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REINFORCED
MASONRY
ENGINEERING
HANDBOOK
CLAY AND CONCRETE MASONRY
SEVENTH EDITION

John M. Hochwalt, PE, SE

KPFF Consulting Engineers

Published by

MASONRY INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

(800) 221-4000
www.masonryinstitute.org

INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL

500 New Jersey Avenue, NW, 6th Floor
Washington, DC 20001-2070
www.iccsafe.org
(888) 422-7233

James E. Amrhein
Original Author

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iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE.........................................................................................................................................................xv
AUTHORS.......................................................................................................................................................xvi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................................................xviii
SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS.......................................................................................................................xxiii
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................xxxiii
CHAPTER 1 MATERIALS.............................................................................................................................1
1.1
1.2
1.3

1.4

1.5
1.6

General...............................................................................................................................................1
Masonry Units.....................................................................................................................................1
1.2.1 Clay Masonry.........................................................................................................................2
1.2.2 Concrete Masonry..................................................................................................................6
Mortar.................................................................................................................................................9
1.3.1 General..................................................................................................................................9
1.3.2 Mortar Materials.....................................................................................................................9
1.3.3 Types of Mortar....................................................................................................................12
1.3.4 Mixing..................................................................................................................................14
1.3.5 Types of Mortar Joints..........................................................................................................17
Grout.................................................................................................................................................17
1.4.1 General................................................................................................................................17
1.4.2 Types of Grout.....................................................................................................................19
1.4.3 Proportions..........................................................................................................................20
1.4.4 Mixing..................................................................................................................................21
1.4.5 Slump of Grout.....................................................................................................................21
1.4.6 Grout Strength Requirements..............................................................................................22
1.4.7 Testing Grout Strength.........................................................................................................22
1.4.8 Methods of Grouting Masonry Walls....................................................................................23
1.4.9 Grout Demonstration Panels................................................................................................27
Reinforcing Steel..............................................................................................................................27
1.5.1 General................................................................................................................................27
1.5.2 Types of Reinforcement.......................................................................................................27
Questions and Problems..................................................................................................................29

CHAPTER 2 MASONRY ASSEMBLAGE STRENGTHS AND PROPERTIES..........................................31

2.1
2.2

2.3
2.4

General.............................................................................................................................................31
Compression Strength of Masonry Assemblies.................................................................................31
2.2.1 Verification by Prism Tests...................................................................................................32
2.2.2 Verification by Unit Strength Method....................................................................................37
2.2.3 Verification by Testing Prisms from Constructed Masonry....................................................38
2.2.4 Selection of fm for Use in Design.........................................................................................39
2.2.5 Selection of Materials to Achieve fm in Construction............................................................39
Flexural Strength of Masonry Assemblies.........................................................................................40
Modulus of Elasticity, Em...................................................................................................................40
2.4.1 General................................................................................................................................40
2.4.2 Proposed Evaluation of Modulus of Elasticity......................................................................41

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2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8

Walls of Composite Masonry Materials.............................................................................................41

Fire-Resistant Properties of Masonry Assemblies............................................................................42
Sound Transmission Properties of Masonry Assemblies..................................................................42
Inspection of Masonry During Construction......................................................................................44
2.8.1 History of Inspection Requirements.....................................................................................44
2.8.2 Inspection Requirements.....................................................................................................44
2.9 CodeMasters....................................................................................................................................50
2.10 Questions and Problems..................................................................................................................50

CHAPTER 3 LOADS...................................................................................................................................51
3.1
3.2

General.............................................................................................................................................51
Load Combinations...........................................................................................................................51
3.2.1 Allowable Stress Design Load Combinations.......................................................................52
3.2.2 Strength Design Load Combinations...................................................................................53
3.2.3 Load Combinations with Seismic Overstrength Factor.........................................................54
3.3 Dead Loads......................................................................................................................................54
3.4 Live Loads........................................................................................................................................55
3.4.1 Uniform Floor Loads............................................................................................................58
3.4.2 Uniform Roof Loads.............................................................................................................59
3.4.3 Concentrated Loads............................................................................................................60
3.4.4 Other Live Loads..................................................................................................................60
3.5 Snow Loads......................................................................................................................................60
3.6 Rain Loads........................................................................................................................................64
3.7 Flood Loads......................................................................................................................................65
3.8 Wind Loads.......................................................................................................................................65
3.8.1 Wind Loads on Main Wind Force Resisting Systems...........................................................66
3.8.2 Wind Loads for Components and Cladding..........................................................................71
3.8.3 Wind and Seismic Detailing.................................................................................................74
3.8.4 Examples of Calculation of Wind Pressures........................................................................74
3.9 Seismic Loads..................................................................................................................................78
3.9.1 General................................................................................................................................78
3.9.2 Base Shear, V......................................................................................................................81
3.9.3 Vertical Distribution of Total Seismic Forces........................................................................89
3.9.4 Seismic Loads on Structural Elements.................................................................................90
3.10 Questions and Problems..................................................................................................................91

CHAPTER 4 DISTRIBUTION AND ANALYSIS FOR LATERAL FORCES................................................93

4.1
4.2

4.3
4.4

4.5
4.6
4.7

General.............................................................................................................................................93
Wall Rigidities...................................................................................................................................94
4.2.1 Cantilever Pier or Wall.........................................................................................................94
4.2.2 Fixed Pier or Wall.................................................................................................................95
4.2.3 Combinations of Walls.........................................................................................................96
4.2.4 Multi-Story Walls..................................................................................................................96
4.2.5 Walls with Joints and Openings...........................................................................................99
4.2.6 Flanged Walls....................................................................................................................103
Overturning.....................................................................................................................................105
4.3.1 Overturning of Foundations...............................................................................................105
4.3.2 Overturning on Walls.........................................................................................................105
Horizontal Diaphragms...................................................................................................................107
4.4.1 Types of Diaphragms.........................................................................................................110
4.4.2 Forces on Diaphragms.......................................................................................................114
4.4.3 Deflection of Diaphragms and Walls..................................................................................123
Building Irregularities......................................................................................................................124
Drift and Deformation......................................................................................................................126
Questions and Problems................................................................................................................127

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CHAPTER 5 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS BY ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN (ASD)..129

5.1
5.2

History.............................................................................................................................................129
Flexure............................................................................................................................................129
5.2.1 General, Flexural Stress....................................................................................................129
5.2.2 Strain Compatibility............................................................................................................130
5.2.3 Derivation of Flexural Formulas.........................................................................................131
5.2.4 Summary and Examples....................................................................................................137
5.2.5 Compression Reinforcement.............................................................................................139
5.3 Shear..............................................................................................................................................142
5.3.1 Allowable Shear Masonry................................................................................................145
5.3.2 Allowable Shear Reinforcement......................................................................................145
5.4 Compression..................................................................................................................................146
5.4.1 General..............................................................................................................................146
5.5 Combined Flexure and Compression.............................................................................................147
5.5.1 General..............................................................................................................................147
5.5.2 Methods of Design for Interaction of Axial Load and Moment............................................151
5.6 Development..................................................................................................................................170
5.6.1 Reinforcing Steel................................................................................................................170
5.6.2 Anchor Bolts......................................................................................................................175
5.7 Bearing...........................................................................................................................................180
5.8 Beams............................................................................................................................................181
5.8.1 Flexure...............................................................................................................................181
5.8.2 Shear.................................................................................................................................182
5.8.3 Deflection...........................................................................................................................185
5.8.4 Deep Beams......................................................................................................................187
5.9 Columns.........................................................................................................................................189
5.9.1 General..............................................................................................................................189
5.9.2 Compression.....................................................................................................................190
5.9.3 Flexure and Compression..................................................................................................190
5.9.4 Special Topics....................................................................................................................192
5.10 Walls...............................................................................................................................................193
5.10.1 Compression.....................................................................................................................193
5.10.2 OutofPlane Loads..........................................................................................................195
5.10.3 InPlane Loads..................................................................................................................205
5.11 Questions and Problems................................................................................................................216

CHAPTER 6 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS BY STRENGTH DESIGN (SD).........................219

6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4
6.5

Introduction.....................................................................................................................................219
6.1.1 History................................................................................................................................219
6.1.2 Concepts............................................................................................................................219
6.1.3 Design Assumptions...........................................................................................................220
6.1.4 Strength Reduction Factor, ..............................................................................................221
Flexure............................................................................................................................................221
6.2.1 Flexural Behavior................................................................................................................222
6.2.2 Derivation of Flexural Formulas..........................................................................................224
6.2.3 Compression Reinforcement..............................................................................................226
6.2.4 Reinforcement Limits..........................................................................................................230
Shear..............................................................................................................................................233
6.3.1 Shear Capacity Masonry..................................................................................................233
6.3.2 Shear Capacity Reinforcement........................................................................................233
6.3.3 Shear Capacity Limits......................................................................................................233
6.3.4 Shear Reinforcement Limits............................................................................................234
Compression..................................................................................................................................234
Combined Flexure and Compression.............................................................................................234
6.5.1 Simplified Approach............................................................................................................234
6.5.2 Sections with Tension Only Reinforcement.........................................................................238

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6.5.3 Sections with Confined Compression Reinforcement.........................................................239
6.5.4 Interaction Diagrams..........................................................................................................240
6.6 Development..................................................................................................................................242
6.6.1 Reinforcing Steel................................................................................................................242
6.6.2 Anchor Bolts.......................................................................................................................245
6.7 Bearing...........................................................................................................................................246
6.8 Beams............................................................................................................................................246
6.8.1 Flexure...............................................................................................................................246
6.8.2 Shear..................................................................................................................................248
6.8.3 Deflection...........................................................................................................................250
6.8.4 Deep Beams.......................................................................................................................251
6.9 Columns.........................................................................................................................................253
6.9.1 General..............................................................................................................................253
6.9.2 Compression......................................................................................................................254
6.9.3 Flexure and Compression..................................................................................................254
6.9.4 Special Topics.....................................................................................................................255
6.10 Walls...............................................................................................................................................255
6.10.1 Compression......................................................................................................................255
6.10.2 Out-of-Plane Loads............................................................................................................255
6.10.3 In-Plane Loads...................................................................................................................268
6.11 Piers...............................................................................................................................................290
6.12 Special Topics.................................................................................................................................290
6.12.1 Wall Frames.......................................................................................................................290
6.12.2 The Core Method of Design................................................................................................294
6.12.3 Limit State...........................................................................................................................300
6.13 Questions and Problems................................................................................................................303

CHAPTER 7
7.1
7.2

7.3

7.4

7.5

7.6

Introduction.....................................................................................................................................305
General Requirements....................................................................................................................305
7.2.1 Maximum Bar Size.............................................................................................................305
7.2.2 Hooks and Laps..................................................................................................................306
7.2.3 Placement of Steel..............................................................................................................308
7.2.4 Clearances.........................................................................................................................310
7.2.5 Cover Over Reinforcement.................................................................................................311
7.2.6 Site Tolerances...................................................................................................................312
Beams............................................................................................................................................314
7.3.1 Flexural Reinforcement......................................................................................................314
7.3.2 Shear Reinforcement Requirements in Beams..................................................................317
7.3.3 Deep Beams.......................................................................................................................319
Columns.........................................................................................................................................319
7.4.1 General..............................................................................................................................319
7.4.2 Projecting Wall Columns or Pilasters..................................................................................321
7.4.3 Flush Wall Columns............................................................................................................322
7.4.4 Column Tie Requirements..................................................................................................322
7.4.5 Lateral Tie Spacing for Columns.........................................................................................323
Walls...............................................................................................................................................324
7.5.1 Shear Walls........................................................................................................................325
7.5.2 Non-Participating Walls......................................................................................................331
7.5.3 Out-of-Plane Walls.............................................................................................................333
Questions and Problems................................................................................................................335

CHAPTER 8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT AND CONSTRUCTION..............................................305

BUILDING DETAILS.........................................................................................................337

General Connections......................................................................................................................337
Wall to Wall Connections................................................................................................................337
Lintel and Bond Beam Connection..................................................................................................339
Wall to Wood Diaphragm Connections...........................................................................................339

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8.5
8.6
8.7

Wall to Concrete Diaphragm Connections......................................................................................341

Wall to Steel Diaphragm Connections.............................................................................................342
Wall Foundation Details..................................................................................................................343

CHAPTER 9
9.1

9.2

9.3
9.4
9.5

vii

SPECIAL TOPICS.............................................................................................................345

Movement Joints.............................................................................................................................345
9.1.1 General..............................................................................................................................345
9.1.2 Movement Joints for Clay Masonry Structures...................................................................345
9.1.3 Movement Joints in Concrete Masonry Structures.............................................................348
9.1.4 Caulking Details.................................................................................................................352
Waterproofing Masonry Structures.................................................................................................352
9.2.1 General..............................................................................................................................352
9.2.2 Design Considerations.......................................................................................................352
9.2.3 Material Selection...............................................................................................................354
9.2.4 Construction Procedures and Application Methods............................................................354
9.2.5 Waterproofing.....................................................................................................................355
9.2.6 Maintenance of Waterproofing Systems.............................................................................357
Fire Resistance...............................................................................................................................357
9.3.1 General..............................................................................................................................357
International System of Units (SI, System)......................................................................................360
9.4.1 General..............................................................................................................................360
9.4.2 Measurement Conversion Factors.....................................................................................360
Questions and Problems................................................................................................................362

CHAPTER 10

FORMULAS FOR REINFORCED MASONRY DESIGN..................................................363

10.1 General...........................................................................................................................................363
10.2 Allowable Stress Design (ASD) Formulas.......................................................................................363
Table 10.1 Allowable Stress Design (ASD) Equations.....................................................................363
Table 10.2 Design Formulas Allowable Stress Design................................................................368
10.3 Strength Design (SD) Formulas......................................................................................................372
Table 10.3 Strength Design (SD) Equations....................................................................................372
Table 10.4 Design Formulas Strength Design............................................................................377

CHAPTER 11
11.1
11.2

11.3
11.4

11.5

11.6
11.7

DESIGN OF ONE-STORY INDUSTRIAL BUILDING.......................................................381

Design Criteria: Allowable Stress Design........................................................................................381

11.1.1 Materials and Allowable Stresses.......................................................................................381
11.1.2 Loads.................................................................................................................................384
Design of West Masonry Bearing Wall Section 1-1 (Allowable Stress Design).............................386
11.2.1 Vertical Loads on Wall........................................................................................................386
11.2.2 Lateral Forces on Wall........................................................................................................386
11.2.3 Vertical Load on Wall at Mid-Height....................................................................................387
11.2.4 Design Wall for Condition at Mid-Height Section 1-1.......................................................387
Design of South Masonry Wall Section 2-2 (Strength Design).....................................................388
11.3.1 Slender Wall.......................................................................................................................388
Design of Lintel Beam South Wall Elevation 3-3 (Allowable Stress Design).................................390
11.4.1 Flexural Design.................................................................................................................390
11.4.2 Lateral Wind Load on Beam...............................................................................................390
11.4.3 Deep Lintel Beams.............................................................................................................391
Design of Flush Wall Pilaster North Wall Section 4-4. Designed as a Wall
not a Column (Allowable Stress Design)......................................................................................391
11.5.1 Loads.................................................................................................................................391
11.5.2 Bearing Plate Design..........................................................................................................392
11.5.3 Wall Pier Design.................................................................................................................393
Design of Elevation 5-5 for Vertical and Lateral Loads (Strength Design).......................................393
Wind and Seismic Forces on Total Building....................................................................................395
11.7.1 Loads (Allowable Stress Design)........................................................................................395

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11.8
11.9

11.7.2 Ledger Bolt and Ledger Beam Design................................................................................397

Distribution of Shear Force in End Walls.........................................................................................398
11.8.1 Design of Shear Reinforcement in Piers 3 and 4 (Strength Design)....................................399
Questions and Problems................................................................................................................400

CHAPTER 12

DESIGN OF SEVENSTORY MASONRY LOAD BEARING WALL APARTMENT

BUILDING..........................................................................................................................401

12.1 General...........................................................................................................................................401
12.1.1 Design Criteria, Elevation and Plan....................................................................................402
12.1.2 Floor and Roof Systems.....................................................................................................402
12.1.3 Structural Wall System.......................................................................................................404
12.1.4 Dead and Live Loads on the Masonry Walls.......................................................................404
12.1.5 Seismic Loading.................................................................................................................408
12.1.6 Wind Design.......................................................................................................................411
12.2 Design of Wall j on First Story, Base Level Allowable Stress Design..........................................411
12.2.1 Load Combinations............................................................................................................412
12.2.2 Shear..................................................................................................................................412
12.2.3 Compression Limit: Equation 16-14...................................................................................413
12.2.4 Tension Limit: Equation 16-16............................................................................................413
12.2.5 Limits on Reinforcement.....................................................................................................414
12.3 Design of Wall j on First Story, Base Level Strength Design.......................................................414
12.3.1 Load Combinations............................................................................................................414
12.3.2 Compression......................................................................................................................414
12.3.3 Combined Compression and Flexure.................................................................................415
12.3.4 Shear..................................................................................................................................415
12.3.5 Limits on Reinforcement.....................................................................................................417
12.4 Design of Wall f on First Story, Base Level....................................................................................417
12.4.1 General..............................................................................................................................417
12.4.2 Allowable Stress Design.....................................................................................................419
12.4.3 Limits on Reinforcement.....................................................................................................422
12.5 Strength Design..............................................................................................................................422
12.5.1 Load Combinations............................................................................................................422
12.5.2 Combined Compression and Flexure Flange in Tension.................................................423
12.5.3 Combined Compression and Flexure Flange in Compression.........................................423
12.5.4 Shear..................................................................................................................................424
12.5.5 Limits on Reinforcement.....................................................................................................424
12.6 History of Wall j...............................................................................................................................425
12.7 Additional Considerations in the Design of Multi-Story Shear Wall Structures................................425
12.8 Questions and Problems................................................................................................................427

CHAPTER 13

RETAINING WALLS.........................................................................................................429

13.1 General...........................................................................................................................................429
13.2 Types of Retaining Walls.................................................................................................................429
13.2.1 Gravity Walls........................................................................................................................429
13.2.2 Counterfort or Buttress Walls..............................................................................................429
13.2.3 Cantilever Retaining Walls..................................................................................................431
13.2.4 Supported Walls.................................................................................................................431
13.3 Design of Retaining Walls...............................................................................................................432
13.3.1 Effect of Corners on Lateral Supporting Capacity of Retaining Walls.................................432
13.3.2 Preliminary Proportioning of Retaining Walls......................................................................433
13.3.3 Retaining Wall Stability.......................................................................................................434
13.4 Cantilever Retaining Wall Design Example.....................................................................................434
13.4.1 Design Criteria....................................................................................................................434
13.4.2 Stem Design.......................................................................................................................435
13.4.3 Footing Design...................................................................................................................440
13.5 Questions and Problems................................................................................................................447

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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS...............................................................................................449

ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table ASD-1a
Table ASD-1b
Table ASD-2a

Compressive Strength of Clay Masonry/Unit Strength Method.................................450

Compressive Strength of Concrete Masonry/Unit Strength Method..........................450
Clay Masonry fm, Em, n and Ev Values Based on the Clay Masonry Unit
Strength and the Mortar Type....................................................................................451
Table ASD-2b
Concrete Masonry fm, Em, n and Ev Values Based on the Concrete
Masonry Unit Strength and the Mortar Type..............................................................452
Table ASD-3
Maximum Allowable Working Stresses (psi), for Reinforced Solid and
Hollow Unit Masonry.................................................................................................453
Table ASD-4
Allowable Steel Working Stresses, psi......................................................................455
Table ASD-5a
Allowable Shear Stress Provided by Masonry, Fvm (psi)............................................456
Diagram ASD-5a Allowable Shear Stress Provided by Masonry, Fvm (psi)............................................456
Table ASD-5b
Allowable Shear Stress Provided by Masonry, Fvm (psi)/Special
Reinforced Shear Walls............................................................................................457
Diagram ASD-5b Allowable Shear Stress Provided by Masonry, Fvm (psi)/Special
Reinforced Shear Walls............................................................................................457
Table ASD-6
Maximum Allowable Shear Stress in Masonry and Reinforcement, Fv,max (psi).........458
Diagram ASD-6
Maximum Allowable Shear Stress in Masonry and Reinforcing Steel, Fv,max (psi).....458
Table ASD-7a
Allowable Tension Bab (lbs) for Headed and Bent-Bar Anchor Bolts in Clay
and Concrete Masonry Based on the Masonry Breakout Strength...........................459
Table ASD-7b
Allowable Tension Bap (lbs) for Bent-Bar Anchor Bolts in Clay and
Concrete Masonry Based on the Masonry Pull-Out Strength....................................459
Table ASD-7c
Reduction in Masonry Allowable Tension Breakout, Shear Breakout and
Shear Pry-Out Force Due to Anchor Spacing and Edge Distance.............................460
Table ASD-7d
Allowable Tension Bas (lbs) for Embedded Headed Anchor Bolts in Clay and
Concrete Masonry Based on A307 Anchor Bolts......................................................461
Table ASD-8a
Allowable Shear Bvb (lbs) for Headed and Bent-Bar Anchor Bolts in Clay and
Concrete Masonry Based on the Masonry Breakout Strength..................................462
Table ASD-8b
Allowable Shear Bvpry (lbs) for Headed and Bent-Bar Anchor Bolts in Clay and
Concrete Masonry Based on the Masonry Pryout Strength......................................462
Table ASD-8c
Allowable Shear Bvc (lbs) for Embedded Anchor Bolts in Clay and
Concrete Masonry Based on the Masonry Crushing Strength and Strength
of ASTM A307 Anchor Bolt Material..........................................................................463
Table ASD-9a
Allowable Axial Wall Compressive Stresses Fa = 0.25 fmR (psi) and
R = [1 - (h/140r)2]......................................................................................................464
Table ASD-9b
Allowable Axial Wall Compressive Stresses Fa = 0.25 fmR (psi) and
R = [1 - (h/140r)2]......................................................................................................465
Table ASD-9c
Allowable Axial Wall Compressive Stresses Fa = 0.25 fmR (psi) and
R = (70r/h)2...............................................................................................................466
Table ASD-10
Allowable Flexural Tension of Clay and Concrete Masonry (psi)...............................467
Table ASD-22
Standard Reinforcement Bends and Hooks..............................................................467
Table ASD-24a
Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Clay Masonry) for
fm = 1500 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 27.6...............................................................468
Diagram ASD-24a Kf Versus for Various Masonry and Steel Stresses, Clay Masonry,
fm = 1500 psi, n = 27.6.............................................................................................469
Table ASD-24b
Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Concrete Masonry) for
fm = 1500 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 21.5...............................................................470
Diagram ASD-24b Kf Versus for Various Masonry and Steel Stresses, Concrete Masonry,
fm = 1500 psi, n = 21.5.............................................................................................471
Table ASD-25a
Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Clay Masonry) for
fm = 2000 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 20.7...............................................................472

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Diagram ASD-25a Kf Versus for Various Masonry and Steel Stresses, Clay Masonry,
fm = 2000 psi, n = 20.7.............................................................................................473
Table ASD-25b
Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Concrete Masonry) for
fm = 2000 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 16.1...............................................................474
Diagram ASD-25b Kf Versus for Various Masonry and Steel Stresses, Concrete Masonry,
fm = 2000 psi, n = 16.1.............................................................................................475
Table ASD-26a
Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Clay Masonry) for
fm = 2500 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 16.6...............................................................476
Diagram ASD-26a Kf Versus for Various Masonry and Steel Stresses, Clay Masonry,
fm = 2500 psi, n = 16.6.............................................................................................477
Table ASD-26b
Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Concrete Masonry) for
fm = 2500 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 12.9...............................................................478
Diagram ASD-26b Kf Versus for Various Masonry and Steel Stresses, Concrete Masonry,
fm = 2500 psi, n = 12.9.............................................................................................479
Table ASD-27a
Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Clay Masonry) for
fm = 3000 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 13.8...............................................................480
Diagram ASD-27a Kf Versus for Various Masonry and Steel Stresses, Clay Masonry,
fm = 3000 psi, n = 13.8.............................................................................................481
Table ASD-27b
Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Concrete Masonry) for
fm = 3000 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 10.7...............................................................482
Diagram ASD-27b Kf Versus for Various Masonry and Steel Stresses, Concrete Masonry,
fm = 3000 psi, n = 10.7.............................................................................................483
Table ASD-28a
Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Clay Masonry) for
fm = 3500 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 11.8...............................................................484
Diagram ASD-28a Kf Versus for Various Masonry and Steel Stresses, Clay Masonry,
fm = 3500 psi, n = 11.8..............................................................................................485
Table ASD-28b
Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Concrete Masonry) for
fm = 3500 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 9.2.................................................................486
Diagram ASD-28b Kf Versus for Various Masonry and Steel Stresses, Concrete Masonry,
fm = 3500 psi, n = 9.2...............................................................................................487
Table ASD-29a
Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Clay Masonry) for
fm = 4000 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 10.4...............................................................488
Diagram ASD-29a Kf Versus for Various Masonry and Steel Stresses, Clay Masonry,
fm = 4000 psi, n = 10.4.............................................................................................489
Table ASD-29b
Flexural Design Coefficients for Allowable Stresses (Concrete Masonry) for
fm = 4000 psi, fy = 60,000 psi and n = 8.1.................................................................490
Diagram ASD-29b Kf Versus for Various Masonry and Steel Stresses, Concrete Masonry,
fm = 4000 psi, n = 8.1...............................................................................................491
Diagram ASD-34 Kf Versus n for Various Masonry and Stresses fb....................................................492
Table ASD-34a
Flexural Coefficients Based on n Values.................................................................493
Table ASD-34b
Flexural Coefficients Based on n Values.................................................................494
Table ASD-36
Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams for Balanced Design Conditions for
fm = 1500 psi and fy = 60,000 psi..............................................................................495
Table ASD-37
Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams for Balanced Design Conditions for
fm = 2000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi..............................................................................496
Table ASD-38
Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams for Balanced Design Conditions for
fm = 2500 psi and fy = 60,000 psi..............................................................................497
Table ASD-39
Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams for Balanced Design Conditions for
fm = 3000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi..............................................................................498
Table ASD-40
Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams for Balanced Design Conditions for
fm = 3500 psi and fy = 60,000 psi..............................................................................499

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table ASD-41
Table ASD-46a
Table ASD-46b
Table ASD-47a
Table ASD-47b
Table ASD-48a
Table ASD-48b
Table ASD-56
Diagram ASD-56
Table ASD-58
Diagram ASD-58
Table ASD-60
Diagram ASD-60
Table ASD-62
Diagram ASD-62
Table ASD-74a
Diagram ASD-74a
Table ASD-74b
Diagram ASD-74b
Table ASD-75a
Diagram ASD-75a
Table ASD-75b
Diagram ASD-75b
Table ASD-76a
Diagram ASD-76a
Table ASD-76b
Diagram ASD-76b
Table ASD-77a
Diagram ASD-77a
Table ASD-77b
Diagram ASD-77b
Table ASD-78a

xi

Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams for Balanced Design Conditions for
fm = 4000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi..............................................................................500
Moment Capacity (ft k/ft) of Clay Masonry Walls with As = 0.0007bt
b = 12 and Fs = 32,000 psi.......................................................................................501
Moment Capacity (ft k/ft) of Concrete Masonry Walls with As = 0.0007bt
b = 12 and Fs = 32,000 psi.......................................................................................502
Moment Capacity (ft k/ft) of Clay Masonry Walls with As = 0.0013bt
b = 12 and Fs = 32,000 psi.......................................................................................503
Moment Capacity (ft k/ft) of Concrete Masonry Walls with As = 0.0013bt
b = 12 and Fs = 32,000 psi.......................................................................................504
Moment Capacity (ft k/ft) of Clay Masonry Walls with As = 0.001bt
b = 12 and Fs = 32,000 psi.......................................................................................505
Moment Capacity (ft k/ft) of Concrete Masonry Walls with As = 0.001bt
b = 12 and Fs = 32,000 psi.......................................................................................506
Allowable Shear Stress Resisted by Steel Reinforcement (psi) for Nominal
6 in. Wide Sections with Fs = 32,000 psi..................................................................507
Spacing of Shear Reinforcement for Nominal 6 in. Wide Sections............................507
Allowable Shear Stress Resisted by Steel Reinforcement (psi) for Nominal
8 in. Wide Sections with Fs = 32,000 psi...................................................................508
Spacing of Shear Reinforcement for Nominal 8 in. Wide Sections............................508
Allowable Shear Stress Resisted by Steel Reinforcement (psi) for Nominal
10 in. Wide Sections with Fs = 32,000 psi.................................................................509
Spacing of Shear Reinforcement for Nominal 10 in. Wide Sections..........................509
Allowable Shear Stress Resisted by Steel Reinforcement (psi) for Nominal
12 in. Wide Sections with Fs = 32,000 psi.................................................................510
Spacing of Shear Reinforcement for Nominal 12 in. Wide Sections..........................511
Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Clay Masonry) fm = 1500 psi, Fs = 32,000 psi, and n = 27.6....................................512
Steel Ratio and Versus Kf for fm = 1500 psi, (Clay Masonry)..............................513
Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Concrete Masonry) fm = 1500 psi, Fs = 32,000 psi, and n = 21.5.............................514
Steel Ratio and Versus Kf for fm = 1500 psi, (Concrete Masonry).......................515
Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Clay Masonry) fm = 2000 psi, Fs = 32,000 psi, and n = 20.7....................................516
Steel Ratio and Versus Kf for fm = 2000 psi, (Clay Masonry)..............................517
Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Concrete Masonry) fm = 2000 psi, Fs = 32,000 psi, and n = 16.1.............................518
Steel Ratio and Versus Kf for fm = 2000 psi, (Concrete Masonry).......................519
Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Clay Masonry) fm = 2500 psi, Fs = 32,000 psi, and n = 16.6....................................520
Steel Ratio and Versus Kf for fm = 2500 psi, (Clay Masonry)..............................521
Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Concrete Masonry) fm = 2500 psi, Fs = 32,000 psi, and n = 12.9.............................522
Steel Ratio and Versus Kf for fm = 2500 psi, (Concrete Masonry).......................523
Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Clay Masonry) fm = 3000 psi, Fs = 32,000 psi, and n = 13.8....................................524
Steel Ratio and Versus Kf for fm = 3000 psi, (Clay Masonry)..............................525
Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Concrete Masonry) fm = 3000 psi, Fs = 32,000 psi, and n = 10.7.............................526
Steel Ratio and Versus Kf for fm = 3000 psi, (Concrete Masonry).......................527
Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Clay Masonry) fm = 3500 psi, Fs = 32,000 psi, and n = 11.8....................................528

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Diagram ASD-78a Steel Ratio and Versus Kf for fm = 3500 psi, (Clay Masonry)..............................529
Table ASD-78b
Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Concrete Masonry) fm = 3500 psi, Fs = 32,000 psi, and n = 9.2...............................530
Diagram ASD-78b Steel Ratio and Versus Kf for fm = 3500 psi, (Concrete Masonry).......................531
Table ASD-79a
Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Clay Masonry) fm = 4000 psi, Fs = 32,000 psi, and n = 10.4....................................532
Diagram ASD-79a Steel Ratio and Versus Kf for fm = 4000 psi, (Clay Masonry)..............................533
Table ASD-79b
Coefficients and for Tension and Compression Steel in a Flexural Member
(Concrete Masonry) fm = 4000 psi, Fs = 32,000 psi, and n = 8.1...............................534
Diagram ASD-79b Steel Ratio and Versus Kf for fm = 4000 psi, (Concrete Masonry).......................535
Table ASD-84a
Tied Masonry Compression Capacity for Columns Constructed with 3/8 in.
Head Joints...............................................................................................................536
Table ASD-84b
Tied Masonry Compression Capacity for Columns Constructed with 3/8 in.
Head Joints...............................................................................................................537
Table ASD-85a
Tied Masonry Compression Capacity for Columns Constructed with 1/2 in.
Head Joints...............................................................................................................538
Table ASD-85b
Tied Masonry Compression Capacity for Columns Constructed with 1/2 in.
Head Joints...............................................................................................................539
Table ASD-86a
Tied Masonry Compression Capacity for Columns with Nominal
Column Dimension Equal to Actual Column Dimension............................................540
Table ASD-86b
Tied Masonry Compression Capacity for Columns with Nominal
Column Dimension Equal to Actual Column Dimension............................................541
Table ASD-87
Capacity of Reinforcing Steel in Tied Masonry Columns (kips).................................542
Table ASD-88
Maximum Spacing of Column Ties (inches)..............................................................542
GENERAL NOTES TABLES AND DIAGRAMS
Table GN-1
Table GN-2
Table GN-3a
Table GN-3b
Table GN-3c
Diagram GN-4
Table GN-6
Table GN-8
Table GN-10
Table GN-12
Table GN-16
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table

GN-17
GN-18a
GN-18b
GN-18c
GN-19a
GN-19b

Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table

GN-19c
GN-19d
GN-19e
GN-20a
GN-20b
GN-20c

Weights of Building Materials....................................................................................544

Average Weight of Concrete Masonry Units, Pounds Per Unit (16 Long Units).......545
Average Weight of Completed Walls, Pounds per Square Foot, and
Equivalent Solid Thickness, Inches (Weight of Grout = 140 pcf)...............................545
Average Weight of Completed Walls,1 Pounds per Square Foot, and
Equivalent Solid Thickness, Inches (Weight of Grout = 105 pcf)...............................546
Average Weight of Reinforced Grouted Brick Walls..................................................546
Wall Section Properties (for Use with Tables GN-6 through GN-16).........................546
Wall Section Properties of 6Inch Concrete Masonry, Single Wythe Walls,
8Inch High, 16Inch Long Masonry Units, 1Inch Face Shells...............................547
Wall Section Properties of 8Inch Concrete Masonry, Single Wythe Walls,
8Inch High, 16Inch Long Masonry Units, 11/4Inch Face Shells...........................548
Wall Section Properties of 10Inch Concrete Masonry, Single Wythe Walls,
8Inch High, 16Inch Long Masonry Units, 11/4Inch Face Shells...........................549
Wall Section Properties of 12Inch Concrete Masonry, Single Wythe Walls,
8Inch High, 16Inch Long Masonry Units, 11/4Inch Face Shells...........................550
Wall Section Properties of 16Inch Concrete Masonry, Single Wythe Walls,
8Inch High, 16Inch Long Masonry Units, 11/4Inch Face Shells...........................551
Approximate Measurements of Masonry Materials...................................................552
Approximate Grout Quantities in Structural Clay Masonry Walls..............................553
Approximate Grout Quantities in Concrete Masonry Walls.......................................554
Approximate Grout Quantities in Double Wythe Brick Construction..........................554
Properties of Standard Steel Reinforcing Bars..........................................................555
SI Properties of Standard Steel Reinforcing Bars
(Soft Metric Bar Properties)......................................................................................555
SI Properties of Standard Metric Steel Reinforcing Bars...........................................556
Overall Diameter of Reinforcing Bars........................................................................556
Properties of Steel Reinforcing Wire.........................................................................557
Areas of Various Combinations of Bars.....................................................................558
Areas of Reinforcing Steel Per Foot for Various Spacing..........................................559
Areas of Reinforcing Steel per Foot (square inches).................................................560

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table GN-20d
Table GN-21a
Table GN-21b
Table GN-21c
Table GN-22a
Table GN-22a.1
Table GN-22b
Table GN-22w
Table GN-22x
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table

GN-23a
GN-23b
GN-23c
GN-23d
GN-23e
GN-23f
GN-23g
GN-23h
GN-23i
GN-23j
GN-23k
GN-23l
GN-23m
GN-24a
GN-24b
GN-24c
GN-25a
GN-25b
GN-25c
GN-26a
GN-26b
GN-27
GN-28a
GN-28b

Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table

GN-28c
GN-28d
GN-29a
GN-29b
GN-30
GN-31

Table GN-32
Table GN-89a
Table GN-89b
Table GN-89c

xiii

Areas of Reinforcing Steel per Foot (square inches).................................................561

Maximum Spacing (inches) of Minimum Reinforcing Steel for
Special Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls, As = 0.0007bt..........................................562
Maximum Spacing (inches) of Minimum Reinforcing Steel for
Special Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls, As = 0.0013bt..........................................563
Maximum Spacing (inches) of Minimum Reinforcing Steel for
Special Reinforced Masonry Shear Walls, As = 0.001bt............................................564
Basic Development Length (inches) for Tension and Compression Reinforcing
Bars for Minimum Cover and for Cover and Clear Spacing > 9 db.............................565
Maximum Required Reinforcement Development Length (72db) for Strength
Design Based on IBC, (in.)........................................................................................567
Basic Development Length (inches) for Standard Hooks in Tension.........................567
Maximum Reinforcement Lap Length for Allowable Stress Design Based
on IBC, (in.)...............................................................................................................567
Reinforcement Lap Splice Length Applying Confinement Reinforcement
Factor, , fm = 1500 psi.............................................................................................568
Steel Ratio = As /bd, As in Square Inches, b and d in Inches...................................569
Steel Ratio = As /bd, As in Square Inches, b and d in Inches...................................570
Steel Ratio = As /bd, As in Square Inches, b and d in Inches...................................571
Steel Ratio = As /bd, As in Square Inches, b and d in Inches...................................572
Steel Ratio = As /bd, As in Square Inches, b and d in Inches...................................573
Steel Ratio = As /bd, As in Square Inches, b and d in Inches...................................574
Steel Ratio = As /bd, As in Square Inches, b and d in Inches...................................575
Steel Ratio = As /bd, As in Square Inches, b and d in Inches...................................576
Steel Ratio = As /bd, As in Square Inches, b and d in Inches...................................577
Steel Ratio = As /bd, As in Square Inches, b and d in Inches...................................578
Steel Ratio = As /bd, As in Square Inches, b and d in Inches...................................579
Steel Ratio = As /bd, As in Square Inches, b and d in Inches...................................580
Steel Ratio = As /bd, As in Square Inches, b and d in Inches...................................581
Ratio of Steel Area to Gross Cross-Sectional Area...................................................582
Maximum Area of Reinforcement in a CMU Cell.......................................................583
Maximum Number of Reinforcing Bars per Cell........................................................583
Conversion of English Measurement Systems.........................................................584
Conversion of Metric Measurement Systems...........................................................585
SI Prefixes for Magnitude..........................................................................................586
Length Equivalents Inches to Millimeters...............................................................586
Length Equivalents Feet to Meters.........................................................................587
Force Equivalents Pounds Force to Newtons........................................................587
Masonry and Steel Stresses psi to MPa and kg/cm2..............................................588
Pressure and Stress Equivalents Pounds per Square Inch to Kilogram
per Square Centimeter..............................................................................................588
Pressure and Stress Equivalents Pounds per Square Inch to Kilopascals.............589
Pressure and Stress Equivalents Pounds per Square Foot to Pascals..................589
Moment Equivalents Foot Pounds Force to Newton Meters..................................590
Moment Equivalents Foot Kips Force to Kilogram Meters......................................590
Pounds per Linear Foot Equivalents to Kilograms per Meter....................................591
Moment per Unit Length Equivalents Foot Pounds Force per Foot to
Newton Meters per Meters........................................................................................591
Allowable Compressive Stresses for Empirical Design of Masonry...........................592
Coefficients for Deflection and Rigidity of Walls or Piers for Distribution of
Horizontal Forces......................................................................................................593
Coefficients for Deflection and Rigidity of Walls or Piers for Distribution of
Horizontal Forces......................................................................................................594
Coefficients for Deflection and Rigidity of Walls or Piers for Distribution of
Horizontal Forces......................................................................................................595

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Table GN-89d
Table GN-89e
Table GN-89f
Table GN-89g

Coefficients for Deflection and Rigidity of Walls or Piers for Distribution of

Horizontal Forces......................................................................................................596
Coefficients for Deflection and Rigidity of Walls or Piers for Distribution of
Horizontal Forces......................................................................................................597
Coefficients for Deflection and Rigidity of Walls or Piers for Distribution of
Horizontal Forces......................................................................................................598
Coefficients for Deflection and Rigidity of Walls or Piers for Distribution of
Horizontal Forces......................................................................................................599

STRENGTH DESIGN TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table SD-2
Table SD-3
Table SD-4
Table SD-5
Table SD-6
Table SD-7
Table SD-12
Table SD-14
Table SD-15
Table SD-16
Table SD-17
Table SD-18
Table SD-19
Table SD-22
Table SD-24
Table SD-26
Diagram SD-26
Table SD-27
Diagram SD-27
Table SD-91a
Table SD-91b
Table SD-91c
Table SD-91d
Table SD-92a
Table SD-92b
Table SD-92c

Coefficients for Flexural Strength Design: fm = 1500 psi and fy = 60,000 psi.............602
Coefficients for Flexural Strength Design: fm = 2000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi.............603
Coefficients for Flexural Strength Design: fm = 2500 psi and fy = 60,000 psi.............604
Coefficients for Flexural Strength Design: fm = 3000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi.............605
Coefficients for Flexural Strength Design: fm = 3500 psi and fy = 60,000 psi.............606
Coefficients for Flexural Strength Design: fm = 4000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi.............607
Design Coefficient q for the Determination of the Reinforcing Ratio .......................608
Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams: fm = 1500 psi and fy = 60,000 psi................609
Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams: fm = 2000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi................610
Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams: fm = 2500 psi and fy = 60,000 psi................611
Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams: fm = 3000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi...............612
Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams: fm = 3500 psi and fy = 60,000 psi................613
Moment Capacity of Walls and Beams: fm = 4000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi................614
Standard Reinforcement Bends and Hooks..............................................................615
Modulus of Rupture (fr) for Clay and Concrete Masonry (psi)...................................615
Maximum Nominal Shear Stress Provided by Masonry, Vnm, psi..............................616
Maximum Nominal Shear Stress Provided by Masonry, Vnm, psi..............................616
Maximum Nominal Shear of Masonry and Reinforcement, Vn, psi............................617
Maximum Nominal Shear Stress Provided by Masonry and Reinforcing
Steel, Vn, psi.............................................................................................................617
Allowable Tension Banb (lbs) for Headed and Bent-Bar Anchor Bolts in Clay
and Concrete Masonry Based on the Masonry Breakout Strength...........................618
Allowable Tension Banp (lbs) for Bent-Bar Anchor Bolts in Clay
and Concrete Masonry Based on the Masonry Pullout Strength...............................619
Reduction in Masonry Allowable Tension Breakout, Shear Breakout and
Shear Pryout Force Due to Anchor Spacing and Edge Distance...............................620
Allowable Tension Bans (lbs) for Embedded Headed Anchor Bolts in Clay
and Concrete Masonry Based on A307 Anchor Bolts................................................621
Allowable Shear Bvnb (lbs) for Headed and Bent-Bar Anchor Bolts in Clay
and Concrete Masonry Based on the Masonry Breakout Strength...........................622
Allowable Shear Bvnpry (lbs) for Headed and Bent-Bar Anchor Bolts in Clay
and Concrete Masonry Based on the Masonry Pryout Strength...............................622
Allowable Shear Bvnc (lbs) for Embedded Anchor Bolts in Clay
and Concrete Masonry Based on the Masonry Crushing Strength and
Strength of ASTM A307 Anchor Bolt Material............................................................623

CHAPTER 15 REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................625
CHAPTER 16 INDEX...................................................................................................................................635

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PREFACE

xv

PREFACE
In 1970, James Amrhein recognized that a comprehensive engineering design handbook was needed
which would encompass the coefficients, tables, charts and design data required for the design of reinforced
masonry structures. Mr. Amrhein tried to fulfill these requirements with the first edition of this publication. Since
then, subsequent editions have been improved and expanded to comply with applicable editions of the Uniform
Building Code and International Building Code keeping pace with the growth of reinforced masonry
engineering.
The authors would like this book to be as useful as possible to designers of reinforced masonry by
eliminating repetitious and routine calculations. This publication will increase the understanding and reduce the
time required for masonry design.
The detail and design requirements included in this book are based upon the 2012 edition of the
International Building Code published by the International Code Council, and ASCE/SEI 7-10, Minimum Design
Loads for Buildings and Other Structures published by the American Society of Civil Engineers. Also included
in this edition is information and design tables based on the code reference document, TMS 402/ACI
530/ASCE 5 Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures.
In addition to the code requirements, this publication includes sound engineering practices to serve as a
guide to the engineer and designer.
There may be several design and analysis methods and the results for the design can be somewhat
different. Techniques included in this publication have been reviewed by competent engineers who have found
the results to be satisfactory and safe. The authors welcome recommendations for the extension and
improvement of the material and any new design techniques for future editions.