Am Fm-Broadcasting PDF

BROADCASTING
Engr. Raymond J. Pidor, PECE
BROADCASTING
It
refers to the airborne transmission

of electromagnetic audio signals
(radio) or audio-visual signals
(television) that are readily
accessible to a wide population via
standard receivers.
AM BROADCAST STANDARDS
Parameters
Philippine
Standards
International
Standards
Freq. Band
535-1605 kHz
535-1605 kHz
No. of Channels
118
107
BW per Channel
9kHz
10kHz
Permitted BW
30kHz
30kHz
Channel Spacing
36kHz (4 channels
apart)
30kHz (3 channels
apart)
Center Freq Stability
20Hz
20Hz
Baseband Freq
50-15000kHz
50-15000kHz
Type of Modulation
AM
AM
Type of Emission
A3E
A3E
Guardband
36kHz
30kHz
Antenna Polarization
Vertical
Vertical
Type of Receiver
Superheterodyne
Superheterodyne
Intermediate Freq
455kHz
455kHz
MAXIMUM POWER ALLOCATION IN KW

Area
Low Band
(529-918kHz)
Mid Band
(919-1312 kHz)
High Band
(1313-1705kHz)
Metro Manila
10
20
30
Metro Cebu
10
20
30
Other Areas
10
15
AM ANTENNA SYSTEM
Antenna
Site Considerations
Location in relation to the population to

be served and to other installations and
airports.
Conductivity of the soil at and
immediately adjacent to the site.
Conductivity of the path between the
site and the target area.
AM ANTENNA SYSTEM
Antenna
Design Considerations
The transmitting antenna system shall

be vertically polarized and shall radiate
an effective field of not less than that of
a 60-degree vertical radiator.
The antenna, antenna lead-in, and
counterpoise shall be installed so as not
to present hazard.
AM TRANSMITTER
Transmitter
Location and Layout

Considerations
Adequate space
Adequate ventilation and
airconditioning
Adequate lighting
AM TRANSMITTER
Transmitter Design
Parameters
Phil. Standards
Carrier Power Limits
10% of Full Power
Max. Modulation for Satisfactory

Operation
85%
Operating Frequency Limits
10Hz of Assigned Freq.
Carrier Shift
5%
Carrier Hum and Extraneous

Noise Level
45dB below 400Hz tone
Total Audio Frequency Distortion
<5% Harmonics @ 0-84% mod

<7.5% Harmonics @ 85-95% mod
AM TRANSMITTER
Alternate
Main Transmitter
Consideration
The regular and alternate main
transmitter to be co-located in a single
place.
Both transmitters shall maintain the
same parameters especially with
regards to authorized operating power,
frequency stability, and etc.
AM TRANSMITTER
Auxiliary
Transmitter Consideration
May be installed either in the same

location as the regular main
transmitter or in another location.
Its operating power may be less but
never greater than the authorized
power of the regular main transmitter.
AM BROADCAST OPERATING
REQUIREMENTS
Operating
Schedule
2/3 of the total hours that it is

authorized to operate between 6AM to
6PM local standard time.
2/3 of the total hours that it is
authorized to operate between 6PM to
midnight local standard time.
REQUIREMENTS
Program
Log Entries
An entry of the time each station identification

announcement is made.
An entry briefly describing each program
broadcast.
An entry showing that each sponsored
program broadcast has been announced as
sponsored.
An entry showing, for each program of
network origin, the name of the network
originating the program.
REQUIREMENTS
Operating
Log Entries
An entry of the time the station begins t

supply power to the antenna an the
time it stops.
An entry of the time the program begins
and ends.
An entry of each interruptions.
An entry of the following every 30
minutes: Operating constants and
antenna current.
AM BROADCAST TERMINOLOGIES
Authorized
The carrier frequency authorized by the

National Telecommunications Commission
(NTC).
Carrier
wave
A sinusoidal voltage or current generated in a

transmitter and subsequently modulated by a
modulating wave.
Carrier
frequency
frequency
The frequency of the carrier wave.
Daytime
Refers to that period of time between 2100

GMT 1000 GMT (5:00AM 6:00PM local
standard time).
Experimental
Refers to that period of time between 1600

GMT -2100 GMT (12 midnight -5:00 AM local
standard time).
Intermittent
period
service area
The area receiving service from the ground

wave but beyond the primary service area and
subject to some interference and fading.
Maximum
The greatest percentage of modulation that may

be obtained by a transmitter without producing
in its output harmonics of the modulating
frequency in excess of those permitted by these
regulations.
Maximum
percentage of modulation
rated carrier power
The maximum power at which the transmitter

can be operated satisfactorily and is determined
by the design of the transmitter.
Nighttime
Refers to that period of time between 1000-2100

GMT (6:00PM 5:00AM local standard time).
Operating
power
The power that is actually supplied to the radio

station.
Percentage
The ratio of half the difference between the

maximum and minimum amplitudes of the
amplitude wave to the average amplitude
expressed in percentage.
Primary
modulation (AM)
service area
The area in which the ground wave field of

3.16mV/m (70dBu) is not subject to objectionable
interference or objectionable fading.
Secondary
The area served by the skywave and not

subject to objectionable interference. The
signal is subject to intermittent variations in
intensity.
Secondary
service area
station
A station operating on any one channel and is

designed to render service over a primary
service area which is limited by the subject to
such interference as may be received from a
clear-channel station.
Spurious
The emission of any frequency outside of the

assigned channel or authorized band of
frequency and tolerances allowed by these
regulations.
Total
emission
harmonic distortion (THD)
The effective value of the harmonic voltages

present in the audio frequency output of the
equipment under test.
FM BROADCASTING STANDARDS
Parameters
Philippine Standards
Freq. Band
88-108 MHz
No. of Channels
25
BW per Channel
200 kHz
Permitted BW
240 kHz (monophone)
Channel Spacing
800 kHz
Center Freq Stability
2 kHz
Baseband Freq
50-15000 Hz
Type of Modulation
FM
Type of Emission
F3E
Guardband
25 kHz above USB and

below LSB
Antenna Polarization
Horizontal or circular
Type of Receiver
Superheterodyne
Intermediate Freq
10.7 MHz
Freq Deviation
75 kHz (for 100% mod)
Pre-Emphasis
75s time constant
Pilot Subcarrier
19 kHz
CLASSES OF STATIONS
Station
Authorized Power
Class A
Not xceeding 15 kW
Class B
Not xceeding 10 kW
Class C
Not xceeding 1 kW
Class D
Not xceeding 10 W
FM FREQUENCY ALLOCATION
= 1 + 1
()
Where:
FM = Channel Freq in MHz
FM1 = Freq of the 1st FM Channel (88.1 MHz)
n = Channel Number
BW = Channel Bandwidth (200 kHz)
Channel No.
FREQ ASSIGNMENTS
Freq. (MHz)
FM2
88.3
FM6
89.1
FM10
89.9
FM14
90.7
FM18
91.5
FM22
92.3
FM26
93.1
FM30
93.9
FM34
94.7
FM38
95.5
FM42
96.3
FM46
97.1
FM50
97.9
FM54
98.7
FM58
99.5
FM62
100.3
FM66
101.1
FM70
101.9
FM74
102.7
FM78
103.5
FM82
104.3
FM86
105.1
FM90
105.9
FM94
106.7
FM98
107.5
RADIO-FREQ PROTECTION RATIO (IN DECIBEL)

Freq
Spacing
(kHz)
Monophonic
Stereophonic
Steady
Interference
Tropospheric
Interference
Steady
Interference
Tropospheric
Interference
36
28
45
37
25
31
27
51
43
50
24
22
51
43
75
16
16
45
37
100
12
12
33
25
150
18
14
200
250
300
-7
-7
-7
-7
350
-15
-15
-15
-15
400
-12
-20
-20
-20
FM TRANSMITTER CONSIDERATIONS
Construction
The transmitter shall be constructed

either on racks and panels or in totally
enclosed frames protected as required
by the Philippine Electronics Code and
the Philippine Electrical Code.
Enclosure
The transmitter shall be enclosed in a

metal frame or grille separated from the
operating space by a barrier or other
equivalent means.
Grounding
of Controls
All external metallic handles and

controls accessible to the operating
personnel shall be effectively grounded.
No circuit in excess of 150V shall have
any part exposed to direct contact.
Interlocks
All access doors shall be provided with

interlocks which will disconnect all
voltages in excess of 350V when any
access door is opened.
Bleeder
Resistors
Proper bleeder resistors or other

automatic means shall be installed
across all capacitor banks to lower any
voltage which may remain accessible
with access door open, to less than 350V
within 2 seconds after the access door is
opened.
Wiring
and Shielding
Wiring between units of the

transmitter, with the exception of
circuits carrying radio frequency
energy, shall be installed in conduits of
fiber or metal raceways for protection
from mechanical injury.
All instruments having more than
1000V potential to ground shall be
protected by a cage or cover.
FM STEREO BROADCASTING
Two audio channels (L & R) are mixed to provide
two new signals.
The first is the sum of the two input channels
(L+R), and the second is the difference of the two
(L-R).
The sum channel is modulated directly in the
Baseband assignment between 50 and 15kHz.
The difference signal is DSBSC modulated in the
23 to 53kHz slot about a stereophonic Subcarrier
of 38kHz.
Parameters
Philippine Standards
Pilot Subcarrier
19 kHz 2 Hz
Stereophonic Subcarrier
38 kHz (2nd harmonic of Pilot

Subcarrier)
Stereophonic Subcarrier
suppression level
<1% modulation of the main

carrier
BROADCAST TRANSMISSION SERVICES
Studio-to-Transmitter Link (STL)
Remote Pickup Broadcast Stations
Stations in this service are to be used for relay of

aural programming materials from studio to
transmitter and between fixed facilities in other
locations.
Stations in this service are to be used for the
transmission of aural programming materials and
associated cues and data.
Communications, coordination, and control links
FM BROADCAST TERMINOLOGY
Antenna
It is the height of the radiation center of the

antenna above the terrain 3 to 16 km from the
antenna.
Antenna
Height Above Terrain (HAAT)
field gain
It is the ratio of the effective free space field

intensity produced at 1.6 km in the horizontal
plane expressed in mV/m for 1 kW antenna
input power to 137.6 mV/m.
Antenna
It means the square of the ratio of the rms free

space field strength produced at 1.6 km in the
horizontal plane, in mV/m.
Center
power gain
frequency
It is the average frequency of the emitted wave

when modulated by a sinusoidal signal.
Crosstalk
An undesired signal occurring in one channel

caused by an electrical signal in another
channel.
Effective
Radiated Power
It is the product of the transmitter power and

the antenna power gain of the antenna field
gain squared.
Field
It is the electric field intensity in the

horizontal direction.
FM
Intensity
stereophonic broadcast
The transmission of a stereophonic program by

a single FM broadcast station utilizing the
main channel and stereophonic subchannel.
Free
space field intensity
It is the field intensity that would exist a

point, in the absence of waves reflected from
the earth or other reflecting objects.
Frequency
swing
It means the instantaneous departure of the

frequency of the emitted wave from the center
frequency resulting from modulation.
Main
channel
The band of frequencies from 50-15kHz which

frequency modulate the main carrier.
Multiplex
transmission
It means the simultaneous transmission of two

or more signals within a single channel.
Pilot
subcarrier
It serves as a control signal for use in

reception of FM stereophonic broadcast.
Service
area
It refers to the area bounded by a field

intensity that is equal or greater than the
minimum value necessary to permit a desired
reception quality in the presence of noise and
interference, and from which the RF
Protection Ratio is extended
Stereophonic separation
It is the ratio of the electrical signal caused in the

right or left stereophonic channel, to the electrical
signal caused in the left or right stereophonic
channel, by the transmission of only a right or left
signal.
Stereophonic subcarrier

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BROADCASTING

Engr. Raymond J. Pidor, PECE

refers to the airborne transmission

Center Freq Stability

MAXIMUM POWER ALLOCATION IN KW

Location in relation to the population to

The transmitting antenna system shall

Location and Layout

Carrier Power Limits

10% of Full Power

Max. Modulation for Satisfactory

Operating Frequency Limits

10Hz of Assigned Freq.

Carrier Hum and Extraneous

45dB below 400Hz tone

Total Audio Frequency Distortion

<5% Harmonics @ 0-84% mod

May be installed either in the same

2/3 of the total hours that it is

An entry of the time each station identification

An entry of the time the station begins t

The carrier frequency authorized by the

A sinusoidal voltage or current generated in a

The frequency of the carrier wave.

Refers to that period of time between 2100

Refers to that period of time between 1600

The area receiving service from the ground

The greatest percentage of modulation that may

rated carrier power

The maximum power at which the transmitter

Refers to that period of time between 1000-2100

The power that is actually supplied to the radio

The ratio of half the difference between the

The area in which the ground wave field of

The area served by the skywave and not

A station operating on any one channel and is

The emission of any frequency outside of the

harmonic distortion (THD)

The effective value of the harmonic voltages

240 kHz (monophone)

Center Freq Stability

25 kHz above USB and

75 kHz (for 100% mod)

75s time constant

RADIO-FREQ PROTECTION RATIO (IN DECIBEL)

The transmitter shall be constructed

The transmitter shall be enclosed in a

All external metallic handles and

All access doors shall be provided with

Proper bleeder resistors or other

Wiring between units of the

38 kHz (2nd harmonic of Pilot

<1% modulation of the main

BROADCAST TRANSMISSION SERVICES

Studio-to-Transmitter Link (STL)

Remote Pickup Broadcast Stations

Stations in this service are to be used for relay of

Communications, coordination, and control links

It is the height of the radiation center of the