A Experiment Method of Wireless Power Transfer For Charging Devices
A Experiment Method of Wireless Power Transfer For Charging Devices
A Experiment Method of Wireless Power Transfer For Charging Devices
2016
American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER)
e-ISSN: 2320-0847 p-ISSN : 2320-0936
Volume-5, Issue-11, pp-110-123
www.ajer.org
Research Paper
Open Access
ABSTRACT : Wireless Power Transfer Technology would be applied in the charging devices. For example
Electric Vehicles. Due to the global warming is very serious, the fossil fuels are dwindling. For this situation, it
can use the battery to operate the cars, we are looking for some of the renewable energy. Therefore, the electric
vehicles technology and skill are most popularity and mature. Many people have replaced to an electric vehicle,
although the cost more expensive than the petrol vehicle, to reduce the use of fossil fuels are worth. Since the
electric vehicle supporting is not much, especially for the electric vehicle chargers. Government and
manufacture not enough information & details of the electric vehicle, it is difficult to see the charger facility
which locates at the public area or parking, therefore cause inconvenient. This technology is taken widespread
to use of an electric vehicle. For this project separate in two stages, the first stage to find out the relationship of
frequency(f), capacitance(C) and inductance(L) by the much lab experiment and calculation. In stage two,
develop a hardware model to deliver the wireless power transfer system can be recharged for mobile phone and
model car wirelessly and find out the better combination and method through comparing a different kind of coil
density and distance.
Keywords: Wireless Power Transfer Technology, Electric Vehicles, Frequency, Capacitance, Inductance.
I.
INTRODUCTION
The Traditional vehicle relies on natural resources such as diesel or gasoline through engine
combustion to generate required power to keep the vehicle running on the road. However, as we all known, the
by-product from engineer combustion is green-house-gas (GHG). GHG emission is one of the main causes of
globe warming. Nowadays, reduction in GHG emissions is the main topic in many countries. Some countries
require the vehicle must be zero-emission, thus many vehicle manufacturers to develop the electric vehicle
(EV), [1] one the most famous EV manufacturers is Tesla.
However, same as a traditional vehicle, after running several hundred kilometers, an EV required refill
battery recharge. Two commonly use battery recharging methods are either conductive wiring or fixed spot
high frequency resonant wireless charging system. Unfortunately, neither method can fully re-charge the battery
within few minutes. For busy city life and some business services which required hit on the road all day long,
EV might not be the best choice.
In order to respond the rising trend of the use of EV, research and developed a mass and flexible
battery recharge system is necessary. One of the choices is wireless power transfer (WPT) system. Wireless
power transfer technology is no physical connection between the vehicle and charging the device. Compare with
the traditional conductive method, wireless power transfer can reduce the inconvenience and hazard. The initial
objective of this paper is instead of using the power cord to charge EV, this paper will go for WPT technology
while maintaining a comparable power level and efficiency. The ultimate target is to develop a dynamic system
to power the moving vehicles on the road. It will extend the driving range [2].
Nissan and Chevrolet have developed wireless charging system incorporation with Evertran for their
EV models, the Nissan LEAF and Chevrolet Volt, [3] the power volume of those models can only
support200km to 250 km movement. It means that they need to be re-charged after they are moved around
200km to 250km [4]. Also,the charging time is at least 4 hrs. Since people rhythm of life becomes rapidly, the
charging time and driving range is needed to be enhanced. Thus, wireless power transfer technology trends will
be introduced.
Our topic is about wireless charging system. It can be found in internet, library and Car catalog.
Previous work has shown that how to select proper coils and components to maintain the high frequency suit the
working conditions for charging.
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The paper Author to discuss the battery charging use resonance inductive coupling methodology, the
charging time is too shortly, it should provide more powerful energy to operate for EV and showing the
improvement of the size of the batteries and the power efficiency over a longer distance.
They use a MATLAB to simulate the figure to show the actual situation. This MATLAB can tune the frequency
and the size of the battery which is suitable for EV[5].
The paper Author to discuss the advantage and disadvantage of the inductive charging system and the result to
show the details are below [6].
Advantage:
1)Tackle range anxiety, 2)Easy to use, 3)Safe (no cable), 4) Lower risk vandalism, 5) Landscape preservation
Disadvantage:
1) High Cost, 2) Lower energy efficiency, 3)EMI (safety)
There are a lot of articles to discuss wireless charging system. Authors have common acceptance that
the EV is useful to the world. It can reduce the GHG emissions and avoid the global warming. Thus, this
dissertation will carry out the WPT system to prove the inductive coupling methodology can charge the battery
continuously to increase EV driving range.
II.
The According to [7],wireless power transfer system includes the three major parts, power supply,
transmission parts and loading parts , the power supply includes power input port and bridge rectifier, the
transmission parts include transmission coil and receiver coil.
Figure.2.2.2TheLayout Drawing to use wireless power system for charging on the road [10]
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The Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) for ElectricVehicles (EVs)Present and Future Trends. To
explain the Dynamic WPT for EV Charging can be charged continuously while in motion and solve the battery
problem with unlimited driving range [11].
III.
In this section, a two coil wireless power transfer system will be used to conduct two experiments. In
experiment 1, two different physical sizes of copper coils will be tested. In experiment 2, two same physical
sizes of copper coils will be tested. Through varying, the resonance frequency, changing of the electrical
characteristic will be observed and record for further analysis.
3.1 Experiment 1(The size of different coil)
3.1.1 Copper Coils Physical Characteristic
In Table 3, it states the physical characteristic of both transmitter and receiver coils.
Transmitter Coil
Receiver Coil
No-nos. of turns
5 turns
14 turns
Conductor width
0.1mm
0.05mm
Dimension
200mm x 1mm
52mm x 1mm
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2MHz
7.38
5.37
3MHz
9
6.63
4MHz
10.4
7.6
5MHz
11.67
8.5
10MHz
16.5
12
Table 3.2: Relationship between System Operation Frequency and Coil Resistance
Table 3.3 Relationship between System Operation Frequency and Coil Resistance
3.1.4 Study on the relationship between the size of the capacitor and resonance frequency
In order to the build a proper resonance wireless power transfer system, properly size the size of the capacitor is
very important. Through calculation, L= [(2r)2n2] / (H + 0.9r), we can determine how much inductance we need
for both transmitter and receiving coil.
Transmitter Coil
Receiver Coil
No-nos. of turns
5 turns
14 turns
Conductor width
0.1mm
0.05mm
Dimension
200mm x 1mm
52mm x 1mm
Inductance
2.2uH
4.5uH
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Through calculations, the inductance of the transmitter coil is 2.2uH and the receiver coil is 4.5uH respectively.
Once the inductance has been obtained, the size of the capacitor can be calculated in order to generate different
resonance frequency.
The formula of C= 1 / (w) 2Lcan be used to find the size of capacitor required to generate desired
resonance frequency. In Table 3.5, the calculation was performed. The size of capacitor requires for both
transmitter and receiving coil under different resonance frequency was listed.
Transmitter Coil L=2.2uH,Receiver Coil L=4.5uH (Calculated value through Table 6)
Frequency
C1
C2
2MHz
2.9 x10 -16F
1.4 x 10-16F
3MHz
1.2 x 10-16F
6.2 x 10-17F
4MHz
7.2 x 10-17F
3.5 x 10-17F
5MHz
4.6 x 10-17F
2.2 x 10-17F
10MHz
1.1 x 10-17F
5.6 x 10-18F
1cm
2cm
3cm
4cm
5cm
6cm
7cm
8cm
9cm
10cm
11cm
12cm
13cm
V2 (peak)
I2 (peak)
(%)
6
0.5
75
3
0.48
36
2.6
0.48
31.2
2.8
0.45
31.5
2.8
0.44
30.8
2.2
0.41
22.5
1.8
0.4
18
1.6
0.4
16
1.4
0.38
13.3
1.3
0.37
12
1.25
0.37
11.5
1.2
0.35
10.5
1.19
0.35
10.4
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No-nos. of turns
3 turns
3turns
Conductor width
1.3mm
1.3mm
Dimension
150mm x 1.3mm
150mm x 1.3mm
2MHz
0.072
0.072
3MHz
0.088
0.088
4MHz
0.1
0.1
5MHz
0.11
0.11
10MHz
0.16
0.16
Table 3.9 Relationship between System Operation Frequency and Coil Resistance
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Table 3.10 Relationship between System Operation Frequency and Coil Resistance
3.2.4 Study on the relationship between the size of the capacitor and resonance frequency
Same as experiment 1, through calculation, L= [(2r)2n2] / (H + 0.9r), we can determine how much inductance
we need for both transmitter and receiving coil. In Table 3.11, require inductance for both transmitter and
receiving coil was calculated.
Transmitter Coil
Receiver Coil
No-nos. of turns
3 turns
3 turns
Conductor width
1.3mm
1.3mm
Dimension
150mmx 1.3mm
150mmx 1.3mm
Inductance
2uH
2uH
2MHz
1.2 x 10-18F
1.2 x 10-18F
3MHz
5.5 x 10-19F
5.5 x 10-19F
4MHz
3 x 10-19F
3 x 10-19F
5MHz
1.9 x 10-19F
1.9 x 10-19F
10MHz
2 x 10-9F
2 x 10-9F
1cm
2cm
3cm
4cm
5cm
6cm
7cm
8cm
9cm
10cm
11cm
12cm
13cm
V2 (peak)
I2 (peak)
(%)
10
0.3
80
13.5
0.2
67.5
14
0.2
70
14.2
0.21
74.55
14.2
0.2
71
14.1
0.17
59.9
14.1
0.15
49.3
14
0.14
49
13.3
0.14
46.5
11.2
0.13
36.4
11
0.11
30.2
9.5
0.1
23.75
8
0.09
18
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IV.
This chapter will be divided into three parts. First, further study on coil size in related to wireless power
transmission capability. Second, demonstrate the capability of wireless power transmission of the finished
product. Third, compare the charging capability of two proposed two coil wireless charging systems.
4.1 Further Study on Coil Size In Related To Total Power Transmission Capability
In order to conduct further analysis, three different sizes of the copper coil were built. Their physical
characteristic as indicated in Table 4.1 below.
Type
A
B
C
Diameter
10cm
5cm
15cm
Turns
8
8
10
Copper Thickness
1mm
1mm
1mm
With those three different sizes of the coil, a total of five different combinations of power transmission
arrangements methods was tested and the result was observed and recorded in Table 4.2 indicated in below
respectively.
Transmitter
A
A
B
B
C
Receiver
A
B
B
A
C
5cm
24V
4V
8V
3V
26V
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Table 4.3 The result of Comparison with the different coil to 4 situations
Based on the experiment test result, a conclusion can be drawn.
1. Same size of transmitter and receiving coils are having better wireless power transmission capability.
(Compare the result with Coil A-A, A-B, B-B, B-A & C-C)
2. Bigger in coil diameter has better power transfer capability. (Compare the result with Coil A-A, B-B)
3. Coils with bigger coil diameter and turns have better power transfer capability. (Compare the result with
Coil A-A, B-B & C-C)
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This chapter will consolidate the data observed from chapter 4 & 5 to make a summary. A detail
discussion and analysis will be made at the end of this chapter. This chapter will focus on three major study
areas. First, the wireless charging abilities. Second, comparison of the coil transmission abilities due to their
construction characteristic. Third, comment on the construction and select which dynamic WPT system shall be
proposed for the use on roads and highways.
Transmitter Coil
Receiver Coil
Conductor wire
1.3mm
1.3mm
Dimension
130mm (D) x 3.9mm (H)
130mm (D) x 3.9mm(H)
R1
R2
L1
L2
C1
C2
2MHz
measure
27m
30m
0.36uH
1.1uH
10nF
5.75nF
2MHz
Cal
29m
59m
0.38uH
1.29uH
16.6nF
4.9nF
4MHz
measure
38m
70m
0.33uH
1.15uH
4.79nF
1.37nF
4MHz
Cal
41m
83m
0.38uH
1.29uH
4.16nF
1.22nF
6MHz
measure
55m
95m
0.33uH
1.08uH
2.13nF
651pF
6MHz
Cal
51m
102m
0.38uH
1.28uH
1.85nF
549pF
10MHz
measure
70m
143m
0.3uH
1.05uH
844pF
214pF
10MHz
Cal
66m
132m
0.36uH
1.28uH
703pF
197pF
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1cm
4.6
30m
23
2cm
4.3
25m
18
3cm
4.1
22m
2.81
4cm
3.8
15m
15
5cm
3.57
10m
6.16
6cm
3
8m
4
7cm
2.3
5m
1.97
8cm
1.2
5m
0.36
9cm
1.2
3.5m
0.7
10cm
1
3.2m
0.533
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indicated in the second experiment (proposed model), induce charging voltage can maintain at 18VDC within
the transmitter coil without any fluctuation.
Therefore, this paper highly suggests the new proposed WPT modeling system shall be required further study to
confirm its wireless power transfer capability under different condition.
VI. DISCUSSION
A modified model of wireless power transfer technology was successfully built and tested.
The result was surprisingly better than any previous formation. It can provide steady chargeable energy through
high resonance frequency in order to achieve wireless power transmission. In section 5.1 to 5.3, different
experiments were performed and confirmed the electrical energy can be transmitted wirelessly through high
resonant frequency.
1. The advantage of high resonant frequency wireless power transmission system is wireless. Image without
using any cord and plug to draw the power from the socket base, the chance of electrocuting will be greatly
reduced. Besides, we can use the electricity anywhere and anytime without any limitation or restriction.
Overall can achieve safety and convenience.
2. The disadvantage of these kinds of wireless power transmission system is high frequency resonant. Up to
this moment, there is no study in related to the effect of human response to high resonant frequency. All we
know the high-frequency waveform, microwave for example, could lead to a very bad result and harm for a
human. However, for small power transmission application, such as battery recharge for cell phone, man
shaver, model car, smart watch etc., high resonant frequency wireless power transmission system is one of
the simple and convenience methods. With further study, the electricity could be applied to appliances with
the wiring.
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VII.
CONCLUSION
Electric Vehicle is in the rising trend. People have paid more attention to environment protection. The
GHG emission from the traditional vehicle has been strictly restricted. For some countries or areas, vehicles
running on the traditional fuel source, diesel or gasoline, are even prohibited. However, current battery
recharging methods, either conductive wiring or fixed spot wireless power transfer technology, do not meet and
fulfill the busy city life. Research and develop a mass and flexibles dynamic battery recharging system is the
aim of this paper.
[11] proposed a dynamic WPT system in 2014, hence, we learned that dynamic wireless power transfer
is possible. However, through experiments, this paper found the charging voltage fluctuated when the receiving
coil passing through a series of transmitter coils. Therefore, through experiment as indicated in section 4.3.2,
this paper is proposing a new architect of next generation of dynamic WPT system. By using the same highfrequency resonant operation theories but changing the sharp of the transmitter coil, the experiment result
collected by this paper has confirmed the modified system can provide steady chargeable voltage throughout the
small scale model.
With the successful of building different modeling kits and sampling kits, this paper successfully
collected diffident valuable data such as, the relationship of resonant frequency vs power transmission level and
range; the relationship of transmitter coil and receiving coils size, construction characteristic vs. power
transmission level and range; and through cell phone battery charging experiment, section 5.1.3, this paper
obtain how to calculate and determine the system input voltage vs. charging voltage. Hence, this paper seems to
cover the basic operation principle of wireless high-frequency resonant power transfer system.
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Authors
Tony Tsang (M2000) received the BEng degree in Electronics & Electrical Engineering with First Class Honours in U.K.,
in 1992. He received the Ph.D from the La Trobe University (Australia) in 2000. He was awarded
the La Trobe University Post-graduation Scholarship in 1998. Prior to joining the Hong Kong
Polytechnic University, Dr. Tsang earned several years of teaching and researching experience in
the Department of Computer Science and Computer Engineering, La Trobe University. He works in
Hong Kong Polytechnic University as Lecturer since 2001. He works in Hong Kong College of
Technologyin 2015. He has numerous publications in international journals and conferences and is a
technical reviewer for several international journals and conferences. His research interests include
mobile computing, networking, protocol engineering and formal methods. Dr. Tsang is a member of
the IET and the IEEE.
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