190 15e

ISBN
2-7461-1499-2
Warning
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Copyright - Paris, 2008
Document data sheet:
Sponsor Body
ERTMS Platform
Department
Infrastructure Department
Title of the document
ETCS Implementation Handbook
Langage
English
Version number and date
Ver. 2.1 dated 15 May 2008
Number of pages
ISBN
Filing name
Responsible
Prepared by
90
2-7461-1499-2
ETCSHbk2.1.doc
Paolo De Cicco
Olivier Levque
Contents
List of figures
List of table
1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................1
2. Legal background .....................................................................................................3
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Basic EU Legislation Steps ............................................................................ 3

Overview of ERTMS Technical Documents ..................................................... 5
ETCS - Infrastructure and Rolling Stock Registers ......................................... 5
ETCS - Interoperability Constituents ................................................................ 6
3. Overview of ETCS functionality .............................................................................19

3.1 Main ETCS Features ..................................................................................... 19
3.2 ETCS Application Levels and Configurations ................................................. 21
3.3 ETCS - Modes of Operation ........................................................................... 33
4. Criteria for equipping a railway with ETCS ...........................................................34
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
ETCS - Implementation Strategies .............................................................. 34

Operational Assessment of ETCS Options..................................................... 35
Defining National Values ................................................................................ 37
Defining ETCS Movement Authorities ............................................................ 43
Braking Curves Calculation ............................................................................ 48
5. How to design an ETCS installation ......................................................................52

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
Balise Positionning ........................................................................................ 52

Operational Improvement Possibilities ......................................................... 54
Technical Improvement Possibilities .............................................................. 57
ETCS external interfaces............................................................................... 60
ETCS Internal Interfaces .............................................................................. 63
Responsibility for Interfaces .......................................................................... 65
6. Preparation for the Call for offer ............................................................................66

6.1 Preparation of documentation for ETCS installation...................................... 66
7. ETCS installation and staff training .....................................................................68
8. Extract of ETCS worldwide implementations .......................................................69

9. Full list of ETCS documents .................................................................................72
9.1 List of mandatory specifications in Annex A of the CCS TSI .......................... 72
9.2 List of mandatory EN standards in Annex A of the CCS TSI ......................... 74
9.3 List of informative specifications in Annex A of the CCS TSI ......................... 75
10.Abbreviations .........................................................................................................78
List of figures
Fig. 1: Modularity of the ETCS system equipment ...................................................... 6

Fig. 2: Example of the ETCS On-board Assembly IC group...................................... 14
Fig. 3: Examples of the ETCS Trackside Assembly IC groups .................................. 14
Fig. 4: Relationship between different braking curves (braking to target) ................. 20
Fig. 5: ETCS Level 1 Operation ................................................................................. 27
Fig. 8: LoA ................................................................................................................. 45
Fig. 9: Speed restriction imposed by flashing green signal aspect............................ 46
Fig. 10: EoA ................................................................................................................. 46
Fig. 11: Different types of speed monitoring ................................................................ 49
Fig. 12: Balise Positioning Possibilities in Level 1 ...................................................... 53
Fig. 13: Balise Positioning Possibilities in Level 2 ...................................................... 53
Fig. 14: Spot transmission without infill ...................................................................... 55
Fig. 15: Spot transmission with infill ............................................................................ 55
Fig. 16: Example station layout ................................................................................... 56
Fig. 17: Speed restriction imposed by colour light signalling system .......................... 58
Fig. 18: speed restriction imposed by ETCS ............................................................... 58
Fig. 19: Commercial operation in EUROPE ................................................................ 70
List of table
Table 1: Structure of the Packet Number 3: National Values ..................................... 38
Table 2: Default values for national speed limiting variables ..................................... 40
Table 3: Default values for the EoA passing related national value variables ........... 40
Table 4: Default values for no safe message reaction variables ............................. 41
Table 5: Default values for the EoA passing related national value variables ........... 42
Table 6: Default values for the distance defining national value variables ................ 43
Table 7: The maximum value is also valid for the speeds higher than 200 km/h. ..... 49
Table 8: Data acquired by Train Interface Unit ......................................................... 61
Table 9: ETCS European implementations................................................................ 71
Table 10: Chosen abbreviations Supplemented with a links to ETCS SRS. .............. 78
1. Introduction
European Train Control System (ETCS) is a unified European track-train transmission based
train driving supervision system. It was elaborated in view of the rail transport liberalization to
ensure rail transport competitiveness by using the same system in all European countries. This
is expected to ensure cost reduction as a result of the scale of implementation and reduction
of the development costs as well as seamless trans-border services as a result of European
wide compatibility between on-board control command equipment and respective trackside
installations.
Although ETCS implementation is required by EU law, time is needed before it is widely and
commonly used on European railway lines by most of the traction units. It is because it is required
for lines and traction units which are new or being upgraded.
As European railways are at the beginning of this period it is crucial to ensure common proper
understanding of ETCS especially as many railways are working on implementation at the same
time having different national, not only technical, constraints.
ETCS Implementation Handbook is therefore prepared for infrastructure managers and railway
undertakings employees to support them in decisions related to ETCS implementation both
trackside and on-board.
It has to be pointed that infrastructure managers and railway undertakings as end users, due to
both technical and legal reasons, have to co-operate in respect to ETCS implementations not
only with producers but also with Notified Bodies (NB) and national safety authorities. Principal
role of the NBs is to ensure real conformity between European widely used components to ensure
especially proper conformity between on-board and trackside ETCS equipment. Principal role of
the national safety authorities is to ensure safe ETCS operation under national technical and
operational constraints. Moreover national safety authorities are deciding in questionable cases
when a line of traction unit is being upgraded and when it is only a renewal influencing overall
ETCS implementation time and indirectly reducing period and/or scale of using multiple control
command systems.
European railway technique related legislation is subdivided into High Speed (HS) and
Conventional Railway (CR) legislation starting form the European Parliament Directives level.
Consequently, there are two separate Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI) for the
Control Command and Signalling (CCS) for HS and CR railway. However in case of CCS subsystem of the trans-European railway system there is only one ETCS applicable in both cases
specified by the technical documents pointed out in the annex A of the last CCS TSI applicable
to both HS and CR railway regardless HS or CR nature of the TSI.
1
Although there is one ETCS regardless HS or CR nature of the lines and traction units it has
to be noted that legal implementation constraints which are described in chapters seven of the
respective EC Decisions establishing TSI HS CCS and TSI CR CCS are different. There are also
some differences between articles seven of the HS and CR railway interoperability directives
which define when and how Member States can apply and obtain derogations which might allow
railways not to implement ETCS in some peculiar cases.
Based on those documents International Union of Railways believe in significant amount of ETCS
implementations in the coming years and therefore offers ETCS Implementation Handbook
covering questions to be answered by the railways prior to detail design of ETCS installations by
industrial partners.
ETCS Handbook is not a manual as signalling rules differ from country to country. It is a set of
recommendations, warnings and best practice examples handed over to support railways in
ETCS implementation.
2. Legal background
This chapter describes the legal situation referring to main legally binding documents forcing
railways in the EU countries to implement ETCS.
2.1
Basic EU Legislation Steps
The first European Commission decision which defines the European Railway Traffic Management
System (ERTMS) as the combination of the ETCS and the Global System for Mobile Communication
Rail (GSM-R) is the 2001/260/EC: The Commission Decision of 21 March 2001 on the basic
parameters of the CCS sub-system of the trans-European HS rail system referred to as ERTMS
characteristics in Annex II(3) to Directive 96/48/EC (notified under document number C(2001)
746, Official Journal L 093, 03/04/2001,p. 0053-0056).
The next legislative step was taken in 2002, when the 2002/731/EC Commission Decision of
30 May 2002 concerning the TSI relating to the CCS sub-system of the trans-European HS
rail system referred to in Article 6(1) of Council Directive 96/48/EC (notified under document
number C(2002) 1947, Official Journal of the European Union, EN, L 245, 12/9/2002, p. 37142),
with corrigendum (Official Journal, EN, L 275/4 EN, 11.10.2002, p.34) were published. This
document includes the TSI of the CCS sub-system of the European HS rail system and it fully
replaces the 2001/260/EC Decision. This TSI CCS HS specification defines the target class A1
system and the migration rules from the class B2 ATP/ATC systems to this target solution. Being
then in line with the work fulfilling CCM procedure status, the specification also updates the
ETCS and GSM-R specifications. This document addressed the European HS railways, and from
the legal point of view, it is not applicable to the CR system.
The basic parameters of the CCS sub-system of the European conventional system have been
defined by the Commission Decision of 29 April 2004 modifying Annex A of the Commission
Decision 2002/731/EC of 30 May 2002 and establishing the main characteristics of Class A system
of the CCS sub-system of the trans-European CR system referred to in Directive 2001/16/EC
(notified under document number C(2004) 1559, Official Journal, EN, L 155, p. 6579), updated
by the corrigendum to this decision (Official Journal, EN, L 193 1/6/2004, p. 53-63). The document
defines the target solution of a class A system independently of the maximal allowed speed on a
particular TEN line and imposes the installation of both, the ETCS and GSM-R.
1 Class A: The unified, interoperable Control-Command system.

2 Class B: Control-Command systems and applications existing before entry into force of the relevant Directive,
limited to those described in Annex B of the respective (HS or CR) TSI CCS.
The Decision No 884/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004
amending Decision No 1692/96/EC on Community guidelines for the development of the transEuropean transport network (Official Journal, EN, L 167, 30/04/2004, p. 1-38) with corrigendum
(Official Journal, EN, L 167, 7/6/2004, p. 1-55) has established the rules for railways
improvement.
The European Commission Decision introducing the TSI CCS CR is the first legal act concerning
railways taken after the EU enlargement. In the annex to the document, the TSI of the CCS
sub-system for the CR system is included. Chapter 7 of the TSI CCS CR defines the interoperability
implementation rules on the European CR system regarding infrastructure and rolling stock. The
general migration criteria and timing criteria are specified. The ERTMS consolidation phase and
the baseline approach to the system deployment and future modifications are defined there. The
requirements for Change Management Process and Configuration Management Plan are also
described in this chapter. The decision determines the role of the European Railway Agency (ERA)
established by the EC Regulation 881/2004. The responsibility for ETCS and GSM-R regarding
specifications delivery, quality assurance, configuration management and change control,
which is fragmented to a number of entities as UIC, UNISIG, ERTMS Users Group, EIRENE
group, ERIG, GSM-R Industry Group and AEIF are now centralised in ERA to ensure the overall
coherence of all processes. In its role of System Authority the ERA ensures the cooperation of a
representative cross-section of the stakeholders in the process, such as infrastructure managers,
railway undertakings, supply industry, NBs and safety authorities. The ERA is responsible for
mastering the ETCS and GSM-R specifications change management process, including the
delivery of the specifications, its quality assurance and configuration management.
The decision 2006/679/EC of 28 March 2006 concerning the TSI relating to the CCS sub-system
of the trans-European CR system has been amended by the decision 2006/680/EC of 7 November
2006 concerning a TSI relating to the CCS sub-system of the trans-European HS rail system and
modifying Annex A.
The commission decision of 6 March 2007 modifies Annex A to Decision 2006/679/EC concerning
the TSI relating to the CCS sub-system of the trans-European CR system and Annex A to Decision
2006/860/EC concerning the TSI relating to the CCS sub-system of the trans-European HS rail
system. This commission decision constitutes the legal reference today.
2.2
Overview of ERTMS Technical Documents
As stated in the introduction legally binding set of ETCS specifications is included in Annex A of
the last CCS TSI from HS or CR and is applicable to HS and CR lines and traction units.
Basic technical documents pointed there and forming the set of the ETCS and GSM-R
specifications are:
Functional Requirements Specifications (FRS)
System Requirement Specifications (SRS)
Interface specification (FIS, FFFIS)
Standards (EN)
Pointed documents are subdivided into mandatory and informative ones.
The ETCS FRS defines the system functionality. It was developed mainly by the railway
representatives as the future system users and it included a very wide range of requirements.
The FRS version in force for the ETCS equipment is FRS 4.29. For GSM-R, the reference
document is EIREINE FRS 7.
The ETCS SRS describes the FRS clauses implementation details in the way necessary for the
system development. The SRS version in force for the ETCS equipment is SRS 2.3.0. Concerning
GSM-R, EIRENE SRS 15 is the mandatory document.
Among technical documents, one can find Functional Interface Specifications (FIS), Form Fit
Functional Specifications called (FFFIS) specifications, European Norms and others.
The full list of the ETCS related mandatory and informative documents is included in the Chapter 9
of this handbook.
2.3
ETCS - Infrastructure and Rolling Stock Registers
The concept of infrastructure and rolling stock registers is introduced directly by the interoperability
directives mentioned in chapter 2.1. The main objective: requirements and characteristics stated
in the rolling stock register have to be cross-checked for interoperability with relevant requirements
and characteristics stated in the infrastructure register as a pre-condition for operating a train on
a given railway line. This is a general principle which is applicable not only to control command
and especially ETCS but also to all other sub-systems of the trans-European railway system.
The TSI define the information to be covered by those registers in relation to given sub-systems.
For ETCS relevant set of information is covered by Annex C of the TSI CR CCS describing line
and train specific characteristics to be put in the registers
Cross check of infrastructure and rolling stock registers will allow infrastructure managers and
railway undertakings to make different analyses to support decision processes. For instance it
will be possible to check what kind of upgrading, if any, is required for certain rolling stock to
ensure its possible use to offer transport on certain lines.
2.4
ETCS - Interoperability Constituents
As ETCS related Interoperability Constituents (IC) are defined in legal documents there is a need
for short description with references as well as a short explanation regarding cross-acceptance
principles.
ETCS System Modularity
The ETCS system, since the beginning of international works has been expected to offer to
the users some modularity. The modularity of the system understood as a full subdivision into
small modules with exactly defined functions and interfaces would be welcome by the users but
at the same time would significantly reduce the competition between suppliers. Therefore, the
discussion on so called white box, grey box and black box solutions was a quite intensive
one.
Fig. 1: Modularity of the ETCS system equipment
As a result of finding a compromise, the ETCS system comprises only a few modules adapting
the grey box solution.
6
In parallel to searching the compromise mentioned above, the best ETCS implementation method
has been looked for. The ETCS wide implementation is the key to achieve the significant railway
transport competitiveness with other means of transport on the European market. The selected
method of introducing the ETCS, as the basic part of the CCS sub-system of the trans-European
railway system imposed the modules definition frame.
The European Commissions decisions mentioned in Chapter 2.1 defining the CCS sub-system
complete the 96/48/EC and 2001/16/EC directives belonging to the new legislation approach. As
the result of this new approach, the TSIs define not only the relevant sub-system, but also selected
complete sets, which are the subjects of the separate certification process as the integral parts of
the sub-system. Inside the particular sub-systems of the trans-European HS railway system and
CR system, such complete sets are called the IC.
Each TSI, including the one which defines the CCS sub-system, describes the sub-system division
into the IC. For each interoperability constituent, its interfaces are shown on the list below.
BASIC INTEROPERABILITY CONSTITUENTS OF ON-BOARD ASSEMBLY

The ETCS On-board is the main interoperability constituent. It comprises, with some exceptions,
both the hardware and software objects of the ETCS on-board equipment.
ETCS On-board:
Safety
On-board ETCS functionality
ETCS and EIRENE air gap interfaces
RBC (level 2/3)
Radio in-fill unit (optional level 1)
Eurobalise airgap
Euroloop airgap (optional level 1)
ETCS On-board Interfaces:
STM (optional implementation of interface K)
GSM-R on-board
Odometry
Key management system
ETCS ID Management
ETCS Driver Machine Interface (DMI)
Key Management
7
Physical environmental conditions

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
Data interface including vigilance (optional) and train integrity
Safety Information recorder
Due to the specific nature of fail-safe electronic equipment, the safety platform on-board is
selected as a separate interoperability constituent.
Safety Platform On-board:

Safety
The odometry for distance and speed measurement, and the safety information recorder were
selected separately as two following IC.
Odometry:
Safety
On-board ETCS functionality (only odometry)
Odometry Interfaces:
ERTMS ETCS on-board
Environmental conditions
EMC
Safety Information Recorder:

On-board ETCS functionality (only data recording)
Safety Information Recorder Interfaces:
JRU downloading tool
ETCS on-board
EMC
It should be mentioned that the basic interoperability constituent, the ETCS On-board, may
include or not include the radio in-fill and Euroloop functions depending on the ETCS on-board
equipment configuration.
The complete set of ETCS on-board control-command assembly IC comprises also the GSM-R
on-board in relevant ETCS application level (2 or 3, or in level 1 with the radio in-fill), and the
External Specific Transmission Module (STM), if exists. There may be several different External
STM constituents according to the amount of Class B systems required to co-operate with the
ETCS on-board equipment.
GSM-R On-board:
EIRENE functions (only data communication in level 2/3, or level 1 with radio in-fill)
GSM-R On-board Interfaces:
ERTMS ETCS on-board (only in level 2/3 or level 1 with radio in-fill)
GSM-R
EIRENE DMI
EMC
External STM:
Functions and safety
External STM Interfaces:
ERTMS ETCS on-board
Class B system air gap
EMC
BASIC INTEROPERABILITY CONSTITUENTS OF TRACKSIDE ASSEMBLY

RBC:
Safety
Track-side ETCS functionality (excluded communication via Eurobalises, radio in-fill &
Euroloop)
ETCS and EIRENE air gap interfaces (only radio communication with train)
RBC Interfaces:
Neighbouring RBC
ERTMS GSM-R trackside
9

ETCS-ID Management
Interlocking
EMC
Radio In-fill Unit:

Safety
Track-side ETCS functionality (excluded communication via Eurobalises, Euroloop and
level 2/3 functionality)
ETCS and EIRENE air gap interfaces (only radio communication with train)
Radio In-fill Unit Interfaces:
ERTMS GSM-R trackside
ETCS-ID Management
Interlocking and LEU
EMC
Eurobalise:
Safety
ETCS and EIRENE air gap interfaces (only Eurobalise communication with train)
Eurobalise Interfaces:
LEU Eurobalise
ETCS-ID Management
EMC
Euroloop:
Safety
ETCS and EIRENE air gap interfaces (only Euroloop communication with train)
10
Euroloop Interfaces:
LEU Euroloop
ETCS-ID Management
EMC
LEU Eurobalise:
Safety
Track-side ETCS functionality (excluded communication via radio in-fill, Euroloop and
LEU Eurobalise Interfaces:
Track-side signalling
Eurobalise
ETCS-ID Management
EMC
LEU Euroloop:
Safety
Track-side ETCS functionality (excluded communication via radio in-fill, Eurobalise and
LEU Euroloop Interfaces:
Euroloop
ETCS-ID Management
EMC
Safety Platform track-side:

Safety
11
GROUPING INTEROPERABILITY CONSTITUENTS OF CCS ASSEMBLY

The TSI of CCS sub-system of both, HS and CR System allow defining groups of IC. It is possible
to certify them jointly. The assessment of interfaces between particular constituents comprising
the group is not included by such joint certification. This statement is important for the future
system exploitation. One example of the on-board assembly and two examples of the trackside
assembly interoperability, constituent groups as included in the TSI CCS CR, are shown below.
INTEROPERABILITY CONSTITUENT GROUP OF ETCS ON-BOARD ASSEMBLY

Safety Platform On-board. ETCS On-board. Safety Information Recorder.
Odometry:
Safety
On-board ETCS functionality
ETCS and EIRENE air gap interfaces:
RBC (level 2/3)
Radio in-fill unit (optional level 1)
Eurobalise airgap
Euroloop airgap (optional level 1)
Safety Platform On-board, ETCS On-board, Safety Information Recorder, Odometry
Interfaces:
STM (implementation of interface K optional)
ERTMS GSM-R on-board
ETCS ID Management
ETCS DMI
Physical environmental conditions
EMC
JRU downloading tool
Data interface including vigilance (optional) and train integrity
12
INTEROPERABILITY CONSTITUENT GROUP OF ETCS TRACKSIDE ASSEMBLY:

Safety Platform Trackside. Eurobalise. LEU Eurobalise:
Safety
Track-side ETCS functionality (excluded communication via Euroloop and level 2/3
functionality)
ETCS and EIRENE air gap interfaces (only Eurobalise communication with train)
Safety Platform Trackside, Eurobalise, LEU Eurobalise Interfaces:
ETCS-ID Management
EMC
Safety Platform Trackside. Euroloop. LEU Euroloop:

Safety
Track-side ETCS functionality (excluded communication via Eurobalise and level 2/3
functionality)
ETCS and EIRENE air gap interfaces (only Euroloop communication with train)
Safety Platform Trackside, Euroloop, LEU Euroloop Interfaces:
ETCS-ID Management
EMC
13
O d o m e try
ETCS ETCS ETCS ETCS Onb o a rd :

B a s ic fu nc tio na lity;
------------R a d io in -fill (o p tio n );
E u ro lo o p (o p tio n ).
S a fe ty
In fo rm a tion
R e c o rd e r
ERTM S/
G S M -R
O n -b o a rd
E x te rn a l
S T M fo r
S ys te m
A
E x te rn a l
S T M fo r
S ys te m
X
S a fe ty P la tfo rm O n -b o a rd
In te ro p e ra bility c o n s titu e n t g ro u p o f the E T C S O n -b o a rd C o n tro l-C o m m an d A s s e m b ly (T S I C C S C R )
Fig. 2: Example of the ETCS On-board Assembly interoperability constituents group
R a d io B lo ck C e n tre (R B C )
R a d io In -fill U n it
E u ro b a lise
E u ro lo o p
E u ro b a lise
LEU
E u ro lo o p
LEU
S a fe ty P la tfo rm T ra c k s ide
In te ro p e ra bility c o n s titu e n t g ro u p o f the E T C S T ra ck s ide A s s e m b ly (T S I C C S C R e x a m p le 1 )
In te ro p e ra bility c o n s titu e n t g ro u p o f the E T C S T ra ck s ide A s s e m b ly (T S I C C S C R e x a m p le 2 )
Fig.3: Examples of the ETCS Trackside Assembly interoperability constituent groups
The detailed description of ETCS On-board and Trackside Assembly IC and groups of them are
included in the relevant TSI CCS (HS or CR) document, tables: 5.1a and 5.1b (on-board), and
5.2a and 5.2b (trackside), respectively.
ASSESSMENT OF CONFORMITY OF CONSTITUENTS AND VERIFICATION

ETCS as described in previous chapters is subdivided into IC, which are subject of independent
conformity assessment by competent bodies notified by Community Member States to European
Commission (called NoBos). On the level of ICs on the basis of certificates of conformity issued
by a NB after passed assessments producers issue EC Declarations of conformity, which are
the basis for cross-acceptance through Community Member States. This is based on the New
Approach and Global Approach community regulations.
The New Approach principles to technical harmonisation and standardisation are laid down by a
Council resolution of 1985.
14
This resolution establishes the following principles:

Legislative harmonisation is limited to essential requirements that products placed on
the Community market must meet, if they are to benefit from free movement within the
Community;
The technical specifications of products to meet the essential requirements set out in the
directives will be laid down in "harmonized" standards, the reference of which are published
in the OJEC;
Application of "harmonised" standards remains voluntary, and the manufacturer may always
apply other technical specifications to meet the requirements;
Products manufactured in compliance with "harmonized" standards, the reference of which
are published in the OJEC, benefit from a presumption of conformity with the corresponding
essential requirements;
Product certification is required.
In addition to the New Approach principles, conditions for a uniform product conformity
assessment are defined by the 1989 Council Resolution on the Global Approach to certification
and testing, which states guiding principles for Community policy on conformity assessment.
To that end, Community legislation, in particular, devises modules for the various phases of
conformity assessment procedures, and lays down criteria for the use of these procedures and
for the designation of bodies operating these procedures.
As general conformity modules have to be adjusted for conformity assessment of railway IC
each TSI defining ICs is also defining applicable assessment procedures. They are described in
chapters 6 and usually in dedicated annexes.
In case of ETCS system all defined IC are to be assessed using following modules:
Module H2 (Full quality assurance with design examination) or
Module B (Type examination) together with module D (Production quality assurance) or
Module B together with module F (Product verification)
15
Principles of Full quality assurance with design examination (Module H2)

This module describes the procedure whereby a NB carries out an examination of the design of an
Interoperability Constituent and the manufacturer ensures and declares that the Interoperability
Constituent concerned satisfies the requirements of the TSI.
The manufacturer must operate an approved quality system for design, manufacture and
final product inspection and testing and it must lodge an application for assessment of his
quality system with a NB. The quality system must ensure compliance of the Interoperability
Constituent with the requirements of the TSI
The NB must assess the quality system to determine whether it satisfies the requirements.
It shall presume compliance with these requirements in respect of quality systems
that implement the relevant harmonized standard. This harmonized standard shall be
EN 9001- 2000
The NB must examine the application and assess the results of the tests. Where the design
meets the provisions of the TSI that apply to it, the NB must issue an EC design examination
certificate to the applicant. The certificate shall contain the conclusions of the examination,
conditions for its validity, the necessary data for identification of the approved design and,
if relevant, a description of the product's functioning
Principles of Type examination (Module B)
This module describes that part of the procedure by which a NB ascertains and attests that a
type, representative of the production envisaged, meets the provisions of the TSI that apply to
it.
The applicant must place at the disposal of the NB of his choice, a specimen; representative
of the production envisaged and hereinafter called 'type'
A type may cover several versions of the Interoperability Constituent provided that the
differences between the versions do not affect the provisions of the TSI
The NB must:
examine the technical documentation
verify that any specimen(s) required for tests has (have) been manufactured in
conformity with the technical documentation, and carry out or have carried out
the type tests in accordance with the provisions of the TSI and/or the relevant
European specifications
where a design review is requested in the TSI, perform an examination of the
design methods, the design tools and the design results to evaluate their capability
to fulfil the requirements for conformity for the interoperability constituent at the
completion of the design process
where is requested in the TSI, perform an examination of the manufacturing
process devised for manufacturing the interoperability constituent
16
identify the elements which have been designed in accordance with the relevant
provisions of the TSI
perform the appropriate examinations and necessary tests
Agree with the applicant the location where the examinations and necessary tests
will be carried out
Principles of Production quality assurance (Module D)
This module describes the procedure whereby the manufacturer ensures and declares that the
Interoperability Constituent is in conformity with the type as described in the type-examination
certificate and satisfies the requirements of the TSI that apply to it.
The manufacturer must operate an approved quality system for production, final product
inspection and testing. The manufacturer must lodge an application for assessment of
his quality system with a NB of his choice, for the IC concerned. The quality system must
ensure compliance of the IC with the type as described in the type-examination certificate
and with the requirements of the TSI that apply to them
The NB assesses the quality management system to determine whether it satisfies
the requirements. It presumes compliance with these requirements if the manufacturer
implements a quality system for production, final product inspection and testing in respect
of the Standard EN/ISO 9001- 2000, which take into consideration the specificity of the
interoperability constituent for which it is implemented
The manufacturer must draw up the EC declaration of Conformity of the Interoperability
Constituent. The content of this declaration has to include at least the information, indicated
in Directive 01/16/EC
Principles of Product verification (Module F)
This module describes that part of the procedure whereby a manufacturer checks and attests that
the Interoperability Constituent is in conformity with the type as described in the type examination
certificate and satisfies the requirements of the TSI that apply to it.
The manufacturer must take all measures necessary in order that the manufacturing
process ensures conformity of the IC with the type as described in the type-examination
certificate and with the requirements of the TSI
The NB must carry out the appropriate examinations and tests in order to check the conformity
of the Interoperability Constituent with the type as described in the type examination
certificate and with the requirements of the TSI either by examination and testing of every
Interoperability Constituent or by examination and testing of IC on a statistical basis
The manufacturer must draw up the EC declaration of Conformity of the Interoperability
Constituent
17
The content of this declaration has to include at least the information, indicated in Directive
96/48/EC, Annex IV (3)
The manufacturer must keep a copy of the EC declaration of conformity for a
period of 10 years after the last interoperability constituent has been manufactured.
(Nota Bene: for all modules)
Control command sub-system as a whole is also a subject of conformity assessment using similar
modules but adapted to suit sub-system requirements. These modules are respectively named
SH2, SB, SD and SF and have to be used in similar way (SH2 or SB with SD or SB with SF).
It is important to know that in case of constituent NB is chosen by producer, but in case of a
sub-system NB is to be chosen by the railway. Implementation projects have to involve from the
beginning end user (railway), producer(s), NB(s) and national safety authority.
18
3. Overview of ETCS functionality
This chapter defines main ETCS features, referring to more detailed description in ETCS
documents mainly FRS and SRS as well as ETCS application levels and configurations.
3.1
Main ETCS Features
The ETCS is a modern unified train control system worked out within international co-operation
involving railway and industry, operational as well as CCS experts. As a result, ETCS is based
on modern technology forming state of the art of railway track train air gap transmission based
signalling and may hereby, to a large extend, improve the safety and performance compare to
existing systems.
IMPROVED SAFETY PRECISE RUNNING LIMITS GIVEN BY MOVEMENT AUTHORITIES

Traditional railway signalling is mainly based on interlocking and block systems excluding
converging routes and ensuring train spacing. The vital messages elaborated by those systems
are shown by trackside signals as colour aspects which are to be respected by drivers. Train
control systems have been invented to ensure the reception of those messages and the driving
compliant with the received distance and speed limitations.
Thus, the track train transmission is used for transferring precise information about running
limitations to the trains in the form of a Movement Authority. Such a Movement Authority exactly
defines a place on a track which must not be passed by a train (End of Authority EOA). In
addition, other information, like speed profile, is transmitted to the on-board. For more information
about ETCS Movement Authorities (MAs) please refer to Subset-026 chapter 3.
IMPROVED SAFETY SUPERVISION OF TRAIN DRIVING

Received data are used by the on-board ETCS equipment to supervise the train drivers. For this
purpose, the on-board equipment has to know not only the data related to the route, but also
the data related to the train. These train data can therefore be entered by the train driver before
starting the journey.
Based on the track data and on the data entered by the driver, the on-board equipment calculates
a set of braking curves for train movement supervision. The braking curves and the way of using
them are described in the SRS Subset-026. The respective basic principles are shown as an
example for braking to a target.
19
P permitted speed limit, W warning limit, SBI service brake intervention limit,
FBI full braking intervention, EBI emergency brake intervention limit,
SBD service brake deceleration curve, EoA end of authority,
EBD emergency brake deceleration curve, SL supervised location,
DV_RS fixed speed difference between warning and release speed limits.
Fig. 4: Relationship between different braking curves (braking to target)
HIGHER PERFORMANCE INCREASING SPEED AND CAPACITY

The tracktrain transmission based systems supervising train movements utilise precise
information about running limits. Therefore, such systems can supervise a train continuously to
avoid that the speed limits are exceeded.
The on-board equipment knowledge about train running limits is used to inform drivers through
displays to ensure that drivers can see the limits independently from the weather conditions. In
addition, this allows the railways to increase the running speeds without worrying about shortening
the time period for trackside signal observation. The railways commonly use that kind of systems
for HS trains taking into account the fact that the speed increase results also in the lengthening of
braking distances.
The data transmission in more advanced systems is not only in the track-to-train direction, but
also in opposite, train-to-track. This is used, for example, to inform trackside equipment about the
train position. Different operational improvement possibilities are described in Chapter 5.2, while
different technical improvement possibilities are described in Chapter 5.3.
20
INTEROPERABILITY CAPABILITY TO OPERATE IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

Signalling systems based on trackside signals utilise different colour aspects depending on
the national rules. Also the automatic train control systems based on the track train data
transmission have been developed separately for each country and sometimes even for given
lines. Currently there are more then twenty different systems in use. The exact number cannot be
given in some cases, as train driving supervision systems have different versions mainly for two
reasons: improvements over years and customisation for different railway administrations.
The ETCS is the train control system worked out for the lines belonging to different railway
administrations. As a result, ETCS offers a wide range of protection functions, different application
levels and different configurations. National values ensure coherency between the system
behaviour and the rules and regulations in different countries.
ETCS application levels and configurations are described in ETCS SRS Subet-026,
Chapter 4. For information how the national values are defined, please refer to ETCS SRS
Subet-026, Chapter 7.
3.2
ETCS Application Levels and Configurations
There are different possibilities to define operating relationships between track and train. In the
ETCS system, such sets of relationships are called application levels.
It is necessary to see and understand the differences between:
ETCS level of a line or track section in relation to ETCS trackside equipment
ETCS level of a traction unit in relation to ETCS on-board equipment
ETCS level of operation in relation to the operational use of both
ETCS LEVELS FOR TRACTION UNITS

Traction units can be equipped with level 1, level 2 or level 3 ETCS on-board installation.
Level 1 ETCS on-board
The level 1 ETCS on-board equipment for a traction unit contains all necessary modules forming
basic on-board ETCS set.
The level 1 on-board ETCS installation can be optionally equipped with: radio in-fill unit, Euroloop
transmission module, and/or STM STM(s) for co-operation with class B systems.
21

The level 2 ETCS on-board equipment for a traction unit contains basic on-board ETCS set
of modules and GSM-R on-board module for data transmission. This module is essential for
level 2 ETCS on-board due to the fact that such equipment must be capable of receiving MAs
transmitted via GSM-R.
The level 2 ETCS on-board is capable to run on ETCS level 1 but can also be equipped with
optional modules developed for level 1 ETCS on-board. As a result, also in this case within ETCS
application level there are some possible configurations.
Level 3 ETCS on-board equipment for a traction unit contains basic on-board ETCS set of
modules and GSM-R on-board modules as for level 2, and in addition the train integrity module.
The train integrity module is essential for level 3 ETCS on-board because according to moving
block principle, the RBC must receive via GSM-R the vital information on train location and
integrity for supervising train spacing.
The level 3 ETCS on-board is capable to run on ETCS level 1 but can also be equipped with
optional modules used for level 1 ETCS on-board. As a result, also in this case there are some
possible configurations within ETCS application level.
ETCS LEVELS FOR LINES

Different ETCS levels for lines and track sections allow each individual railway administration to
select the appropriate ETCS application trackside, according to their strategies, to their trackside
infrastructure and to the required performance. Furthermore, different application levels impose
some constraints on the interfacing of individual signalling systems and class B train control
systems to ETCS.
Level 0 ETCS line
Level 0 ETCS line is a line equipped neither with ETCS, nor with class B national system. It
may mean the absence of ETCS and class B equipment or the presence of such equipment in
commissioning, e.g. where trackside ETCS infrastructure exists but has to be ignored.
In Level 0, the line side optical signals or other means of signalling external to ETCS are to be
respected by the drivers. The train detection and train integrity supervision are outside the scope
of ETCS.
Level 0 uses no track-train transmission except Eurobalises to announce/command level
transitions. Eurobalises therefore still have to be read. No balise data except certain special
commands are interpreted.
22
Level STM ETCS line

The level STM ETCS line is a line equipped with class B national system. The line equipped with
the national system for which no STM exists (e.g. not a class B system) has to be treated as
level 0 ETCS line.
Level 1 ETCS line
The level 1 ETCS line is equipped with a spot transmission via Eurobalises which sends MAs to
trains. The ETCS installation forms an overlay on the existing signalling system. The permitted
speed of the train is continuously supervised. Balises transmitting MAs are switchable and
connected to the signalling system e.g. by connecting them to signals via Lineside Electronic
Units (LEU).
The train detection and train integrity supervision are outside the scope of ETCS.
Additional Eurobalises can be placed between distant and main signals to transmit in-fill
information, so that the train will receive new information before reaching the signal. In-fill can
also be provided using Euroloop or radio in-fill. In this case, new information is sent to the trains
when available.
The possible level 1 ETCS line configurations are the following:
Eurobalises near distant and main signals (level 1 with no in-fill)
Level 1 with additional in-fill Eurobalises
Level 1 with Euroloop in-fill with lineside signals
Level 1 with Euroloop in-fill without lineside signals
Level 1 with radio in-fill with lineside signals
Level 1 with radio in-fill without lineside signals
It has to be noted that lineside signals can be used in fall-back situations, especially when the
on-board system cannot indicate MAs.
Level 2 ETCS line
The ETCS Level 2 line is a line prepared for radio based train control. The RBCs as main trackside
equipment form an overlay on an underlying signalling system.
MAs are generated trackside and are transmitted to the train via GSM-R. The ETCS Level 2
provides a continuous speed supervision system, which also protects against overrunning the MA.
The train detection and train integrity supervision are performed by the trackside equipment of the
underlying signalling system (interlocking, track circuits etc.) and are outside the scope of ETCS.
23
The level 2 is based on GSM-R for communication (voice and data communication) and on
Eurobalises as spot transmission devices mainly for location referencing. The trackside RBC which
provides the information to the trains recognises each ETCS controlled train individually by the
identity of its leading ETCS on-board equipment.
The possible level 2 ETCS line configurations are:
Level 2 with lineside signals
Level 2 without lineside signals
Lineside signals are required if a line is intended not only for the trains with traction units equipped
with level 2 or level 3 ETCS on-board equipment or are provided as a fall back solution.
It has to be noted that the RBC consists of an interoperable part but has also got a National
part. National part comprises two basic areas: collecting information for RBC, and using data
available in RBC. Within first area it is necessary to prejudge how information has to be taken
from interlocking and other signalling systems in a safe way, and how signal aspects have to
be coded into ETCS language. Within second area it is necessary to prejudge how information
gained from the interoperable part is used for National needs e.g. for displaying data to local
dispatchers, automatic forwarding of data about emergency, automatic forwarding of diagnostic
data. Railways shall be aware of the need to specify the National part.
Level 3 ETCS line
In comparison with level 2 ETCS line, the level 3 ETCS line has no additional hardware components
it uses GSM-R as for communication with the RBC and voice communication; and Eurobalises
used as reference locations. However, the level 3 RBC is capable of supervising train spacing
according to moving block principle using information on train location and integrity.
ETCS LEVEL OF OPERATION

A train equipped with ETCS on-board equipment always co-operates with the ETCS trackside
equipment in a defined ETCS level. Such operation level which defines the operational relationships
between track and train and the use of both equipment kinds is also called the ETCS Application
Level. ETCS can be configured to operate in one of the following application levels:
Level 0 - train equipped with ETCS operating on a line without ETCS or national system or
with the ETCS systems in commissioning
Level STM - train equipped with ETCS operating on a line equipped with a national system
to which it interfaces by use of an STM
Level 1 - train equipped with ETCS operating on a line equipped with Eurobalises and
optionally Euroloop or Radio in-fill
Level 2 - train equipped with ETCS operating on a line controlled by a RBC and equipped
24
with Eurobalises and GSM-R

Level 3 - in the interoperable part similar to level 2 but with train location and train integrity
supervision based on information received from the train
Levels 1, 2 and 3 are downwards compatible. It means that a level 3 equipped trains are able
to operate in level 1 and 2, while level 2 equipped trains are able to operate in level 1. It should
be noticed that the operation under STM is not a part of the downward compatibility chain. All
transitions between levels are performed according to well-specified rules.
Level 0 - ETCS operation
Trackside equipment:
No ETCS trackside equipment is used except for Eurobalises to announce level transitions
and other specific commands
Main ETCS trackside functions none
On-board equipment:
Onboard equipment with Eurobalise transmission
Main ETCS on-board functions:
Supervision of maximum train speed
Supervision of maximum speed permitted in an unfitted area
Reading of Eurobalises to detect level transitions and certain special commands.
All other messages are rejected
Operation:
ETCS on-board equipment provides no supervision except for the maximum design speed
of a train and maximum speed permitted in unfitted areas
No supervisory information is indicated on the DMI except for the train speed. The maximum
permitted speed is only displayed temporarily and on the drivers request. Train data has to
be entered
Level STM - ETCS operation
Level STM uses the track-train transmission system from an underlying national system,
which is not part of ERTMS/ETCS
For level transition purposes, Eurobalises are used
Main ETCS trackside functions none
25
On-board equipment:
STM compatible with the respective national infrastructure
Main ETCS on-board function:
Depending on national system and on STM implementation
Reading of Eurobalises to detect level transitions and certain special commands.
All other messages are rejected
Management of STMs
Cab signalling to the driver (depending on national system)
Operation
Level STM is used to run ETCS equipped trains on lines equipped with national train control
and speed supervision systems. The device which allows the ETCS onboard equipment to
utilise the transmission system of the national system is called STM
Train control information generated trackside by the national train control system is
transmitted to the train via the communication channels of the underlying national system
and can be transformed onboard into information interpretable by ETCS. The lineside
optical signals might be necessary or not, depending on the expected traffic structure and
on the performance and functionality of the underlying systems
The achievable level of supervision is similar to the one provided by the underlying national
systems. The DMI information whilst running in national operation must also be considered
when defining the STM. Train detection and train integrity supervision are performed by
equipment external to ETCS
Level STM uses no ETCS track-train transmission except to announce/command level
transitions and specific commands related to balise transmission. Eurobalises therefore still
have to be read. No data except level transition commands and certain special commands
are interpreted
The information displayed to the driver depends on the functionality of the underlying
national system. The active STM is indicated to the driver as part of that information
Train data has to be entered
Each combination of national trackside systems shall be combined externally to the ETCS
Onboard system and shall be regarded as one STM level
The reuse of ETCS Onboard functionality can be different depending on the configuration
of a specific STM
Access to ETCS Onboard supervision functions is supported
26
Fig. 5: ETCS Level 1 Operation
Eurobalises for spot transmission from track to train
Eurobalises must be able to transmit variable information
In-fill transmission by using Euroloop or radio in-fill is optional (but can be mandatory when
no overlaps exist)
Main ETCS trackside function:
Determine MAs according to the underlying signalling system
Transmit MAs and track description data to the train
On-board equipment:
Euroloop transmission if in-fill by Euroloop is required
Radio in-fill transmission if in-fill by radio is required
Main ETCS on-board function:
Reception of MA and track description related to the transmitting balise
Continuous speed supervision
Selection of the most restrictive value of the different speeds permitted at each
location ahead
Calculation of a dynamic speed profile taking into account the train running/braking
characteristics which are known on-board and the track description data
Comparison of the actual train speed with the permitted speed and commanding
of the brake application if necessary
Cab signalling to the driver
27
Operation:
ETCS Level 1 provides a continuous speed supervision system, which also protects against
overrunning the MA
If in level 1 without infill a lineside signal clears, an approaching train can not receive this
information until it passes the Eurobalise group at that signal. Therefore, the driver has to
observe the lineside signal to know when to proceed. The train has then to be permitted to
approach the stopping location below a maximum permitted release speed

RBC
GSM-R for bi-directional track-train communication
Eurobalises mainly for location referencing
Main ETCS trackside functions:
Knowing each train equipped with and running under ETCS within an RBC area
by its ETCS identity
Following each ETCS controlled trains location within an RBC area
Determining MAs according to the underlying signalling system for each train
individually
Transmitting MAs and track description to each train individually
Handing over of train control between different RBCs at the RBC-RBC borders
28
On-board equipment:
Onboard equipment with Eurobalise and GSM-R transmissions
The train reads Eurobalises and sends its position relative to the detected balises
to the RBC
The train receives a MA and the track description via GSM-R relating to a balise
location ahead
Calculation of a dynamic speed profile taking into account the train running/braking
Operation:
ETCS Level 2 provides a continuous speed supervision system, which also protects against
overrunning the MA
Data transmission is achieved by continuous radio transmission (GSM-R). MAs are

generated trackside and are transmitted to the train via GSM-R. For some functions,
the radio transmission requires complementing by spot transmission (Eurobalise). The
detection of trains is achieved by track-based equipment, usually track-circuits or axle
counters. The trackside RBC which provides the information to the trains recognises each
train individually by the ETCS identity of its relevant ETCS on-board equipment. Signalling
information is communicated to the driver by equipment in the driving cab and, optionally,
by the lineside signals. However, lineside signals may be removed if not required due to the
mixed traffic on the line or for fall-back reasons
29
RBC
GSM-R for bi-directional track-train communication
Eurobalises for mainly location referencing
Main ETCS trackside functions:
Knowing each train within an RBC area by its ETCS identity
Following each trains location within an RBC area
Route locking and route releasing based on information received from the trains
Determining MAs for each train individually
Transmitting MAs and track description to each train individually
Handing over of train control between different RBCs at the RBC-RBC borders
On-board equipment:
Onboard equipment with Eurobalise and GSM-R transmissions
Train integrity system
The train reads Eurobalises and sends its position relative to the detected balises
to the RBC
The train monitors train integrity (external function, not part of ERTMS/ETCS) and
sends this information to the RBC
The train receives a MA and the track description via GSM-R relating to a balise
30
location ahead
Calculation of a dynamic speed profile, taking into account the train running/braking
Operation:
ETCS Level 3 is a radio based train control system
MAs are generated trackside and are transmitted to the train via GSM-R. ETCS Level 3
provides a continuous speed supervision system, which also protects against overrunning
the MA. Train location and train integrity supervision are performed by the trackside RBC
in co-operation with the train (which sends position reports and train integrity information).
Level 3 is based on GSM-R for track to train communication and on Eurobalises as spot
transmission devices mainly for location referencing. The trackside RBC which provides
the information to the trains knows each train individually by the ETCS identity of its leading
ETCS on-board equipment. The lineside signals are not foreseen to be used when operating
in Level 3
TRANSITIONS BETWEEN LEVELS

ETCS equipment which is not isolated always operates in one of the above described levels. All
transitions between these levels are performed according to defined functions and procedures.
Additional national functions and rules which might be used by an individual railway to for example
prevent not equipped trains from entering a level 2/3 area are not specified in ETCS specifications
and have to be implemented outside ETCS.
Transitions between any levels are possible. The transition within the same level is not applicable
for level 0 and 1. Transitions between level STM and level STM describe the switching from one
STM to another STM. Transitions between level 2 and level 2, and, respectively, between level 3
and level 3, describe the handover between RBCs.
SUPERPOSITION OF ETCS APPLICATIONS ON A SINGLE LINE.

The purpose of this function is to superimpose different ETCS application levels on a single
line. A train must not attempt a level transition to another level if it is not equipped appropriately.
Instead, it must continue to operate in the current level. The protection against entering an area
for which a train is not equipped must therefore be provided in that level.
31
It might be required in some places to operate trains in different application levels over the
same line. A junction station where a level 1 line crosses a level 2 line can be such an example.
Therefore, it must be possible to operate trains not equipped with radio through the station in
level 1 and, at the same time, keep level 2 trains operating in level 2.
Potentially dangerous or uncontrollable situations could arise if a train interprets conflicting
information for different levels received via the radio and via the balises. Therefore, clear rules
are required to ensure that a train only interprets the relevant information. It must also be ensured
that a train only equipped with level 1 will not attempt to enter a level 2 area even if it is being
told to do so.
It is possible even to superimpose several application levels in parallel on the same track, for
example to run trains without train integrity device in level 2 and in parallel trains equipped with
train integrity device in level 3. Other examples might be a station which is shared by trains
arriving over level 1 and level 2 lines (junctions) or parallel operation of a national system with
ETCS. Mixed levels are supported.
TECHNICAL AND OPERATIONAL INTEROPERABILITY

Different ETCS applications levels and configurations are capable of ensuring interoperability.
However the level of unification is not always the same. These led to a discussion about technical
and operational interoperability based on a relationship between ETCS levels and drivers
obligation to observe, understand and obey trackside signals. Further discussions on railway
interoperability, which were taking into account wide technical context, not narrowed only to
command control defined technical, operational and legal interoperability as unification steps for
the trans-European railway system.
Technical Interoperability means that trains and drivers can cross the borders between different
railway administrations however drivers are obliged to observe, understand and obey trackside
signals and indicators as well as apply operational rules and regulations being in force on the
tracks of a given railway administration.
Operational Interoperability requires all information available trackside to be included in a unified
way on-board in cab-signalling as well as requires unification of operational rules and regulations.
Such unification of operational rules and regulations requires not only common documents but
also unification of day by day practice in relation to personnel influencing safe railway operation.
However, operational interoperability is presently achieved by ETCS rules and in all other cases
by the drivers knowledge of rules as well as his ability to speak the language of the infrastructure
owner.
32
Legal Interoperability is an ambiguous expression. On one side it is used for a far future situation
when all technical, operational and legal barriers for through Europe railway operation will be
removed. On the other side this expression is also used to emphasize conformity between technical
solutions and legal requirements. In this context lines equipped with national ATP/ATC systems
included in Annex B of the CCS TSI are legally interoperable.
Interoperability versus ETCS
Lack of consensus on unified ETCS cab display practically means that ETCS is only capable to
ensure technical interoperability.
3.3 ETCS - Modes of Operation

Principally there are three modes of operation of an ETCS train: full supervision, partial supervision
and shunting. Full supervision takes place when all necessary data about train characteristic and
about train route are available for train running supervision. Shunting takes place when train
data are accepted to vary over time. Partial supervision takes place when train data are known
and stable but train route data are known partially. Partial Supervision is further subdivided into
operational modes appropriate for different operational situations. All the different modes of
operation and transitions between them are described in SRS Subset-026, Chapter 4.
33
4.
Criteria for equipping a railway with ETCS
This chapter contains basic considerations to be undertaken before ETCS implementation on a

specific line as well as description of national values being an important tool to ensure coherency
between ETCS and national rules and regulations.
4.1
ETCS - Implementation Strategies
The national strategy selection for ETCS implementation means in practice the necessity of
taking two important decisions:
Selection of the sequence, in which particular lines will be equipped with ETCS
Selection of ETCS level for particular lines or, at least, selection the criteria for it
The present status of control command systems varies from country to country. There are huge
differences in technical systems and in the level of safety and reliability offered by the systems.
These differences also influence capacity of lines. Taking them into account, the ERTMS
specifications do not precise the way, how the common standards can be achieved in particular
countries. Other important reasons, why the specifications are rather general, seem to be the
diversity of legal requirements and various life expectancies of existing systems. When first
priorities for ETCS are to be set, the preferred options seem to be the following:
Installation of ETCS on international corridors (TEN lines), preferably to provide ETCS
equipment throughout
Installation of ETCS on other TEN lines
Installation of ETCS on other lines
A pure ETCS system can only be installed on new lines or on lines where there has been no train
control system before.
In all other cases the migration of the ETCS has to be considered. The existing national system will
exist in parallel with the new system until all national traction units are equipped with ETCS. For
this implementation the STM is needed, and it is important that the STM is not integrated in the on
board. The STM should be capable to be removed when the trackside equipment of the national
system can be removed.
34
4.2
Operational Assessment of ETCS Options
It is important to asses ETCS configuration in view of the functionalities, which are expected to
be ensured. As examples we can point: covering LX protection functionality, and revocation of an
already given authority.
On a majority of conventional lines, the LXs exist and it is not possible to replace all of them with
viaducts or tunnels due to huge costs of such investments. The ETCS configurations offer different
functionalities, which can be used for reflecting LX protection in data transmitted from track to train.
If there is a wish to ensure covering LX protection functionality it is important to decide how and
answer whether this is possible for all or only for some ETCS configurations.
In emergency situations, there is a need to contact the train as quickly as possible to reduce the
speed or to stop the train. There is a significant difference between spoken information given to
the driver and instructions or orders given by data transmission to ETCS on-board equipment.
Transmission of spoken information takes more time and does not assure the level of safety that is
achievable when the information is transmitted by data. However, depending on configuration, data
could be transmitted at any time or only in certain situations. This is important for all emergency
messages.
Below please find basic considerations for different possible ETCS levels and configurations.
ETCS LEVEL 1
In level 1 the following configurations are possible:
without in-fill
with in-fill
by additional balises
by Euroloop
by Euroradio
Level 1 without in-fill
In case of implementation of ETCS level 1 without in-fill line capacity can be reduced in comparison
to the state without ERTMS. This reduction only takes place when the train has passed the last
balise group before a signal showing danger and the signal aspect changes to a proceed aspect
afterwards. Without ETCS drivers can speed up when the signal changes into less restrictive
aspect while with ETCS level 1 without in-fill, on-board system will prevent speed up until balise
group near the signal to be passed. The reduction of capacity depends on the release speed. The
lower the release speed is, the bigger the delay of the train can be before it is able to accelerate.
At traditional optical signalling the distance, from which trackside signals have to be visible for the
35
driver is defined in rules. This distance is in practice equivalent to the length of a section in front
of signal equipped with in-fill by drivers eyes.
As far as co-operation with signalling systems, the influence on these systems is relatively
small. The main issue in level 1 is installation of LEUs and balises. The LEUs take information
for switchable balises directly from signals or from the interlocking system. In some cases, the
information coming directly from the signal may require to be supplemented with switch position
information. If the information is taken directly from optical signals, the signalling equipment type
is generally not important. In this case it is possible to interface to existing electronic, relay and
electric installations. Co-operation of ETCS level 1 with mechanical installations with optical
systems is also theoretically imaginable. However, if the information is taken from the interlocking,
it is recommended to use electronic or relay signalling equipment only.
If ETCS on-board equipment or the balise transmission module is not working, it is possible to
continue running based on trackside signals. Similar or even equal capacity can be achieved, but
level of safety is lower, as the driver is not supervised by the system. Fall back situations require
knowledge of local signalling, operational rules and regulations by the relevant staff.
LX occupation time optimisation for trains running with different speeds is not part of ETCS
level 1.
Level 1 with in-fill
For Level 1 with in-fill the co-operation with existing signalling systems is in principle the same,
as for level 1 without in-fill. The only difference is the need to install in-fill devices in addition to
LEUs and balises. Such in-fill devices can be, as mentioned before, additional balises, Euroloops
or Euroradio (GSM-R).
The fallback strategy for level 1 with in-fill is the same as for level 1 without in-fill. All relevant
staff shall know local signalling, operational rules and regulations. They continue running using
trackside signal information.
GSM-R can be used also for updating of MAs as in-fill medium. Such configuration does not
require centralisation of data and MA processing by RBC but requires fixed radio infrastructure.
LX occupation time optimisation for trains running with different speeds is not part of ETCS
level 1.
36
ETCS LEVEL 2
In level 2, the following configurations are possible:
with trackside signals
without trackside signals
Implementation of ETCS level 2, train separation will still be based on trackside train detection
systems. However, all the information will be available in RBCs. MAs can be based on track
occupancy information from longer sections in front of the train (more block sections) than the
line block signalling aspects. This allows RBC to give to the longer MAs (e.g. based on 4-5 block
sections) to the trains. The consequence can be higher speed of the trains. Therefore, the
influence of ETCS level 2 on line capacity has to be determined precisely.
LX occupation time optimisation for trains running with different speeds is possible to be executed
in ETCS level 2.
4.3
Defining National Values
Some of the ETCS functions are dependent on national regulations. The ETCS is not the only
signalling system in a particular country where several national rules are valid. Today it is even
possible to have different regulations valid in a certain area and/or on the railway network
belonging to a certain infrastructure owner.
Therefore ETCS system:
covers wide functionality
allows customisation by a set of variables called national values
When the train equipped with the on-board ETCS system enters a new country, obviously
equipped with a trackside ETCS system, a proper data packet, which includes a set of national
values, is transmitted throughout the track-to-train communication channel. All of these variables
have pre-defined values so called default values which are not transmitted from track to train but
stored on board. National values are always transmitted as a complete set, neither sub-set or
individual values are used. Default values are used every time when a corresponding national
value is not available or if it is unknown which set of national values is to be used. The currently
used set of national values is retained when the on-board equipment is switched off or isolated.
The track-to-train data transmission packet containing national values is the first one described
in the SRS document. It is a track-to-train transmission Packet Number 3: National Values. This
packet downloads a set of national values to the train, to the on-board ETCS system. It can be
transmitted using any ETCS system track-to-train transmission media.
37
Table 1. Structure of the Packet Number 3: National Values

Group
General
header
Variable
Bit Length
NID_PACKET
Q_DIR
L_PACKET
Q_SCALE
D_VALIDNV
N_ITER
8
2
13
2
15
5
NID_C(k)
10
V_NVSHUNT
V_NVSTFF
V_NVONSIGHT
V_NVUNFIT
V_NVREL
D_NVROLL
Q_NVSRBKTRG
Q_NVEMRRLS
V_NVALLOWOVTRP
V_NVSUPOVTRP
D_NVOVTRP
T_NVOVTRP
D_NVPOTRP
M_NVCONTACT
T_NVCONTACT
M_NVDERUN
D_NVSTFF
Q_NVDRIVER_ADHES
7
7
7
7
7
15
1
1
7
7
15
8
15
2
8
1
15
1
All track-to-train
transmission
packets
Particular packets
National Value Packet header
National value track-to-train

transmission variables
Comment
Identification
of national area(s)
to which the set applies
The Packet Number 3 consists of three main parts. The first one is a general packet header and
includes four fields with variables.
The first three variables are the same as in all the other packets and they are as follows:
Packet Identifier (NID_PACKET), which informs that it is a National Values Packet
Validity direction of transmitted data (Q_DIR)
Packet Length (L_PACKET)
The fourth variable (Q_SCALE) of a header is a qualifier for the distance scale and it indicates
the same scale used for values describing distances, defined in all variables intended for this
purpose inside this packet.
38
The second part may also be called a header of this particular packet and it includes three
variables:
Definition of the distance on which the national values are valid (D_VALIDNV)
Number of iterations (N_ITER)
Identifier of country(s) or region(s) to which the following set of national values applies
(NID_C(k))
Please note, that this packet may contain more than one NID_C values making the set of national
variables applicable to more then one area identified by one NID_C code. As a result the length
of the national values packet is variable.
The described above components of the Packet Number 3 header are making the first of two
main parts of the packet. A header has rather a technical purpose, while the second main part of
the packet consists of the essential national value variables set.
The main part of Packet Number 3 consists of the eighteen variables set for national values, as
shown in Table 1.
For better understanding of the purpose of these variables in the following description they are
divided into four functional groups presented in a different order than they are placed inside the
packet structure.
The simplest group of variables inside track-to-train transmission Packet Number 3 consists of
national values of seven speed limits permitted in specific situations.
The V_NVONSIGHT, V_NVSHUNT, V_NVSTFF and V_NVUNFIT variables give national values
of permitted speed limits when the ETCS system is running respectively in On Sight (OS), Shunting
(SH), Staff Responsible (SR) or Unfitted (UN) ETCS on-board system operation modes. The
V_NVSTFF variable corresponds with the D_NVSTFF variable, which will be described further.
Note that for the OS and SH modes the speed limit can also be given from the trackside. While an
available national value overrides the default value of the speed limit, the speed limit given from
the trackside takes priority over the national value. Relevant track-to-train transmission packets
used to define local speed limits different from national values may also contain a special, reserved
value of the certain variable which orders to use the national speed value of the required mode.
The next variable in this group, V_NVREL, defines national value of the permitted speed limit of
Release Speed, which is maximal allowed speed for the train to continue the movement close to
the EOA.
The V_NVALLOWOVTRP and V_NVSUPOVTRP variables define certain speed limits related
to the Override EOA function. The first one, V_NVALLOWOVTRP, gives maximum speed limit
39
allowing the driver to select this function. The second one, V_NVSUPOVTRP, is the national
value of permitted speed limit to be supervised when the Override EOA function is active.
All of the speed limiting values may be defined from 0 up to 600 km/h, with resolution of 5 km/h.
The variable value is a resolution multiplying factor, which is an integer number with the range
from 0 up to 120. Values from 121 to 127 are not used and defined as spare.
The default values for the national speed limiting variables group are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Default values for national speed limiting variables
Variable
V_NVONSIGHT
V_NVSHUNT
V_NVSTFF
V_NVUNFIT
V_NVREL
V_NVALLOWOVTRP
V_NVSUPOVTRP
Default value
30 km/h
25 km/h
40 km/h
100 km/h
40 km/h
0 km/h
30 km/h
The second group of track-to-train transmission Packet Number 3 consists of three variables
used to define national values of distances and time related to passing the EOA.
The D_NVPOTRP defines a national value of the maximal distance for the train movement in the
reverse direction in a Post Trip (PT) mode after an emergency braking caused by passing the
EOA.
The D_NVOVTRP and T_NVOVTRP variables are related to the Override EOA function. They
correspond with V_NVALLOWOVTRP and V_NVSUPOVTRP as all of them are used for the
same function.
The D_NVOVTRP and T_NVOVTRP values give respectively a maximum distance and maximum
time for overriding the train trip, which should be executed due to passing the EOA.
Table 3. Default values for the EoA passing related national value variables
Variable
D_NVPOTRP
D_NVOVTRP
T_NVOVTRP
V_NVREL
V_NVALLOWOVTRP
V_NVSUPOVTRP
40
Default value
200 m
200 m
60 s
40 km/h
0 km/h
30 km/h
The T_NVOVTRP may be defined with the resolution of 1 s by an integer number of seconds in
the range from 0 to 255 s. The range of distance definition variables will be discussed further.
The next group consists of two variables defining maximal time without receiving a new safe
message from the track and the reaction, which will be proceeded when this time elapses.
The main purpose for introduction of these variables is to allow the train to run without an
emergency brake when a GSM-R radio transmission temporarily is not covering the whole train
route while the ETCS level 2 or 3 is used.
The M_NVCONTACT variable values allow forcing one of three following possible system
reactions defined due to the national (regional) preferences:
train trip (variable value = 0)
apply service brake (value = 1)
no reaction (value = 2)
Two bits used for this value give possibility of defining fourth reaction, which in the current system
functionality, described in a valid SRS document version, is not predicted. Variable value equal
to 3 is left as spare.
The second variable in this group, T_NVCONTACT, gives a national value of the time, during
which a safe message must be received from the trackside. When this time elapses and no
safe message has been received, the ETCS on-board system introduces an appropriate action
defined by a national value of the M_NVCONTACT variable.
The T_NVCONTACT may be defined with the resolution of 1 by an integer number of seconds in
the range from 0 to 255.
The default values of these two variables are shown in the table 4.
Table 4. Default values for no safe message reaction variables
Variable
Default value
M_NVCONTACT
T_NVCONTACT
No reaction
(no limit)
The last group of six national values defining variables is in fact a set of miscellaneous variables
not belonging to any of three functional groups described above.
The first one described below corresponds to the V_NVSTFF variable, which gives the maximum
permitted speed in the Staff Responsibility (SR) system operation mode. It is the D_NVSTFF
variable, which defines maximum distance for running in the SR mode.
41
The D_NVROLL variable, as it can be recognised by a D_ prefix, also defines distance. It is used
for Roll Away Protection and Reverse Movement Protection functions. The D_NVROLL gives the
national value of a roll away distance limit.
The M_NVDERUN variable national value decides if it is permitted to enter a new driver ID to the
ETCS on-board system while running.
The last three variables are qualifiers for permission of certain driver actions.
The Q_NVDRIVER_ADHES variable value allows or not the driver to modify the trackside
adhesion factor.
The Q_NVEMRRLS variable value gives a national decision if it is permitted to release an
emergency brake (triggered by speed exceeding the system intervention limit with lack of driver
reaction) immediately when such a condition does not last any more, or only when standstill.
Note that the brakes release action (e.g. pressing the button) depends on the braking system
and is a different issue. A Boolean value of a variable equal to 0 means that the brake release is
permitted only at standstill while value 1 permits an immediate brake release.
The last, Q_NVSBKTRG variable value defines a national permission to use the service brake
when braking to a target is supervised.
The value of a single bit length variable (M_NVDERUN, Q_NVDRIVER_ADHES and
Q_NVSRBKTRG) means respectively: when equal to 0 action is not permitted, and while equal
to 1 action permitted.
Table 5. Default values for the EoA passing related national value variables
Variable
D_NVSTFF
D_NVROLL
M_NVDERUN
Q_NVDRIVER_ADHES
Q_NVEMRRLS
Q_NVSBKTRG
Default value
Meaning
32767 (no limit)
2m
1
Permitted
0 Not permitted
0 On standstill
1
Permitted
As it was mentioned in the National Value Packet header description, the Q_SCALE variable
is a qualifier for the distance scale and it indicates the same scale used for values describing
distances, defined in all variables intended for this purpose inside this packet. As a result,
all variables for the national value distance definition have the same scale factor. A value of
Q_SCALE is also a resolution of each particular distance value. Therefore it is possible to define
one of three possible resolutions: 10 cm, 1 m or 10 m, for the distance value giving variables.
Note that D_NVOVTRP and D_NVPOTRP values may be defined in a full range of possible
42
values while maximal possible values of D_NVROLL and D_NVSTFF variables are reserved and
have a special meaning. They are interpreted by the system as an infinite value. The possible
range of the distance definition versus the value of Q_SCALE variable is shown in the table 6.
Table 6. Default values for the distance defining national value variables
Variable
D_NVOVTRP
D_NVPOTRP
D_NVSTFF
D_NVROLL
4.4
Minimum
Value
0
0
0
0
Maximum Value
0
10 cm
1
1m
2
10 m
3
Spare
3276,6 m
3276,6 m
327,67 m
3276,7 m
32.766 km
32.766 km
32.767 km
32.767 km
327.66 km
327.66 km
327.67 km
327.67 km
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Q_SCALE:
Value
Meaning
(Resolution)
N.A. Not
Applicable
Defining ETCS Movement Authorities
MA as a permission for a train to run to a specific location within the constraints of the infrastructure
belongs to basic ETCS principles. As such MAs are described in ETCS SRS subet 026, chapter 3.
This chapter describes ETCS MA purpose and structure. The structure in details is given in SRS
chapters 7.4.2.3 7.4.2.4 defining packets to be used to transmit ETCS MAs from trackside to
on-board ETCS assemblies.
As MAs are one of the main basis for supervision of the way the driver is driving the train (the
other is e.g. current position measurement) it is extremely important to define them in the best
possible way. As MAs are replacing colour aspects of the trackside signals it is important to
consider relationship between old solution (trackside signals) and new solution (MAs displayed
in driving cab for assisting drivers).
Colour aspects of trackside signals inform drivers about: maximum train speed when passing
signal showing the aspect, maximum speed in front of next signal, number of unoccupied track
sections behind signal or a mixture of them. Changing that into MA giving precise speed and
distance limits requires some rules which have to be defined on a national level. In addition
to speed and distance limitations in some cases old system includes time constraints defined
sometimes in separate rules which are to be included in MAs as timeouts of MA and timeouts of
overlaps.
Following considerations are subdivided into ETCS level 1, ETCS level 2 and STMs relevant
considerations as in ETCS level 1 applications MAs are defined by LEUs, in ETCS level 2 (3)
applications MAs are defined by RBC and in case of STMs MAs are defined on the basis of
national system data processed on-board.
43
QUESTIONS RELATED TO MOVEMENT AUTHORITIES IN ETCS LEVEL 1 APPLICATION

In case of ETCS level 1 applications MAs are given by switchable balises. Data transmitted by
such balises are defined by LEUs connected to those balises via so called interface C. The link
between LEUs and basic layer signalling systems is crucial for collecting basic data and is not
defined by ETCS specifications. However this link must ensure proper collection of basic vital
data taking into account both safety and minimal costs.
Reducing length of cables connecting LEUs with interlocking
ETCS specifications suggest direct link between LEU and interlocking. This means taking vital
data from their source but at the same time it means in many cases long cables. To reduce the
length of cables it is possible to connect LEUs with lineside signals. As a result in each case
there is a need to check if from signal data can be acquired in a safe way. Secondly, because
interlocking offers us all data giving an opportunity to define speed and distance constraints for
the MA while lineside signals offer extracting data from shown aspects. The same aspect may
be shown by a signal in different operational situations e.g. for different routes set for the train
passing such signal. As a result distance constraints may vary in relation to the setting of the
points behind the signal. To solve that LEU may be supplementary connected to point machine.
The other possibility is to use shortest distance to define MA and to use infill balises to correct
distances when appropriate. The use of shortest distance is crucial for safe operation in case of
problems with receiving infill balise.
Connecting LEUs with line block signals
Modern line block systems are frequently integrated with interlockings on the neighbouring
stations however autonomous line block systems are in use and will be in use in the future. In
both cases connecting LEUs with block system logic may require long cables. Reducing the
length of cables by connecting LEUs to signals require an answer for the first question but not
for the second. The distance constraints due to no points are different for different signals but
stable for signal aspects shown by signal. Distance constraints can be then pre-programmed for
a certain LEU.
HOW PRECISELY ETCS HAVE TO REFLECT PRESENT SIGNALLING RULES

The easy and safe side way to define MAs and associated data on the basis of signal aspects is
to reflect precisely that, what is stated in present signalling rules. This however may impose on
new technology old constraints reflecting old technology lacks.
44
Two examples:
PKP S2 signal (LoA instead of EoA according to the rules)
The S2 (green) signal aspect according to the rules means maximum speed up (160 km/h) to the
next signal. Rules do not say anything about speed or distance beyond next signal. As a result if
we decide to reflect rules precisely MA has to be defined as a Limit of Authority (LoA) maximum
speed for given distance and no further information.
Fig. 8: LoA
This would lead to emergency braking especially when balise group associated to next signal
is not finding within limits. Therefore a possibility to define respective MA as an EoA has to be
considered.
EoA needs distance to the EoA (0 speed restriction), however shortest value for the certain
location, line or network (on the basis of signalling rules) can be used. Distance would be then
updated by information in the next balise group.
PKP S3 signal (speed restrictions imposed at next signal according to the rules)
The S3 (flashing green) signal aspect according to the rules means: two block sections free,
maximum speed (160 km/h) allowed at the signal, maximum speed at the next signal 100 km/h.
As a result speed restriction to 100 km/h is imposed in a certain location to ensure stopping before
S1 (red) signal. In ETCS one should consider whether such speed restriction is still necessary.
Speed restriction resignation can only be accepted if a certain speed restriction was imposed
to ensure appropriate distance for braking in front of more restrictive speed restriction e.g. to
ensure stop in front of a next signal. Such resignation will smooth train running, decrease energy
consumption and increase line capacity. However decision about resignation has to be taken
carefully as the same signal aspects might be used in case of speed restrictions imposed.
45
Vmax
FG
Fig. 9: Speed restriction imposed by flashing green signal aspect
Vmax
FG
Fig. 10: EoA
Long MAs and their revocation

In case of ETCS level 1 applications MAs will be in principle as long as signal aspects
allow them to be. Data about farther sections of track are not easily available. Theoretically
one can collect additional required data using e.g. dedicated fibre optic cable, but as a
consequence this would require MAs revocation possibilities which are limited in cases
of level 1 application.
Taking into consideration level crossings protection systems constraints
Level Crossing (LX) protection systems impose constraints on trains. Precise rules differ from
country to country and depend on LX category. Moreover LX protection systems are frequently
autonomous and that means that constraints imposed by them are not covered by main signal
aspects. Additionally some railways for certain LX categories use trackside signals which inform
train drivers about status of the respective LX protection systems. Decision whether include
LX protection systems constraints in ETCS or not can be taken by an Infrastructure Manager
separately for each LX. Moreover permanent speed restrictions due to LXs and speed restrictions
imposed by defective LX protection can be considered separately.
46
The ETCS SRS baseline 2.3.0 does not include unified way to inform on-board ETCS equipment
about constraints imposed by LX protection systems. Existing ETCS functions allow the railways
to pass relevant information to the ETCS on-board equipment in several ways. Unified solution is
expected to be included in ETCS SRS baseline 3.0.0.
MOVEMENT AUTHORITIES IN ETCS LEVEL 2 (3) APPLICATIONS

In case of ETCS level 2 (3) applications MAs are given by RBC using radio transmission. RBC is
preparing MAs using data collected from interlocking and block systems. In this case to minimise
fibre optic cable cuts and to minimise the length of cables data is taken from interlocking and not
from signals and points. RBC will then have all data about operational situation including the way
the points are set. This allows preparation of MAs for defined trains and defined route without
constraints imposed by trackside signalling. All speed restrictions have to be assessed if they are
required (limitations due to points, bridges, etc.) or not (imposed to ensure braking distance in
front of other speed restriction).
Long MAs and their revocation
As a result long MAs comfortable for drivers and, in exceptional cases, allowing also increase of
speed over trackside signalling limits are possible. For safety reasons they have to be based on
already set and proven routes, but in case of traffic disturbances due to continuous transmission
revocation of an MA already given is possible and parts of route far in front of the train can be
released (when revocation is confirmed) and used for different train.
Taking into consideration LXs protection systems constraints
Constraints imposed by LX protection system may be included in the ETCS data transmission
from RBCs to trains. This however requires relevant information to be available in the RBC.
That is not so problematic in case of speed restrictions which apply permanently due to LXs.
Taking into consideration constraints imposed by faulty LX protection requires data transmission
between LX protection system and RBC. Requirements in that respect are not unified and have
to be precisely defined by infrastructure manager.
STM PROFILES DEFINED ON-BOARD IN CASE OF USING STMS

In case of a line equipped with national system and ETCS on-board receiving running constraints
from national system via STM data precision is mainly limited by national system in use. This
data can be supplemented by more precise information available on-board only in some cases.
As many national systems are not including enough data to define for ETCS an STM profile
which is replacing MA and allowing the train to run in STM European mode, ETCS specification
defines also STM National mode which allows STM to supervise driving according to national
system principles using ETCS on-board components.
47
The STM technology allows less problematic migration from national systems to ETCS. Since
the transition time to pure ETCS is, due to economic constraints, expected to be used for at least
20 years, STM technology is certainly worth to be studied in detail how STM profiles can replace
MAs in case of running in an STM mode.
4.5
Braking Curves Calculation
Drivers have to apply the braking force in the way that allows stopping the train in front of the
signal showing danger or appropriate slowing down in front of a speed restriction. The moment
drivers actually start braking depends on the real conditions. The drivers take gradients and
adhesion conditions between wheel and rail into account. Therefore it can be said, that safe
braking depends first of all on drivers experience.
In addition it is important to notice, that deceleration which is assumed to be up to 1.5 m/s2 under
normal circumstances is not stable in time. It is known from tests that even small amounts of
wet leaves, for instance, reduce this value even three times. Therefore ETCS implementation
requires careful train braking curve calculation.
Braking Curves in ERTMS
The purpose of braking curves is to assure that the train remains within the given distance and
speed limits defined by the MA. The speed limit may vary along track and is defined by the Most
Restrictive Speed Profile (MRSP) taking into account all speed imposed restrictions.
Main braking curves used by ETCS are following:
Emergency brake deceleration (EBD)
Emergency brake intervention (EBI)
Service brake intervention (SBI)
Warning (W)
Permitted speed (P)
The dynamic speed monitoring is described in Subset-056 chapter 3. The purpose of the
emergency brake deceleration curve is to assure that the train will remain within the limits of the
MRSP and will not pass the EOA. The purpose of all other curves and indications is to assist the
driver in preventing an emergency brake intervention by maintaining the speed of the train within
the appropriate limits. The requirements for the braking curves are different for the following three
regions:
Ceiling speed monitoring
Target speed monitoring
Release speed monitoring
48
ceiling speed monitoring
Speed
MRSP
EOA
target speed monitoring
Supervised
Location
release speed monitoring
Distance
Fig. 11: Different types of speed monitoring
Ceiling speed monitoring is the area where the MRSP remains constant and where the
train can run with the speed as defined by the MRSP without the need to break to a
target. Target speed monitoring is the area where the train brakes to a target. Release
speed monitoring is the area close to the EoA where the train is allowed to run with
release speed to approach the EOA.
There are three specified speed margins for exceeding of the MRSP. ETCS shall give an audible
warning to the driver if the measured speed is more than a margin dV_warning higher than
the MRSP. Optionally ETCS may command the service brake if the measured speed is more
than a margin dV_sbi higher than the MRSP. ETCS shall command the emergency brake if the
measured speed is more than a margin dV_ebi higher than the speed according to the MRSP. To
optimise the performance at low speed the values of the speed margins are speed dependent.
They increase linearly from the minimum value for V = 0 km/h to the maximum value for V = 200
km/h. The minimum and maximum values of speed margins are given in the table 7.
Table 7: The maximum value is also valid for the speeds higher than 200 km/h.
Braking curve
Audible warning
Service braking
Speed margin
dV_warning
dV_sbi
V = 0 km/h
2.0 km/h
2.5 km/h
V = 200 km/h
8.0 km/h
12.5 km/h
Emergency braking
dV_ebi
2.5 km/h
12.5 km/h
Emergency braking
dV_ebi
3.0 km/h
15.0 km/h
Remarks
Optional
Service braking not
implemented
Service braking
implemented
An audible warning shall be given by ERTMS at time interval T_warning before the calculated
SBI will be passed. This interval is a reaction time for the driver to operate the full service
brake, T_react. The value for reaction time depends on train speed and the minimum value,
dT_react_min = 1 s and the maximum value dT_react_max = 2 s.
49
To calculate the exact location where the warning has to be given, a prediction of the speed
during the interval T_warning is necessary. For this prediction one of the following two options
shall be used:
current speed, which means that the speed is assumed not to change from the currently
measured value
expected deceleration
In addition to audible warning, a visual warning shall be given to the driver to indicate that the
train is approaching the moment that an audible warning will be given. The visual warning shall
increase in size from the minimum value at the starting point until the maximum value at moment
when the train passes the audible warning curve. The starting point for the increase of the visual
warning shall be a time interval T_visual before reaching the audible warning curve. To optimise
the performance at low speed T_visual shall follow the same convention as defined for T_react.
The value of T_visual has provisionally been proposed to be between minimum value of 2 s and
maximum value of 3 s.
Slippery Tracks
In order to maintain a sufficient level of safety on excessively slippery tracks there may be a need
to take reduced adhesion conditions into account in the speed dependent deceleration. The
adhesion information shall be expressed as a one bit parameter with values normal adhesion and
reduced adhesion. The default reaction of the speed supervision function in ERTMS to reduced
adhesion conditions shall be to reduce the speed dependent deceleration when calculating the
guaranteed or expected deceleration.
The onboard system may be equipped with a button to switch the adhesion factor between normal
and reduced adhesion. Reduced adhesion shall be taken into account when the driver operates
the relevant button and when the button operation is permitted by national value. Reduced
adhesion shall be taken into account when a message with start and end of the relevant section
of track is given from trackside.
ETCS Braking Curves versus Line Capacity
The parameters for braking curve calculation are set to achieve the high level of safety. They take
numerous factors into account. The disadvantage of using these parameters could be, dependent
on the line configuration (with or without lineside signals), a reduction of line capacity. This will
result from the fact that the train will have to start deceleration a bit earlier than at the run without
ERTMS (according to trackside signals). A typical example is approaching the EOA. In that case,
if programmed, the train will have to proceed with release speed, which will usually be lower
than in non-ERTMS environment, especially when the train is driven by experienced driver with
perfect route knowledge.
50
Service braking supervision is optional

For some trains it is important that service braking supervision is optional. It is because for
some existing trains emergency braking is characterised by lower deceleration rate then service
braking changing the sequence they appear on a speed / distance diagram. Additionally some
trains are not equipped with two different braking systems.
51
5.
How to design an ETCS installation
This chapter includes information about balise placement, improvement possibilities, and
managing interfaces.
5.1
Balise Positionning
Balise placement on the track is not as easy as it looks like at the first glance. The basic principles
are described in SRS Subset-026, Chapter 3. Detailed obligatory rules applying for determination
of balises positions on the track are described in Dimensioning and Engineering Rules
(Subset-040). Precise requirements regarding mounting are described in FFFIS for Eurobalise
(Subset-036). Moreover Performance Requirements for Interoperability (Subset-041) defines onboard required minimum accuracy for ETCS odometers in terms of distance, speed and time and
requires Infrastructure Managers to place balises considering those limitations.
ETCS balises are put on track in balise groups containing between one and eight balises. Balise
groups have they directionality. In relation to each balise group we define nominal and reverse
direction. In a group composed of at least two balises directionality is known from the balise
numbers in the group. For single balise groups it is determined from linking data from previous
balise group.
Engineering Rules define for instance: minimum and maximum distances between balises in
the same balise group, number of balises that can be processed per unit of time. For level 1
application Engineering Rules define for instance minimum distance between first balise in a
group and position where the train has to stop, minimum distance between balise group and EoA,
as well as minimum distance between last switchable balise and limit of train detection section.
The same document defines also ETCS on-board balise antenna mounting constraints. FFFIS
for Eurobalise defines for instance height, lateral and angular balise mounting tolerances. All
those together give ETCS trackside equipment designers number of constraints and still several
balise placement possibilities.
BALISE POSITIONING POSSIBILITIES IN LEVEL 1

The balise placement possibilities for level 1 application are limited due to level 1 balise placement
constraints imposed by Engineering Rules. Moreover in level 1 switchable balises are used
and therefore power supply cables lengths and data cables lengths have to be considered. For
economic reasons length of all cables have to be possibly short including data cables from LEUs
to switchable balises and data cables from safe data sources to LEUs. As safe data sources
we can accept interlockings, signals and point machines (which are sometimes necessary for
supplementing data taken from signals). As a result in ETCS level 1 application the way the
balise chain is put on the track is, to a large extend, predefined by the signalling system on which
ETCS superstructure is build.
52
Fig. 12: Balise Positioning Possibilities in Level 1
BALISE POSITIONING POSSIBILITIES IN LEVEL 2

In case of ETCS level 2 applications balises could be put on the track according to different
principles. One possibility is to apply the principle adopted for level 1. However this requires
balises for each signal and the tracks are in many cases bi-directional. In this case the distances
between balises differ and the absolute distance errors differ too. Second possibility is to put
balises in well-defined distances. This way seems to be quite effective for instance for the tracks
used bi-directionally as all balises are equally well placed for both directions.
Fig. 13: Balise Positioning Possibilities in Level 2
Third possibility is to put balises in the middle of track sections. This concept is also good for
bi-directional tracks, but in case of long track sections two balise groups may be required to keep
the distance between balises (as location reference points) and ends of sections (as preferred
EoA / stopping location) within acceptable absolute error limits.
USE OF SINGLE BALISE

A balise group may contain one balise. In this case passing such group as a first one the ETCS
train will not be able to define directionality of the track. But if it is a group within the balise chain
the linking information within ETCS allows quick and safe determination of directionality of the
track. As a result Infrastructure Managers can decide to use single balise groups on the lines and
groups containing at least two balises at entrances where trains enter equipped lines.
53
USE OF TRIPLE BALISES

If exploitation will show that balises are likely to malfunction a railway may decide to use three
balises in each group programmed in such a way, that all the information is stored twice but divided
between balises in such a way that lack of one balise doesnt mean lack of any information.
ODOMETER ACCURACY AND BALISE LINKING

The minimum ETCS on-board odometer accuracy presently required for distance measurement
(see Subset-041) is defined as 5 meters plus 5% of distance travelled from the last reference point.
This allows prediction of maximum absolute errors in expected stopping positions and make sure
that all interoperable trains would be able to run fluently. As a result required odometer accuracy
together with operational stopping positions can be used to prejudge balise chain thickness.
5.2
Operational Improvement Possibilities
ETCS - CONFIGURATIONS AND OPERATIONAL IMPROVEMENTS

Operational improvement during ETCS implementation largely depends on decision related to
ETCS level and configuration. As described in Chapter 3.2 level and configuration will prejudge
about centralisation and infill. This will directly influence operational possibilities in relation to
solving disturbances. We can distinguish three major types of installations looking from the point
of view of operational flexibility:
spot transmission without infill MA can be changed/revoked only when passing switchable
balise group and only in a way that is predefined by underlying signalling system
spot transmission with infill as previous type but MA change can be received by trains
over infill section
centralised signalling with RBC - MA can be changed/revoked at any moment as there is
a continuous transmission possibility and can be changed in a flexible way as far as it is
assured by the vital operational functions used by section/line dispatcher
54
Fig. 14: Spot transmission without infill
Fig. 15: Spot transmission with infill
Differences between those options are shown on a picture taking an example of signal aspect
being cleared after train passed previous signal. This is a typical situation during operational
disturbances and it precisely shows the difference between quoted spot transmission options.
Left side (spot transmission without infill) from top shows:
train approaching a stop signal
train passes signal and then signal ahead clears
train passes next signal with speed lower than release speed
train receives balise at the next signal and calculates new speed profile and may
accelerate
Right side (spot transmission with infill) from top shows:
train approaching a stop signal
train passes signal and then signal ahead clears
train enters infill section and calculates new speed profile and may continue
Third option (MAs given by RBC) is not shown on the picture as speed profile known to the train
in this case does not depend on the place on track where the train is as continues RBC-train
communication is available.
55
ETCS - MOVEMENT AUTHORITIES

Operational improvement depends also very much on a way how during engineering phase
MAs are predefined. On one side all restrictions and limitations imposed on trains by trackside
signalling may be transferred to the electronic MAs to fulfil the rules and regulations. On the
other side there is a possibility to define more appropriate limitations taking into account not
only precise locations of speed restrictions and applicability of the restrictions to different train
categories but also ensured braking to speed limits.
Some speed restrictions imposed by trackside signalling which are related for instance to switch
position have to be observed. Description of the questions related to the definition of MAs is
included in Chapter 4.4.
ETCS - IMPLEMENTATION AT STATIONS

For operational result it is extremely important to answer the question how far stations are to be
equipped with ETCS. It is of course possible to implement ETCS on main tracks only, but then
each train leaving main tracks on the station enters unequipped area. This means that on-board
equipment switches to UNFITTED mode and coming back to Full Supervision requires space
and time.
16
12
14
11
10
10
8
5
3
a
b
17
19
2
1
113
4
a
101
109
b
103
b
d
104
102
105
a
106 d
b
127
125
101
122
102
107
108
123 d
104
111
106a
105
112
c
d
b
a
103
110
126
121
11
124 c
117
106b
107
108
Fig. 16: Example station layout
Example station layout shows that equipping main tracks only will affect in many case most of the
trains passing certain stations.
Equipping more tracks at stations requires in case of level 1 more balises, LEUs and cables. In
case of level 2 it requires first of all more data in the RBC and some additional non-switchable
balises. In both cases detail consideration is necessary to find a balance between unequipped
tracks and operational constraints imposed by equipped trains using them.
ETCS - FALLBACK STRATEGIES

For railway operation it is crucial to answer how the trains will be run in case of failures affecting
normal way of running. For that purpose during preparation of the ETCS installation it is necessary
to define fallback. In case of level 2 applications it is possible to superimpose on the same line
level 1 installation as a fallback, however this is an expensive solution. The other solution is to
56
keep lineside signals and treat them as a fallback. This is a natural choice in case of using the
same line to run trains not equipped with ETCS. It is also possible to use class B system as a
fallback, but such solution would require all trains to have class B on-board equipment or STM
which is not a way to trans-European solutions. It is also possible to define for fallback purpose
appropriate rules and regulations which have to be observed in fallback situations. On one side
this last solution is not ensuring flexible and smooth operation in fallback situations but on the
other taking into account high availability of ETCS it is not to be used so frequently.
It has to be stated that ETCS uses underlying signalling which influences the availability of a
whole CCS on a given section or line and therefore fallback strategies require always careful
considerations.
5.3
Technical Improvement Possibilities
In the present development stage, ETCS is a complete train control system with advanced
functionality as it has been decided by industrial and railway partners involved in the functional
and system requirements definition. This current development stage is called the consolidation
phase. The prototype trackside and on-board equipment passed necessary tests and some pilot
installation projects are being conducted. However, this is still a living system, i.e. a number of
technical improvements seem to be possible and some of them are expected to be introduced in
the next system version. The current ETCS equipment is based on the baseline 2.3.0. It is planned
to migrate to a new baseline 3.0.0. There are efforts being made to include some of the possible
technical improvements mentioned below in this new ETCS version, which may be frozen for
several years due to the EC intentions taking into account the economical reasonability.
REDEFINITION OF OVERLAPS
Most of railways use overlaps as a part of their safety philosophy. The overlap is defined as a part
of an entrance route located after the end of the route. The overlap must not be released until the
train has stopped. Overlap implementation on the station tracks layout needs a certain space,
shorten possible track lengths and increase the time needed for a train in opposite direction
to pass the station. The ETCS functionality allows reduction of the overlaps and building the
safety philosophy on certain odometer accuracy and/or using of the infill function. Such decisions
however need to be validated by proper cost-benefit analysis.
REDEFINITION OF SPEED RESTRICTIONS

Speed restrictions are in many cases presently given by signals and apply to whole sections
between signals. This is due to limitations of the colour light trackside signalling. ETCS
implementation allows Infrastructure Managers to redefine speed restrictions precisely taking
into account actual limitations imposed e.g. by points. An example is shown below.
57
Fig. 17: Speed restriction imposed by colour

light signalling system (point 5/6)
Fig. 18: speed restriction imposed by ETCS

(point 5/6)
DIFFERENT WAYS TO INTRODUCE TSR

Temporary Speed Restrictions (TSR) can be imposed on trains by including them in speed
profiles taken into account when calculating most restrictive static speed profile. There are in
principle two ways to deal with TSRs. One is to add respective packets to existing trackside data
storage to balises in case of level 1 or to an RBC database in case of levels 2 and 3. This may
be convenient in case of RBC but may be difficult in case of level 1. Therefore infrastructure
manager may decide to have a procedure to add on a track TSR balises when necessary. Such
balises will not be included in the balise linking and therefore special precautions have to be
undertaken to ensure that such balises are not missed. The minimum is to put such balises on
the track in pairs.
USE OF STM MODULES

Before the ETCS system development, most of railways used different national ATP/ATC systems
in most cases not compatible one with another. During the migration phase from these national
class B systems to the target class A system it is possible to use class B trackside equipment and
translate its track-to-train communication using relevant STM for a certain class B system. The
idea of using STMs has been developed before first ETCS prototype installations seem to be not
effective, particularly for trains expected to pass a number of borders between areas equipped
with different class B systems. A limited space for a number of class B antennas on a traction
vehicle and a complicated interface between ETCS on-board equipment and class B STMs was
a reason of scepticism for this way of class B to class A migration. Some efforts have been done
to combine several partially compatible class B systems into one STM.
The interface K combining the ETCS interfaces for three class B systems: French KVB, Swedish
and Portuguese Ebicab and Italian RSDD, called together the KER, is an example of possible
solutions.
The current EC policy based on economical evaluations and ETCS deployment estimations
prefers pure class A implementation on selected lines rather than migration from class B systems
with STM to the target class A system on a certain area. Such approach is expected to be a faster
ETCS deployment strategy.
58
LEVEL CROSSING PROTECTION IN ETCS

The efforts of some European railway infrastructure managers brought the consensus of a LX
functions implementation for the nearest ETCS SRS version. The Functional Scenarios have
been prepared for it. The following basic scenarios have been determined:
Passing a LX in normal situation
(no impact on actual train speed and DMI indications due to LX)
Passing a LX that is protected after LX indication started on DMI
Passing a not protected LX requiring stop
Passing a not protected LX not requiring stop
If the LX is located on the line with mixed traffic, where the time between the LX equipment
activation and the train approach the LX is importantly various due to the maximum allowed
speed for different train types, it is possible to install more than one activation point and also
more than one balise transmitting the LX protection status. In such case, the first LX activation
point should be speed dependent. The first LX protection status transmitting balise should be
located in such distance from the LX, that a train with the speed lower than the first activation
point threshold should pass this balise with the speed lower than limited by the braking curve to
stop this train in front of the LX.
Most of specific LX functionality needs may be fulfilled by the combination of the proposed LX
scenarios, other ETCS functions and certain balise placement.
For example, the functionality requested by German railways to introduce a special LX status
called not enough protected when the train did not reach the LX after its activation during
certain, predicted time may be achieved by one of proposed LX scenarios and the ETCS section
time-out function.
LEVEL 1 LIMITED SUPERVISION

Following additional requirements for ETCS were proposed:
It shall be possible to provide full supervision at certain locations only, and limited supervision
at others
It shall also be possible to provide warning and train trip functions similar to the ones
provided by existing systems (AWS, Crocodile, Signum etc.), retaining the simplicity of
implementation and reducing cost for interfacing to lineside signals and data preparation
It shall also be possible to implement ETCS 1 without full cab signalling and possibly with
a reduced safety level for speed monitoring functions
L1LS is a proposed cheaper way to equip secondary lines with ETCS level 1 components.
59
L1LS will allow Infrastructure Managers to equip chosen signals instead of all and offer reduced
functionality similar to class B systems. It is expected, that all ETCS traction units will be prepared
to run on ETCS L1LS lines.
5.4
ETCS external interfaces
ETCS TRACKSIDE - EXTERNAL INTERFACES

Basic layer signalling <> LEUs / RBC
ETCS trackside assembly does not provide all signalling functions and therefore have to
co-operate with basic layer signalling systems namely interlocking, line block systems and LX
protection systems and their components to gain information about current operational situation.
This is crucial for the preparation of the ETCS MAs, which have to be based on safe data acquired
in a safe way from safe places to guarantee their correctness as they are vital for train driving
supervision.
In case of level 1 signalling data acquisition is distributed along the line and can be seen as
gaining information from basic layer signalling components like lineside signals, point machines,
track circuits, etc. or as gaining information from interlocking. This data is supplemented on LEU
level with some permanent data like distances, gradients, speed restrictions, etc. not depending
on points position.
In case of level 2 all signalling data are collected by the RBC. Also in that case operational data
are supplemented with permanent data describing infrastructure like distances, gradients, speed
restrictions, etc. In that case all that data is accumulated in RBC database.
This interface is national or local and largely depends on basic layer signalling systems in use.
Requirements in respect to this interface can be defined by infrastructure manager or left to
industrial partner responsible for ETCS implementation.
RBC <> GSM-R
On the other side in case of ETCS level 2 or 3 RBCs are interfacing GSM-R. As GSM-R is a
radio cell network composed of Base Stations, Base Stations Controllers, Network Management
Sub-system and Network Switching Sub-system comprising Mobile Switching Centre and registers
it is treated as transmission medium external to ETCS and not as internal ETCS component.
As a result ETCS SRS is only defining radio messages and their content on an application layer
while all the other requirements are defined by a number of GSM-R related documents.
60
Subset-037 is applicable to radio communication systems providing communication services for

safety-related application processes using open networks. It specifies for ETCS Class 1 the Radio
System Interoperability for message exchange between on-board and trackside equipment in
respect to safety-related application processes, like Automatic Train Control of ETCS level 2/3.
Additionally, it specifies for ETCS level 1 the optional message exchange between on-board
equipment and radio in-fill unit.
ETCS ON BOARD - EXTERNAL INTERFACES

Train <> ETCS on-board
ETCS on-board assembly is supervising the way the driver drives the train. For this purpose it
needs some additional information about status of certain rolling stock functions and devices.
For that ETCS specifications define Train Interface Unit (TIU) supporting data acquisition on train
side in six groups of variables as shown in table 8.
Letters I and O in the second column show if the variable purpose is to input and/or to output
data transmitted via TIU. This interface is described in FIS for the Train Interface Subset -034.
However it has to be stated that in reality all the details of this interface depend on rolling stock
type and have to be designed according to quoted document for each type of locomotive and
each type of fixed composition train separately. The cost of this interface is therefore largely
dependent on a number of locomotives / train units to be equipped.
Table 8: Data acquired by Train Interface Unit
Control of Train / Engine

Change of traction power
Pantograph
Air tightness / Flap control
(Air condition)
Door control
Tilting
Main switch / Circuit breaker
Traction cut off
Automatic Train Driving
Coupling Status
Cold Movement Detector
Cab Status information
Direction controller position
Cab Status (Desk status)
Vigilance action
Vigilance Disable
Vigilance Reset
Train integrity
Train integrity
O
O
O
I/O
I
O
O
O
I
I
I
I
I
O
O
Mode control functions

ETCS onboard sleeping
ETCS onboard isolation
LZB STM isolation
Indusi STM isolation
Control of brakes
Service Brake
Emergency Brake
Regenerative brake
Magnetic shoes
Eddy current brake
Brake pressure
Brake handle
Inhibit passenger emergency brake
EIRENE-Radio related functions
Train running number
Juridical recording data
Emergency button/ Radio Alert
I
I
I
I
I/O
I/O
O
O
O
I
I
I/O
I/O
I
I
61
Driver <> ETCS on-board

This interface between the on-board equipment and the driver is defined in the document
Subset-033.
GSM-R on-board <> ETCS on-board
This interface is defined by (MORANE) Radio Transmission FFFIS for EuroRadio
A11T600112.
National System <> ETCS on-board
STMs are very important for migration from national control command systems to European
ETCS standard. For first applications industrial partners offered to the railways ETCS on-board
assemblies with integrated STMs. Such solution called internal STM is not so good for companies
operating trains because of two important reasons:
First
internal STMs are offered by single companies (usually those which were producing
national system in the past) and that means no competition.
Second required internal STMs would have to be defined when ETCS on-board assembly is
ordered as adding an internal STM later on would be very difficult if not impossible. For
those reasons it was decided to define an interface for external STMs enabling each
on-board assembly to be equipped with as many as needed STMs in whatever moment
of their lifecycle. As national systems differ significantly this interface and STMs have to
comply with several documents namely: STM FFFIS Subset-035; STM FFFIS Safe
Time Layer Subset-056; STM FFFIS Safe Link Layer Subset-057 and FFFIS STM
Application Layer Subset-058 and Subset-059 Performance Requirements for STM.
The interfaces K and AK
As some national systems are using balises similar to the ETCS Eurobalises it was necessary to
define common interface for airgap AK and common interface for connecting KER STMs to onboard ETCS assembly K. Otherwise operators would have to decide for compliance with only
one of those systems, as it will be not effective and in most cases even not possible to put more
then one antenna on single locomotive. As the main differences between Eurobalise and KER
balises air-gap definition are related to signal modulation/demodulation and the bit rate, it is even
possible to combine both system antennas to single unit.
Interface AK: The air-gap interface between ETCS onboard Eurobalise antenna and Eurobalise
is called A interface. Respectively, such interface for Euroloop is called AL interface. Similarly,
the air-gap interface between the KER balises and the ETCS onboard antenna is signed as the
AK interface.
62
Interface K: The module combining the ETCS and KER air-gap transmission Eurobalise and
KER Balise Module is connected to the ETCS using the K interface and the KER STM.
5.5
ETCS Internal Interfaces
ETCS internal interfaces can be subdivided into communication over air gap and interfaces
between IC of trackside assembly and between IC of on-board assembly. Full list of interfaces
of the IC is listed in Chapter 2.5 dealing with IC. Comments regarding most important interfaces
are collected below.
In relation to IC and interfaces between them it has to be underlined that it is allowed by EU
legislation to offer to the users groups of IC without certifying separate IC namely without testing
interfaces between IC forming the group. Examples of the groups are shown in Chapter 2.4, but
new groups can be proposed by industry without any need to change legislation. This process must
be watched by end users as more groups and more complex groups mean lower exchangeability
and higher dependability on the supplier.
It has to be underlined that temporarily EU legislation accepts certification of ETCS on-board
assemblies and ETCS trackside assemblies containing non-certified IC. This is however a
temporary situation. EC declares that even if certification of IC and their groups will not be driven
by the market it will be required by law.
ETCS TRACKSIDE - INTERNAL INTERFACES

Eurobalise <> LEU
Eurobalise interface C for communication between switchable eurobalises and LEUs is defined
in FFFIS for Eurobalise Subset-036. This is however an internal interface in a group.
Euroloop <> LEU
Euroloop interface CL for communication between euroloop and LEUs is defined the document
FFFIS for Euroloop sub-system Subset-044.
Radio in-fill <> LEU/Interlocking
As radio can be used for infill purpose trackside radio in-fill equipment has to communicate with
LEU or with interlocking. Interface for such communication is described in Radio in-fill FIS with
LEU/Interlocking Subset-049.
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RBC <> RBC

Communication between neighbouring RBCs may be seen as internal or external from the point
of view of implementation projects. As a result it is important to prejudge who is responsible not
only for handing over of the trains in compliance with FIS for RBC/RBC Handover Subset-039
but also for communication between RBCs for other purpose.
ETCS ON BOARD - INTERNAL INTERFACES

These interfaces are practically not public at the moment. Looking on group proposed in TSI for
CCS for on-board assembly we find that only on-board GSM-R and external STMs are outside
which means that they can be supplied by different supplier and should work over interface
without problems. This two are treated as external for ETCS although not external for ERTMS
and are described in previous chapter.
There are some exceptions like interface for connecting DMI to on-board kernel which is defined
in FIS for Man Machine Interface Subset-033.
TRACK-TRAIN COMMUNICATION INTERFACES

Eurobalise <> Antenna (interface A)
Eurobalise interface A for communication between Eurobalises (switchable and nonswitchable) and Eurobalise on-board antenna is defined on lower layers in FFFIS for Eurobalise
Subset-036 and on application layer in ETCS SRS Subset -026.
Euroloop <> Antenna (interface AL)
Euroloop interface AL for communication between euroloop and Eurobalise on-board antenna
is defined in FFFIS AL Euroloop sub-system Subset-044, which has to be read together with
FFFIS for Euroloop sub-system Subset-043.
Interface AK
See Chapter 3.4.
Radio infill interface
Radio in-fill interface is defined on lower layers by Trackside-trainborne FIS for Radio in-fill
Subset-047 and by Radio in-fill FFFIS Subset-048 and on application layer by ETCS SRS
Subset-026.
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GSM-R
GSM-R as an ETCS transmission medium is defined by (MORANE) Radio Transmission FFFIS
for EuroRadio A11T600112, GSM-R SRS EIRENE SRS, EuroRadio FIS Subset-037 and
Key Management FIS Subset-038.
Additionally radio messages and their content are defined in ETCS SRS Subset-026 and the
requirements for GSM-R are stated in European Standard EN 310 515 Requirements for GSM
operation in railways.
5.6
Responsibility for Interfaces
External and internal interfaces are described respectively in Chapters 3.4 and 3.5. This chapter
is a separate one to show to the railways the importance of the contractual statements related
to responsibility for creating and managing the interfaces. This statement is not only applicable
to external interfaces but also to internal ones especially if system components are supplied by
different industrial partners.
ETCS specifications belong to public domain and are in use by different signalling companies.
This creates for the common control command system (ETCS) a market on which railways can
gain on competition between suppliers. Those suppliers in certain cases will install ETCS on
neighbouring lines or stations and in other cases will supply components to be used within one
control command installation. In both cases all those components have to co-operate.
It is very important for the end users to be sure that responsibility for all interfaces is precisely
defined in Terms of Reference for the projects. This is the only way to ensure inclusion of
associated works in the offers and consequently in the contracts.
65
6.
Preparation for the Call for offer
6.1
Preparation of documentation for ETCS installation
There is no single way according to which the documents for ETCS installations are to be prepared.
However it is possible to point out a number of data to be included in such documentation.
ETCS level 1 installation documentation should define:
places where balise groups will be mounted on track
which balises are permanent, which are switchable
places where LEUs will be mounted trackside
permanent data to be transmitted by those balise groups including full balise group identity
number
list of packets to be transmitted as permanent data like national variables packet, linking
packet, gradient profile, , as well as content of those packets
list of packets to be transmitted as variable data like MAs, , linking, gradient
connections between LEUs on one side and interlocking, line block systems, LX protection
systems, lineside signals, point machines on the other side (covering all vital data to be
acquired from basic layer signalling systems)
documentation for each LEU defining relationship between data acquired from basic layer
signalling systems and content of the variable data packets to be transmitted by connected
balises
infill devices and infill packets to be transmitted
ETCS level 2/3 installation documentation should define:
places where permanent balise groups will be mounted on track
permanent data to be transmitted by those balise groups including full balise group identity
number
list of packets to be transmitted as permanent data per balise group like national variables,
, as well as content of those packets
autonomous balises and their LEUs connected to LX protection systems
connections between RBC on one side and interlocking, line block systems, LX protection
systems on the other side
RBC databases e.g. describing possible train routes
66
Rules for creating MAs on the basis of data in RBC databases and data acquired from
basic layer signalling systems
GSM-R installation documentation
As data for RBC databases are crucial for safe and reliable future operation of ETCS level 2
installations as well as LEUs databases are crucial for safe and reliable future operation of ETCS
level 1 it is suggested to define precisely where these data are coming from and how these data
are verified. RBCs and LEUs databases can be filled in with data by industrial partners or by
railway workers. In both situations railway infrastructure manager must define both source of
data and verification procedure pointing verification method and source of data for verification.
Installed ETCS components have to be put into service according to the rules applicable to
interoperable sub-systems. Because of that it is suggested to agree as early as possible with
national safety authority involvement of a NB which will be involved in the preparation of the
documents for putting into service.
67
7.
ETCS installation and staff training
ETCS installation is performed by industrial partners; however railway staff has to be involved
from a very beginning to ensure:
access to area restricted for railway staff only
proper management of operational disturbances
railway staff involvement in putting into service
Dedicated common groups comprising industrial and railway staff are suggested as being able to
solve most of the installation and putting into service questions.
It has to be stated that putting into service involves also a NB and a national safety authority. The
role of the NB is described in the TSI CCS. It is responsible for conformity assessment which has
to be done according to the conformity modules chosen by awarding authority in compliance with
the CCS TSI in force. The national safety authority must ensure proper checking of technical and
operational interconnections with components which are not unified on a European level as well
as verification of completeness of conformity assessment performed by NB.
Extensive railway staff training has to take place before putting ETCS into service. Training has
to cover operational and maintenance staff as well as deeply trained system specialists.
68
8. Extract of ETCS / GSM-R worldwide implementations

ETCS
ETCS is being deployed nationally on specific routes, as a first step to aligning with other national
plans along specific international corridors, in accordance with the European MoU six-corridor
strategy.
From the infrastructure point of view, - in 2007 about 2,000 km of lines are in commercial
operation in ETCS lev.1 and lev.2 configuration and about 28,000 km are contracted or planned
in the next 10 years.
From the rolling stock point of view, about 850 units are in commercial operation on the ETCS
network, about 280 are going to be purchased and 480 retrofitted.
If we refer to a European railway network of about 221,000 km (29 countries), we have today
about 1% of network with ETCS in commercial operation and about 13% of network contracted
or planned in the next 10 years.
If we refer to the ETCS-Net of about 38,000 km we have today about 5% of network with ETCS
in commercial operation and about 74% of network contracted or planned in the next 10 years.
GSM-R
GSM-R has been generally deployed on a national basis, in many cases, to replace the old
analogue systems and it will also be used to bear the ETCS data in the level 2 and 3 applications,
when ETCS is deployed.
2007 is an important year for GSM-R in Europe, with the first case of full migration by a railway
administration: ProRail (The Netherlands). 1st January 2007 is the starting date for switching off
TELERAIL, the old analogue network.
By the end of 2007 four more administrations will have migrated, or taken the first step towards
migration: Italy, Germany, Norway and Sweden.
In Europe, where the total railway network taken into account is about 221,000 km, GSM-R
coverage is planned on about 150,000 km about 68%.
On 1st Sept. 2007, the network comprised about 60,500 km equipped with GSM-R infrastructure,
of which about 41,000 is operational.
69
OSLO
KOBENHAVN
BERLIN
LONDON
WARSZAWA
ROTTERDAM
BRUXELLES
LUXEMBOURG
PRAHA
WIEN
PARIS
BUDAPEST
BERN
NOVARA
BUCURESTI
TORINO
ROMA
NAPOLI
MADRID
LISBOA
CORDOBA
ATHENS
MALAGA
Fig. 19: ETCS commercial operation in EUROPE
70
Table 9: ETCS European implementations
Country name
Austria
France
Germany
Hungary
Hungary
Italy
Italy
Luxembourg
Luxembourg
Romania
Spain
Spain
Spain
Switzerland
Switzerland
The Netherlands
Line
Wien to Hungarian
border section Hegyesschalom
Paris - Strasbourg HSL
Berlin - Halle/Leipzig
Hodos - Zalacsb-S.
(Vienna -) Hegyeshalom - Budapest
Torino-Novara
Roma-Napoli
Luxembourg Bettembourg
(Luxembourg - Bettembourg - Berchem)
Ettelbruck - Luxembourg
(Luxembourg - Dommeldange, Lorentzweiler,
Mersch, Cruchten Ettelbruck)
Bucharest - Campina
Madrid Lrida
Almdvar del Rio (west of Crdoba) Antequera/Santa Ana
Lrida - Roda de Bar (near Tarragona)
Lstchberg base tunnel between Frutigen Visp (Bern - Brig)
Mattstetten Rothrist (Olten - Berne)
Betuwe Line Rotterdam - Zevenaar
Section
length (km)
ETCS
Level
67
300
135
23
190
90
200
2
2
1
1
2
2
11
40
92
480
1
1
100
91
35
45
110
2
2
71
9.
Full list of ETCS documents
In reference to the commission decision of 6 March 2007 modifying Annex A to Decision

2006/679/EC concerning the TSI relating to the CCS sub-system of the trans-European CR
system and Annex A to Decision 2006/860/EC concerning the TSI relating to the CCS subsystem of the trans-European HS rail system, the list of reference documents is the following
All reference documents can be found via ERA website.
9.1 List of mandatory specifications in Annex A of the CCS TSI

Index
Reference
Number
1
UIC ETCS FRS
72
Document Name
Version
ERTMS/ETCS FRS
4.29
99E 5362
ERTMS/ETCS Functional Statements
2.0.0
UNISIG SUBSET-023
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations
2.0.0
UNISIG SUBSET-026
SRS
2.3.0
UNISIG SUBSET-027
FFFIS Juridical Recorder-Downloading

Tool
2.2.9
UNISIG SUBSET-033
FIS for Man-Machine Interface
2.0.0
UNISIG SUBSET-034
FIS for the Train Interface
2.0.0
UNISIG SUBSET-035
STM FFFIS02
2.1.1
UNISIG SUBSET-036
FFFIS for Eurobalise
2.3.0
10
UNISIG SUBSET-037
Euroradio FIS
2.3.0
11
Reserved 05E537
Off line key management FIS
12
UNISIG SUBSET-039
FIS for the RBC/RBC Handover
2.1.2
13
UNISIG SUBSET-040
Dimensioning and Engineering rules
2.0.0
14
UNISIG SUBSET-041
Performance Requirements for

Interoperability
2.1.0
15
UNISIG SUBSET-108
Interoperability-related consolidation on
TSI annex A documents
(mainly SUBSET-026 v2.2.2)
1.1.0
16
UNISIG SUBSET-044
FFFIS for Euroloop sub-system
2.2.0*
17
Intentionally Deleted
18
UNISIG SUBSET-046
Radio In-fill FFFS
2.0.0
19
UNISIG SUBSET-047
Track-side-Trainborne FIS for Radio In-Fill
2.0.0
20
UNISIG SUBSET-048
Trainborne FFFIS for Radio In-Fill
2.0.0
21
UNISIG SUBSET-049
Radio In-fill FIS with LEU/Interlocking
2.0.0
22
Intentionally deleted
23
UNISIG SUBSET-054
Assignment of Values to ETCS variables
2.0.0
24
25
UNISIG SUBSET-056
STM FFFIS Safe Time Layer
2.2.0
26
UNISIG SUBSET-057
STM FFFIS Safe Link Layer
2.2.0
Index
Number
Reference
Document Name
Version
27
UNISIG SUBSET-091
Safety Requirements for the Technical

Interoperability of ETCS in Levels 1 & 2
28
Reserved
Reliability Availability Requirements
29
UNISIG SUBSET-102
Test specification for Interface k
1.0.0
30
31
UNISIG SUBSET-094
Functional Requirements for an On-board

Reference Test Facility
2.0.0
32
EIRENE FRS
GSM-R FRS
33
EIRENE SRS
GSM-R SRS
15
34
A11T6001 12
(MORANE) Radio Transmission FFFIS for

EuroRadio
12
35
ECC/DC(02)05
ECC Decision of 5 July 2002 on the

designation and availability of frequency
bands for railway purposes in the 876-880
and 921-925 MHz bands.
36a
36b
36c
UNISIG SUBSET-074-2
37a
37b
2.2.11
FFFIS STM Test cases document
1.0.0
UNISIG SUBSET-0765-2
Test cases related to features
2.2.2
37c
Test sequences
2.0.0
37d
UNISIG SUBSET-076-7
Scope of the test specifications
1.0.0
37e
38
06E068
ETCS Marker boards definition
1.0
39
UNISIG SUBSET-092-1
ERTMS EuroRadio Conformance

Requirements
2.2.5
40
UNISIG SUBSET-092-2
ERTMS EuroRadio Test cases Safety

Layer
2.2.5
41
Reserved
UNISIG SUBSET 028
42
43
UNISIG SUBSET 085
Test Specification for Eurobalise FFFIS
44
Reserved
Odometry FIS
45
UNISIG SUBSET-101
Interface K Specification
1.0.0
46
UNISIG SUBSET-100
Interface G specification
1.0.1
47
48
Reserved
Test specification for mobile equipment

GSM-R
49
UNISIG SUBSET-059
Performance requirements for STM
50
Reserved
Test specification for EUROLOOP
51
Reserved
UNISIG
52
UNISIG SUBSET-058
FFFIS STM Application Layer
JRU Test Specification

2.1.2
2.1.1
Ergonomic aspects of
the DMI
2.1.1
73
Index
Number
Reference
53
Reserved
54
55
Reserved
Document Name
AEIF-ETCS-Variables-Manual
Version
AEIF-ETCS-VariablesManual
Juridical recorder baseline requirements

ERTMS Key
Management
Conformance
Requirements
56
Reserved
05E538
57
Reserved
UNISIG SUBSET-107
Requirements on
pre-fitting of ERTMS
on-board equipment
58
Reserved
UNISIG SUBSET-097
Requirements for
RBC-RBC Safe
Communication
Interface
59
Reserved
UNISIG SUBSET-105
Requirements on prefitting of ERTMS track

side equipment
60
Reserved
UNISIG SUBSET-104
ETCS version
management
61
Reserved
GSM-R version management
62
Reserved
UNISIG SUBSET-099
RBC-RBC Test
specification for
Safe Communication
Interface
63
Reserved
UNISIG SUBSET-098
RBC-RBC Safe
Communication
Interface
9.2 List of mandatory EN standards in Annex A of the CCS TSI

Index
Number
Reference
A1
EN 50126
Railway applications The specification and demonstration of

reliability, availability, maintainability and safety (RAMS)
1999
A2
EN 50128
Railway applications Communication, signalling and processing

systems Software for railway control and protection systems
2001
A3
EN 50129
Railway applications Communication, signalling and processing

systems Safety related electronic systems for signalling
2003
A4
EN 50125-1
Railway applications Environmental conditions for equipment

Part 1: equipment on board rolling stock
1999
74
Document Name
Version
A5
EN 50125-3
Railway applications Environmental conditions for equipment

Part 3: equipment for signalling and telecommunications
2003
A6
EN 50121-3-2
Railway applications Electromagnetic compatibility - Part 3-2:

Rolling stock Apparatus
2000
A7
EN 50121-4
Railway applications - Electromagnetic compatibility - Part 4:

Emission and immunity of the signalling and telecommunications
apparatus
2000
A8
EN 50238
Railway applications Compatibility between rolling stock and

train detection systems
2003
9.3 List of informative specifications in Annex A of the CCS TSI

Index
Number
Reference
Document Name
Version
Type
B1
EEIG 02S126
RAM requirements (chapter 2 only)
2
(index 28)
B2
EEIG 97S066
2
(index A5)
B3
UNISIG SUBSET-074-1
Methodology for testing FFFIS STM
1.0.0
2
(index 36)
B4
EEIG 97E267
ODOMETER FFFIS
1
(index 44)
B5
O_2475
ERTMS GSM-R QoS Test Specification
1.0.0
B6
UNISIG SUBSET-038
Off-line Key Management FIS
2.1.9
1
(index 11)
B7
Reserved
UNISIG SUBSET-074-3
FFFIS STM test specification traceability of

test cases with STM FFFIS
1.0.0
2
(index 36)
B8
UNISIG SUBSET-074-4
FFFIS STM Test Specification Traceability

of testing the packets specified in the FFFIS
STM Application Layer
1.0.0
2
(index 36)
B9
UNISIG SUBSET-076-0
ERTMS/ETCS Class 1, Test plan
2.2.3
2
(index 37)
B10
UNISIG SUBSET-076-2
Methodology to prepare features
2.2.1
2
(index 37)
B11
UNISIG SUBSET-076-3
Methodology of testing
2.2.1
2
(index 37)
B12
Test sequence generation: Methodology

and Rules
1.0.0
2
(index 37)
B13
ERTMS ETCS Class 1 States for Test

Sequences
1.0.0
2
(index 37)
B14
On-Board Data Dictionary
2.2.0
2
(index 37)
B15
SRS v.2.2.2 Traceability
2.2.2
2
(index 37)
75
Index
Number
Document Name
Version
Type
B16
UNISIG test data base
2.2.2
2
(index 37)
B17
Test Cases Coverage
2.0.0
2
(index 37)
B18
B19
UNISIG SUBSET-077
UNISIG Causal Analysis Process
2.2.2
2
(index 27)
B20
UNISIG SUBSET-078
RBC interface: Failure modes and effects

analysis
2.2.2
2
(index 27)
B21
UNISIG SUBSET-079
MMI: Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
2.2.2
2
(index 27)
B22
UNISIG SUBSET-080
TIU: Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
2.2.2
2
(index 27)
B23
UNISIG SUBSET-081
Transmission system: Failure Modes and

Effects Analysis
2.2.2
2
(index 27)
B24
UNISIG SUBSET-088
ETCS Application Levels 1&2 -Safety

Analysis
2.2.10
2
(index 27)
TS50459-1
Railway applications -European Rail

Traffic Management System - DMI part 1
- Ergonomic principles of ERTMS/ETCS/
GSM-R Information
2005
2
(index 51)
TS50459-2

Traffic Management System - DMI part 2 Ergonomic arrangements of ERTMS/ETCS
Information
2005
2
(index 51)
B27
TS50459-3

Traffic Management System - DMI part 3 Ergonomic arrangements of ERTMS/GSMR Information
2005
2
(index 51)
B28
TS50459-4
Railway applications -European Rail Traffic

Management System - DMI part 4 - Data
Entry Procedure
2005
2
(index 51)
B29
TS50459-5

Traffic Management System - DMI part 5
Symbols
2005
2
(index 51)
B30
TS50459-6

Management System - DMI part 6 - Audible
Information
2005
2
(index 51)
B31
EN-50XXX

Management System - DMI part 7 - STMs
2005
2
(index 51)
B32
Reserved
Guideline for references
B33
EN 310515
Global System for Mobile communication

(GSM); Requirements for GSM operation in
railways
B34
05E466
Operational DMI information
B35
Reserved
UNISIG SUBSET-069
ERTMS Key Management Conformance

Requirements
B25
B26
76
Reference
None
2.1.0
1
1
(index 51)
1
(index 56)
Index
Number
Reference
Document Name
Version
Type
None
(index
B37)
B36
04E117
ETCS/GSM-R Quality of Service user

requirements - Operational Analysis
B37
UNISIG SUBSET-093
GSM-R Interfaces Class 1 requirements
2.3.0
1
(index 32,
33)
B38
UNISIG SUBSET-107A
Requirements on pre-fitting of ERTMS onboard equipment
1.0.0
2
(index 57)
B39
ERTMS ETCS Class 1 Feature List
2.2.2
2
(index 37)
B40
Test Sequences Evaluation and Validation
1.0.0
2
(index 37)
B41
Generic train data for test Sequences
1.0.0
2
(index 37)
B42
Test Sequence Viewer (TSV)
2.10
2
(index 37)
B43
04E083
Safety Requirements and Requirements to

Safety Analysis for Interoperability for the
CCS Sub-System
1.0
04E084
Justification Report for the Safety

Requirements and Requirements to Safety
Analysis for Interoperability for the CCS
Sub-System.
1.0
2
(index
B43)
B44
Note:
Type 1 specifications represent the current state of the work for the preparation of a
mandatory specification still reserved
Type 2 specifications give additional information, justifying the requirements in mandatory
specifications and providing help for their application.
Index B32 is intended to ensure unique references in the Annex A documents. As this is used for
editorial purposes and to support future changes of documents referred only, it is not classified
as a Type and not linked to a mandatory Annex A document.
77
10. Abbreviations
This chapter contains only limited number of abbreviations which are helpful to understand ETCS
system and especially ETCS Handbook. There is no intention to create new or additional glossary
of terms and abbreviations especially as readers can find description of abbreviations and terms
already in two mandatory documents.
For the terms and abbreviations used in SRS and other documents supporting SRS please look
into Subset-023 Glossary of terms and abbreviations.
Table 10: Chosen abbreviations Supplemented with a links to ETCS SRS
ASP
Axle Load speed Profile
SRS chapter 3.11.4
CS
Ceiling Speer
SRS chapter 3.13.5
EBI
Emergency Brake Intervention limit
SRS chapter 3.13.4.7
EOA
End of Movement Authority
SRS chapter 3.8.1.1
LOA
Limit of Movement Authority
SRS chapter 3.8.1.1
MA
Movement Authority
SRS chapter 3.8
MRSP
Most Restrictive Speed Profile
SRS chapter 3.11.9
RAP
Roll Away Protection
SRS chapter 3.14.2
RMP
Reverse Movement Protection
SRS chapter 3.14.3
RS
Release Speed
SRS chapter 3.13.7
SBI
Service Brake Intervention limit
SRS chapter 3.13.4.6
SSP
Static Speed Profile
SRS chapter 3.11.3
TSR
Temporary Speed Restriction
SRS chapter 3.11.5
CCS
Control Command and Signalling
CR
Conventional Railway
DMI
Driver Machine Interface
ERA
European Railway Agency
ERTMS
European Railway Traffic Management System
ETCS
European Train Control System
FFFIS
Form Fit Functional Specifications
FIS
Functional Interface Specifications
FRS
Functional Requirements Specifications
GSM-R
Global System for Mobile communication - Rail
HS
High Speed
78
IC
Interoperability Constituents
LEU
Lineside Electronic Units
LX
Level Crossing
NB
Notified Body
RBC
Radio Block Centre
SRS
System Requirement Specifications
STM
Specific Transmission Module
TSI
Technical Specification for Interoperability
UIC
International Union of Railways
79
ETF
EDITIONS TECHNIQUES FERROVIAIRES
RAILWAY TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - EISENBAHNTECHNISCHE PUBLIKATIONEN
16 rue Jean Rey - F 75015 PARIS
http://www.uic.asso.fr/etf/
Layout - ETF: Claire Liger

Printed by
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May 2008
Dpt lgal May 2008
ISBN 2-7461-1499-2 (English version)

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ETCS Implementation Handbook

Version number and date

Ver. 2.1 dated 15 May 2008

Basic EU Legislation Steps ............................................................................ 3

3. Overview of ETCS functionality .............................................................................19

ETCS - Implementation Strategies .............................................................. 34

5. How to design an ETCS installation ......................................................................52

Balise Positionning ........................................................................................ 52

6. Preparation for the Call for offer ............................................................................66

8. Extract of ETCS worldwide implementations .......................................................69

Fig. 1: Modularity of the ETCS system equipment ...................................................... 6

ETCS Implementation Handbook

Basic EU Legislation Steps

1 Class A: The unified, interoperable Control-Command system.

ETCS Implementation Handbook

Overview of ERTMS Technical Documents

ETCS - Infrastructure and Rolling Stock Registers

ETCS Implementation Handbook

ETCS - Interoperability Constituents

Fig. 1: Modularity of the ETCS system equipment

BASIC INTEROPERABILITY CONSTITUENTS OF ON-BOARD ASSEMBLY

ETCS Implementation Handbook

Physical environmental conditions

Safety Platform On-board:

Safety Information Recorder:

BASIC INTEROPERABILITY CONSTITUENTS OF TRACKSIDE ASSEMBLY

ETCS Implementation Handbook

Key management system

Radio In-fill Unit:

Safety Platform track-side:

ETCS Implementation Handbook

GROUPING INTEROPERABILITY CONSTITUENTS OF CCS ASSEMBLY

INTEROPERABILITY CONSTITUENT GROUP OF ETCS ON-BOARD ASSEMBLY

INTEROPERABILITY CONSTITUENT GROUP OF ETCS TRACKSIDE ASSEMBLY:

Safety Platform Trackside. Euroloop. LEU Euroloop:

ETCS Implementation Handbook

ETCS ETCS ETCS ETCS Onb o a rd :

Fig. 2: Example of the ETCS On-board Assembly interoperability constituents group

Fig.3: Examples of the ETCS Trackside Assembly interoperability constituent groups

ASSESSMENT OF CONFORMITY OF CONSTITUENTS AND VERIFICATION

This resolution establishes the following principles:

ETCS Implementation Handbook

Principles of Full quality assurance with design examination (Module H2)

ETCS Implementation Handbook

3. Overview of ETCS functionality

Main ETCS Features

IMPROVED SAFETY PRECISE RUNNING LIMITS GIVEN BY MOVEMENT AUTHORITIES

IMPROVED SAFETY SUPERVISION OF TRAIN DRIVING

ETCS Implementation Handbook

Fig. 4: Relationship between different braking curves (braking to target)

HIGHER PERFORMANCE INCREASING SPEED AND CAPACITY

INTEROPERABILITY CAPABILITY TO OPERATE IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

ETCS Application Levels and Configurations

ETCS LEVELS FOR TRACTION UNITS

ETCS Implementation Handbook

Level 2 ETCS on-board