Lathe: Lathe Is A Machine On Which The Machining Operations Can Be Done To Work Piece Get The

Lathe: lathe is a machine on which the machining operations can be done to work piece get the
required dimensional product with good surface finishing.

Working principle: the work piece is held between the two fixed supports live center of
headstock and dead center of tail stock, cutting is maintained and the unwanted material is
removed in the form of chips and the desired shape is obtained.
Requirements are the cutting tool must be harder than the work piece.
-
In lathe the work piece is rotated and if the cutting tool moves parallel to the axis of
rotation cylindrical surface is produced
If the cutting tool moves perpendicular to axis, flat surface is produced.
Types of Lathe:
6. Automatic Lathe
Main components of lathe are:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Bed
Head stock
Tail stock
Carriage
Cross slide
Tool post
Lead screw
Feed mechanism
Thread cutting mechanism
Bed: The base of the lathe. It is a single heavy casting and has rigidity to resist deflection, twist
and vibrations. It carried head stock, tailstock and carriage. The top of the bed is machined to
form flat ways or inverted v- ways serves as guide for the movement of carriage along the bed.
Head stock: It supports spindle and spindle bearings and houses aped change mechanism. The
spindle is hollow and holds the live centre or other work holding devices.
It is permanently fitted to the left of the bed. The spindle is supported in bearings which
are housed in the head stock. The spindle gets drive from an assembly of gears or by a cone
pulley arrangement.
Tailstock: is on right hand end of the bed. It carries a dead center, the center does not rotate. The
center has a tapered shank which fits into the tapered hole in the spindle of the tailstock. The
spindle can be moved in or out of tailstock by rotating the hand wheel.
Carriage: The carriage moves over the bed and it consists of two parts: saddle and apron. The
saddle carries the cross slide over which is fitted the compound rest.
The lead screw: This is used in thread cutting. It gets drive from the spindle through change
gears.
Feed rod: This helps in the uniform movement of tool in longitudinal and transverse
directions .This also gets the drive from the spindle. The drive is given through gear box.
Legs: support the bed and provide proper height for operating the lathe.
Safety precautions:
1. The parts are cleaned and lubricated periodically.
2. Do not change the speed selector when the spindle is rotating.
3. Do not touch the chips by hands remove them with wire brush.
Operations on a lathe:
Several operations can be performed on the lathe. Those are:
1. Turning
2. Facing
3. Chamfering
4. Drilling
5. Boring
6. Reaming
7. Taper turning
8. Knurling
9. Thread cutting
10. Grooving
11. Parting off
12. Centering
Turning:
Turning operation can be done to remove the excess material for work piece to produce a
cylindrical surface. The work piece is rotated about lathe axis, and the cutting tool spread parallel
to lathe axis. Rough turning is done by applying high rate of speed and heavy depth of cut. Finish
turning is the applying low rate of and low depth of cut.
The entire work piece is turned to single diameter. It is known as plane turning.
When different lengths are turned to different diameters are called step turning.
Taper turning:
Taper turning means producing a conical surface by gradually reducing the diameter from a
cylindrical work piece along its length. It is expressed as the ratio of difference in diameters to
the length of the work piece.
In finish turning operation smooth surface finish is produced. spindle speed should be high and
feed rate and depth of cut should be very low. Depth of cut varies from 0.5 to 1 mm and feed rate
varies from 0.1 to 0.3mm per revolution.
Taper per inch = (D-d) /l, also known as conicity.
Taper may also be expressed in degrees of half taper angle ,
tan =
Dd
2l
Thread cutting: this is one of most important operation performed on the lathe. This operation
produces a helical groove on a cylindrical work piece. During the process of thread cutting, lead
screw and hard cut mechanism will be engaged. The work piece is revolved in between the live
stock and dead center. Thread cutting tool is selected by operating the change gears generally.
no of teeth of the driver Thread per each onlead screw
=
no of teeth onthe driven thread on each on work piece
Drilling: It is the operation of producing a cylindrical hole in a work piece. In a lathe usually the
work piece is mounted on a chuck or a faceplate. The drill is carried in a drill chuck and the drill
chuck is fitted to the tailstock spindle. Larger size drills are directly fitted to the tailstock spindle.
The tailstock is brought closer to the work piece and clamped to the bed.
The drill is fed against the rotating work piece. The tailstock spindle has graduations from
which depth of hole drilled can be approximately found.
Facing: It is the operation of machining the ends of a work piece to produce a flat surface. It is
also done to cut the work piece to the desired length the facing tool is fixed to the holder in the
tool post.
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Facing involves feeding the tool perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the work piece.

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Lathe: lathe is a machine on which the machining operations can be done to work piece get the

required dimensional product with good surface finishing.

Main components of lathe are:

Taper may also be expressed in degrees of half taper angle ,

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