SOP TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

ISSN(Print): 2373-8618 ISSN(Online): 2373-8626

Volume 1, Number 2, July 2014

SOP TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

A Novel Approach to Analyze a Circular

Waveguide in Air and Dielectric Medium
R. K. Kushwaha1 *, S. Srivastava2 , Vijayshree Chaursiya3
1

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Patel Group of Institution , Bhopal, ( M.P), India
Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal (M.P.),
India
*Corresponding author: riteshkushwaha@gmail.com
2,3

Abstract:
In this article we reported 41 possible Mode for transverse electric and transverse magnetic
wave along with all its parameter like cutoff frequency, cutoff wavelength, group wavelength,
phase velocity, group velocity, propagation constant, impedance measurement and attenuation
constant for a given structure parameter and operating frequency in air and dielectric medium
circular waveguide. MATLAB 7.6 is used to simulate all the results. It is found that dominant
mode of TE and TM waves gives maximum values except few cases and dielectric circular
waveguide shows better results as compared to air medium. Barium tetratitanate is taken as a
dielectric filler material for this article.
Keywords:
Barium Tetratitanate; Dominant Mode; Circular Waveguide; TE Mode; TM Mmode

1. INTRODUCTION
The attention of propagating electromagnetic mode inside waveguide has received considerable attention
due to its importance in the development. Several authors [14] have successfully used the boundary value
solution for electromagnetic field inside a circular waveguide. The use of this concept greatly simplifies
the solution and allows the field in the waveguide to be expressed in simple form for easy comparisons
form with other type of circular waveguide. Circular waveguide offers lower attenuation than alternative
waveguides and is capable of providing dual polarized operation. Since circular waveguide typically
operates above the cutoff frequency of at least one of the higher order modes, these properties are only
beneficial if the circular waveguide is made very accurately [5]. Application that is more important has
been in television where waveguide methods provide a very special feature. Circular wave Guide is shown
in Figure 1.
A dielectric is a non conductor of electric current. This theory is based on Maxwells equations
[6]. In circular waveguide a infinite number of modal field distribution can be generated with the help
of mathematical formulation of Bessels constant, Transverse Electric and Transverse Magnetic field
equations. C.S. LEE and S.L. CHUNG (1985) gave first 30 modal field distribution of rectangular/circular
waveguide [7]. A recent papers has described some work that has been undertaken to address this need
1

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Figure 1.

Circular wave guide

specifically, the use of dielectric waveguide as a suitable transmission medium for this part of the
electromagnetic spectrum. In [8], the choice of material for the dielectric waveguide was discussed,
along with design schemes for components including Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) test ports and
the standards needed to calibrate VNAs. Dielectric waveguide has several advantages over other more
traditional transmission lines (e.g. coaxial line and metallic rectangular waveguide) at these frequencies.
The necessary mechanical sizes and tolerances of the waveguide dimensions are easier to maintain. Also,
since these dimensions correspond to the external boundaries of the waveguide, they are easy to verify
using simple mechanical measurement techniques [9]. In the present article is to give a broad perspective
with historical emphasis on the theory of Electromagnetic wave propagation and various parameters like
cutoff frequency, cutoff wavelength, group wave length, attenuation, power distribution etc has been
compared in air/dielectric circular waveguide.
The present study is organized as follows. In Section II describe the basic concept the operational
principle and geometry of circular waveguide. In Section III we describe the results and discussion of
experiments within the computing environment MATLAB 7.6 while Section IV contains the conclusions.

2. PRINCIPLE AND GEOMETRY OF CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDE

Wave Guide is single conductor wire transmission line. It supports only Transverse Electric (TE) and
Transverse Magnetic wave (TM).Any shape of cross section of a waveguide can support electromagnetic
waves. But since irregular shapes are difficult to analyze and are rarely used. The circular waveguide is a
most common and used to twist the waves as theses travel through them. However circular waveguides
are used with rotating antenna as in radar.

2.1 MAXWELLS EQUATIONS

Electromagnetic waves were first postulated by James Clerk Maxwell and subsequently confirmed
by Heinrich Hertz. Maxwell derived a wave form of the electric and magnetic equations, revealing the
wave-like nature of electric and magnetic fields, and their symmetry. Because the speed of EM waves
2

A Novel Approach to Analyze a Circular Waveguide in Air and Dielectric Medium

predicted by the wave equation coincided with the measured speed of light, Maxwell concluded that light
itself is an EM wave.
Electric and magnetic phenomena at the macroscopic level are described by Maxwells equations, as
published by Maxwell in 1873. The general form of time-varying Maxwell equations, can be written in
differential form as
E =

B
x

(1)

H =

D
+J
x

(2)

D = r

(3)

B = 0

(4)

These quantities are defined as follows:

E is the electric field intensity, in V/m.
H is the magnetic field intensity, in A/m.
D is the electric flux density, in Coul/m2 .
B is the magnetic flux density, in Web/ m2 .
M is the (fictitious) magnetic current density, in A/m2 .
J is the electric current density, in A/m2 .
r is the electric charge density, in Coul/m3 .
According to Maxwells equations, a spatially-varying electric field generates a time-varying magnetic
field and vice versa. Therefore, as an oscillating electric field generates an oscillating magnetic field, the
magnetic field in turn generates an oscillating electric field, and so on. These oscillating fields together
form an electromagnetic wave.

2.2 Circular Wave Guide

A circular waveguide is metallic or tubular structure supports TE and TM waveguide modes. The
circular cross-section cylindrical wave guide geometry is shown in Figure 2.
The transverse fields in cylindrical coordinates can be derived from E or H. field components, for TM
and TE modes, respectively. The cylindrical components of the transverse fields can be derived from the
longitudinal components as [9]:
Er =

j
kc2

Ez w Hz
b
+
r
r j

(5)
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Figure 2.

Geometry of a circular waveguide

Ej =

Hr =

Er =
Where kc2 = k2

j
kc2
j
kc2
j
kc2

b Ez
r j

we Ez
r j

we

Hz
w
r

(6)

Hz
r

(7)

Ez b Hz
+
r
r j

(8)

b2
2 Hz + k2 Hz = 0

(9)

(i) TE MODES
For TE modes Ez =0 and Ez is a solution to the wave equation [10].
If, (9) can be expressed in cylindrical coordinates as

2
1
2
2
+
+
+
k
c hz (r, j) = 0
r2 r r j2

(10)

By using the method of separation of variables. Thus we get

hz (r, j) = R (r) P (j)

(11)

1 2R
1 R
1 2P
+
+ 2
+ kc2 = 0
2
R r
rR r r P j 2

(12)

and Substitute into (10) to obtain

r 2 2R r R
+
+ r 2 kc2 =
R r2 R r

1 2P
P j2

(13)

A Novel Approach to Analyze a Circular Waveguide in Air and Dielectric Medium

The left side of this equation depends on r (not j), while the right side depends only on j, thus, each
side must be equal to a constant, which we will call kj2 . Then
2P
+ kj2 P = 0
j2

(14)

Also,
r

2R
R
+r
+ r 2 kc2
r2
r

kj2 R = 0

(15)

The general solution to (14) is

P (j) = Asinkj j + Bcoskj j

(16)

Since the solution to hz must be periodic in j , kj must be an integer, n. Thus (16) becomes
P (j) = Asinnj + Bcosnj

(17)

While 15 becomes
r

2R
R
+r
+ r 2 kc2
2
r
r

n2 R = 0

(18)

Equation (18) is recognized as Bessels differential equation. The solution is

R (r) = CJn (kc r) + DYn (kc r)

(19)

Where Jn (x) and Yn (x) are the Bessel function of the first and second kinds, respectively. Since Yn (kc r)
becomes infinite at, r=0, this term is physically unacceptable for the circular waveguide problem so that
D=0. The solution for hz , can then be written as
hz (r, j) = (Asinnj + Bcosnj) Jn (kc r)

(20)

where the constant C of (19) has been absorbed in to the constant A and B of (20). We must still
determine the cutoff wave number kc , which we can do by enforcing the boundary condition that Etan =0
on the waveguide wall. Since Ez =0, we must have that
Ej (r, j) = 0, at = a

(21)

From (6), we find Ej from Hz as

Ej (r, j, z) =

0
jw
(Asinnj + Bcosnj) Jn (kc r) e
kc

jb z

(22)
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Table 1. Value of p0 nm for TM Modes of a Circular Waveguide

p0 /n

p0 n1

3.832 1.841

3.054

4.201

5.317

5.416

p0 n2

7.016 5.331

6.706

8.015

9.282

10.520

p0 n3

10.173 8.536

9.969

11.346

12.682

13.987

p0 n4

13.324 11.706

13.170

Where the notation of Jn (kc r) refer to the derivation of Jn with respect to its argument. For Ej to
vanish at r = a, we must have
0

Jn (kc a) = 0

(23)

0
0
0
0
0
If the roots of Jn (x) are defined as pnm , so that J n pnm = 0, where pnm is the mth root of J n , then kc
must have the value
kcnm =

pnm
a

(24)

Value of pnm are given in mathematical table, the first few values are listed in Table 1
0

The TEnm modes are in thus defined by the cutoff wave number, Kcnm = pnm /a, where n refer to
the number of circumferential (j) variations, and m refers to the number of radial (r) variation. The
propagation constant of the TEnm mode is [10]:
b nm =

k2

kc2 =

k2

(25)

(pnm /a)

With cutoff frequency of

fcnm =

kc
p

(26)

2p e
0

The first TE mode to propagate is the mode with the smallest pnm , which from Table 1 is seen to be the
TE11 mode. This mode is then the dominant circular waveguide mode, and the one most frequently used.
Because m 1, there is no TE10 , but there is a TE01 mode.
The transverse field components are, from (1), (2), (3), (4) and (18),
Er =

jw n
(A cosnj B sinnj) Jn (kc r) e
kc2 r

Ej =

0
jw
(A sinnj+B cosnj) Jn (kc r) e
kc

Hr =

0
jb
(A sinnj+B cosnj) Jn (kc r) e
kc

jb z

(27)

jb z

(28)

jb z

(29)

A Novel Approach to Analyze a Circular Waveguide in Air and Dielectric Medium

Figure 3.

Model field distribution for TEnm mode

Hj =

jb n
(A cosnj B sinnj) Jn (kc r) e
kc2 r

Hz (r,j) = (Asinnj+Bcosnj)Jn (kc r)e

jb z

jb z

(30)

(31)

The wave impedance is

ZT E =

Er
=
Hj

Ej
hk
=
Hj
b

(32)

The power flow down the guide for TE11 can be computed as [10]:
R 2p
E H zb rdjdr
r=0 j=0
i
R a R 2p h
1

rdjdr
Re
E
H
E
H
r j
j r
r=0 j=0
2
i
h
w |A|2 Re(b ) R a R 2p
1
2 jJ 2 (k r) +k2 sin2 jJ 0 2 (k r) rdjdr
cos
c
c
4
2
n
c
n
r=0 j=0 r
2kc
h
i
pw |A|2 Re(b ) R a
1 2
2 J 0 2 (k r) dr
J
(k
r)
+rk
c
c
4
2
c
r=0
1
n1
2kc
r
pw |A|2 Re(b ) 0 2
2
(p
1)J
11
1 (kc r)
4k4

Po = 12 Re
=
=
=
=

Ra

(33)

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Figure 4.

TEnm field pattern

The attenuation due to a lossy waveguide conductor can be found by computing the power loss per unit
length of guide:

A Novel Approach to Analyze a Circular Waveguide in Air and Dielectric Medium

(a) Radius Vs wave length plot for TE wave (air medium)

(b) Wave length plot for TEnm wave in dielectric (Barium

tetratitanate) medium

Figure 5.

Wave length plot

Pl =

Rs
2

Rs
2

Rs |A|2
2

2p

s |Jn |2 adj

j=0
2p h

j=0

Hj

2p

i
+ |Hz |2 adj

b2
cos2 j + sin2 j
kc4 a2

j=0

pRs a|A|2
b2
1
+
J12 (kc r)
2
kc4 a2

(34)
J12 (kc r) adj

The attenuation constant is then

Rs kc4 a2 + b 2
Pl
Rs
ac =
=
=
02
2P0
akhb
hkb a p11 1

kc2 +

k2
2
p11
0

N p/m

(35)

(ii) TM MODES
For the TM modes of the circular waveguide, we have to solve for EZ from the wave equation in
cylindrical coordinates [10]:
Where , E z (r,j, z) =ez (r,j) e

jb z

and kc2 =k2

b 2 from (18),
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(a) In air medium

Figure 6.

Wave Length Plot for TE01

(a) In air medium

Figure 7.

10

(b) In dielectric (Barium tetratitanate) medium

Velocity behavior for TE11

(a) In air medium

Figure 8.

(b) In dielectric (Barium tetratitanate) medium

Velocity behavior for TE01

(b) In dielectric (Barium tetratitanate) medium

A Novel Approach to Analyze a Circular Waveguide in Air and Dielectric Medium

Figure 9.

Figure 10.

Propagation Constant plot for TE11 wave

Propagation Constant plot for TE01 wave

1
2
2
+
+
+kc ez (r,j) = 0
r2 r r j2
2

ez (r,j) = (Asinnj+Bcosnj)Jn (kc r)

(36)

(37)

The boundary condition applied to eZ of (37), since

at r = a
E z (r,j, z) = 0

(38)

Jn (kc a) = 0

(39)

kc = pnm /a ,

(40)

Thus, we must have

11

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Table 2. Value of pnm for TM Modes of a Circular Waveguide

p/n

pn1

2.405

3.832

5.136

6.380

7.588

5
8.771

pn2

5.520

7.016

8.417

9.761

11.065

12.339

pn3

8.654

10.173

11.620

13.015

14.372

pn4

11.792

13.324

14.796

Where pnm is the mth root of Jn (x); that is Jn (pnm )=0. Value of pnm are given in mathematical table;
the first values are listed in Table 2.
The propagation constant of the TMnm mode is [13]
b nm =

k2

(pnm /a)2

(41)

pnm
p
2pa e

(42)

The cutoff frequency is

fcnm =

kc
p

2p e

From equation (5),(6), (7) and (8) the transverse fields can be derived as
Er =

Ej =

0
jb
(A sinnj+B cosnj) Jn (kc r) e
kc

jb n
kc2 r

(A cosnj B sinnj) Jn (kc r) e

Hr =

jwen
(A cosnj B sinnj) Jn (kc r) e
kc2 r

Hj =

0
jwe
(A sinnj+B cosnj) Jn (kc r) e
kc

jb z

(43)

jb z

(44)

jb z

(45)

jb z

(46)

The wave impedance is

Er
=
Hj
hb
ZT M =
k
ZT M =

Ej
Hj

(47)

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

12

In Circular waveguide we can analyze field pattern in air medium and various parameter (for dominant
Mode) like wave length, velocity, propagation constant, attenuation constant, Impedance in air and
dielectric medium. TE11 and TM01 are the Dominant Mode of circular wave Guide.

A Novel Approach to Analyze a Circular Waveguide in Air and Dielectric Medium

Table 3. TEnm Wave Length

Mode No.
Cutoff Wave length lc (cm)
n
m Air medium Dielectric medium

Group Wave length lg (cm)

Air medium Dielectric medium

8.1983

49.8684

6.3092

5.0253

17.0646

103.799

5.2295

5.0058

10.2868

62.5722

5.7213

5.016

7.4782

45.4881

6.7239

5.0305

5.9086

35.9405

9.3839

5.0491

5.8006

35.2835

9.863

5.051

4.4778

27.2371

10.0638

5.0864

5.8931

35.8461

9.4469

5.0494

4.6847

28.4962

13.404

5.0494

10

3.9196

23.8422

6.3132

5.1137

11

3.3846

20.5878

4.5983

5.1137

12

2.9863

18.1650

3.7233

5.2009

13

3.0882

18.7846

3.9267

5.1871

14

3.6804

22.3870

5.4372

5.1296

15

3.1514

19.1690

4.0592

5.1793

16

2.7689

16.8426

3.3254

5.236

17

2.4772

15.0683

2.8518

5.3003

18

2.2461

13.6624

2.514

5.3727

19

2.3578

14.3422

2.6737

5.3347

20

2.6837

16.3246

3.1807

5.2524

21

2.384

14.5099

2.7142

5.3262

S. No.

Table 4. TMnm Wave Length

S. No.

Mode No.
Cutoff Wave length lc (cm)
n
m Air medium Dielectric medium

Group Wave length lg (cm)

Air medium Dielectric medium

13.0628

79.4576

5.4122

5.0099

8.1983

49.8684

6.3092

5.0253

6.1168

37.2071

8.6799

5.0458

4.9241

29.9523

28.3681

5.0712

4.1402

25.189

7.3844

5.1016

3.5818

21.7872

5.1335

5.1371

5.6913

34.6188

10.4673

5.0530

4.4778

27.237

10.0638

5.0864

3.734

22.7035

5.6092

5.1259

10

3.2185

19.5775

4.2057

5.1715

11

2.8392

17.2703

3.4492

5.2237

12

2.546

15.4871

2.9584

5.2829

13

3.6302

22.0813

5.2791

5.1333

14

3.0882

18.7846

3.9267

5.1871

15

2.7036

16.4454

3.2140

5.2485

16

2.4138

14.6821

2.7563

5.3178

17

2.1859

13.2964

2.4305

5.3961

18

2.664

16.2055

3.1484

5.2565

19

2.3578

14.3422

2.6737

5.3347

20

2.1233

12.9154

2.3453

5.4229
13

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Table 5.

Velocity Calculations TE11

Phase Velocity (m/sec)
S. No. Frequency
(GHz)
Air medium Dielectric
medium
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi

Table 6.

4.402*1010

3.022*1010

2.044*1010

3.14*1010

3.785*1010

3.015*1010

2.377*1010

2.98*1010

3.519*1010

3.011*1010

2.55*1010

2.98*1010

3.373*1010

3.008*1010

2.661*1010

2.99*1010

3.287*1010

3.006*1010

2.741*1010

2.99*1010

10

3.22*1010

3.005*1010

2.79*1010

2.99*1010

Velocity Calculations TM01

Phase Velocity (m/sec)
S. No. Frequency
(GHz)
Air medium Dielectric
medium
5

3.377*1010

3.001*1010

2.665*1010

2.99*1010

ii

3.247*1010

3.006*1010

2.77*1010

2.99*1010

iii

3.175*1010

3.004*1010

2.833*1010

2.94*1010

3.131*1010

3.003*1010

2.873*1010

2.99*1010

3.103*1010

3.003*1010

2.900*1010

2.99*1010

10

3.0824*1010

3.002*1010

2.919*1010

2.99*1010

v
vi

Propagation Constant & Impedance TE11

Propagation Constant
S. No. Frequency
(GHz)
Air medium Dielectric
medium
(er =37)

Table 8.

Impedance (W)
Air medium Dielectric
medium
(er =37)

3.1416*1010 1.911*1011

553.214

379.7498

ii

3.769*1010

2.293*1011

475.7035

378.9004

iii

4.398*1010

2.675*1011

442.227

378.3911

iv

5.0265*1010 3.0575*1011

423.9404

378.0616

5.65*1010

412.63

377.8361

vi

10

6.2832*1010 3.82*1011

405

377.67

3.43*1011

Propagation Constant & Impedance TM01

Propagation Constant
S. No. Frequency
(GHz)
Air medium Dielectric
medium
(er =37)

14

Group Velocity (m/sec)

Air medium Dielectric
medium

iv

Table 7.

Group Velocity (m/sec)

Air medium Dielectric
medium

Impedance (W)
Air medium Dielectric
medium
(er =37)

3.14*1010

1.911*1011

334.871

375.914

ii

3.769*1010

2.293*1011

348.2814

376.2440

iii

4.318*1010

2.675*1011

356.08

376.4423

iv

5.138*1010

3.057*1011

361.129

376.5710

5.654*1010

3.43*1011

364.51

376.64

vi

10

6.283*1010

3.821*1011

366.9145

376.722

A Novel Approach to Analyze a Circular Waveguide in Air and Dielectric Medium

3.1 Field Pattern for TE Wave

The circular wave-guide field pattern having radius 5 cm and operating frequency 100 GHz (air medium)
is shown in Figure 3. We observed the behavior of transverse electric field pattern in different modes in
Figure 3.

3.2 Field Pattern for TM Wave

Similarly for TM wave having radius 5 cm and operating frequency 100 GHz (air medium) is shown in
Figure 4. We observed the behavior of transverse Magnetic field pattern in different modes in Figure 4.

3.3 Cutoff Frquency, Cutoff Wave Length and Group Wave Length
Cutoff wave length and group wave length of Circular waveguide with radius 5cm and operating
frequency at 6 GHz can be analyzed in air medium and dielectric medium (Barium tetratitanate er =37 at 6
GHz) for TE11 mode. It is shown in Figure 5.
Wave length (TEnm ) for 21 mode is given in Table 3 .The dielectric medium is taken as Barium
tetratitanate (permittivity is 37 at 6 GHz)
Similarly the cutoff wave length and group wavelength plot for TE01 mode with the same parameter
taken in TE11 mode is shown in Figure 6.
Observation result for TEnm wavelength is given in Table 4, in table wave length of 20 mode is shown.
The dielectric medium is taken as Barium tetratitanate (permittivity is 37 at 6 GHz)

3.4 Phase and Group Velocity

The Phase and Group velocity of circular waveguide for TE11 mode, air filled and dielectric medium
(Barium tetratitanate er =37 at 6 GHz) having radius 5cm, is shown in Figure 7. In Table 5 it is shown
that at different Frequency the value of Phase and Group velocity of TE11 wave is changed.
Similarly the phase and group velocity for TM01 mode is shown in Figure 8 In Table 6 it is shown that
at different Frequency the value of Phase and Group velocity of TM01 wave is changed.

3.5 Propagation Constant

The propagation constant (TE11 and for TM01 ) for air and dielectric (Barium tetratitanate) of Circular
wave guide having radius 5 cm is shown in Figure 9 and Figure 10 the observation table is given in Table
7 and Table 8.

15

SOP TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

Table 9.

Figure 11.

Attenuation Calculation
S. No. Medium

Frequency
(GHz)
Aluminum

ATTENUTION
Copper
Gold

Silver

Air

4.3.735

21.117

7.081

18.28

Barium
tetratitanate

2.153

10.654

3.698

10.27

Ceramic

1.435

7.166

2.570

7.606

Gallium
senide

Ar- 10

1.076

5.422

2.006

6.272

Teflon

10

0.861

4.376

1.667

5.471

Titania

0.717

3.679

1.442

4.93

Impedance plot for TE11 wave

3.6 Impedance for TE and TM Wave

The simulated results for Impedance (for TE and TM wave) can be analyzed in Figure 11 and Figure
12.

Figure 12.

16

Impedance plot for TE01 wave

A Novel Approach to Analyze a Circular Waveguide in Air and Dielectric Medium

(a) Air medium

Figure 13.

Attenuation (for Aluminum), plot

(a) Air medium

Figure 14.

(b) Barium tetratitanate

(b) In dielectric (Dielectric medium (Barium tetratitanate)

Attenuation (for gold)

3.7 Attenution
Attenuation constant of various modes for Circular wave guide made up of Aluminum or Gold material
having radius 5cm at 20 cm, is shown in Figure 13 and Figure 14. In Table 9 we compared the behavior
of attenuation with different frequency, metal used for wave guide and medium.

4. CONCLUSION
(i) we has analyzed 41 modes field patterns at 100 GHz frequency.
(ii) comparative study of various parameters like wavelength, phase and group velocity, Propagation
constant, attenuation constant, Impedance has been analyzed in air and dielectric medium.
(iii) We had investigated simple MATLAB programming that describes the basic properties of the
Circular waveguide.
17

SOP TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

(iv) This is useful to know the behavior of electromagnetic wave in circular waveguide. It is also helpful
for the designing purpose.
(v) In circular wave-guide infinite number of field pattern can exist, we have discussed 41 modes, others
field pattern can be analyzed.

References
[1] A. Mohsen and M. Hamid, Wave propagation in circular waveguide with an absorbing wall, J.
Appl. Phy., vol. 41, pp. 433434, 1970.
[2] R. A. Waldron, Theory of Guided Electromagnetic waves. Van Nostrand Reinhold London, 1970.
[3] C. Dragone, High-frequency behavior of waveguides with finite surface impedances, Bell System
Technical Journal, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 89116, 1981.
[4] E. Lier, A dielectric hybrid mode antenna feed: A simple alternative to the corrugated horn,
Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 2129, 1986.
[5] M. D. F. PE, Waveguide for tv broadcast, ERI Technical Series, vol. 6, 2006.
[6] J. C. Maxwell, Xxv. on physical lines of force: Part i.the theory of molecular vortices applied to
magnetic phenomena, The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of
Science, vol. 21, no. 139, pp. 161175, 1861.
[7] C. Lee, S. Lee, and S. Chuang, Plot of modal field distribution in rectangular and circular waveguides, IEEE Electromagnetic laboratory, university of Illinois, urbana, vol. 1, no. 85, 1985.
[8] J. G. Yip, M. J. Lee, N. M. Ridler, and R. J. Collier, Towards a new form of national impedance
standard for millimetre wavelengths using dielectric waveguide, in BEMC 2005 Conference Digest,
pp. 2823, 2005.
[9] J. G. Yip, R. J. Collier, and N. M. Ridler, New impedance measurement system using dielectric waveguide for the millimetre-wave region, in Proceedings of the Conference on Precison
Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM 2006), pp. 282285, 2006.
[10] D. M. Pozar, Microwave engineering. John Wiley & Sons, 2009.

18

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