
620.8 1000
2349.78 100 000
9.0769 100 000
802 405.6 1 000 000
0.583 1000
0.0032 1 000 000

a 15.9 60
d 238 400
b 23.7 30
e 8.79 6000
c
f
164.5 700
5.22 3000
158
12 multiple choice
a 5.2 4 equals:
A 0.013
B 0.13
b 14.025 3 equals:
A 0.4675
B 4.675
c 0.27 8 equals:
A 0.033 75 B 0.361 25
d 28.149 100 equals:
A 0.028 149 B 0.281 49
C 1.3
D 1.5
E 13
C 4.6
D 40.675
E 46.75
C 0.3612
D 0.3125
E 3.612
C 2.8149
D 281.49
E 2814.9
13 Stephanie spent $6.95 on these chocolates

from The Chocolate Fox. What was the
cost of each chocolate? Give your answer
to the nearest 5 cents.
GAM
me
E ti
Decimals and
percentages 02
4.2
14 If you have $22.50 for tram fares to school

for the week, how much would you spend
on each of the 5 days?
15 Emily wants to make 10 cushions from
6.75 metres of material that she found on a
table of remnants at Costlight Fabrics. How
much material would she have for each
cushion?
2
Calculate each of the following.
1 3.86 + 2.15
2 7.4 + 1.1 + 12.78
3 3.55 2.61
4 4075.2 12.81
5 8.921 15
6 398.7 1 000 000
7 56.332 0.024
8 6.784 5
9 275.03 100
10 In preparation for a major cross-country event, the school team was required to complete the following training runs: 6.2, 8.7, 3.45, 5.5 and 12.8 kilometres. How far did
the team run in total?
159
Converting fractions to decimal

numbers and recurring decimals
To change any fraction into a decimal number, divide the denominator into the numerator. For example, to change 1--4- into a decimal number, divide 4 into 1:
0.25
4 ) 1.00 Add a decimal point and as many zeros as required.
WORKED Example 24
Change the following fractions into decimals.
2
--5
1
--8
THINK
WRITE
Set out the question as for division of whole

numbers, adding a decimal point and the
required number of zeros.
Divide, writing the answer with the decimal
point exactly in line with the decimal point in
the question.

numbers, adding a decimal point and the
required number of zeros.
Divide, writing the answer with the decimal
point exactly in line with the decimal point in
the question.
0.4
5 ) 2.0
2
--5
= 0.4
0.125
8 ) 1.000
1
--8
= 0.125
Sometimes when dividing the denominator into the numerator, the decimal places in
the answer keep repeating and the amount left over each time also keeps repeating.
When this happens, the answer is called a recurring decimal.
WORKED Example 25
1
- to a decimal. Continue dividing until a pattern emerges, then round the
Convert ----11
answer to 2 decimal places.
THINK
1

numbers, adding a decimal point and enough zeros
to see a pattern emerging.
Divide, writing the answer with the decimal point
exactly in line with the decimal point in the
question. (The amount left over each time is 10
then 1 then 10 then 1 again. The decimal answer is
also repeating.)
Write the answer rounded to 2 decimal places.
WRITE
0.090 909 09
11 ) 1.000 000 000
1
-----11
0.09
160
Note that the answer in worked example 25 shows the whole pattern. If a recurring
decimal is rounded off it usually includes one complete cycle of the pattern.
Recurring decimals can be written in either of the following shorter ways for an
exact answer:
4.6666 . . . would be written as 4.6 (with a dot above the repeating part of the decimal)
3.512 512 . . . would be written as 3.5 12 (with a dot above the first and last digits of
the repeating part)
6.121 212 would be written as 6.12 (with a line above the repeating part of the
decimal).
remember
remember
1. To change any fraction into a decimal number, divide the denominator into the
numerator.
2. A recurring decimal is obtained when the decimal places in the answer keep
repeating and the amount left over each time also keeps repeating. An
approximate answer can be found by rounding off so that the answer includes
one complete cycle of the pattern.
3. A recurring decimal can be written exactly by placing a dot above the first and
last digits of the repeating part or by drawing a line above the repeating part.
4J
WORKED
Example
24
Converting
fractions to
decimals
Converting fractions to
decimal numbers and
recurring decimals
1 Change the following fractions to decimals.

a
3
--4
1
--2
4
--5
1
-----20
3
-----12
3
--8
1
-----50
8
-----25
3
-----15
2 Write the following recurring decimals using one of the short forms.
a 2.555 . . .
b 0.666 . . .
c 12.888 88 . . .
d 49.111 11 . . .
e 0.262 626 . . .
f 0.414 141 . . .
g 0.913 913 . . .
h 8.641 864 18 . . .
i 0.040 121 21 . . .
j 133.946 2462 . . .
k 1.833 333 . . .
l 0.127 7777 . . .
Converting
fractions to
decimals
3 Convert each of the following to a decimal. Continue dividing until a pattern emerges,
then round the answer to the number of decimal places indicated in the brackets.
25
a 1--6(2)
b 1--3(1)
c 1--9(1)
WORKED
Example
Converting
fractions to
decimals
2
-----15
(2)
2
-----11
(2)
4
--9
(1)
5
-----12
(3)
1
--7
(6)
7
-----15
(2)
4 multiple choice
a
3
--5
as a decimal is:
A 0.3
B 0.6
C 0.2
D 0.9
E 0.6
161
b 1.8888 . . . written as an exact answer is:

A 1.8
B 1.8
C 1.888
c
12.412 412 . . . written as an exact answer is:

A 12.412
B 12.412
C 12.412 412
3
--7
D 1.88
E 1.9
D 12.412
E 12.4
D 0.428 5174
E 2.3
as a decimal in exact form is:
A 0.428 571 B 0.428
C 0.4
Fractions to decimals
1. Complete the following table. This table will be useful in helping you answer
later questions.
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
210
2. Convert each of the following to decimals.

(a)
1
--2
(b)
1
--4
(c)
1
--8
(d)
1
-----16
1
-----32
(e)
3. For each decimal obtained in question 2, write down the number of decimal
places it has.
4. Can you see a pattern? Write down what you think the pattern is.
5. Predict how many decimal places the following fractions have when expressed
as decimals.
1
1
1
--------- , ------ , --------128 64 512
6. Check your answers to question 5 by converting each fraction to a decimal.

1
- have when expressed as a
7. How many decimal places will the fraction --------------16 384
decimal?
1
- have when expressed as a
8. How many decimal places will the fraction -----------------262 144
decimal?
1
1
- , --------- , . . . when expressed as
9. Investigate what happens to fractions like 1--5- , ----25 125
decimals. Write a short report on what you find.
10. Super challenge
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
- , ------ , ------ , --------- , --------- , --------- , ------------ ,
(a) Investigate what happens to fractions like ----10 20 50 100 200 400 5000
1
---------------- . . . when expressed as decimals.
50 000
(Hint: Write each denominator as a product of prime factors.) Explain the
pattern you observe. Check whether this pattern works with another
fraction of this type.
(b) Without calculating the decimal, predict how many decimal places the
1
- will have.
fraction ---------------7
2 59
(c) Predict the number of decimal places that the following products will have
when expressed as decimals. Note all denominators have factors of 2 and 5.
(i)
1
-----25
1
-----64
(ii)
1
-----16
1
--------625
(iii)
1
--------128
1
--------125
(iv)
1
-----------1024
1
--------625
162
Dividing decimal numbers

To divide a decimal number by another, it is necessary to change the decimal being
divided by (the divisor) to a whole number. This can be done by rewriting the question
as a fraction then multiplying both numerator and denominator by whichever power of
10 makes the denominator a whole number. So
14.62
14.62 0.4 would be rewritten as ------------- .
0.4
------ without changing the value of the fraction
The fraction can be multiplied by 10
10
------ = 1) . This is the same as multiplying the numerator and denomi(remember that 10
10
nator by 10.
14.62 14.62 10 14.62 10 146.2

------------- = ------------- ------ = ------------------------- = ------------0.4
0.4
10
0.4 10
4
The calculation now becomes 146.2 4.
WORKED Example 26
Calculate:
a 26.724 0.4
b 3.0276 0.12.
THINK
WRITE
26.724
a 26.724 0.4 = ---------------0.4
26.724 10
= ---------------- -----0.4
10
267.24
= ---------------4
66.81
4 ) 267.24
Rewrite the question as a fraction.
Multiply numerator and denominator

by the appropriate multiple of 10.
Divide the decimal by the whole

number.
Write the answer.
Rewrite the question as a fraction.
Multiply numerator and denominator

by the appropriate multiple of 10.
Divide the decimal by the whole

number.
Write the answer.
26.724 0.4 = 66.81
3.0276
b 3.0276 0.12 = ---------------0.12
3.0276 100
= ---------------- --------0.12
100
302.76
= ---------------12
25.23
12 ) 302.76
3.0276 0.12 = 25.23
163
remember
remember
To divide decimal numbers, change the decimal being divided by (the divisor) to a
whole number. This can be done by rewriting the question as a fraction, then
multiplying both numerator and denominator by whichever power of 10 makes the
denominator a whole number.
4K
1 Calculate:
a 2.5 0.5
26a
d 8.1 0.9
g 0.248 0.8
j 39.6 0.6
m 0.2556 0.3
Dividing decimal numbers
WORKED
Example
b
e
h
k
n
2 Calculate:
a 172.0488 0.11
26b
d 2.5473 0.21
g 0.028 692 0.06
4.2 0.6
2.8 0.7
3.57 0.7
57.68 0.8
0.067 354 0.2
c
f
i
l
o
WORKED
Example
b 0.510 48 0.12
e 21.470 10 0.15
h 473.159 61 0.03
c
f
i
6.4032 0.32
142.888 0.08
32.619 0.02
3 multiple choice
a To calculate 9.84 0.8, rewrite it as:
A 9.84 8 B 9.84 0.8 C 98.4 0.8 D 98.4 8
E 984 8
b To calculate 151.368 1.32, rewrite it as:
A 151.368 132
B 151.368 13.2
C 1513.68 132
D 15 136.8 132
E 151 368 132
c 0.294 0.7 equals:
A 0.042
B 0.42
C 4.2
D 42
E 420
d 21.195 0.15 equals:
A 0.1413
B 1.413
C 14.13
D 141.3
E 1413
4 How many 1.25 litre bottles of Coke could be poured into a 25 litre drink dispenser?
1.1 cm
4.5
6.4 0.8
6.66 0.6
1.32 0.6
4.924 0.4
0.5468 0.4
5 The area of Tanyas lounge room is 85.8

square metres. How many people could she
fit in the lounge room if each person takes
up 1.2 square metres?
6 How many compact discs can be stacked on
a shelf that is 28.6 centimetres high if each
compact disc case is 1.1 centimetres high?
7 How many Big Macs could be bought for
$562.80 if each Big Mac costs $2.80?
Dividing
decimals
Dividing
decimals
164
Unusual
Un
usual journeys
journeys to the North
North Pole
Pole
Calculate the decimal divisions
below to find the puzzle solution code.
A = 6.8 0.5
B = 7.68 0.8
C = 3.7 0.2
E = 9 0.6
F = 6.45 0.3
G = 6.66 0.9
H = 7.84 0.7
I = 16.17 1.1
J = 9.96 1.2
K = 0.648 0.04
L = 1.308 0.12
1987:
19.8
19.1
9.6
16.2
13.6
7.8
6.6
8
19.1
21.5
13.6
20.9
3.75
19.8
14.7
18.5
16.2
19.1
6.6
13.6
21.5
18.5
5.1
8.3
10.9
11.2
13.6
14.3
15
14.7
13.6
12.7
M = 118.8 6
N = 25.4 2
O = 152.8 8
P = 71.5 5
R = 146.3 7
S = 45.9 9
T = 312.0 40
U = 112.5 30
W = 482.4 60
Y = 0.462 0.07
Z = 1.76 0.22
1989:
8.04 13.6 10.9 16.2 14.7 12.7 7.4 9.6 6.6 20.9 19.1 9.6
5.1
8.04 13.6
12.7
19.1
21.5
9.6
20.9 14.7
7.8
15 20.9 7.8
13.6
14.7
12.7
165
Percentages
Per cent means per hundred or out of one hundred. The symbol for per cent is %.
50
- . Written as a
Therefore, 50% means 50 out of 100. Written as a fraction, this is -------100
decimal, this is 0.50 (50 hundredths).
Converting fractions to percentages

A percentage is another way of writing a fraction out of one hundred or the number of
hundredths in a decimal.
WORKED Example 27
Write
27
--------100
as a percentage.
THINK
WRITE
Per cent means out of 100; so
27
--------100
27
--------100
is 27 out of 100.
= 27%
Fractions do not always have a denominator of 100. As percentages are often used to
compare different amounts, usually fractions, other methods can be used. So the score
42
------ for a science test can easily be converted to a percentage by multiplying numerator
50
and denominator by 2.
42 42 2
84
------ = --------------- = --------- = 84%
50 50 2 100
However, it is not so easy to convert 1--3- or 5--8- to a percentage using this method. A
method which is used to convert any fraction to a percentage is illustrated below.
If 3--4- of the whole class walk to school, what percentage of the class walk to school?
The whole class is 100% of the class.
3
3
--- of the whole class is --- of 100%.
4
4
3
--4
3
--4
of 100% is the same as
3
--4
100%.
--------- %
100
1
3
25
--- ------ %
1
1
=
= 75%
WORKED Example 28
Write the following as a percentage: a
3
-----10
8
------ .
40
THINK
WRITE
Write the fraction.
Multiply by 100 and include the % sign.
Cancel or simplify as appropriate.
Multiply numerators and denominators.
3
-----10
3 100
= ------ --------- %
10
1
3 10
= --- ------ %
1 1
= 30%
Continued over page
166
THINK
WRITE
Write the fraction.
Multiply by 100 and include the % sign.
Cancel or simplify as appropriate.
8
-----40
8 100
= ------ --------- %
40
1
8 10
= --- ------ %
4 1
= 2 10%
= 20%
Converting decimals to percentages

If a decimal is another way of writing a fraction, then it follows that a decimal can also
be converted to a percentage by multiplying by 100. So 0.5 is the same as 1--2- and is
equal to 50%.
This can be written as 0.5 100% = 50%.
WORKED Example 29
Write 0.065 as a percentage.
THINK
1
2
3
WRITE
Write the question.

Multiply the decimal by 100 and include the %
sign.
Write the answer.
0.065
= 0.065 100%
= 6.5%
Converting a percentage to a fraction and to a decimal
WORKED Example 30
a Write 72% as a fraction in simplest form. b Write 45% as a decimal.

THINK
WRITE
Write the question.

Per cent means out of 100, so write the
percentage over 100.
Simplify the fraction.
a 72%
Write the question.

Per cent means out of 100, so write the
percentage over 100.
Write the fraction as a decimal.
b 45%
1
2
3
1
2
3
72
--------100
18
-----25
45
--------100
= 0.45
167
It is possible to write one quantity as a percentage of another quantity. If a student

------ and converted to 60% by multiobtains 15 out of 25 for a test it can be written as 15
25
plying the fraction by 100 and including the % sign.
WORKED Example 31
In a game of cricket, Donald made 85 runs. His team scored 255 runs in total. What
percentage of the teams runs were made by Donald?
THINK
WRITE
85
--------255
Write a fraction with the first amount as the

numerator and the total as the denominator.
Change the fraction to a percentage by multiplying

by 100 and including a % sign.
85 100
= --------- --------- %
255
1
Simplify fractions and write as a mixed number.
1 100
= --- --------- %
3
1
100
= --------3
= 33 1--3- %
Donald made 33 1--3- % of the runs.
Write the answer in a sentence.
It is useful to remember that
100
--------3
= 33 1--3- .
remember
remember
1. To change a fraction or a decimal to a percentage, multiply by 100 and include
the % sign.
2. To change a percentage to a fraction, write the percentage over 100 and
simplify the fraction.
3. To change a percentage to a decimal, write the percentage over 100 and convert
to a decimal.
4L
WORKED
Example
27
WORKED
Example
28
Percentages
1 Write the following as a percentage.

a
16
--------100
50
--------100
38
--------100
1
--------100
100
--------100
0.5
--------100
75
--------100
8
--------100
99
--------100

a
8
-----50
12
-----20
7
-----10
15
-----25
1
--5
1
--4
37
-----50
19
-----20
5
--5
2
--4
6
-----10
1
-----25
Converting
fractions to
percentages
4.6
168
3 Change the following to percentages.
WORKED
Example
29
Converting
decimals to
percentages
WORKED
Example
30a
Converting percentages to
fractions and decimals
WORKED
Example
30b
6
-----15
2
-----40
9
-----30
22
-----55
12
-----15
9
-----18
12
-----60
1
--8
23
-----40
27
-----90
9
-----24
8
-----12
1
-----45
1
--3
35
-----80

a 0.24
b 0.89
d 0.38
e 0.02
g 0.01
h 0.95
c
f
i
0.56
0.09
0.60
5 Change the following to a percentage.

a 0.3
b 0.8
d 0.020
e 0.04
g 0.009
h 0.017
j 0.035
k 0.282
c
f
i
l
0.060
0.005
0.048
0.165
6 Write the following as a fraction in simplest form.

a 7%
b 53%
d 33%
e 62%
g 75%
h 15%
c
f
i
81%
18%
33 1--3- %
7 Write the following as a decimal.

a 29%
b 37%
d 93%
e 2%
g 95%
h 10%
c
f
i
1%
75%
65%
8 multiple choice
Converting percentages to
fractions and decimals
13
--------- is
100
equal to:
A 26%
B 0.13%
C 13%
b Written as a percentage, 0.46 is equal to:
A
c
46
--------- %
100
B 4.6%
13
--------- %
100
D 130%
C 3%
D 460%
E 46%
C 1.8%
D 9%
E 36%
18% is the same as:

A
18
--------100
180
--------100
d 30% is the same as:

A 0.03
30
-----10
e Written as a percentage
A 4%
B 16%
C
4
-----25
300
--------100
is equal to:
C 40%
3
-----10
D 400%
E 3%
E
1
--- %
4
9 The following are results obtained by a student for her mathematics tests this term.
Change each result to a percentage to indicate the test in which she scored the best.
Test
Score
Order of operations
15
-----20
Multiples, factors and primes
18
-----25
Time
7
-----10
Algebra
44
-----50
10 A class contains 16 girls and 9 boys.

a How many students in the class?
b What percentage of the class are girls?
c What percentage of the class are boys?
169
One amount as
a percentage of
another
11 In a basketball game Amy scored 36 points. Her team scored 60 points in total. What
percentage of the teams score was shot by Amy?
31
WORKED
Example
12 One thousand people were surveyed to find their preferences for brands of surf
clothing. It was found that 550 of these people preferred Quicksilver to any other
brand of surf clothing. What percentage preferred Quicksilver?
13 Four eggs are needed for a
cake recipe. What percentage
of this carton of eggs will be
used?
14 In the morning when the roll
is called 6 students, out of a
class of 25, are absent. What
percentage of the class is
present?
15 The MCG holds approximately
100 000 people. A one-day cricket
match between Australia and England
is attended by 68 500 people. What
percentage of the seats are taken?
16 Grant scored 3 goals 2 behinds for the Year 7 football team. The team scored 12 goals
8 behinds. What percentage of the teams score did Grant kick?
(1 goal = 6 points, 1 behind = 1 point)
170
A comic character
15
75
45
16
64
2
3
Change the fractions below to percentages.

Join the dots next to each percentage amount
in the order given in each block of questions.
The lines will draw our character.
86
90
62
1
2
78
5
35
50
95
84
14
42
1
33
38
74
24
1
2
Start
2 =
5
24 =
25
55
20
44
12
4
66
28
88
56
1
2
12 2
60
76
16
650 72
85
1
52
1
3
83
150
92
1
2
94
48
37
30
62
36
66
2
3
8
25
872
68 70
96
1 =
32
10
80
18
1
3
18
2
64
3
4
1
2
100
40
Start
8 =
25
3 =
50
1 =
100
1 =
8
3 =
200
13 =
2
Stop
Start
1 =
20
47 =
50
43 =
50
1 =
6
Stop
Start
1 =
2
17 =
20
Stop
Start
12 =
25
1 21 =
1 =
50
1 =
20
16 =
25
9 =
20
Stop
Start
3 =
100
19 =
50
Stop
Start
11 =
Start
33 =
50
3 =
100
3 =
25
6 =
25
Stop
Start
14 =
25
22 =
25
19 =
25
4 =
25
Stop
Start
1 =
25
19 =
20
25
37 =
50
Stop
Start
17 =
Stop
Start
47 =
25
31 =
50
Stop
50
5 =
6
Stop
1 =
16
7 =
10
17 =
25
1 =
10
1 =
25
7 =
8
2 =
25
1 =
4
1 =
40
3 =
16
2 =
3
9 =
50
1 =
3
11 =
20
21 =
50
18 =
25
Stop
Draw large
dots at
21 =
25
and
7 =
50
Start
3 =
8
39 =
50
5 =
6
4 =
25
1 21 =
5 =
8
3 =
4
3 =
20
9 =
10
7 =
20
12 =
25
1 =
2
13 =
25
23 =
25
1 =
2
1 =
5
19 =
20
3 =
5
7 =
25
9 =
200
3 =
10
4 =
5
9 =
25
Stop
171
Calculating percentages
Signs like this are common when stores are having a sale. To find the percentage of an
amount, for example 20% of $50, follow the steps given below.
20
--------100
1. Write the percentage as an amount out of 100.

2. Change the of to a multiplication sign and put the second
amount over 1.
3. Simplify the fractions if possible.
20
--------100
2
--1
of 50
50
-----1
5
--1
10
-----1
4. Multiply the numerators and the denominators.

5. If left with a fraction, divide the denominator into the numerator.
(A calculator may be helpful here.)
$10
WORKED Example 32
Find: a 15% of $60
b 22% of $40.
THINK
WRITE
a 15% of 60
15 60
= --------- -----100 1
Write the question.
Write the percentage as an amount out of 100,

change of to and write the second amount
over 1.
Simplify the fractions.

Write the answer.
3 6
= --- --2 1
3 3
= --- --1 1
=9
15% of $60 = $9
Continued over page
172
THINK
WRITE
b 22% of 40
22 40
= --------- -----100 1
Write the question.
Write the percentage as an amount out of 100,

change of to and write the second amount
over 1.
Simplify the fractions.
Multiply numerators and denominators and

write the answer as a mixed number or decimal
if appropriate.
Write the answer.
11 4
= ------ --5 1
44
= -----5
= 8 4--5- or 8.8
22% of $40 = $8.80
remember
remember
To find a percentage of an amount:
1. Write the percentage as a fraction out of 100.
2. Multiply this fraction by the amount expressed as a fraction.
4M
WORKED
Example
32
Calculating
percentages
Calculating
percentages
Calculating percentages
1 Find the following percentages.

a 10% of $80
b
d 25% of $64
e
g 90% of $80
h
j 30% of $17
k
m 8% of $30
n
p 6% of $75
q
s 45% of $18
t
v 7% of $350
w
20% of $50
40% of $20
70% of $250
15% of $160
12.5% of $200
48% of $20
5% of $142
95% of $28
c
f
i
l
o
r
u
x
50% of $200
35% of $60
2% of $150
99% of $1000
25% of $48
35% of $15
55% of $44
12% of $35
2 Find 10% of the following amounts. (Money answers must be rounded to 2 decimal
places.)
a $32.00
b $12.50
c $75.00
d $167.00
e $1.45
f $15.98
g $21.09
h $77.77
i $164.20
3 Look at your answer to each of the problems in question 2. Copy and complete the
following sentence.
To find 10% of an amount, move the position of the decimal point
place to the
.
173
4 Calculate 10% of the following amounts by moving the position of the decimal point.
a $23.00
b $57.00
c $130.00
d $64.00
e $81.50
f $14.80
g $149.60
h $345.90
i $1354.50
5 Calculate 5% of the following by finding 10% and halving your answer.
a $12.00
b $36.00
c $68.00
d $24.00
e $90.00
f $120.00
g $45.00
h $27.40
i $12.80
j $33.60
k $508.20
l $235.50
6 Calculate 1% of the following by finding 10% and dividing by 10.
a $26.00
b $42.00
c $166.00
d $406.00
e $1620.00
f $14.25
g $7.00
h $5.50
i $16.80
To find 1% of an amount, move the position of the decimal point
places to the
.
8 Find 15% of the following by finding 10% and 5% then adding them together.
a $100.00
b $220.00
c $40.00
d $8.00
e $6.20
f $15.00
g $19.80
h $568.20
i $150.00
9 multiple choice
a 10% of $180.00 is:
A $1.80
B $ 9.00
b 15% of $340.00 is:
A $34.00
B $17.00
c 12% of $12.00 is:
A $1.00
B $ 1.20
d 64% of $75 is:
A $48.00
B $4.80
C $18.00
D $90.00
E $1800.00
C $68.00
D $51.00
E $35.70
C $1.44
D $2.00
E $0.14
C $0.48
D $6.40
E $64.00
10 A school has 1000 students. If 8% of the students have a cold, how many students
have a cold?
11 A video store rents out movies for overnight or weekly use. They estimate that 65% of
their customers hire overnight videos. In one week they had 360 customers. How
many overnight videos did they hire out?
12 Merryns yearly salary is $46 500. How much does she pay towards her superannuation each year if 5% of her salary goes into superannuation?
13 David scored 32% of his basketball teams goals in one season. How many goals did
David score if the team scored 850 goals?
14 Sarah worked out that she spends 12% of her life watching television. How many
hours of television does Sarah watch in:
a one day?
b one week?
15 Melbourne has a population of approximately 3 million people. If 68% of
Melbournes population watched the AFL grand final on television, approximately
how many people watched the grand final?
4.3
174
Sale time spending time!
Wear what you want

HALF YEARLY SALE
Hooded tops were $39.00 now reduced by 25%

Cargo pants were $59.00 now reduced by 40%
T-shirts
Shorts
Jeans
Hurry! Limited stock available! Will not last!
Use the sale information in the advertisement shown and the skills you have learnt
in this chapter to answer the following questions.
1. Before the sale, how much would it cost to buy a hooded top and a pair of cargo
pants?
2. What items could you buy before the sale if you had $100.00 to spend?
3. Calculate the sale price of each of the 5 items advertised.
4. How much would you pay if you bought a hooded top and a pair of cargo pants
at the sale?
5. How much have you saved by buying these 2 items at the sale rather than
before the sale?
6. How much change would you receive from $100.00 if you bought a pair of
shorts and 2 T-shirts at the sale?
7. What items could you buy during the sale with the $100.00 you have to spend?
8. Choose one set of items you would prefer to buy. Write a sentence comparing
the total cost of the items you have chosen before and during the sale.
175
summary
Copy the sentences below. Fill in the gaps by choosing the correct word
from the word list that follows.
1
The number of
decimal point.
The symbol < means
The symbol > means _______ than.
To multiply decimals by multiples of 10, the decimal point should be

moved to the
, one place for each
.
To show a decimal is recurring, a

placed above the repeating part of the decimal.
To simplify a fraction, divide the

same number.
When multiplying decimal numbers, the number of decimal places in the

is the same as the number of decimal places in the
.
When adding or subtracting decimal numbers, the decimal point in the

answer should be
with the decimal point in
the question.
To change any fraction into a decimal,

the denominator.
10
To divide decimals by multiples of

decimal point should be moved to the
zero.
11
Per cent means per
12
To change a fraction or a decimal to a

100.
13
To find the percentage of an amount, change the percentage to a

out of 100 then change the
to a and put
the second amount over 1.
WORD
greater
of
question
hundred
lined up
places is the number of digits after the

than.
or a
and
by the
the numerator by
, the position of the
, one place for each
.
,
LIST
denominator
dot
divide
left
answer
is
multiply
right
numerator
ten
less
percentage
decimal
line
fraction
zero
by
176
CHAPTER
review
4A
1 Give the value of the 7 in each of the following.

a 1.719
b 3.0726
c 4.7218
e 23.1487
f 0.002 57
g 17.592
d 0.2078
h 50.007
4A
2 Write the value of each digit in numbers.

a 2.64
b 0.369
c 18.406
d 96.3428
4A
3 Add 2 tenths to the following.

a 6.2
b 0.743
12.06
d 3.91
4A
4 Add 3 thousandths to the following.

a 0.456
b 12.803
c
1.6
d 2.79
4B
5 Put < or > between the following.

a 8.72
8.27
c 1.06
1.27
e 0.021
0.018
g 0.804 06
0.804 17
4B
6 Write the following decimals in order from smallest to largest.

a 0.13, 0.86, 0.34, 0.71, 0.22
b 0.247, 0.274, 0.124, 0.258, 0.285
c 0.834, 0.826, 0.859, 0.888, 0.891
d 0.356, 0.358, 0.365, 0.385, 0.217
4C
7 Write the following decimals as fractions in simplest form.

a 0.8
b 0.17
c 0.36
d 0.187
e 0.125
f 0.568
g 0.205
h 0.950
4C
8 Write the following decimals as mixed numbers in simplest form.

a 1.5
b 4.60
c 3.48
d 5.25
e 2.75
f 2.625
g 1.56
h 8.32
4D
9 Round the following to the number of decimal places shown in the brackets.
a 1.29 (1)
b 2.047 (2)
c 13.8649 (2)
d 0.0482 (3)
e 1.925 96 (4)
f 17.898 193 (2)
b
d
f
h
0.35
10.214
13.0496
0.000 879
0.37
10.219
13.149
0.000 876
4D
10 Round the following to the nearest unit.

a 13.6
b 29.02
c 86.99
4E

a 1.8 + 7.3
d 12.047 + 3.6
4E
12 Jim saved the following amounts of pocket money to take away on holidays: $12.50,
$15.00, $9.30, $5.70, $10.80. How much money did Jim have to spend on holidays?
b 4.21 + 5.88
e 194 + 18.62 + 3.1
d 100.09
c
f
6.75 + 0.243
34.1 + 7.629 + 0.008 45

a 9.6 4.3
d 100 9.341
b 18.25 9.18
e 4.876 3.927
c
f
177
3.92 1.88
1.6 0.025
14 Mandie poured 0.375 litres from a 2.5 litre bottle of cola. How much cola was left in the
bottle?
4F
4F

a 6.2 3
b 4.67 9
13.2036 5
d 0.7642 7
4G

a 0.23 11
b 16.28 41
182.94 28
d 0.028 94 321
4G
17 Calculate.
a 0.26 10
c 0.0645 100
e 146.6281 100
g 0.839 204 1000
18 Calculate.
a 3.2 0.41
e 0.58 1.5
b
d
f
h
b 1.72 0.3
f 2.83 0.96
1.345 10
1.8294 100
0.048 0643 1000
0.368 1000
c 0.87 0.9
g 11.468 1.312
d 0.03 0.006
h 1.248 0.82
19 Tara bought 0.350 kilogram of shaved ham at $10.50 per kilogram. How much did Tara pay
for the ham?
20 Calculate.
a 2.4 8
d 147.24 2
b 1.64 4
e 1.76 11
c
f
12.48 6
264.88 8
21 Calculate.
a 14.623 10
d 20.032 100
b 102.36 10
e 264 983.0026 1000
c
f
9612.347 1000
3462.94 100
22 Write as a decimal.
1
a ----b
20
5
--8
5
--7
b 35.7 0.7
e 17.8946 0.02
h 3214.0170 0.15
c
f

a
3
--------100
29
--------100
4
-----50
9
-----25
7
-----10
15
-----60
12
-----30
14
-----35
4H
4H
4I
4I
4J
2
--9
23 Write these recurring decimals using a short form.

a 4.555 . . .
b 0.8282 . . .
c 19.278 127 81 . . . d 83.016 262 62 . . .
24 Calculate.
a 4.8 0.6
d 13.72 0.4
g 0.289 56 0.12
4G
12.1 1.1
372.045 72 0.06
4J
4K
4L
178
4L
26 Change the following to a percentage.
4L
27 Write as a fraction in simplest form.
4L
28 It was found that 13 out of 20 people surveyed prefer hamburgers to fish and chips. What
percentage prefer hamburgers?
a
e
0.16
23%
24%
b 0.59
b 60%
f 85%
c 14%
g 9%
4M
29 Find:
4M
30 If you deposit your money in a bank,

the bank will give you a small amount
of money called interest. The amount
of interest they give you depends on
how much you have saved and for
how long. It will be a certain
percentage of the amount deposited.
How much interest would you receive
if you have $1200 in the bank and the
bank calculates interest of 5% on
your account balance?
a
d
g
20% of $130
42% of $20
27% of $250
b 10% of $25.80
e 1% of $16.70
h 12% of $36.
31 Last year Carlton won 70% of its

home and away matches. If there are
20 matches in a season, how many
test
matches did Carlton win?
yourself
CHAPTER
4M
0.413
d 0.027
d 99%
h 48%
c
f
15% of $68.60
5% of $186.40

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What are decimals and percentages used for?

What are decimals and percentages used for?

How are decimals written in expanded fractional form?

How are decimals written in expanded fractional form?

Decimals and

Wear what you want

Hooded tops were $39.00 now reduced by 25%

Maths Quest 7 for Victoria

Look at the value of the 3 in these numbers:

b The second place after the decimal point is hundredths, so the

c The digit is in the thousandths place, so the digit is thousandths.

Chapter 4 Decimals and percentages

7 is in the tens position.

0 is in the hundredths position.

4 is in the thousandths position.

The number 76.204 can be written in expanded fractional form as:

Write the question.

a Tenths is the first place after the decimal point so

a 3.4 + one tenth = 3.5

b Add 1 to the first place after the decimal point.

b 0.179 + one tenth = 0.279

c There is no tenths place shown (zero tenths),

c 13 + one tenth = 13.1

Maths Quest 7 for Victoria

1 Find the value of the 2 in each of the following.

2 Find the value of the 9 in each of the following.

5 Write the following numbers in expanded fractional form.

6 Add one tenth to each of the following numbers.

Chapter 4 Decimals and percentages

7 Add four hundredths to each of the following numbers.

8 Add two thousandths to the following numbers.

11 For each of the following numbers:

is the same as 0.6304.

d 4.03 has the same value as 4.3.

1.2804 could be written as 1 +

g 1090.264 51 has 5 decimal places.

Maths Quest 7 for Victoria

Comparing decimal numbers

a As the units digit is 0 in each number, compare the

a 0.216 is bigger than 0.126 and

As the units digits are the same, compare the

b 2.384 and 2.388 are both bigger

As the unit digit is 0 compare the tenths and

c 0.605 and 0.612 are bigger than

a Both numbers have the same number of tenths and

a 0.312 < 0.318

b Both numbers have no tenths, so compare

b 0.0246 > 0.0168

Chapter 4 Decimals and percentages

Comparing decimal numbers

1 Find the largest number in each of the following.

3 Write the following in order from smallest to largest (ascending order).

Maths Quest 7 for Victoria

a Write down the longest throw for

Chapter 4 Decimals and percentages

Converting decimal numbers

Write the decimal.

Write the decimal.