Timor-Leste Road Network Upgrading Project

ADB LOAN NO: 2857-TIM

Draft Feasibility Study Report:

Manatuto to Natarbora Road

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. Objectives and Scope of the Project
This Feasibility Study applies to the National Road A-09 (Sections 01-04), Manatuto to Natrabora
(79.5 km), as well as to the District Road C-15, Laclubar-Jnc. to Laclubar, (10.3 km).
The Manatuto-Laclubar-Natarbora road section was identified by the Strategic Development Plan,
2011-2030 of the Government as a Priority Section, providing essential mid-country cross-road
between the North and the South of Timor Leste. It is considered by the Government to become
particularly important in line with the large planned investment in Gas & Petroleum facilities, by
Timor GAP, on the southern coast.
Geographically, the Manatuto-Laclubar-Natarbora Road, is situated right the in the middle of the
country. Thus, conceptually, it is the most appropriate route for a major North-South connection.
However, the current conditions of this road are very poor, and hence it cannot fulfill its expected
strategic role.
The GoTl wishes to upgrade the road to all weather, surfaced two-lane road with shoulders, adhering
to international standards; which will enable it, among others, to carry, at the minimum, 20-foot
container trucks. The Project includes plans to strengthen and widen the existing pavement to about
six (6) meters, by asphalt-cement surfacing; plus one (1) meter shoulders on each side.
The Project in its entirety includes two parts:
(i) Feasibility Study (2.5 months)
(ii) Detailed Design for the upgrading of the ManatutoLaclubar Natarbora road to International
Standards (8.0 months)
For expediency sake, the two parts have been carried out in parallel, from the outset of the Project.
Figure 1 Study Area - Location Map

Collaboration with Other Road Projects

The timing of this Road Feasibility Study (February-April, 2013) coincides with another feasibility
study, financed and carried out directly by ADB: Feasibility Study for the North-Eastern National
Road Sections (Dili-Manatuto-Bacau-Lautan-Los Palos, and Bacau-Viqueque), TA 8146-TIM.
Team Members of this and the other ADB Project cooperated closely. Among others, the two
studies used the same traffic survey instruments, divide between themselves the survey execution,
and shared the survey findings. Similarly, the two studies coordinate on agreed-upon input data to
the RED Program for Economic Analysis.

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2. Methodology and Report Structure

Methodology
The Feasibility Study assesses the feasibility of reconstructing the Manantuto-Natarbora road (A091), including the branch road Laclubar Junction-Laclubar (C-15).
At the very end, the feasibility is focused on the Economic Analysis, in particular the economic
indices
of:
(i)
Net
Present
Value
(NPV),
and
(ii) Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR), shown below.
However, the Feasibility Study in its entirety includes review of all components which are
contributing, affecting and being affected by the reconstruction of this road.
They include (but are not limited to):
Poverty and Social Assessment of the Manatuto District, including:
o Public Consultation
o Gender Assessment
o Social Action Plan
o Indicators for Monitoring
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE), including:
o Description of the Environment
o Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
o Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan
o Public Consultations and Information Disclosure
o Findings and Recommendations
Environmental Assessment Review Procedure (EARP), including:
o Assessment of Legal Framework and Institutional Capacity
o ADBs SPS 2009, and ADB Environmental Guidelines and Policy of 2003
Anticipated Environmental Impacts
o Environmental Assessment for Subprojects and/or Components
o Consultation, Information Disclosure, and Grievance Redress
Mechanism
o Institutional Arrangement
o Monitoring and Reporting
Engineering: Technical Investigation & Project Design, including:
o Introduction & Description of Project Roads
o Technical Field Investigation
o Technical Design Standards and Guidelines
o Bio-Engineering Measures
o Climate Change Adaptation
o Proposed Road Upgrading Alternatives
o Cost Estimate and Contract Packaging
o Detailed Technical Engineering Appendices

Reviews of Existing Traffic Studies, including:

o Review of the 2009 Road Master Plan, TA 7100
o Timor GAP Traffic Study
2013 Travel Surveys and Analyses, (Conducted by this Feasibility Study and by TA 8146TIM), including:
o Background and Data Sources
o Survey Methodology
o Average Daily Traffic (ADT) & Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT)
o Road Side Survey (O-D), Road A01-01, Dili - Manauto Rd.
o Estimated Induced Traffic from South Coast (Regression Equation)
o Estimated Traffic Growth Rate for RED
All of these efforts are culminating in the:
Economic Evaluation, including:
o Analytical Scenarios/Alternatives
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o
o
o

o
o
o
o
o
o

Feasibility Report

Road Characteristics & Cost Estimates of Alternative Scenarios

Unit Costs and Operating Data, by Vehicle Type - Input to RED
Traffic
Normal Traffic
Generated Traffic
Induced Traffic
Traffic Growth Rates
Road-Based Quantifiable Benefits
Savings on Vehicle Operating Costs (VOC)
Savings on Value of Time (VOC)
Other Quantifiable Benefits
Multiplier & Retainer Local Share of
Investment/Maintenance Costs
Proxy for Social Benefits and Affected Population
Residual Share of Bridges and Special Culverts
Standard Economic Analysis, 12% Discount Rate
Alternative Economic Analysis - at 5% Discount Rate
Sensitivity Analysis
Distribution of Benefits
Risk Analysis
Conclusion and Recommendations

Report Chapters
Al in all, this Feasibly Study includes the following Chapters:
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 - Socio-Economic Review
Chapter 3 - Strategic Development Plan
Chapter 4 - Engineering: Technical Investigation & Project Design
Chapter 5 - Social & Poverty Assessment (PSA), and Safeguards
Chapter 6 - Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
Chapter 7 - Environmental Assessment Review Procedure (EARP)
Chapter 8 - Climate Change Adaptation
Chapter 9 Traffic Reviews of Existing Studies
Chapter 10 Traffic: 2013 Travel Surveys and Analysis
Chapter 11 - Economic Evaluation
3. Background Information: Population and Land Area Study Area
Table 1 shows population and land area of Timore Leste and of the Study Area Manatuto District,
and Figure 2 shows the Manatuto District and Sub-Districts
The population of Timor Leste is slightly above 1.0 million (2010 Census), and the land area about
15,000 sq.km. Of these totals, Manatuto District, with a land area of 1,782 sq.km (12.0% of total),
had population of only about 43,000 people (4.1% of total).
The Manatuto District includes six Sub-Districts. Of which, two towns Manatuto Town and
Laclubar (on relatively small land area), account for more than half of the districts population. Each
of them account for about 12,000 populations. Total population in these two towns is 23,715 (54.8%
of total). Excluding these two towns, only 19,537 people (44.2% of total) live in this vast area.
In summary, the vast area of the Manatuto District is very sparsely populated, inhabited mainly by
subsistence farmers, and is expected to remain that way also in the foreseeable future. For example,
the Strategic Development Plan, 2011-2030 (SDP), which provides vision and guideline for TL
development, designates the core of Manatuto mountainous area as protected forest. It does not
include any significant plans to alter the subsistence farming character of this vast country *1.
Discussio s with a World Ba k Agricultural Expert i dicated that pla ti g co
ercial forest as cash crop i this
area (say of Philippine Tik), is the only viable agricultural means to alleviate poverty in mountainous area. However,
the current SDP does not include such plans. And, besides, first forest crop takes at least 14 years between planting
and first harvest.
*1

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Table 1. Populations and Land Area

2004

Population
2010

Annual
Administrative Unit
% of
% of
Growth
Number
Number
Tot
Tot
2004-10 (%)
923,240
100.0% 1,066,582
100.0%
2.4%
Timor Leste-Total
36,897
4.0%
43,246
4.1%
2.7%
Manatuto District
Sub-Districts
% of Dist
% of Dist
Barique/Natarbora
4,874
13.2%
5,077
11.7%
0.7%
Lacio
7,558
20.5%
7,939
18.4%
0.8%
Laclubar
8,039
21.8%
11,376
26.3%
6.0%
Laleie
3,211
8.7%
3,470
8.0%
1.3%
Manatuto (Town)
10,455
28.3%
12,339
28.5%
2.8%
Soibada
2,760
7.5%
3,051
7.1%
1.7%
Source: 2010 Census, OCHA/UNMIT Integrated Humanitarian Coordination Team

Area
2010
Sq. km
14,920
1,783
397
368
391
226
271
130

% of
Tot
100.0%
12.0%
% of Dist
22.3%
20.6%
21.9%
12.7%
15.2%
7.3%

Density
2010
Pop per
Sq. km
71.5
24.3
12.8
21.6
29.1
15.4
45.5
23.5

Figure 2. Manatuto District, Sub-Districts and Sucos

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4. Background Information: National Economic Accounts

Table 2 shows selected National (macro) economic statistics, derived from the IMF and the Strategic
Development Plan (SDP), 2010:
A. National Income: Budget 2007-201; Forecast 2013-2016; and Average Growth 2008-12, and
2012-17.
B. Non-oil, Growth Domestic Product by Sector, 2007-2010
Growth trends of the national accounts in recent years, and projections of these accounts into the
future, contributed, in part, to estimating annual traffic growth rates in the next 20 years.
Table 2 National Accounts
A. National Income
Budget
2007
Real Non-oil GDP growth (%)

(% of non-oil GDP)
Non-oil overall balance (% of non-oil GDP)
Petroleum Fund balance (millions US$)

Non-oil GDP (million US$)

Non-oil GDP (% of Total GDP)

2009

14.6%

Total government expenditure (million US$)

GDP at current prices (millions US$)

2008

1,808

12.8%

Forecast

2010
9.5%

2011
10.6%

2012

2013

10.9%

10.4%

2014
9.9%

2015

5-Year Aveg. Growth

2016

10.8%

11.5%

2012-17

594

627

794

1,206

1,763

1,804

1,855

1,506

1,564

93.6%

79.4%

90.7%

114.5%

140.8%

121.3%

105.0%

71.7%

62.7%

-85.3%

-71.1%

-94.5%

-61.4%

-52.4%

4,197

5,377

6,904

9,338

10,565

11,674

12,509

13,854

15,242

26.0%

9.6%

3,035

2,634

3,199

4,315

4,073

4,161

4,190

4,630

5,009

7.6%

5.3%

18.5%

18.8%

4.1%

-2.8%

-81.1% -104.0% -130.0% -110.6%

494

635

790

876

1,054

1,252

1,487

1,767

2,099

2,494

27.3%

20.9%

30.0%

27.4%

24.4%

30.7%

35.7%

42.2%

45.3%

49.8%

Oil GDP (million US$)

1,313

2,400

1,845

2,323

3,261

2,821

2,674

2,423

2,530

2,515

Oil GDP (% of Total GDP)

72.6%

79.1%

70.0%

72.6%

75.6%

69.3%

64.3%

57.8%

54.6%

50.2%

10.3%

9.0%

0.7%

6.8%

13.5%

8.0%

Consumer Price Index % increase)

2008-12

31.3%

Source: IMF

B. Non-Oil Gross Domestic Product by Sector (% Shares)

2007

2008

2009

2010

31%

31%

31%

28%

Industry

3%

3%

3%

3%

Services

29%

29%

28%

31%

Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries

Public Sector (exc.UN)

Total

38%

38%

38%

39%

100%

100%

100%

100%

Source:IMF and "Stategic Development Plan", 2010, Ministry of Finance

5. Review of The Strategic Development Plan 2011-2030

The Strategic Development Plan, 2011-2030 (SDP), published in 2010, provides a stated official
vision by the Government of Timor Leste (GoTL) for the National Development Plan of the country
during the twenty year period, 2011-2030.
The Consultant reviewed this plan with respect to two main issues:
(i)
Role of the Road Sector, in general, and of the Mamatuto-Natarbora road in particular, in the
strategic development plan of Timor Leste.
(ii)
Review of plans for Petroleum Facilities developments on the South Cost, administered by
Timor GAP, and their implications to Induced Traffic on the upgraded MamatutoNatarbora road.
It is important to note that road development is considered by the GoTL a preliminary pre-requisite
and essential top-priority step in the implementation of the SDP. The following section is extracted,
as is, from the SDP Report:
Physical infrastructure development, particularly road network improvement is
recognized by the Government of Timor-Leste as one of the top priorities to accelerate the
countrys new economic opportunities and poverty reduction.
Figure 2 shows plans for the National Road Network, where the Study Area road, Road A-09 is
defined as a mid-country connector. Figure 4 shows Plans for three Petroleum Clusters on the South
Coast.

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Figure 3. National Planning Networks

Figure 4 Petroleum Development Clusters

Among others, the development plans for the South Coast including plans for:
Constructing a new town of Nova Suai, with 6,000 People, adjacent to the Suai Supply Base
Cluster.
Constructing a new town of Nova Betano, with target population of 30,000, adjacent to the
Refinery/Petrochemical Cluster in Betano.
Constructing a new town of Nova Beaco, with 6,400 people, adjacent to the LNG Plant in
Viqueque.
Constructing a 4-lane highway connecting these three clusters.
In turn, the Feasibility Study estimated future Induced Traffic between these clusters and Dili, via
the Manatuto-Natarbora road.
6. The 2013 Traffic Surveys and Analyses
6.1 General
To assess existing traffic on the A-09 and C-15 roads, and to establish the traffic base-line for
projecting future traffic growth on these roads, the Feasibility Study conducted three (3), twelveKatahira & Engineers International in association with
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hour (12 hrs) Traffic Count on the Study area roads, as well as one (1) Road Side (O-D) Survey on
Road A01-01, on the approach to the Manatuto Junction (A01-01/A09-01)*2. The Traffic counts
were converted to Average Annual Vehicle Traffic (AADT), using a conversion factor from 12 to 24
hours.
The following sections provide selected highlight findings from these surveys.
6.2 Traffic Counts Highlights

Traffic volume (all Categories 1-9) on the Manatuto-Natarbora Rd is very low, varying
between 148 AADT on A09-01, to 65 AADT on A09-04 (including Motorcycle).
Motorcycle (Category 1) has the largest share of AADT. On all links (with the exception of
A09-04 with 61.4%), Motorcycle accounts for about 75% of total AADT.
The most dominant vehicle type, excluding Motorcycle, is Jeep/4WD (Category 3),
accounting for about 20% of total AADT on A09-01, 02, and 03, and about 12% on A09-04.
The second dominant mode is Light Truck (Category 7), accounting for about 15% on all
links.
There are very few Medium Trucks (Category 8): Only 2 on link A09-01, and none on the
other links; and no Heavy Trucks, at all, on any link.
There were exceptionally few Buses (either Micro/Minibus, or Medium/Large). On all five
links combined there were only 5 AADT buses. This is because Light Trucks act a SemiBuses on the Manatuto-Natarbora road, due to the poor road conditions.

6.3 Road Side Survey Highlights

The Road survey included 418 vehicles, out of total count of 868; this represents an overall
sampling ratio of 48%.
The ratios, by vehicle type, were used later to expand the traffic survey O-D matrices into
full population (of vehicle) matrices.
The survey samples 212 bus passengers, from 75 buses surveys. The sample included the
first front passengers in each bus.
Average number of passengers per vehicle varied by vehicle type, as expected. For
example:
Motorcycle: 1.3
Car, 4WD and Pickup/Van: 3.9-3.4
Small bus: 10.9
Large bus: 26.5
Med Truck:6.1
Large & Heavy Truck:2.8-2.5
Trip purpose for bus passengers (Categories 5-6) was about one half Work and one half
Leisure (50%-50%; and 38%-62%, respectively).
Trips are quite long; average trip length is over 100km, and average travel time about 5.0
hours.
Truck Load : Average truck load was:
Large bus: 32%
Med Truck:51%
Large & Heavy Truck:65%

*2

To increase the number of survey stations, increase sample size, and achieve more comprehensive results for the
entire centre and north-eastern roads, the team of this feasibility study, ADB 2857-TIM, cooperated fully with the team for
ADB feasibly study TA 8146-TIM. The two teams developed and utilized identical survey instruments (forms), and
divided between them the execution of the surveys at the survey stations, as well as the analysis of the results, later on.

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6.4 Estimated Induced Traffic from the South Coast

This study estimated two types of Induced Traffic from/to the South Coast, along the ManatutoNatarbora road:
1. General Traffic. This traffic estimates potential traffic linkages between The South Coast and
Dili, where population sizes act as proxies for the strength of the linkages. It includes a mix of
traffic vehicles (excluding motorcycles), derived from the Road Side Survey (O-D) conducted by
the Consultant. This general traffic includes both people and goods movements, and is expected
to grow at the same annual rates as normal traffic.
2. Fuel Hauling Traffic . This traffic is based on estimates of fuel hauling traffic, by road, between
the Refineries in Betano and the North Coast. It is based on input provided by Timor Gap
Management. All of this traffic is by heavy (3 axle) tanker-trucks. This traffic remains constant
from year 2017 onwards, as it depends on a fixed production capacity of the refineries (30,000
PBD) in the foreseeable future.
6.5 Estimated Traffic Growth Rate
Table 3 shows estimated annual growth rates per annum, by vehicle type, use as input to RED. The
estimated growth rates are aderived from a combination of considerations including: Growth rates,
by vehicle type, for the period 2009-2013, derived from the traffic counts; changes in vehicle
ownership over the period 2009-2013; and changes in GDP over recent years and IMF projections
into the future.
Table 3. Annual Growth Rates, 2013 2034, for RED
2014-2018 2019-2023 2024-2028 2029-2033
Motorcycle
10.0%
7.5%
5.0%
2.5%
Cars, 4WD, Pickup/Van
7.5%
7.5%
7.5%
7.5%
Buses
7.5%
7.5%
7.5%
7.5%
Trucks
20.0%
15.0%
10.0%
10.0%
6.6 Projected Traffic 2014-2033
Table 4 shows summary of projected traffic for the period 2014-2033.
The table is divided into three types of traffic categories:
1. Normal Traffic
2. Generated and Induced Traffic
3. Total Traffic (sum of the two above)
Within each traffic category, there is a further division into:
1. Total Traffic, including Motorcycle (Inc-MC)
2. Traffic excluding Motorcycle (Exc-MC)

Highlights
Recall, Induced General Traffic does not include Motorcycle (too long a trip to Dili on motorcycle).
And Induced Traffic by Tanker-Trucks obviously does not include motorcycles.
Similarly, Generated Traffic does not include many motorcycles (as the reduced travel cost by
motorcycle is too small to generate significant new motorcycle traffic).
The result, as shown below is the increasing share of non-motorcycle traffic over time. It grows on
the main line-haul road, A-09, from about 40% in 2014, to about 80% of total volume in 2033.

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Normal

Genert

A09-02

Induced

All Traff

Normal

Genert

A09-03

Induced

All Traff

Normal

Genert

A09-04

Induced

All Traff

Normal

Genert

C-15

Induced

All Traff

Normal

Genert

Induced

All Traff

Year
Inc

Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc

Exc

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

MC

2014 152

63

152

63

122

46

122

46

87

33

87

33

87

33

87

33

74

20

74

20

2015 169

71

169

71

135

52

135

52

96

37

96

37

96

37

96

37

83

23

83

23

2016 188

81

34

15

223

95

150

58

34

13

185

72

107

42

34

13

141

55

107

42

34

13

141

55

93

27

34

10

127

38

2017 210

92

39

17

442

302

167

66

39

15

399

274

119

47

39

15

350

255

119

47

39

15

350

255

104

32

39

12

143

44

193 193

193 193

193 193

193 193

2018 235 105

43

19

202 202

480

326

186

75

43

17

202 202

431

294

132

53

43

17

202 202

377

272

132

53

43

17

202 202

377

272

117

38

43

14

160

52

2019 257 117

48

22

211 211

516

350

203

83

48

20

211 211

462

314

144

59

48

20

211 211

403

289

144

59

48

20

211 211

403

289

128

43

48

16

176

59

2020 281 131

53

24

221 221

555

377

221

93

53

22

221 221

495

336

157

65

53

22

221 221

431

309

157

65

53

22

221 221

431

309

140

49

53

18

193

67

2021 308 146

58

28

232 232

599

406

241 103

58

25

232 232

532

360

171

73

58

25

232 232

461

330

171

73

58

25

232 232

461

330

154

56

58

21

212

77

2022 338 164

64

31

244 244

646

439

264 115

64

28

244 244

572

388

187

81

64

28

244 244

495

353

187

81

64

28

244 244

495

353

169

63

64

24

233

87

10 2023 371 184

71

35

257 257

699

476

289 129

71

32

257 257

617

418

204

90

71

31

257 257

532

379

204

90

71

31

257 257

532

379

186

72

71

27

256

100

11 2024 397 201

76

38

272 272

745

511

308 140

76

35

272 272

656

446

218

98

76

34

272 272

565

404

218

98

76

34

272 272

565

404

198

79

76

30

274

109

12 2025 425 219

82

42

287 287

794

548

329 153

82

38

287 287

698

478

232 107

82

38

287 287

601

432

232 107

82

38

287 287

601

432

212

87

82

33

294

120

13 2026 455 239

88

46

304 304

847

589

352 167

88

42

304 304

743

512

248 117

88

41

304 304

640

462

248 117

88

41

304 304

640

462

227

95

88

37

315

132

14 2027 488 261

95

51

322 322

904

633

376 182

95

46

322 322

792

549

265 127

95

45

322 322

681

494

265 127

95

45

322 322

681

494

242 104

95

41

337

145

15 2028 523 284 102

56

341 341

967

681

402 198 102

50

341 341

845

590

283 138 102

50

341 341

727

530

283 138 102

50

341 341

727

530

259 115 102

45

362

160

16 2029 555 310 109

61

362 362 1027

734

425 216 109

55

362 362

897

634

299 151 109

55

362 362

771

568

299 151 109

55

362 362

771

568

274 126 109

50

383

176

17 2030 590 339 117

67

386 386 1092

792

450 235 117

61

386 386

952

682

317 164 117

61

386 386

819

611

317 164 117

61

386 386

819

611

290 138 117

56

407

193

18 2031 627 370 125

74

411 411 1163

854

476 257 125

67

411 411 1012

735

335 179 125

67

411 411

871

657

335 179 125

67

411 411

871

657

307 151 125

62

432

213

19 2032 668 404 134

81

438 438 1240

923

505 280 134

74

438 438 1077

792

355 195 134

74

438 438

927

707

355 195 134

74

438 438

927

707

326 166 134

68

460

234

20 2033 711 441 144

89

467 467 1323

998

536 305 144

82

467 467 1147

855

377 213 144

81

467 467

988

761

377 213 144

81

467 467

988

761

346 182 144

76

490

258

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7
8

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Table 4. Traffic by Year, 2014 2033 by Link; Normal and Generated & Induces; Include/Exclude Motorcycle

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7. Engineering Surveys and Assessments

Engineering work includes (but is not limited) to the following:
7.1 Assessment of Existing Road and Major Drainage Structures
The Consultant carried out field inspections during the month of February, 2013 to assess the
existing road and structures (On-going road realignment, reconstruction and restoration works were
noted on several sections). The adequacy of these sections should be verified during the detailed
engineering and to be coordinated with MPW-PMU. Between km 80 & km95, about 5 sections
need to define the suitable horizontal alignment. The Consultants road design engineer has
delineated the appropriate alignment in order that the survey team could stake out and take
topographic survey.
7.2 Road Roughness Survey
With the joint effort from ABD, PMU-MPW and Consultant, a road roughness survey was
conducted on February 8, 2013 in the two project roads using the vehicle-mounted Romdas bump
integrator with roughness reading every 100 meters in one direction only. The International
Roughness Index (IRI) of each homogenous Road Link was calculated by taking the average index
value every kilometer. The existing average value was used as input for RED without Project.
7.3 Technical Design Standards and Guidelines
The geometric standards of the Ministry of Public Works (MPW) draft specifications for road &
bridges, the AASHTO 2011 and other accepted internationally recognized standards were
harmonized to come up with proposed technical standards suitable for use in the detailed engineering
design.
7.4 Proposed Road Upgrading Alternates
The existing project roads were sectioned into seven (7) homogenous sections taking into account
varying terrain characteristics along the route and conditions/features of the road.
The Consultant Engineers proposed the following three alternatives for reconstructing the Study area
Roads
Alternate 1 - Repair/Rehab and Reconstruct with 4.5m TST Surfacing (and 1m shoulder on
each side of the road)
Alternate 2 - Reconstruct with 4.5m TST Surfacing (and 1m shoulder on each side of the
road)
Alternate 3 - Reconstruct with 6m Asphalt Concrete Surfacing (and 1m shoulder on each
side of the road)
The engineering assessment estimated the construction cost and annual maintenance cost for each
alternative, and converted them into cost per-km per Road Link, as required by RED.
7.5 Project Cost
Road Characteristics and cost summaries for each of the three alternatives (Scenarios) With
Project, as well as for the without Project are shown in Table 5-A ($1000 per-km)by Link and
by Project Total. Total Project Costs (US$ 1,000) per Link and per Project Total are shown in Table
5-B.
Total construction costs (road works and bridges) for the entire project (89.8 km) are:
Scenario 1: about US$ 52.3 million
Scenario 2: about US$ 55.4 million
Scenario 3: about US$ 76.2 million
Total annual maintenance costs for the entire project (89.8 km) are:
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Scenario 0: about US$ 1.50 million per annum

Scenario 1: about US$ 0.43 million per annum
Scenario 2: about US$ 0.42 million per annum
Scenario 3: about US$ 0.37 million per annum
Scenario 1 (without project) requires about US$ 1.5 per annum to keep the road passable, still
under harsh conditions (IRRs only slightly better that the existing ones). In contrast, the other
Scenarios (with Project) require only about US$ 0.40 per annum (less than a third of Scenario 1),
to maintain a reconstructed, high-quality, well surfaced road.

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Road Name

Manatuto - Natarbora

Road Section Name

Proposed
Proposed

Manatuto to Cribas
A09-1a
65.2
82.0
16.8
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
6.0
0.5 to1.0
0.5 to 1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
11.0
9.4
3.5
3.5
2.5
0.00
528.80
528.80
719.13
12.66
4.22
4.22
3.69

A09-1
A09-1b
82.0
88.0
6.0
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
6.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
10.0
8.5
3.5
3.5
2.5
0.00
199.06
512.73
705.17
8.31
5.14
4.22
3.69

Wt Avg.
65.2
88.0
22.8
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
6.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
10.8
9.2
3.5
3.5
2.5
0.00
442.03
524.57
715.45
11.51
4.46
4.22
3.69

A09
Cribas to Jct
Jct Laclubar to
Laclubar
Mane Hat
A09-2
A09-3
88.0
99.5
99.5
133.0
11.5
33.5
3.5 to 4.0
3.0 to 3.5
3.5 to 4
3 to 3.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
6.0
6.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5 to 1.0
0.5 to 1.0
27.4
31.4
23.3
26.7
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
2.5
2.5
0.00
0.00
714.01
677.67
714.01
677.67
982.89
931.20
14.17
19.12
4.22
5.14
4.22
5.14
3.69
4.48

Mane Hat to Natarbora

A09-4a
133.0
140.5
7.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
6.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
29.0
24.7
3.5
3.5
2.5
0.00
515.37
515.37
716.66
19.12
4.22
4.22
3.69

A09-4
A09-4b
140.5
144.7
4.2
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
6.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
10.4
8.8
3.5
3.5
2.5
0.00
208.41
502.97
701.78
9.76
5.14
4.22
3.69

Wt Avg.
133.0
144.7
11.7
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
6.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
22.3
19.0
3.5
3.5
2.5
0.00
405.18
510.92
711.32
15.76
4.55
4.22
3.69

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Road Section ID No
Road Sub-Section
From (km)
To (km)
Length (km)
Existing
Alt 0
Rd Width (m)
Alt 1
Alt 2
Alt 3
Existing
Alt 0
Shoulder
Alt 1
Width (m)
Alt 2
Alt 3
Existing
Road
Alt 0
Roughness
Alt 1
Alt 2
(IRI Value)
Alt 3
Alt 0
Road Works
Alt 1
Cost/km
Alt 2
(1000$)
Alt 3
Alt 0 (Essential)
Annual Maint.
Alt 1 (Normal)
Cost/km
Alt 2 (Normal)
(1000$)
Alt 3 (Normal)

Post-work

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Road ID No.

Jct Laclubar Laclubar

C15
Jct Laclubar
Total
to Laclubar
C15
A09 + C15
0.0
10.3
89.8
10.3
3.0 to 3.5
3 to 3.5
4.5
4.5
6.0
0 to 0.5
0 to 0.5
1.0
1.0
0.5 to 1.0
34.0
28.9
3.5
3.5
2.5
0.00
633.91
633.91
876.29
23.73
5.14
5.14
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Table 5-A. Engineering Input Data for Economic Analysis Road Characteristics & Costs Per Km (1000$)

Road Name

Manatuto - Natarbora

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Road ID No.
Road Section Name
Road Section ID No
Road Sub-Section
From (km)
To (km)
Length (km)
Alt 0 (Essential)
Total Works
Alt 1 (Normal)
Cost (1000$)
Alt 2 (Normal)
Alt 3 (Normal)
Alt 0 (Essential)
Tot Annual
Alt 1 (Normal)
Maint. Cost
Alt 2 (Normal)
(1000$)
Alt 3 (Normal)

Manatuto to Cribas
A09-1a
65.2
82.0
16.8
0.00
8,883.87
8,883.87
12,081.36
212.62
70.87
70.87
62.01

A09-1
A09-1b
82.0
88.0
6.0
0.00
1,194.37
3,076.38
4,230.99
49.83
30.85
25.31
22.15

Wt Avg.
65.2
88.0
22.8
0.00
10,078.24
11,960.25
16,312.35
262.45
101.72
96.18
84.16

A09
Cribas to Jct
Jct Laclubar to
Laclubar
Mane Hat
A09-2
A09-3
88.0
99.5
99.5
133.0
11.5
33.5
0.00
0.00
8,211.09
22,702.07
8,211.09
22,702.07
11,303.28
31,195.15
162.98
640.37
48.51
172.24
48.51
172.24
42.45
150.16

Mane Hat to Natarbora

A09-4a
133.0
140.5
7.5
0.00
3,865.27
3,865.27
5,374.92
143.37
31.64
31.64
27.68

A09-4
A09-4b
140.5
144.7
4.2
0.00
875.32
2,112.49
2,947.49
40.97
21.59
17.72
15.50

Wt Avg.
133.0
144.7
11.7
0.00
4,740.59
5,977.76
8,322.41
184.34
53.23
49.36
43.19

Jct Laclubar Laclubar

C15
Jct Laclubar
Total
to Laclubar
C15
A09 + C15
0.0
10.3
10.3
89.8
0.00
0.00
6,529.31
52,261.30
6,529.31
55,380.49
9,025.80
76,158.99
244.42
1,494.56
52.96
428.66
52.96
419.25
46.17
366.12

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Table 5-B. Engineering Input Data for Economic Analysis Total Construction and Maintenance Cost (1000$)

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8. Economic Analysis
8.1 General Methodology
The Economic Analysis uses, for the most part ADBs guidelines for project economic evaluation:
Evaluate discounted streams of Project Costs and Benefits for a period of 20 years, at a discount rate
of 12%. A project passes the thresholds if it produces a positive Net Present Value (NPV), and
generates Economic internal Rate of Return (EIRR) larger than 12%.
In addition, the analysis evaluated the project at 5% discount rate - A discount rate above the
opportunity cost of capital for the Timor Leste Petroleum Fund.
Most of the input for this RED model is derived from the Road Engineering Surveys, Analysis and
Assessment, reported in Chapter 4 of the Report; and from Transport/Traffic Surveys, Analysis and
Assessment, reported in Chapter 10 of the Report.
Other inputs to RED, such as vehicle characteristics, cost and utilization (by vehicle type), as well as
vehicle occupancy and Value of Time (VOT) for work and leisure, were prepared by the Consultant,
mainly as a 2013 update to 2009 values reported in TA 7100.
The basic unit of analysis, in RED, is the Road Link. Five road links were analyzes: A09-01 (22.8
km); A09-02 (11.5 km); A09-03 (33.5 km); A09-04 (11.7 km); and C-15 (10.3 km). They were later
combined into full project, using distance (km) as a base for estimating weighted average values.
The economic analysis is based on three proposed scenarios with project:
Scenario 1 - Repair/Rehab and Reconstruct with 4.5m TST Surfacing (and 1m shoulder on
each side of the road)
Scenario 2 - Reconstruct with 4.5m TST Surfacing (and 1m shoulder on each side of the
road)
Scenario 3 - Reconstruct with 6m Asphalt Concrete Surfacing (and 1m shoulder on each side
of the road)
The analysis evaluates each of the three alternative scenarios with project against the without
project scenario.
8.2 Costs & Road Roughness (IRI)
Cost per-link (in $1000 per-km), for construction and for annual maintenance, are derived from the
Engineering Assessment, show in Table 4-A above.
Existing and projected road roughness, expressed in International Roughness Index (IRI) is also
derived from m the Engineering Assessment, shown in Table 5-A.
8.3 Traffic
Traffic is derived from the Traffic Assessment, described above. Total traffic is composed of:
Normal Traffic
Generated Traffic
Induced Traffic
For annual growth rates (applied to each of these traffic categories) see Table 3 above, and for
summary traffic see Table 4 above.
8.4 Quantifiable Road Benefits
1. Savings on Vehicle Operating Costs (VOC). The difference in VOC due to improved road
conditions (lower IRI), "with" vs. "without" project. This difference is calculated by RED.
2. Saving on Passengers Value of Time (VOT). The difference in VOT due to improved road
conditions (shorter travel time), "with" vs. "without" project

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8.5 Other Quantifiable Benefits

1. Share of local labour/local economy in road investment costs (5% of investment costs spent
locally, compounded by multiplier factor of 1.2).
2. Share of local labour/local economy in road maintenance costs (30% of maintenance costs
"with" project are spent on local labour intensive maintenance, compounded by the 1.2
multiplier factor).
3. Proxy for "social benefits" - To account for better access to markets, education, health
commercial and administrative facilities (assume US$ 15.0, per person per year, in the
affected area).
4. Residual value of bridges and special culverts . Economic life of new bridges and special
culvert is more than 20 years (at least 40 years). Thus, their residual value in current prices
is a benefit in year 20.
5.
8.6 Standard Economic Analysis, 12% Discount Rate - Summary Results
Table.6 shows summery results of the economic analysis, following the standard ADB guidelines for
economic analysis (NPV>0, EIRR>12.0%).
Results are shown, first, for each of the five links; and later (bottom of table) for the entire Project.
They are calculated as follows:
The Total NPV is an arithmetic sum of the results for each link
The average EIRR is a weighted average of the EIRRs for each link, where the distance (km) is
the weighting factor.
Table 6 Standard Economic Analysis (12% Discount Rate) Summary Results
From
To

Link

Mantuto
Cribas
Cribas
A09-02
Laclubar
Laclubar
A09-03
Mane Hat
Mane Hat
A09-04
Natarbora
Junc
C-15
Laclubar
Total
A09-01

Distance
(km)
22.8
11.5
33.5
11.7
10.3

Economic Index

Senario
1
4.5 m
TST

NPV - (million $) at 12%

EIRR - (%)
NPV - (million $) at 12%
EIRR - (%)
NPV - (million $) at 12%
EIRR - (%)
NPV - (million $) at 12%
EIRR - (%)
NPV - (million $) at 12%
EIRR - (%)

-0.810
10.2%
2.224
16.8%
4.144
15.4%
2.481
22.4%
1.638
19.0%

-2.293
7.7%
2.224
16.8%
4.144
15.4%
1.507
16.9%
0.664
14.2%

-5.365
4.6%
-0.055
11.9%
-4.169
9.3%
-0.203
11.5%
-1.088
9.4%

9.678

6.246

-10.880

15.6%

13.7%

8.8%

89.8
NPV - (million $) at 12%

All Links

Senario
Senario
2
3
4.5 m
6.0m
TST
Asph-Conc

Total -All 5 Links

EIRR - (%)
Weigted Avg (by km) - All 5 Links

Highlights
Scenario 2 Scenario 3, based on 4.5m road-way and TST pavement passed the standard
economic threshold; and the less expensive Scenario 1, did better than Scenario 2 (the more
expensive between them).
In contract, Scenario 3, based on 6.0m road-way and asphalt-concrete pavement, did not pass the
standard economic threshold; its total cost is too high with respect to the benefits that the road
can produce.

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All in all, given the relatively low volume of projected traffic and associated road benefits on the
Manatuto-Natarbora road, the least expensive scenario, Scenario 1, produces the best results, as
discussed below.
Scenario 1 produces the highest EIRR of 15.6% and a positive NPV of US$ 9.678 million. It
passes the ADBs required threshold of 12.0% EIRR.
Scenario 2 produces the second level EIRR, of 13.7%, and NPV of US$ 6.246 million.
Scenario 3 produces an EIRR of just 8.8%, and has a negative NPV of about US$ 10.9 million.
Using standard ADB guidelines (positive NPV and EIRR>12%), Scenario 3 does not pass the
economic analysis.

8.7 Alternative Economic Analysis - at 5% Discount Rate

The analysis above (section 11.12) used a discount rate of 12%, as dictated by the ADB guidelines.
However, there is room to review the project also in terms of Opportunity Cost of Capital to the
GoTL, which seems to be significantly lower than the 12% dictated by the ADB.
Currently the Petroleum Fund, the main source of internal investment funds for Timor Leste is
invested largely in US Government Bonds (or other countries bonds). The return on these bonds is
approximately 2.5%. This rate is actually lower (or about equal) than the US inflation rate *3. This
means that at the most the Petroleum Fund is breaking even (if not losing its real value). Thus,
any direct investment by the GoTL in infrastructure (or human resources), which provide a
significant return above 2.5% is preferable.
To test this hypothesis, with respect to the Manatuto-Natarbora road, this Study also estimated the
NPV and EIRR under an alternative 5.0% discount rate (instead of 12.0%). The 5.0% discount rate
was selected because it is about twice as large as the prevailing return rate on the Petroleum Fund.
Table 7 shows the results of this alternative economic evaluation, as well as a comparison with the
results obtained by the standard economic analysis at 12% discount rate.
Highlights
NPVs at 5.0% are (as expected) significantly higher than those at 12%.
EIRRs remain (as expected) identical*4, for all three scenarios.
The most significant change is with respect to Scenario 3:
o The NPV (at 5.0%) is positive, valued over US$ 25.0 million, Vs. a negative NPV of
about US$ -10.8 million (at 12.0%).
o The IRR remains identical, 8.8%; however it is now larger than the (revised)
threshold of 5.0%.

*3

The inflation rate in Timor Leste is about twice or three times as large.
IRR is the discount rate which equalizes the total (discounted) streams of benefits and costs. It remains identical in
both cases, so long as the two steams remain identical; which they are here.
*4

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Executive Summary - Page 17

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A. Discount Rate 12%

Link

From
To

Distance
(km)

Mantuto
A09-01

C. Difference (B-A)

Cribas
A09-02

Senario

Senario

Senario

Senario

Senario

Senario

Senario

Senario

4.5 m

4.5 m

6.0m

4.5 m

4.5 m

6.0m

4.5 m

4.5 m

6.0m

TST

TST

Asph-Conc

TST

TST

Asph-Conc

TST

TST

Asph-Conc

NPV - (million $) at 12%

-0.810

-2.293

-5.365

3.858

2.348

-0.431

4.668

4.642

4.934

EIRR - (%)

10.2%

7.7%

4.6%

10.2%

7.7%

4.6%

NPV - (million $) at 12%

2.224

2.224

-0.055

9.169

9.169

7.005

EIRR - (%)

16.8%

16.8%

11.9%

16.8%

16.8%

11.9%

NPV - (million $) at 12%

4.144

4.144

-4.169

21.121

21.121

10.716

EIRR - (%)

15.4%

15.4%

9.3%

15.4%

15.4%

9.3%

NPV - (million $) at 12%

2.481

1.507

-0.203

7.292

6.302

4.694

EIRR - (%)

22.4%

16.9%

11.5%

22.4%

16.9%

11.5%

NPV - (million $) at 12%

1.638

0.664

-1.088

5.777

4.787

3.103

EIRR - (%)

19.0%

14.2%

9.4%

19.0%

14.2%

9.4%

9.678

6.246

-10.880

47.217

43.728

25.087

15.6%

13.7%

8.8%

15.6%

13.7%

8.8%

Economic Index

Same
6.945

6.945

7.060

11.5
Laclubar
Laclubar

A09-03

Same
16.976

16.976

14.885

33.5
Mane Hat
Mane Hat

A09-04

Same
4.811

4.795

4.897

11.7
Natarbora
Junc

C-15

Same
4.139

4.123

4.191

10.3
Laclubar

Same

89.8
NPV - (million $) at 12%
37.540

37.482

35.967

Total -All 5 Links

All Links
EIRR - (%)
Weigted Avg (by km) - All 5 Links

Same

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Senario

22.8
Cribas

Total

B. Discount Rate 5%

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Table 7 Economic Analysis Comparison 5% Vs. 12% Discount Rate

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8.8 Conclusion and Recommendations

A. Assessment - Based on ADB Guidelines
Based on the standard ADB guidelines (NPV>0, EIIR>12%), only the two scenarios based on 4.5m
road-way width and TST paving, Scenario 1 and Scenario 2 pass the threshold of economic analysis.
Both produce positive NPVs of US$ 9.687 and US$ 6.246, respectively; and EIRRs of 15.6 % and
13.7% respectively.
Scenario 3 (6.0m Asphalt-Concrete), the alternative which was originally proposed by the GoTL,
does not meet the economic threshold set by the ADB (NPV>0.0 and EIRR> 12%). It produces a
negative NPV of US$ -10.880 million, and EIRR of only 8.8 %.
B. Assessment - Based on Opportunity Cost of Capital
The Study also estimated the NPV and EIRR under an alternative 5.0% discount rate (instead of
12.0%). The 5.0% discount rate was selected because it is about twice as large as the prevailing
return rate on the Petroleum Fund.
The most significant change under this scheme, particularly with respect to Scenario 3 (6.0m
Asphalt-Concrete) is that the latter becomes an attractive investment because:
(i)
The NPV (at 5.0%) is positive, valued at over US$ 25.0 million (versus a negative NPV of
about US$-19.9 million, at 12.0%).
(ii)
The IRR remains identical, 8.8% (as under the 12% scheme). However, it is now larger than
the (proposed) threshold of 5.0%; and definitely larger than the Opportunity Cost of
Capital for the GoTL, of 2.5%.
The combination of these two facts implies that if the GoTL decides to invest directly, only out of its
own Petroleum Fund in the Manatuto-Natarbora road, it should do so.
In this case the 6.0m reconstructed asphalt-concrete sealed road will offer a significantly higher
engineering standard for a cross-country road between Manatuto and Natarbora, compared to the
4.5m Scenarios; truly in line with International Standard for National Roads.
C. Recommendations
The recommendations are divided into two:
1. For an ADB Loan - The Consultant recommends adopting Scenario 1 or 2. This scenario
includes a 4.5m reconstructed road sealed with TST, with 1.0 m shoulder on each side.
This is because, under ADB guidelines, in the foreseeable future a 6.0m asphalt-concrete road is
not economically feasible, and because a 4.5m road will be able to serve efficiently (though as
second best) the projected traffic demand within the next 20 years.
2. For Direct Financing Solely by The GoTL (with no ADB loan) - The Consultant recommends
adopting Scenario 3. This scenario includes a 6.0m reconstructed asphalt-concrete sealed road,
with 1.0 m shoulder on each side.
Unquestionably, this type of road provides superior engineering standards, adhering to
International Standards, and in line with TL vision for a long-tem National Road Network.
The only limitation is that this recommendation requires an investment solely by the GoTL (or
by an alternative loaning institution which will accept a discount rate of about 5.0%).
In addition, given the difficulties between qualifying for an ADB loan only for a 4.5m road, on one
hand, and the true desire of the GoTL for a 6.0m road, on the other; the Consultant also recommends
the following step in the short-run:
3. Either Way: Reserve Now a 6.0m+ Right-of-Way. - A corollary recommendation is to reserve
now a right-of-way for a 6.0m road plus 2.0 m shoulders, to allow for easier widening of the
road into a 6.0m road-way, in the future, if the ADB loan for 4.5m is selected now.
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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
1.1

Background
Physical infrastructure development, particularly road network improvement is recognized by the
Government of Timor-Leste (GoTL) as one of the top priorities to accelerate the countrys new
economic opportunities and poverty reduction.
The core road network of Timor Leste is comprises of about 1,430 km of National Roads, and 870
km of District Roads. The National Road Network, which links the countrys 13 National Districts,
is comprises of the East-West Northern Coastal Road, the East-West Southern Coastal Road, and
five North-South Roads, which connect with the two Coastal Roads.
Considering the need of a comprehensive and sustainable development of road network, the
Government of Timor Leste (GoTL) is ensuing implementation of the Road Network Upgrading
Project (RNUP), with financial assistance from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) through ADB
Loan Nos. 2857-TIM and 2858-TIM.
The project intends to support upgrading the Timor-Lestes Priority Sections of the National Road
Network to accommodate rapid economic and social development. It focuses on financing HighPriority Road Links identified by the Medium-Term Road Network Development Program,
prepared under ADBs TA.

1.2

Objectives and Scope of the Project

This Feasibility Study applies to the National Road A09 (Sections 01-04), Manatuto to Natrabora
(79.5 km), as well as to the District Road C-15, Laclubar-Jnc. to Laclubar, (10.3 km). Total Project
length is 89.8 km. For Study Area location map see Figure 1.1.
The 79.5 km of the Manatuto to Matarbora road is traversing from a flat to rolling terrain in the
North, meandering the high mountainous spine of the country (elevation up to 1,400 m. above sea
level) in the Centre, and descending towards the coastal plain in the South.
The Manatuto-Laclubar-Natarbora road section was identified by the Strategic Development Plan,
2011-2013 of the Government as a Priority Section, providing essential mid-country cross-road
between the North and the South of Timor Leste. It is considered by the Government to becomes
particularly important in line with the large planned investment in Gas & Petroleum facilities, by
Timor GAP, on the southern coast.
Geographically, the Manatuto-Laclubar-Natarbora Road, is situated right the in the middle of the
country. Thus, conceptually, it is the most appropriate route for a major North-South connection.
However, the current conditions of this road are very poor, and hence it cannot fulfill its expected
strategic role. For example, the Team observed*1 that current travel on the road section Manatuto to
Matarbora, a distance of about 80 km, takes about six hours of punishing travel (on vehicles and
travelers). Obviously, at these poor conditions and slow speed, it cannot fulfill its strategic role.
The GoTl wishes to upgrade the road to all weather, surfaced two-lane road with shoulders, adhering
to international standards; which will enable it, among others, to carry, at the minimum, 20-foot
container trucks. The Project includes plans to strengthen and widen the existing pavement to about
six (6) meters, by asphalt-cement surfacing; plus one (1) meter shoulders on each side.
Vulnerability to damage from the effect of climate change is addressed through appropriate
engineering countermeasures and interventions. Likewise, the project conforms to all applicable
ABD policies with respect to anticorruption measures, safeguards, gender, procurement, consulting
services and disbursement, as indicated in the PAM and loan documents.
The Project in its entirety includes two parts:
(i) Feasibility Study (2.5 months)
(ii) Detailed Design for the upgrading of the Manatuto Laclubar Natarbora road to
International Standards (8.0 months)
For expediency sake, the two parts have been carried out in parallel, from the outset of the Project.

* 2 February, 2013, initial road inspection, , by 4WD vehicle

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Figure 1.1 Study Area - Location Map

1.3

Collaboration with Other Road Projects

This Feasibility Study collaborated with several road projects conducted now (and recently) in Timor
Leste, as described below.
The timing of this Road Feasibility Study (February-April, 2013) coincides with another feasibility
study, financed and carried out directly by ADB: Feasibility Study for the North-Eastern National
Road Sections (Dili-Manatuto-Bacau-Lautan-Los Palos, and Bacau-Viqueque), TA 8146-TIM.
Team Members of this and the other ADB Project cooperated closely. Among others, the two
studies used the same traffic survey instruments, divide between themselves the survey execution,
and shared the survey findings. Similarly, the two studies coordinate on agreed-upon input data to
the RED Program for Economic Analysis.

1.4

Terms of Reference Feasibility Study

A feasibility study will be prepared to fully inform the GoTL and the ADB on the engineering,
economic, environmental, and social aspects of upgrading the road.
Economic Analyses will be carried separately for each of the following components:
(i)
The Project as a whole*2
(ii) From Manatuto to Laclubar
(iii) From Laclubar turnoff to Natarbora
The associated tasks for this Feasibility Study comprise, but are not necessarily limited, to (bold
highlight by the Consultant):
(i) Social analysis of the project that are of influence to determine numbers of beneficiaries and
socio-economic profiles. Assessment of suppressed demand if any for road transport services.
(ii) Field surveys of the road, including preliminary topographic, pavement, drainage and
structures. Preliminary assessment of slope stability and identification of options for mitigation
of existing instability and areas of potential instability which may result from upgrading.
(iii) Undertaking of traffic surveys. Preparation of traffic forecasts taking into account existing
and proposed developments in the project area of influence as well as any findings related to
suppressed demand.

* Eventuallt the Economic Analysis was carried out for the Project as a whole, because carrying out in two
separate sections, can not include the Induced Traffic from the South Coast Petroleum Facilities.
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Determination of sources of construction materials including potential quarry sites

(including verification of material quality)
(v) Preparation of an economic evaluation of the proposed road upgrading options, including
varying carriageway and shoulder configurations.
(vi) Preparation of an economic evaluation of the proposed road upgrading options following
ADBs Guidelines for Economic Analysis of Projects, including switching value calculations,
sensitivity analysis for variations in key parameters and budget constraints. Undertake risk
analysis in accordance with ADBs Handbook for Integrating Risk Analysis of Projects
(vii) Based on the economic analysis, estimation of the expected distribution of project net
benefits among freight transport users, passenger transport users, labor, the government and
the economy in general.
(viii) Assessment of land acquisition and resettlement needs in accordance with the Resettlement
Framework (prepared by others) and prepare a resettlement plan.
(ix) Preparation of an initial poverty and social assessment and screening for resettlement
impact and indigenous peoples issues in line with ADB guidelines.
(x) Assessment of potential environmental impacts in accordance with the Environmental
Assessment and Review Framework (EARF).

(iv)

In parallel, as well as afterwards, detailed engineering design will be prepared for the whole length
of the Manatuto-Natarbora Road, and for the Feeder Road to Laclubar. For construction purposes,
the design will be based on National Standards and Ministry of Public Works (MPW) specifications
for road and bridge works.
1.5

Report Structure
The "Feasibly Study Road A09/C12" includes the following Chapters, Sub-Chapters, and
Appendices:
Chapter 1 Introduction (this section)
1.1. Background
1.2. Objectives and Scope of the Project
1.3. Terms of Reference Feasibility Study
1.4. Report Structure
Chapter 2 - Socio-Economic Review
2.1. Introduction
2.2. National Economic Accounts
2.3. District Population and Land Area
2.4. Transport Implications Vicious Cycle
2.5. Selected Socio Economic Characteristics: Sub-Districts & Sucos
Chapter 3 - Strategic Development Plan
3.1. General
3.2. A National Planning Framework
3.3. National Roads Network Goals & Strategy
3.4. Priority National Roads
3.5. National Highway Ring Road
3.6. Petroleum & Petroleum Industry Facilities
3.7. The National Petroleum Company Timor GAP
Chapter 4 - Engineering: Scope of Work, Technical Investigation & Project Design
4.1. Introduction & Description of Project Roads
4.2. Technical Field Investigation
4.3. Technical Design Standards and Guidelines
4.4. Geotechnical Assessment
4.5. Bio-Engineering Measures
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4.5. Climate Change Adaptation

4.6. Proposed Road Upgrading Alternative Scenarios
4.7. Cost Estimate and Contract Packaging
4.8. Engineering Appendices:
Appendix 4.1. Assessment of Existing Road Condition
Appendix 4.2. Assessment of Major Drainage Structures
Appendix 4.3. Processed Road Roughness Index
Appendix 4.4. Materials Source Maps
Appendix 4.5. Proposed Technical Design Standards and Guidelines
Appendix 4.6. Cost Estimates
Chapter 5 - Social & Poverty Assessment (PSA), and Safeguards
5.1. Socio-Economic Context of Regions and Districts
5.2. National Poverty Reduction Strategy
5.3. Causes and Characteristics of Poverty
5.4. Poverty in the Project Area
5.5. Socio-Economic Profile of the Manatuto District
5.6. Consultation Meetings
5.7. Beneficiary Profile
5.8. Poverty and Social Impact Assessment (PSA)
5.9. Gender Assessment
5.10. Social Action Plan
5.11. Indicators for Monitoring
5.12. Resettlement Framework
5.13. Conclusions
5.14. Social Appendices
Appendix 5.1 - Involuntary Resettlement Screening Form 300609
Appendix 5.2 Indigenous People (IP) Form & Categorization Form
Appendix 5.3 - Resettlement Due Diligence
Appendix 5.4 - Revised-Resettlement Framework-RF
Appendix 5.5 - Summary Resettlement Framework
Appendix 5.6 - Summary of poverty reduction and social strategy
Chapter 6 - Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Description of the Project
6.3. Description of the Environment
6.4. Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation
Measures
6.5. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan
6.6. Public Consultations and Information Disclosure
6.7. Findings and Recommendations
6.9. Environmental Appendices
Appendix 6.1 - Guideline No. 2 Mechanized Sand and Gravel Extraction from Rivers and
Borrow Pits
Appendix 6.2 - Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan
Appendix 6.3 - Sample of Environmental Compliance Inspection and Monitoring Form
Appendix 6.4 - Minutes of Public Consultation
Appendix 6.5 - Proposed Locations for Bio-Engineering Locations
Chapter 7 - Environmental Assessment Review Procedure (EARP)
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Assessment of Legal Framework and Institutional Capacity
7.3. ADB SPS 2009, and ADB Environmental Guidelines and Policy of 2003
7.4. Anticipated Environmental Impacts
7.5. Environmental Assessment for Subprojects and/or Components
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7.6. Consultation, Information Disclosure, and Grievance Redress

Mechanism
7.7. Institutional Arrangement
7.8. Monitoring and Reporting
7.9. Appendices
Appendix 7.1- Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist Form
Appendix 7.2 - Outline of an Environmental Impact Assessment Report
Chapter 8 - Climate Change Adaptation
8.1. Climate Change
8.2. Identified Environmental Risks and Climate Change Vulnerability
8.3. Climate Change as a Development Challenge
8.4. Road Rehabilitation
Chapter 9 Traffic Reviews of Existing Studies
9.1. Background and Data Sources
9.2. Preparing the Road Network Development Project - TA 7100, 2009
9.3. Other Traffic/Economic Evaluation Studies, Adapting TA7100-TIM
9.4. TA 7100 Traffic Study - Highlights
9.5. Timor GAP Traffic Study
Chapter 10 Traffic: 2013 Travel Surveys and Analysis
10.1. Background and Data Sources
10.2. Survey Methodology
10.3. Average Daily Traffic (ADT) & Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT)
10.4. Road Side Survey (O-D), Road A01-01, Dili - Manauto Rd.
10.5. Induced Traffic from South Coast Genera
10.6. Induced General Traffic
10.7. Induced Fuel Hauling Truck Traffic from/to Betano
10.8. Estimated Traffic Growth Rate for RED
10.9. Future Traffic Generators
10.10. Appendices
Appendix 10.1 Traffic Survey Forms
Appendix 10.2 Detailed Traffic Data, by Vehicle Type, 2014-2033
Chapter 11 - Economic Evaluation
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Analytical Scenarios/Alternatives
11.3. Road Characteristics & Cost Estimates of Alternative Scenarios
11.4. Unit Costs and Operating Data, by Vehicle Type - Input to RED
11.5. Other Input to RED
11.6. Traffic
11.7. Quantifiable Benefits
11.8. Estimating Multiplier & Retainer Local Share of Investment/Maintenance Costs
11.9. Proxy for Social Benefits and Affected Population
11.10. Residual Share of Bridges and Special Culverts
11.11. Environmental/Road Safety Impacts
11.12. Standard Economic Analysis, 12% Discount Rate - Summary Results
11.13. Alternative Economic Analysis - at 5% Discount Rate
11.14. Sensitivity Analysis
11.15. Distribution of Benefits
11.16. Risk Analysis
11.17. Conclusion and Recommendations

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CHAPTER 2:
2.1

Feasibility Report

SOCIO-ECONOMIC REVIEW

Introduction
This section provides socio-economic background review of the Study area. The Study Area
includes only one districtthe Manauto District, as the Manatuto-Natarbora Rd. runs only within
that district. The socio-economic data are assessed on three levels:
National
Manatuto District
Manatuto Sucos
These data, directly or indirectly, are used as input to various analyses of this Feasibility Study, in
particular to the traffic and economic analyses
More detailed analysis of socio-economic characteristics, focusing on the Manatuto District and its
Sucos, is provided in Chapter 5 - Social & Poverty Assessment (PSA), and Safeguards. Chapter 5
includes data, assessments and reports on issues of livelihood, poverty, gender, impacted population,
resettlement, and community consultation.
The population of Timor Leste is slightly above 1.0 million (2010 Census), and the land area about
15,000 sq.km. Of these totals, Manatuto District, with a land area of 1,782 sq.km (12.0% of total),
had population of only about 43,000 people (4.1% of total). The Manatuto-Natarbora road
(A09-1) is the main section of the National Road Network running through the District, and is
serving most of its Sub-Districts (in addition to serving a national North-South connection).
The sections below review first, national economic accounts followed by review of socio-economic
characteristics of the Manatuto District and Sub-Districts.

2.2

National Economic Accounts

Table 2.1 shows selected National (macro) economic statistics, derived from the IMF and the
Strategic Development Plan (SDP), 2010:
A. National Income: Budget 2007-201; Forecast 2013-2016; and Average Growth 2008-12, and
2012-17.
B. Non-oil, Growth Domestic Product by Sector, 2007-2010

2.2.1 Highlights
This section provides highlights of these national accounts.
GDP Growth Rate - Timor Leste is a fast growing economy. Non-oil GDP has been growing at
about 10% per-annum, or more, during the period 2007-2012, and is expected to grow at a
similar rate during the period 2012-2017.
Inflation- However, during the period 2007-2012 TL has also experienced in most of these years
high inflation rate. The consumer Price Index (CPI) ranged between 10.3% in 2007 to 8.0% in
2012.
Total Government Expenditure Government expenditure has shown a constant growth, from
US$ 594 million in 2007 to US$ 1,206 million in 2011, and US$ 1,763 in 2012. This is a five
year average growth of 31.3%. It is expected to be contained, at about US$1,500 million per
year, by 2015-2016.
Gov. Expenditure As % of non-oil GDP It has been about 100% or more of Non-oil GDP,
contributing, among other to the relatively high inflation rate. Thus, it intended to be contained
by 2015.
2012 GDP (None-oil & Oil) - Oil and Gas are the main resources of TL. However, most of the
petroleum revenues are retained, by National Law, for future generations, at the Petroleum
Fund (see below). GDP statistics are, thus, divided between:
Non-oil GDP, which reflects the real total of all domestic goods and services produced by TL
people and companies, in the island. In 2012, it was US$ 1,252 (30.7% of Total GDP).
Oil GDP Revenues from Oil& Gas; not a real product of the islands internal economy. In
2012, it was US$ 2,821(69.3% of Total GDP).
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Total GDP The total of these two components above. It was US$ 4,703 million in 2012
(100.0%).
Non-oil GDP Volumes/Trends Non-oil GDP (islands good and services) has been steadily
growing, from US$ 494 million in 2007, to US$ 1,252 million in 2012 (average growth 18.5%).
It is expected to continue growing in about the same rate: US$ I,487 million in 2013 to US$
2,494 million in 2016 (average growth 18.8%).
Traffic Implication - These growth rates have direct implications to projections of traffic growth
in the traffic/economic analysis of this Feasibility Study. A rule of thumb is that traffic tends
to grow at about 1.5 times the rate of the GDP.
Oil GDP Values/Trends - Oil GDP (Petroleum contribution to the GDP) has been steadily
growing, from US$ 1,313 million in 2007, to US$ 2,821 million in 2012 (average growth 4.1%).
It is expected to slow it growth in the period 2013-2016: US$ 2,674 million in 2013 to US$
2,515 million in 2016 (average growth -2.8%).
Petroleum Fund The Petroleum Fund balance, after contribution to the National Budget, has
been steadily growing, from US$ 4,197 million in 2007, to US$ 10,565 million in 2012 (average
growth 20.6%). It is expected to continue growing, though at a lower rate: US$ 11,674 million
in 2013 to US$ 15,242 million in 2016 (average growth 9.5%). Further discussion of the
Petroleum Fund is below.
Non-0il GDP by Sector In general, the Timorese None-oil GDP is divided in about equal
shares, among three sectors: (i) Agriculture, forestry and fishery, (ii) Services, and (iii) Public
Sector. In 2010 the division was: 28%, 31%, and 39%, respectively. Industry is still at its
infancy, contributing only 3.0% of the Non-oil GDP.

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Real Non-oil GDP growth (%)

Total government expenditure (million US$)
(% of non-oil GDP)
Non-oil overall balance (% of non-oil GDP)
Petroleum Fund balance (millions US$)

2008
14.6%

Budget
2009
2010
12.8%
9.5%

2011
10.6%

2012
10.9%

2013
10.4%

2014
9.9%

Forecast
2015
10.8%

2016
11.5%

2017

5-Year Aveg. Growth

2008-12
2012-17

594
93.6%
-85.3%

627
79.4%
-71.1%

794
90.7%
-81.1%

1,206
114.5%
-104.0%

1,763
140.8%
-130.0%

1,804
121.3%
-110.6%

1,855
105.0%
-94.5%

1,506
71.7%
-61.4%

1,564
62.7%
-52.4%

31.3%

4,197

5,377

6,904

9,338

10,565

11,674

12,509

13,854

15,242

26.0%

9.6%

4,161
1,487
35.7%
2,674
64.3%

4,190
1,767
42.2%
2,423
57.8%

4,630
2,099
45.3%
2,530
54.6%

5,009
2,494
49.8%
2,515
50.2%

7.6%
18.5%

5.3%
18.8%

4.1%

-2.8%

GDP at current prices (millions US$)

Non-oil GDP (million US$)
Non-oil GDP (% of Total GDP)
Oil GDP (million US$)
Oil GDP (% of Total GDP)

1,808
494
27.3%
1,313
72.6%

3,035
635
20.9%
2,400
79.1%

2,634
790
30.0%
1,845
70.0%

3,199
876
27.4%
2,323
72.6%

4,315
1,054
24.4%
3,261
75.6%

4,073
1,252
30.7%
2,821
69.3%

Consumer Price Index % increase)

Source: IMF

10.3%

9.0%

0.7%

6.8%

13.5%

8.0%

2009
31%
3%
28%
38%
100%

2010
28%
3%
31%
39%
100%

B. Non-Oil Gross Domestic Product by Sector (% Shares)

2007
2008
Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries
31%
31%
Industry
3%
3%
Services
29%
29%
Public Sector (exc.UN)
38%
38%
Total
100%
100%
Source:IMF and "Stategic Development Plan", 2010, Ministry of Finance

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Table 2.1 National Accounts

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2.2.2 Petroleum Fund & Opportunity Cost of Capital

Timor Leste has invested much of the royalties from its off-shore oil and gas industry into a trustfund The Petroleum Fund. As indicated above, at end of 2012, the fund had a balance of US$
15,242 million. Currently the fund has a balance of over US$ 11.0 billion (US$ 11.054 million).
The latest quarterly report of the Petroleum Fund of Timor Leste indicates that:
Since its inception it has earned an average annual return of 4.10% per year; and
It is currently earning an annual equivalent return of just 2.01%.
These are low rates of return. The funds trustees are, however, required to make largely risk-free
investments. If the Government were prepared to accept a higher level of risk then the return might
be a little higher.
There are clearly domestic projects where the investment would yield an economic return well in
excess of the above. A prudent Government might, for example, choose to invest money from the
fund in any domestic project that had an estimated return in the above base levels of, say, 5% - 10%.
Such rates are rather higher than currently being obtained from the Petroleum Fund but there
would, of course be some risk attached to the investments.
The extent of risk can, however, often be measured, and in the transport sector can frequently be
estimated in terms of the probability the rate of return exceeds a specified level:
Low Risk Projects: These might be defined as when the estimated rate of return has an 80% chance
of being within a range deviating +/-20% on the forecast central rate of return funding might in
these circumstances be accepted if the rate of return exceeded 5%;
Medium Risk Projects: These might be defined as when the estimated rate of return has a 50%
chance of being within a range deviating +/-20% on the forecast central rate of return funding
might in these circumstances be accepted if the rate of return exceeded 7.5%;
High Risk Projects: These might be defined as when the estimated rate of return has only a 30%
chance of being within a range deviating +/-20% on the forecast central rate of return -funding
might in these circumstance be accepted if the rate of return exceeded 10%;

These safeguards would protect Government. They would take advantage of the Petroleum Fund
and allow Government to invest prudently in projects with expected returns well below the rate of
return that organizations such as the ADB seek when lending for projects.
Typically the annual economic return sought by the ADB would be 12% *1. ADB is, of course,
seeking to finance projects in a wider region and with a limited budget and it wishes to ensure that its
projects produce maximum benefits for the money invested.
2.3

District Population and Land Area

Table 2.2 shows population and land area of Timor Leste, Manatuto District and Sub-District, based
on the latest census, the 2010 Census.
The 2010 population of Timor Leste was slightly above 1.0 million, and the land area is about
15,000 sq.km. Manatuto District, with a land area of 1,782 sq.km (12.0% of total), accounted in
2010, for only about 43,000 people (4.1% of total). This proportion of Manatuto population
remained practically unchanged since 20004 (4.0% of total).
The population density of Manatuto District is low: 24.3 people/sq.km,, compared to the National
average of 71.5. The Manatuto District includes six Sub-Districts (see Table 1.1, and Figure 1.1).
Of which, two towns Manatuto Town and Laclubar (on relatively small land area), account for
more than half of the districts population. Each of them account for about 12,000 populations.
Total population in these two towns is 23,715 (54.8% of total). Excluding these two towns, only
19,537 people (44.2% of total) live in this vast area. And even not all of them are expected to be

*1

Though in some circumstances, sub-projects within a package generating lower estimated returns might
also be accepted.
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affected by the planned upgrading of the road (assuming impact within 5.0 km from either side of
the road).
In summary, the vast area of the Manatuto District is very sparsely populated, inhabited mainly by
subsistence farmers, and is expected to remain that way also in the foreseeable future. For example,
the Strategic Development Plan, 2011-2030 (SDP), which provides vision and guideline for TL
development, designates the core of Manatuto mountainous area as protected forest. It does not
include any significant plans to alter the subsistence farming character of this vast country2.
Table 2.2 Populations and Land Area
Population
2004
2010
Annual
Number
% of
Number
% of
Growth
Tot
Tot
2004-10 (%)
Timor Leste-Total
923,240
100.0% 1,066,582
100.0%
2.4%
Manatuto District
36,897
4.0%
43,246
4.1%
2.7%
Sub-Districts
% of Dist
% of Dist
Barique/Natarbora
4,874
13.2%
5,077
11.7%
0.7%
Lacio
7,558
20.5%
7,939
18.4%
0.8%
Laclubar
8,039
21.8%
11,376
26.3%
6.0%
Laleie
3,211
8.7%
3,470
8.0%
1.3%
Manatuto (Town)
10,455
28.3%
12,339
28.5%
2.8%
Soibada
2,760
7.5%
3,051
7.1%
1.7%
Source: 2010 Census, OCHA/UNMIT Integrated Humanitarian Coordination Team
Administrative Unit

Area
2010
Sq. km
% of
Tot
14,920
100.0%
1,783
12.0%
% of Dist
397
22.3%
368
20.6%
391
21.9%
226
12.7%
271
15.2%
130
7.3%

Density
2010
Pop per
Sq. km
71.5
24.3
12.8
21.6
29.1
15.4
45.5
23.5

Figure 2.1 Manatuto District, Sub-Districts and Sucos

Discussio s with a World Ba k Agricultural Expert i dicated that pla ti g co

ercial forest as cash crop i this
area (say of Philippine Tik), is the only viable agricultural means to alleviate poverty in mountainous area. However,
the current SDP does not include such plans. And, besides, first forest crop takes at least 14 years between planting
and first harvest.

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Transport Implications Vicious Cycle

The low population and population density, and the existence of only two towns of reasonable size
(Mamantuto and Laclubar), implies that the District lacks significant production/attraction centers to
generate significant traffic, on its own. Most of the Districts population (with the exception of
Manatuto Town) lives on subsistence farming, which does not produce surpluses, needing truck
transport. One view here a vicious cycle: The significantly small population served, results in low
investment in the road system (why invest for so few people?), which leads to low vehiculartraffic. And low traffic during the base year, cannot produce much traffic in the future either (even
under high growth rate assumptions). Low traffic leads to low estimated benefits attributed to road
improvement (saving on vehicle operating costs and value of time) to justify new investment.
And the vicious cycle repeats itself.
Furthermore, functionally, Manatuto Town is more part of the Northern Corridor (focusing on Dili),
than part of the Manatuto-Natarbora Corridor. Thus, even a significant growth in Manatuto Town is
not expected to drastically alter vicious cycle restrictive characteristics.
One of the objectives of this study is to plan for intervention for breaking this vicious cycle.

2.5

Selected Socio Economic Characteristics: Sub-Districts & Sucos

Table 2.3 shows s selected socio-economic characteristics of Sub-Districts and Sucos of the
Manatuto District, based on the 2010 Census.

2.5.1 Characteristics
The selected characteristics are listed by the following categories:
Language Spoken (Tetun, Galoken, Bunak IDate)
Population (total and density)
Literacy (adult rate)
Labor & Employment (participation rate & employment rate)
Crop Production (% in crop production, % in rice production)
Housing (2010 Index, % change in index, electricity use , and good roofing)
PCA Index 2010 (PCA 2010 % change, rank, and asset group)
Travel Time in Wet Season (to Dili, and on passable road)

2.5.2 Highlights

In general, there is large variability among Sucos.

For the most part, the Sucos population varies between about 500 and 2,500 (with few
exceptions). Densities are low.
There is a definite difference between characteristics of semi-urban Manatuto Town (better)
and the rural Sucos (worst).
These data reinforces the notion that for the most part (with the exception of Manatuto
Town) this District includes poor rural population, making its living on subsistence farming.
About 90% of the adult population (age 15-64) in the rural Sucos is involved in crop
production; however participation in the labor force averages only in the 50 percentiles
(probably because there is not enough work to go around).
Rice, which is expected to be the expanded crop in Timor Leste (see SDP), is not a major
crop in most of the Sucos, for the simple reason that it is largely a steep mountainous area.
Thus rice is not expected to increase demand for traffic here.
Adult literacy varies from below 20% in the extreme rural areas, to 67% in urban Manatuto
Town
Electricity use for lighting varies 85% in towns and along the main road to almost none in
far away Sucos.
The 2010 PCA Asset Index show more reductions (negative %) and gains (positive %)

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Housing with good roof varies as well; from below 10% to over 80%.
Travel time (2001 Data) is somewhat outdated. However; it shows that travel time during
the wet season is long.
As indicated above, more detailed analysis of socio-economic characteristics, focusing on the
Manatuto District and its Sucos, is provided in Chapter 5 - Social & Poverty Assessment (PSA), and
Safeguards. Section E includes data, assessments and reports on issues of livelihood, poverty,
gender, impacted population, resettlement, and community consultation.
Table 2.3: Selected Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Manatuto District, Sub-District
an Sucos (2010 Census)
Administrative Unit

District

Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto

Subdistrict

Barique
Barique
Barique
Barique
Barique
Laclo
Laclo
Laclo
Laclo
Laclubar
Laclubar
Laclubar
Laclubar
Laclubar
Laclubar
Laleia
Laleia
Laleia
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Soibada
Soibada
Soibada
Soibada
Soibada

Suco

Language

Population

Literacy

Populatio
Main
n density
Populati
Adult
languag
(persons
on
literacy
e
per
(number)
rate (%)
spoken
square
km)

Abat Oan
Tetun
Aubeon
Galolen
Barique
Tetun
Manehat
Tetun
Uma Boco
Tetun
Hohorai
Galolen
Lacumesac
Galolen
Uma Naruc
Galolen
Umacaduac Galolen
Batara
Bunak
Fatumaquerec Idate
Bunak
Funar
Manelima
Bunak
Orlalan
Bunak
Sanana'in
Bunak
Cairui
Galolen
Haturalan
Galolen
Lifau (ML)
Galolen
Ailili
Galolen
Aiteas
Galolen
Cribas
Galolen
Iliheu
Galolen
Ma'abat
Galolen
Sau
Galolen
Fatumacerec Galolen
Leo Hat
Tetun
Manlala
Galolen
Manufahi
Tetun
Samoro
Tetun

1,046.0
796.0
478.0
695.0
1,753.0
909.0
2,857.0
885.0
2,967.0
1,766.0
544.0
1,790.0
2,468.0
4,522.0
592.0
1,730.0
542.0
817.0
429.0
806.0
2,025.0
1,427.0
1,888.0
5,980.0
736.0
890.0
439.0
485.0
480.0

12.9
13.9
4.2
6.7
42.3
17.7
21.8
10.0
30.3
27.2
6.8
19.6
52.5
65.9
14.7
15.5
9.5
14.3
15.3
9.8
20.7
86.1
59.6
406.3
18.4
27.6
26.3
17.9
33.5

76.1
65.2
41.5
49.8
74.3
43.2
35.1
38.4
49.1
28.5
26.5
19.5
31.5
44.6
36.9
55.0
68.8
58.9
45.5
53.6
40.0
58.3
73.2
75.8
47.6
67.2
66.4
63.8
62.3

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Labor & Emplyment

Crop Production
Labor
Employme
HH
HHs involved
force
nt rate of involved in rice prod
participatio economical in crop
(%)
n rate of
ly active
prod (%)
population population
aged 15-64 aged 15-64
(%)
(%)
45.9
94.3
78.0
12.0
49.3
97.7
96.1
85.4
77.9
96.8
100.0
67.4
72.7
99.2
94.3
84.4
41.3
92.7
77.8
54.9
47.3
90.1
92.3
0.0
55.4
92.4
48.3
24.7
52.5
97.8
53.3
37.5
55.8
93.3
65.2
32.7
45.5
91.7
70.6
8.0
63.7
98.7
91.3
1.0
73.3
97.8
84.5
4.5
49.0
82.4
46.9
1.7
62.0
96.2
89.7
5.9
50.9
96.6
69.9
48.7
50.0
92.8
57.8
51.7
45.4
79.9
42.3
35.8
48.5
99.1
71.9
61.5
47.6
97.2
85.0
60.0
53.3
91.6
57.3
42.8
51.8
88.4
88.1
24.7
46.6
90.8
78.3
65.9
53.1
83.7
43.5
37.9
44.3
80.6
33.8
24.4
55.3
83.3
39.5
16.0
53.0
92.1
76.9
56.2
50.5
75.3
86.7
66.7
51.5
96.7
80.5
5.2
40.4
91.9
43.3
34.3

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Administrative Unit

District

Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto

Subdistri
ct

Barique
Barique
Barique
Barique
Barique
Laclo
Laclo
Laclo
Laclo
Laclubar
Laclubar
Laclubar
Laclubar
Laclubar
Laclubar
Laleia
Laleia
Laleia
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Manatuto
Soibada
Soibada
Soibada
Soibada
Soibada

Suco

Abat Oan
Aubeon
Barique
Manehat
Uma Boco
Hohorai
Lacumesac
Uma Naruc
Umacaduac
Batara
Fatumaquerec
Funar
Manelima
Orlalan
Sanana'in
Cairui
Haturalan
Lifau (ML)
Ailili
Aiteas
Cribas
Iliheu
Ma'abat
Sau
Fatumacerec
Leo Hat
Manlala
Manufahi
Samoro

Feasibility Report

Housing
2010
Annual HH using Houses
housing change in electricity with good
index
the
for
roofs in
(%)
housing lighting 2004 (%)
index
(%)
from 04
to 10 (%)

3.1
2.4
20.4
33.1
33.2
8.8
20.5
14.3
31.4
33.3
18.1
8.8
17.0
35.3
35.7
17.7
55.6
32.5
39.2
65.7
47.7
42.2
78.4
76.7
20.7
41.6
36.7
57.6
29.9

-15.3
-14.7
-3.4
0.8
-6.8
-2.7
-0.6
-3.2
-1.5
1.1
-2.5
13.5
0.2
5.2
-4.0
-6.9
-4.1
-9.2
-8.1
-2.4
0.2
0.7
-0.5
0.3
4.8
-3.6
-7.6
-5.3
-9.0

85.3
0.6
1.1
0.0
55.3
0.0
31.3
37.5
27.1
21.8
1.0
1.4
21.4
15.5
0.0
4.7
83.7
3.9
57.5
85.5
0.6
45.8
90.9
89.2
16.0
37.2
81.7
72.7
56.7

82.7
21.6
57.4
32.6
82.1
25.2
22.6
0.9
47.7
37.0
41.1
5.6
26.3
47.5
59.3
54.2
78.5
91.6
66.7
82.9
84.0
35.0
92.3
96.1
22.1
81.3
74.3
71.2
70.5

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PCA Index, 2010

2010
2010
2010
suco
suco
suco
PCA
PCA
PCA
asset
asset
asset
index
rank
group

5.5
-2.3
-7.9
-2.1
3.6
-6.6
-1.6
-5.2
1.3
-4.7
-6.0
-7.6
-7.8
-2.7
-7.0
-5.0
6.2
17.4
7.0
9.7
-4.5
3.1
13.7
17.3
-5.2
-3.6
-2.1
2.2
0.4

383
202
12
217
363
38
234
81
318
108
53
17
14
191
30
89
389
422
392
401
120
360
413
420
83
156
218
345
290

Travel Time, 2001

In 2001,
In 2001,
average
average
time to
time to
vera Cruz
vehicle
in Dili in
passable
the wet
road in the
season wet season
5 (minutes)
300 (minutes)
105
3
420
450
1
100
135
3
330
2
5
450
30
1
165
300
3
195
2
1
100
1
4
240
120
2
200
15
1
300
180
1
300
120
1
90
1
3
360
180
1
95
50
1
180
45
5
110
2
5
150
2
5
120
3
5
120
5
2
100
45
5
195
3
5
120
6
5
90
1
1
280
2
2
375
240
3
270
210
4
270
210
4
450
360

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3.1

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STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT PLAN

General
The Strategic Development Plan, 2011-2030 (SDP), published in 2010, provides a stated official
vision by the Government of Timor Leste (GoTL) for the National Development Plan of the country
during the twenty year period, 2011-2030. It is a follow-up to the previous National Development
Plan, published 2002, Timor-Leste 2020, Our Nation Our Future.
The SDP also reflects the views of the thousands of Timorese people who contributed to the national
consultation on the Summary Strategic Development Plan, From Conflict to Prosperity, in 2010.
The Strategic Development Plan provides a framework for identifying and assessing priorities and a
guide to implementing recommended strategies and actions. The newly established National
Development Agency will be responsible for providing detailed costing advice on major
infrastructure projects to the government of the day, and relevant ministries will provide advice on
sector program costing and implementation.
Timor-Lestes Strategic Development Plan is an integrated package of strategic policies to be
implemented in three time periods:
(i) Short-Term: 1-5 years
(ii) Medium Term: 5-10 years
(iii) Long-Term: 10 - 20 years
The Strategic Development Plan covers three key areas:
(i) Social Capital
(ii) Infrastructure Development
(iii) Economic Development
This summary review of SDP 2011-2030, is derived from the official report by the GoTL, published
in 2010. The review concentrates on the on Infrastructure and Economic Development, in
particularly of the National Road Network, and of the Petroleum Industry which is expected to affect
the road network in general, and of Manatuto-Natarbora road in particular.
It is important to note that road development is considered by the GoTL a preliminary pre-requisite
and essential top-priority step in the implementation of the SDP.
The following section is extracted, as is, from the SDP Report:
Physical infrastructure development, particularly road network improvement is
recognized by the Government of Timor-Leste as one of the top priorities to
accelerate the countrys new economic opportunities and poverty reduction.
Further review of the road development goal is provided in the sections below.

3.2

A National Planning Framework

3.2.1 Present Economy and Future Vision

Currently, Timor-Leste is a low income country, concentrating primarily on agricultural production,
largely for subsistence, limited economic diversification, and just an emerging private sector.
However, the vision of the SDP for 2030, is that Timor-Leste becomes a modern, diversified, middle
income economy; with high quality infrastructure including roads, power, ports and
telecommunications.
Subsistence agriculture, which currently dominates the economic-base of the population, is to be
replaced by commercial, smallholder agriculture sector. By 2030 Timor-Leste is expected to be selfsufficient in food, as well as producing a range of agricultural products for export: staples, livestock,
fruit and vegetables, other cash crops, as well as forestry and fisheries products.
Development of the Timor-Leste economy will be built around the growth of three critical
industries: Agriculture, Petroleum and Tourism (in particular eco-tourism). The Petroleum Sector,
including oil and gas production and downstream industries, will provide an industrial base to the
Timorese economy.

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3.2.2 Regional Development Corridors

Geography, has largely dictated the distribution of economic activities in the country. Timor-Leste
has a land area of about 15,000 km2. Most of the land area in the centre of the country, stretching
from east to west, is highly mountainous. As a result of the extremely mountainous terrain, socioeconomic activities have concentrated predominantly along the plains in the northern and southern
coastal corridors, where most major urban centres, including the capital Dili, are located. Lacking
dependable roads, the central mountainous regions remain isolated, and traffic tended to circumvent
them along the coastal area, further reinforcing the dominance of the coastal settlements. This
results in substantial urban-rural and inter-regional economic imbalance.
To address this imbalance, the SDP goal is to develop, by 2015, a National Planning Framework to
guide acceleration of equitable and sustainable economic development. The framework includes two
Regional Development Corridors, (i) the Northern Corrido and (ii) the Southern Corridor, as well as
a number of special zones, to guide development upon specific characteristics of certain regions.
Timor-Lestes Northern Regional Development Corridor will stretch westward from Dili to Liquia,
Batugade and MotaAin, and eastward from Dili to Hera, Manatuto and Baucau. The Southern
Regional Development Corridor will stretch from Suai to Beao encompassing the areas to be
developed by the petroleum industry. Figure 3.1 (derived from the SDP) shows the Development
Corridors, as well as the National Road Network connecting them.
It should be noted that the Manatuto-Natarbora Road is an important link in this plan, connecting the
Southern and Northern Corridors. The Mountainous area of Manatuto District is designated as a
Protection Forest.
Figure 3.1 National Planning Networks

3.3

National Roads Network Goals & Strategy

The outset of the SDP chapter on Road and Bridges states that:
An extensive network of quality and well maintained roads is essential to connect our
communities, promote rural development, industry and tourism, and provide access to markets
(highlight in the original report). Roads are the primary mode of transport and allow development
and the delivery of resources to urban as well as rural areas. They are critical to most other sectors
and support the delivery of community services, health care and education
The SDP vision for National Road infrastructure in Timor-Leste is to include:
Implementing Comprehensive Roads Maintenance Program
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Rehabilitating all Existing Roads

Constructing New Bridges to provide all-weather access on major routes within 5 years, and
the remainder of national and district roads by 2030
Building Road Infrastructure to Support the Development of the South Coast
Establishing National Ring Road standards and establish a ring road to these standards by
2030.
The Strategic Development Plan road program aims to fully rehabilitate all National and District
Roads to an International Standard by 2020. This standard includes a road width of about 7 m. plus
a shoulder, as well as drainage and slope protection works, to stabilise roads in mountainous areas.
In addition, the road rehabilitation and construction program is also to include a Bridge Construction
Program, to construct and rehabilitate bridges that are in need of replacement or repair. It will
involve about 3,200 linear meters of bridges throughout the nation.
3.4

Priority National Roads

Selected numbers of National and District Road links are designated as Priority Roads by the SDP
and are considered to be implemented first to International Standard. Together they include six
projects. As shown below, the Manatuto-Natarbora road links are included in that list.
The High Priority Road Links are listed and summarized below. Note, that the description of the
Manauto Natarbora Road is extracted and quoted in full from the SDP. This is in order to highlight
the importance that the GoTL attaches to that road, in spite of its poor conditions and low traffic at
the present. Underlying key words and attributes of that road was added, here, by the Consultant.

3.4.1 Manatuto Natarbora Road Link

The Manatuto-Natarbora Road (81 km) is a Key North South Road Link. The road is in very poor
condition, which is a major barrier to the development of the Manatuto District. The lack of a fast
and reliable north south road link is also hindering the development of the South Coast.
The Manatuto-Natarbora road link will be Fully Upgraded To International Standards, including
widening where technically feasible. This project was expected to cost in excess of $60 million,
with the final amount to be determined following the undertaking of the final design and costing
assessment (i.e. this Feasibility Study). This project was expected to commence in 2012 and will be
completed in 2015.
This road project is expected to provide a critical connection between the North and The South
Coast. While there are other north south road links through the centre of the nation, these other
routes travel through mountainous terrain. While the development of these alternative routes to
International Standards will be fully examined, it is likely that they would be very expensive due to
the need to build bridges and tunnels. Therefore, at least until 2015, it is likely that the upgraded
Manatuto-Natarbora road link will be the Primary North South Link.
3.4.2 Dili Manatuto Baucau Road Link*1
The north coast road from Dili to Manatuto (58 km) and Manatuto to Baucau (60 km) is generally in
fair condition; but its narrow width, poor alignment and vulnerability to potholes and landslips, pose
a major constraint to access, rural development and tourism in the east of the country.
The Dili to Baucau road link will be fully upgraded to international standards, including widening
where technically feasible. Work will commence in 2012 and will be completed in 2015 at a cost of
around $100 million.
The SDP indicates that once this project commences and progress is reviewed, planning will begin to
extend the road work past Baucau up to Lospalos and Com. The road from Lautem-Moro to
A Feasibility Study for the North Eastern Coastal Road and braches, TA 8146-TIM, Road Network
Upgrading (Sector) Project is currently carried by the ADB, in parallel to the Manatuto-Natarbora
Feasibility Study. The Teams for these two studies collaborated closely, to ensure compatibility in
methodology, in particularly of Traffic Surveys, and input to RED Model for Economic Analysis.
*1

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Lospalos and to Tutuala/WaIu will also be rehabilitated. These roads will provide access to rural
feeder roads to support rural and regional development.
3.4.3 Dili Liquia Bobonaro Road Project
This road project will involve the full rehabilitation and installation of an overlay of 230 km of roads
from Dili to the Indonesian border at MotaAin, as well as Tibar to Maliana via Gleno and additional
roads in the Cova Lima district.
Work was expected to commence in 2012 on the Dili to MotaAin route, which will become the
western part of the Great Northern Coastal Road. This section is expected to promote tourist access
and provide the key road and trade link to Indonesia.
This project will cost around $82 million. It wa expected to commence in 2012 and be completed by
2014.
3.4.4 Dili Aileu Maubisse Aituto Ainaro Cassa
This road project provides another key North South Corridor, opening up access to central TimorLeste and promoting tourism by providing an improved link to the Maubisse tourist zone.
Work on this road link is currently under progress. Financed by the World Bank, detailed design is
under work, and construction is due to proceed thereafter.
3.4.5 SuaiCassaHatu UdoBetanoNatarboraViquequeBeao
The Suai to Beao south coast route will be developed to support the growth of the Petroleum
Industry, and to open up this coastline to allow economic development and the delivery of social
services. This major road project will be undertaken in stages, with each stage being developed
according to economic need and the growth of the Petroleum Industry on the South Coast. The
project is expected to commenced by 2015 and be completed by 2020.
Timor GAP, a Government Company, was assigned the task of planning and managing the
development of the Petroleum Industry on the South Cost. Among others, it has developed a plan
for a Duall-Carrigeway (4 lane Highway) along the South Cost, connecting the three planned hubs of
Petroleum facilitiesSuai, Betano and Viqueque. Further details on that plan are given in the
following chapter.
3.4.6 Pante MakassarOesilo, Pante MakassarCitrana, Oesilo-Tumin
The Oe-Cusse Ambeno District, is a TL enclave, surrounded by Indonesia (and the sea), and thus
presents a special transport challenge, due to lack of land access to the rest of the country. It had an
area of 815 km2 and a coastline of 48 km, and is divided into four sub-districts -- Nitibe, Oesilo,
Passabe, and Pante Macassar, where the District Capital is located.
Therefore, major road rehabilitation projects was expected to commence in 2011 and completed in
2012. These projects are: Pante Makassar to Oesilo, Pante Makassar to Citrana and Oesilo to Tumin.
All of these rehabilitation projects are aimed at improving access to services and stimulate economic
activity within Oe-Cusse Ambeno.
3.5

National Highway Ring Road

The SDP argues that the economic and social development of Timor-Leste requires an integrated
National Highway Ring-Road, located along the coastal areas. This Ring Road is to be connected by
several upgraded North-South Links, such as the Manatuto-Natarbora Road. Together, the fully
upgraded road links are to provide a unified National Highway Network, which will make the
country a single entity (rather than isolated areas), fully accessible to all.
The vision is that in the long-run (according to the SDP, by 2030) the TL Ring Road will have two
lanes in each direction, and be capable of taking a full length container at an average speed of 60 km
per hour. However, the SDP agrees and accepts that the first stage will involve construction of only
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one lane in each direction. To accomplish the long-run vision that SDP calls for reserving sufficient
right-of-way for two extra lanes; and design planning and costing for the full 4-lane highway.
The targets year. set by the SDP for the TL Road Sector, in particularly for the National Road
Network, are as follows:

2015

Dili Manatuto Baucau Road Links -- fully upgraded and widened to international standards.
The Manatuto-Natarbora Road Links -- fully upgraded and widened to international standards.
Dili Liquia Bobonaro Road links -- fully rehabilitated.
Pante Makassar Oesilo | Pante Makassar Citrana | Oesilo Tumin Road llinks completed.
All rural roads -- rehabilitated by locally based contractors.
Road condition monitoring surveys -- carried out each year on all improved roads to determine
maintenance needs.
Plan for National Ring Road completed.

2020

All National and Regional Roads -- fully rehabilitated to International Standards.

Dili Aileu Maubisse Aituto Ainaro Cassa -- rehabilitation completed.
Suai Cassa Hatu Udo Betano Natarbora Viqueque Beao -- rehabilitation completed.

2030

3.6

Double Carriage Ring Road capable of taking a full length container at an average speed of 60
km per hour - completed.
All bridges fully rehabilitated.

Petroleum & Petroleum Industry Facilities

3.6.1 Overview
The SDP states that:
The Petroleum Sector In Timor-Leste is Designated by the Strategic Development Plan as a Key
Pillar for The Countrys Future Development
Currently, and the foreseeable future, Timor-Leste is highly dependent on revenue from Oil and
Natural Gas, which contributes almost 90% of total budget. The oil revenues have been steadily
growing, resulting in increasing balances for the Petroleum Fund, which aims at managing this
revenue for the benefit of current and future generations.
The Petroleum Fund balance was $370 million at the end of 2004, $6.9 billion by the end of 2010,
and reached about US$ 11.0 Billion by 2012.
The following steps are proposed by the SDP to make the most of the Gas & Oil reserves, and
revenues.
Revenue from petroleum will continue to be fully transparent and used to support social and
economic development.
A petroleum industry will be developed that operates with the maximum participation of
Timorese citizens and businesses.
The human resources necessary for the operation of the petroleum industry will be improved and
developed.
The south coast will be developed to support the expansion of TL domestic petroleum industry,
including the establishment of core infrastructure.
The following sections concentrate on plans by the SDP for development of the Gas & Oil on the
South Coast, as they are expected to be major determinants of future traffic on the ManatutoNatarbora Road.
3.7

The National Petroleum Company Timor GAP

Central to the strategy of developing the TL petroleum industry was the establishment of a National
Petroleum Company Timor Gas and Petroleum E.P., commonly known as Timor GAP. Timor Gap
is designated to lead the development of the industry through direct participation, ownership and
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investment in our petroleum sector. Among others, Timor Gap concentrates on building local
human resources and domestic petroleum expertise to allow Timorese ownership and participation.
3.7.1 Tasi Mane Project
To bring petroleum development into TL shores, and provide direct local economic benefits,
substantial petroleum infrastructure facilities are planned for development on the South Coast of
Timor-Leste, to be led by the Tasi Mane Project. This Project includes three industrial clusters on the
south coast, from Suai to Beao, which together will form the backbone of the Timor-Leste
petroleum industry.
Tasi Mane clusters to include: (i) Suai Supply Base (ii) Betano Refinery and Petrochemical Industry,
and (iii) Beao LNG-Plant. Each cluster will also include construction of New Town, to house the
administrative staff and the workers: (i) Nova Suai (ii) Nova Betano, and (iii) Nova Viqueque,
respectively. Figure 3.2 shows the location of these clusters.
Figure 3.2 Development Clusters

Source: Timor GAP

To connect these three clusters and support growth of the petroleum industry, a new Double
Carriage, four-lane Highway is planned, along the South Coast, from Suai to Beao, a distance of
about 155 km. According to MOF, estimated cost, including construction of grade separated
interchanges, about USD 1.52 billion.
Based on the SDP, the Tasi Mane Project is planned to commence by 2015 and be completed by, at
least, 2020.
3.7.2

Suai Logistic Supply Base

Extensive public sector investment will establish a logistics base for the petroleum sector in Suai.
The logistic supply base in Suai is planned as the main entry point for the materials and equipment
needed to build petroleum industry infrastructure and plants on the South Coast. It will also support
the establishment of petroleum centres at Betano and Beao.
Planned public investment in Suai includes:
Sea port in Kamanasa, Suai, including container park, warehouse logistics area, office spaces
and fuel storage facilities
Heavy metals workshop
Shipbuilding and repair facilities
Rehabilitated Suai airport.
Nova Suai, a New Town , to house up to 6,000 People.

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3.7.3 Betano Refinery and Petrochemical Industry

The Betano cluster will consist of an Industrial Park containing Refinery and related Petrochemical
Industries. The refinery will have, at its initial phase a capacity of 30,000 barrels per-day, to
progressively increase to 100,000 barrels per-day. The refinery will primarily supply domestic fuels
needs such as diesel, gasoline, jet-fuel and asphalts. In addition, it is expected to export some
products, largely to the Asian-Pacific Region
The establishment of a Refinery and Petrochemical Industries is expected to be achieved through
cooperation between the public sector largely Timor GAP, and the private sectors International
Oil & Petrochemical corporations. . The development area has been designated a Joint Petroleum
Development Area (JPDA).
A New Town, Nova Betano , will be developed around this Industrial Complex. This town is
envisaged to be the largest of the new towns, with a target population is 30,000. It will be the
Petroleum Administration City. It is targeted for completion in 2017.
3.7.4 Beao LNG-Plant cluster
The Beao LNG-Plant cluster will be located in the area where the natural gas
pipeline, from the sea, reaches Timor-Leste. This cluster will incorporate the LNG-Plant complex
and the Nova Beao and Nova Viqueque developments.
The LNG-Plant, during its first phase, is planned to have a production capacity of 5 million tonnes
per-annum (MPTA) or one train, which can be expanded in the future to a capacity of up-to 20
MTPA or four trains).
The existing airport at Viqueque will be refurbished with the capacity to operate as a fly-in-fly-out
airport for LNG Plant operators, as well as serving as a regional airport.
Tow residential developments/new tows are planned for this area:
Nova Viqueque: To be located about 2km south of present Viqueque. It will service the
proposed LNG facility. The towns target population is 6,400.
Nova Beaco : It s envisaged to accommodate the residents of villages who will have to be
resettled because of the construction of the LNG facility
3.7.5 Planned Development Stages and Target Years
The Tasi Mane project is planned to be constructed over a 20-year period, in four stages:
Stage 1, 2011-2013: Commencement of the first phase of Suai Supply Base, to include
construction of a seaport with breakwater in the Kamanasa area, warehouses; office space and
utilities; rehabilitation of the Suai airport; and rehabilitation of connecting roads in the
Suai/Kamanasa area.
Stage 2, 2013-2016: Completion of the first phase of Suai Supply Base, and commencement of
the second phase to include: Extension of the breakwater (to cover a more protected berth area);
construction of the new city of Suai, which will provide housing and accommodation for
workers; start constructing the first phase of the refinery project in Betano, with a capacity of
30,000 barrels per day; commence construction of the road Suai- and Betano; and commence
Phase1 of Nova Betano.
Stage 3, 2017-2023: Completing first phase of the refinery project in Betano; and the extension
of the Betano - Beao Highway. Also, constructing the LNG plant in Beao , Nova Viqueque
and Nova Beao; and refurbishing/enlarging the regional Viqueque airport.
Stage 4, 2024-2030: Completing Phase 3 of the Suai Supply Base; Phase 2 & 3 of the Petroleum
Administration City; continued growth of petrochemical industries; and further expansion of the
LNG-plant to accommodate additional trains if further gas discoveries are made.
The following are targets, by year:

2015

Construction of the Suai Port completed.

Suai airport fully rehabilitated.
Refinery Phase 1 commenced.

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First section of Suai-Betano Road commenced.

Nova Suai developmentcompleted.
Phase 1 of Nova Betano -- commenced

2020

Phase 2 of the Suai Supply Base -- completed

Phase 1 of the Refinery -- completed
Beao Port -- completed

2030

The Tasi Mane Project Completed; including an integrated Petroleum Industry, connected by a
four-lane Highway on the South Coast of Timor-Leste.

3.7.6 Fuel Outputs and Hauling Methods

Further information on outputs, by type; and conceptual assessment of exports and domestic
consumption of petroleum products, as well as of fuel hauling from the three clusters, was provided
by Timor GAP Management*2, as follows:
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) - All LNG output (up to 5 million tons per-annum) will be shipped,
by water, from the specialized LNG Port to be constructed in Nova Viqueque. This port will handle
solely LNG, and most of the LNG output will be for export.
LNG to the Refineries If LNG will be delivered to the refineries, for production of various liquid
fuels and/or fertilizers, it will be carried-out via a pipe-line.
Refineries Liquid Fuels Output - Table 3.1 shows planed output of the refineries, by product type
(in Barrels Per Day, BPD), as well as estimates by Timor GAP Management for share of exports and
local consumption in Timor Leste. Total daily output is about 30,000 BPD, of which the largest
share is of Naphta, about 20,000 BPD, solely for export. The other 10,000 BPD products are
divided, in various shares, between export and domestic consumption, as shown in the table.
Hauling Methods - For Export, liquid fuels will be delivered via a pipe-line from the refineries in
Betano to Suai Port, and from there by vessels overseas. As for domestic consumption of liquid
fuels, there are no definite plans, as of now, for delivery means (coastal-water or road). However,
Timor GAP agreed that a 50%-50% share between water and land hauling is reasonable.
Subsequently, these shares were used by the Consultant, to estimate number of fuel-hauling tankertrucks over the Natarbora-Manatuto road (see last two columns Table 3.1).
Table 3.1 Refineries Output, by Type and Destination (Export or Local)
Refinery
Output
Type

Outpot Export/Local Share

Per Day
(BPD)
Export
Local
1,500
67%
33%
20,200
100%
0%
900
50%
50%
2,600
75%
25%
4,500
0%
100%
500
NA
NA

LPG
Naphta
Gasoline
Jet Fuel
Diesel
Import Reformer
(Gasoline Blending)
Total
30,200
Source: Timor Gap, CEO

*2

Local Consumption & Haul by Road

Estimated Trucks/day
BPD
Share
BPD
Tons
one-way two-ways
Total
by Road by Road by Road Haul Fuel (Inc Empty)
495
50%
248
37.13
4
7
450
50%
225
33.75
3
7
650
50%
325
48.75
5
10
4,500
50%
2,250
337.50
34
68
6,095
3,048
457
46
91
Source: Estimates by Consultant
Assumptions
150 kg/br 10 Ton/Truck

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CHAPTER 4: ENGINEERING: SCOPE OF WORK,

TECHNICAL INVESTIGATION & PROJECT DESIGN
4.1

Introduction & Description of Project Roads

The Government of Timor Leste (GoTL) in its Strategic Development Plan, 2011-2013, identified
the provision of upgraded north to south road links essential for integrated national development.
Currently, all north-south links are in poor condition, hindering the integrated development. Given
this background, and as a continuation of the Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP), the
GoTL, with financial assistance from the Asian Development Bank (ADB), have undertook the
Feasibility Study and Detailed Design of National Road A-09, from Manatuto to Natarbora,
including District road C-15 between Laclubar junction and Laclubar.
Geographically, the 81 km, Manatuto Natarbora road is a central north-south link. It conditions is
a major barrier to the development of the Manatuto District, and hinders the development of the
south coast, due to lack of a reliable north-south connection.
Starting from the north, National Road A-09 begins at the roundabout intersection of Manatuto, at
elevation +/- 50m. From there it veers inland in a southern direction, traversing from a flat to rolling
terrain during the first 22 km, as it gradually ascend to the Cribas Sub-District, at elevation +/-400m.
It continues to ascend in the same southern direction, till reaching the Laclubar junction at elevation
+/- 1200m, almost 35km from the Manatuto roundabout. From this point, the road descends, while
the road-way becomes narrower, from 4.5m to 3m. It traverses winding mountainous terrain up to
the Manehat District, at elevation +/- 850m, about 65kms from Manatuto. The road continues to
descend the rolling terrain till it crosses the Lamera River, About km75 from Manatuto Junction, at
elevation +/- 150m. From that point onwards, the road traverses a flat terrain, with fair asphalt
surfacing, and a wider width of about 4.5m, up to the junction with National Roads A-14 & A-07, in
Natarbora.
District Road C-15, from Laclubar junction to Laclubar, with a length of about 10.3km, traverses a
mountainous terrain at elevation +/- 1200m, in a westerly direction. This road link is in very poor
condition: The existing asphalt surface is heavily deteriorated, and seemingly becomes a gravel
road, with narrower road-way of about 3m to 3.5m.

4.2

Technical Engineering Field Investigation

4.2.1 Assessment of Existing Road and Major Drainage Structures

During the month of February, 2013, the Consultant carried out field inspections to assess conditions
of the existing road and its structures. Among others, during the inspection the Consultant noted ongoing road realignment, reconstruction and restoration works, on several sections.
The adequacy of these reconstructed sections will be verified during the detailed engineering phase,
and will be coordinated with the MPW-PMU. For example, between km 80 & km 95, about 5
sections are in need to define their suitable horizontal alignment. The Consultant Road Design
Engineer has delineated the appropriate alignment, in order that a survey team could stake-out and
take a topographic survey.
Predominantly, in the mountain ranges of Orlalan and Laclubar Sub-Districts, between km 97 and
km 139, significant road slope failures have been observed. The failures are generally triggered by
water and highly plastic clayey soils in the road cuts. Eroded shoulders and embankment seem to be
attributed to lack of proper drainage system, particularly the absence of lined side ditches. In most
earth-cut sections, the back slopes are not shaped and trimmed correctly, and are thereby susceptible
to erosion. They become unstable when saturated, and then gradually slide.
The extent of remedial works on these failures can be prevented, if not eliminated, by designing
appropriate drainage system to circumvent prolonged saturation of the soils, and by constructing
adequate slope protection works, including bio-engineering solutions.
Sealed pavements are composed of large stones; hand placed and locked- in, with smaller stones,
with a penetration macadam surface. The road-way surface, which ranges in width between 3m and
5m, is relatively rough, due to heavy deterioration, including significant potholes caused by lack of
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periodic maintenance works. The shoulders are mostly covered with vegetation, and with
intermittent gravel to earth shoulder approaching communities. Due to heavy vegetation of the
shoulder, side ditches could hardly be seen, and were not included in the assessment.
The existing cross drainage pipes are of different kinds, including corrugated steel pipe, reinforced
concrete pipes, or reinforced concrete slab seated on stone masonry wall. Generally, the steel cross
pipes are deformed, due to inadequate fill-cover and all cross drainage culverts accommodate only
the width of existing narrow road. The Consultant recommends removing all existing pipes and
replacing them with appropriate RC pipe or box culvert.
Furthermore, the drainage system of the proposed project road should be studied comprehensively,
during the detailed design phase.
Findings and assessment of the existing road conditions, including photographs, are summarized in
Appendix 4.1, in the form of straight-line diagram. Assessment of existing major drainage
structures, including photographs, is shown in Appendix 4.2.
4.2.2 Road Roughness Survey
A road roughness survey, using a vehicle-mounted Romdas Bump Integrator, with roughness
reading every 100 meters (in a single direction), was conducted on February 8, 2013, on the two
project road links. The survey was conducted as a joint-effort by the PMU-MPW, ADB and the
Consultant. The International Roughness Index (IRI) of each homogenous section was calculated
by taking the average index value every kilometer. The adopted RI value is determined by the
formula:
RI value = Average IRI every kilometer
With an aid of the Excel formats, the corresponding IRI values, used as input to the RED economic
evaluation model, are summarized in Table 4.1. The processed road roughness index data are
provided in Appendix 4.3.
Table 4.1 Road Section Roughness (IRI)

Section

From - To

A-09-01a

Km65.2-km82

A-09-01b
A-09-02
A-09-03
A-09-04a
A09-04b
C-15

Km82-km88
Km88-km99.5
Km99.5-km133
Km133-km140.5
Km140.5-km144.7
Km0.00-km10.30

Existing Average
International
Roughness Index (IRI)

Length (km)

16.80

11.04

6.00
11.50
33.50
7.50
4.20
10.30

10.03
27.44
31.45
28.99
10.41
34.03

The post-work IRI, ranging between 2.5 for asphalt-concrete surfacing, to d 3.5 for TST surfacing,
was established together with the Transport Economist, after discussions with the ADB.
4.2.3 Traffic Survey and Cumulative Equivalent Standard Axles
The Consultant conducted a Classified Traffic Counts and Origin-Destination (OD) surveys, during
the period February 19 to March 1, 2013, along and adjacent to the Manatuto-Natarbora Road.
Classified traffic count surveys were carried out in three (3) stations: (i) At km 70.0, about 4.7km
south of the Manatuto roundabout; (ii) at km 99.5, Laclubar junction; and (iii) at km 141.0, after
crossing Lamara river. Origin-Destination (OD) survey was conducted on the Dili-Manatuto road
(A01-01) about 5 km west of Manatuto roundabout. For further details see Chapter 10.
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Traffic survey results indicate that current traffic is low, and so are the cumulative axle loads over
the 20 year design period. The Cumulative Equivalent Standard Axles (CESAL) for heavy vehicle,
over the next 20 years (starting after the expected opening reconstruction year 2016), say until the
year 2035, based on normal traffic growth is less than 0.6 x 106. This means significant lower
loading with respect to pavement design. However, with the additional generated and induced
traffic, from the south coast, the CESAL over the 20 year pavement-life is expected to increase
substantially.
4.2.4 Sources of Construction Materials
The Consultant has explored existing material sources for construction, and suitability of local
materials; potential quarry sources; selected borrow pits; and assessed the quantity and quality of
materials. This is to ensure that the design of each road project is based on the most economical use
of available materials, with good environmental design practices.
The Consultant identified two commercial crushers: one in Manatuto (Suai Indah Company), and the
other in Natarbora (Instutuisao Dos Gestao Equipamento); and several potential quarries or materials
sources, shown in maps in Appendix 4.4. The maps indicate approximate distance and accessibility
to the project. Among others, the Sumasse River in the north section, and the Lamara River in the
south section, located within reach of the project, have unlimited source of quality sand materials.
During the detailed engineering phase, sampled material will be gathered and tested, by the
Consultant. The test to include:
a)
Grain size distribution and plasticity characteristics
b)
Unit weight and water absorption
c)
Los Angeles Abrasion
d)
CBR
e)
Soundness
f)
Sand Equivalent
g)
Other tests as required
Test results and estimated quantity of materials will be logged and documented. The Consultant
will also recommend suitable quarrying methods, for optimum utilization of each proposed source,
as well as considerations for environmental impacts.
For existing quarries, the Consultant will assess output capacities of the quarrying operations and
their ability to supply the project roads, in light of competing demands from other projects.
4.3

Technical Design Standards and Guidelines

The geometric standards of the Ministry of Public Works (MPW), Draft Specifications for Road &
Bridges, the AASHTO 2011, and other accepted internationally recognized standards were
harmonized by the Consultant, to come up with proposed technical standards, suitable for use in the
detailed engineering design phase, as shown in Appendix 4.5. The Consultants proposed technical
design standard and guidelines includes, but not limited to, the following:
Geometric Design Standard
Pavement Design Guidelines
Hydrology and Drainage Design Criteria
Bridge Design Guidelines
Other Design Considerations
Typical Road Cross Section
The Consultants proposal may be adjusted during the course of detailed design phase, to meet the
specific requirements of the Project.

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Geotechnical Assessment

4.4.1 General Topographic and Geological Setting

Topography
The Manatuto-Laclubar-Natarbora Road is one of the north south connector across the mountainous
spine/ridge. Starting from the north, in the first section, the road rises, falls and sometimes winds
up/down gentle hill slope, with an altitude of maximum of 320m from Sta. 65+200 to Sta. 81+200
out of alluvial fan in Manatuto.
In the next section, the road runs through a flat plane, which is called River Terrace, spreading out
to around STA. 91+000. After going to steep mountainous area, height of around 1,200m, the road
reaches the intersection crossing with the way to Laclubar and Natarbora (STA.99+500; 1,120m
above sea level). The way to Laclubar runs through the ridge to the distance of 10.5km in the west.
The way to Natarbora rises, descends and winds up/down mountain slope up to Sta 117+000 of
elevation 460m. In the next section, the road seems as Skyline runs continuously on the mountain
ridge up to Sta.127+500.
The road descends and winds down mountain slope to Sta.134+000, turns to the west and goes over
the small mountain (450m above sea level) to Alluvial flat, which receives the Alluvium deposited in
the River Lamara during flood. The end of the road (Sta.144+800) is located on the Alluvial flat
around Natarbora.
Geology
Geologically, Timor is a part of Banda Arc, which was formed by a complex sub-duction setting.
The Timor Trough is running parallel to the southern coast of Timor Island. Australia continental
crust extends to the northern edge of Timor. The collision began in the late Miocene, about 11.6 to
5.3 million years ago. Timor has older geology and lacks the volcanic nature of the northern Lesser
Sunda Islands. Timor Island built up with contributions from the Australian continental plate, the
mlange and the ophiolitic Banda terrane.
In this area, geological basement consist of the Pre-Permian Lolotoi Complex which has thrusted
over the younger formations, Permian Atahoc and Cribas FM, Triassic Aitutu FM, JurassicCretaceous Wailuli FM and Middle Miocene Bobonaro Scaly Clay (Fig.1 & 2).
Lolotoi Complex is composed mostly of basic schist and amphiborite (Laclubar metamorphic
massif). Atahoch and Cribas Formation are black pyritic shale, silty shale, limestone and sandstone
etc. exposed in only small area around Atahoc village. Aitutu Formation includes a calcilutite, shale
and sandstone sequence and contains a basal radiolarian limestone. Wailuli Formation is
predominantly clay, marine shale, marl and fine-grained limestone. The origin that preceded the
deposition of the Viqueque Formation (upper Miocene) resulted in the placement Scaly Clay of large
thrust sheets of Permian rocks and the placement of a huge gravity-slide deposit, the Bobonaro Scaly
Clay.
From the geotechnical viewpoint, not only the basic rocks and also subsurficial deposits important
for road design. In this area, the two kinds of detritus sediments is located on the basic rocks; the
gravels occur in River Sumasse Terrace and the talus consist of rock fragments of any size or shape
(usually coarse and angular) derived from and lying at the base of a cliff or very steep, rocky slope.

Figure 4.1- Schematic Stratigraphic Profile Through Timor

Figure 4.2 Type Area for the Permian units in Timor

4.4.2 Geotechnical Assessment

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(1) General Aspects

Since the road improvements require widening, three (3) measure works are to be considered: (i)
cutting in mountainside slope; (ii) filling in valley ward slope; and (iii) both works. In addition, the
countermeasures for the potential landslides, which consist of landslide, slope failure and debris flow
shall be considered.
(2) Filling
The existing road sections have two types of damage: (i) deformed retaining wall (stone masonry
and gabion) and (ii) landslide.
In order to circumvent the problem on the retaining wall, adequate compaction on the soil materials
as desirable backfill (coarse-grained soils in Unified Soil Classification) and considering sufficient
safety factors in the design for overturning, sliding and bearing capacity are required. Adequate loadbearing layer is necessary during construction.
(3) Debris Flow
Because the road runs almost along the mountain ridge and through flat hill, the potential debris flow
is low to small catchments area from the intersection of road and torrent. If there is a flow of debris
in the area, the return period of occurrence is probably over 100 years, hence, countermeasures are
not indispensable because it is not of high risk.
However, debris flows have cascaded in few places at low lands and it need adequate
countermeasure for those road crossing structures in order to have enough capacity taking into
account the debris flow.

(4) Cutting
Many artificial cut slopes exist along the entire length of the project road. These existences are of
various conditions, i.e. geomorphology, geology, weathering and soil, with various shapes, i.e.
height, width and inclination, and also in different time.
4.4.3 Critical Issues for Consideration during Detail Design
Sta 65+200 to Sta 81+200
This area is underlain by Scaly Clay, river terrace deposits and alluvial sediments. The road runs
along River Carlilo at left side.
Three kinds of critical conditions are pointed out, as follows:
(1) The shoulder of existing road have been eroded and washed away in low places by the course of
flood of River Carlilo.
(2) Many landslides and slope failures have occurred in the cutting and natural slope composed of
Bobonaro Scaly Clay. Generally, these failures are relatively small sizes and these slip
surfaces pass over the surface of road.
(3) In this area there are four landslides, which are 100-150m length, 30-50m width and 5-20m
depth (estimated). Three failures are active and countermeasure works such as lined ditch and
gabion protection have been carried out while the other one is initially occurring. It is worth
mentioning that the three failures are still moving at present in spite of conducting
countermeasure works.
To prevent erosion and scouring against condition (1), river revetment should be installed in eroded
portions of shoulder.
For adequate countermeasure against condition (2) installation of gabion wall at the toe of slope to
act as counterweight and ideally cut the head of slope to decrease the driving moment. In addition,
drainage work is basically required for decreasing the pore pressure.
Under condition (3), appropriate countermeasures should be considered following more precise
investigation in situ and the analysis of sliding mechanism.
Sta 81+200 to Sta 91+000
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The road runs through the River Terrace, which is ascending gently toward the end point of this
project and is composed of very condensed gravel and sand sequences. Hence, it is straight forward
to design and work for this section.
Sta 91+000 to Sta 99+500
The road enters on high mountain area underlain by Aitutu Formation and talus deposits. Three (3)
kinds of issues are pointed out as follows:
(4) The slope failures have occurred by daylight joints in hard rocks, which consist of alternating
beds of calcilutie and shale.
(5) Debris flows have taken place in the Mountain Rivers (torrent).
(6) The large landslide, which is located around Sta 99+500, has been under the large displacement
therefore it is possible for the landslide mass to be stable and dormant for some time. If we can
confirm its stable/dormant condition with the precisely investigation including the observation
of GPS, the road might be restored like the former road.
Sta 99+500 to Sta117+000
The road runs through flat plane on the left, which is the river terrace of River Sahen and is
underlain by Bobonaro Scaly Clay and talus deposits, at the foot of mountain slope, which is
composed of hard rocks of Aitutu Formation.
Because the longitudinal slope of this road is very rugged but the grade of cross section is gentle, the
height of cut slope is not high at all. On the other hand, the Mountain Rivers crossing the road have
a large catchment area and steep inclination therefore the potential of debris flow is high.
Two (2) large landslides have menaced the existing road with prohibition of traffic.

Sta 117+000 to Sta 127+500

For most part of this section, the road goes through on the narrow ridge, which is underlain by
weathered black shale, philite and fresh alternating beds of calcilutite and shale. This road is socalled Skyline.
Because the slope of both sides facing valley are very steep, for widening road the high reclamation
in the part of shoulder should be avoided and rather the surface of road should be lowered as much
as possible.
Sta 127+500 to Sta 134+000
The road descends from the Skyline of 720m above sea level to 320m above sea level toward south
coastline.
This area is formed in gentle slope, which extends around the right and left side of River Sahen and
also is underlain by black shale etc. thought to be Wailuli Formation.
A large landslide associated with strongly weathered black shale has destroyed several times in spite
of conducting countermeasures. The precise investigations and analysis on this landslide should be
carried out sequentially.
Sta 134+000 to Sta 139+500
The road of East-West directions crosses the path of 420m above sea level and descends to River
Lamara. This area is underlain by the alternating beds of calcilutite and shale. Though the rockslide
and/or landslide failed by shearing along a daylight bedding plane, most of which dips 49, the
countermeasures using gabion is under construction now.
Sta 139+500 to Sta 144+800
The road runs through the fluvial fan of River Lamara up to the end point of this project. The
fluvial fan is mainly composed of coarse (gravel and sand) granular deposits according to the current
river situation therefore there is no problem for construction of road.
(Laclubar Jct) Sta 0+000 to (Laclubar) Sta10+500

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The road goes through the ridge, which extends to east and west and is underlain by weathered
philitic rocks and pre-Permian basic rocks near the Laclubar. It is not difficult to conducts design
and earth works for improving the road. But, the rolling stone and basic rocks, which are very hard
rocks (B, CH), are sporadically distributed in places therefore these destruction become critical
issues in the case widening the road.
4.5

Bio-Engineering Measures
Based on field assessments of environmental and geotechnical aspects, priority areas for application
of bio-engineering solutions have been initially identified. The specific locations, area sizes for
treatment, and proposed type of bio-engineering application will be re-identified and confirmed
during the detailed design phase of the project.
Soil bio-engineering measures are not simply greening techniques. They involve far more than
simple application of a green vegetative cover to the degraded slopes. They integrate proven
engineering practices with ecological principles, to provide mechanical, hydrological and
environmental benefits. Hence, effective application of these measures requires careful planning and
design, taking into account the specific characteristics of each site. Factors such as the geology,
soils, slope angle, hydrology, existing vegetation cover, etc., should be assessed before appropriate
soil bioengineering measures can be prescribed.
Several potential environmental benefits can be achieved by using soil bio-engineering measures,
compared to conventional engineering practices. Notably, they usually require only minimal access
provisions for equipment, materials and workers; and typically, create only minor disturbance to the
site and the environs during installation. In environmentally sensitive locations, where preservation
of scenery or wildlife habitats may be critical, soil bio-engineering measures can usually offer more
environmentally compatible solutions. For sensitive or remote sites, these do not require long-term
maintenance, thereby creating fewer disturbances.
Bio-engineering for slope protection and erosion prevention is comparatively cheaper than
conventional systems, such as concrete or masonry protection works. In addition, it is a labor
intensive approach, which benefits local residents, who are commonly familiar in the production of
slope protection materials and plants, and whose skills in agriculture is of great advantage during
installation.
The recommended techniques for use in the project are as follows:

Live Stake an appropriate means for repair of small earth slips and slumps that are
frequently wet, through the use of local suitable species which creates a living root mat, that
eventually stabilize the soil.

Vegetation serves as cut slope protection. Sodding or grass planting will protect the road
slopes from erosion when the developed roots hold the slope soils together.

Live Fascines these are long bundles of branch cuttings bound together and installed with
live and dead stout stakes.

Brush Layering consist of live branch cuttings of rooting plants installed almost
perpendicular to the slope, to provide immediate earth support as a result of the overlapping layers.

Coconet made from coir fiber twine woven into high strength nets for extreme slope
stabilization and protection for stream/river banks and channels.
The aforementioned bio-engineering proposals will be defined in details during the detailed design
phase of the project roads.
Initial bio-engineering works are already included in the cost estimates for the economic analysis of
this Feasibility Study.

4.6

Climate Change Adaptation

Projected Climate Change in Timor Leste is facing high degree of uncertainty. However, because
the project roads are passing through rolling to mountainous terrain, and could potentially become an
interior agricultural area, the expected change in rainfall regime is integrated into the design of
pavement, slope protection works, and drainage structures.
Considerations, during the detailed design phase, to address climate change (increase in intensity of
rainfall) are as follows:
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Pavement Structure The proposed flexible pavement will be designed for wet condition of subgrade, which is the worst strength scenario. The following considerations will be taken with
respect to climate change: Sub-grade soaked Californian Bearing Ratio (CBR); loss of sub-grade
support (arising from sub-base erosion or differential vertical soil movement); correcting the
effective modulus of sub-grade reaction, (due to loss of foundation support); and the prevailing
drainage condition.
Drainage Structure Rainfall data will be gathered from reliable records, and statistical
inconsistencies will be corrected by acceptable regression analysis. Tributary catchment areas
for the drainage structures will be demarcated, using suitable topographic maps. Watershed
parameters will be measured from the delineated boundaries, cross-sectioning of the
upstream/downstream reaches of the rivers, to determine design flood water level. This, in turns,
will be compared against observed maximum flood level, through site inquiry and hydrologic
modeling. This is to assure proper design of sub-structure depth, against scouring,
superstructure free-board, and river training measures.
Slope Protection Works To address potential increase in landslides, general stability of slopes,
and of cuts, which can increase impact of change in annual rainfall, detailed geotechnical
investigation of existing and potential slope instability will be carried out. This is in order to
assess the extent of proposed counter-measures including appropriate retaining structures,
scour/erosion prevention, and bio-engineering slope stabilization measures.
The effect Sea Level Rise (SLR) is applicable mainly to low-lying areas. However, because the
project roads which generally are located in high grounds this issue is not applicable to them.
Final note: initial cost estimates, associated with climate change adaptation, have been included in
the options for the economic evaluation.

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4.7

Feasibility Study Report

Proposed Road Upgrading Alternative Scenarios

The existing project roads were divided into seven (7) homogenous sections, taking into account
varying terrain characteristics along the route, as well as conditions/features of the road. They are
summarized in Table 4.2:

Sect
1
2
3

Table 4.2 Road Section Characteristics

Length Width
Section Name
From To
Remarks
(km)
(m)
Manatuto-Cribas
Km65.2 to
16.8
4.5
Flat/Rolling terrain
(A09-1a)
km82
Manatuto-Cribas
Km82Flat terrain, asphalt
6.0
4.5
(A09-1b)
km88
surface good
Rolling/Mountainous
Cribas - Laclubar
Km88
3.5terrain, heavy
11.5
Jct (A09-2)
km99.5
4.0
deterioration
Laclubar Jct
Km99.53.5Rolling/Mountainous
Manehat
(A0933.5
Km133
4.5
terrain, gravelly road
3)
Manehat
Km133
Rolling, asphalt
7.5
4.5
Natarbora (A09Km140.5
surfacing deteriorated
4a)
Manehat
Km140.5
Flat terrain, asphalt
Natarbora (A094.2
4.5
Km144.7
surface good
4b)
Rolling/Mountainous
Laclubar Jct Km0
3 to
10.3
heavy deterioration,
Laclubar
Km10.3
3.5
gravelly surface

These homogenous sections were used as a base to develop three upgrading alternative scenarios, as
follows:
4.7.1

Scenario 1 - Repair/Rehab and Reconstruct, with 4.5m TST Surfacing

In Section A09-1b and A09-4b, Where the existing pavement is in reasonable order, the repair works
include: repair of edge damage and potholes, and improving shoulders by reshaping or adding gravel
to flush with the pavement. Edge damage and potholes will be squarely cut out up to sub-grade
level, and the required pavement structures reconstructed to match the existing good surface. The
shoulders which are predominantly covered with vegetation will be cleared and grubbed, and fresh
aggregate materials added as required. Then, re-grade/re-shape and compact the new 1.0m shoulder
on both sides. This treatment applies to sub-sections, built over flat and acceptable alignment, where
the asphalt surface is in fair conditions.
In sub-sections A09-1a and A09-4a, as well as on all other sections, A09-2 A09-3, and C-15, where
the existing pavement is highly deteriorated and bumpy, road roughness relatively high, and road
furniture and feature are sub-standard; reconstruction is considered by upgrading the
horizontal/vertical alignment to international standard. The road-works include: Removing existing
asphalt surfacing, only if the below materials found adequate as pavement base. Otherwise, remove
up to sub-grade level, and then prepare the succeeding layers to the required 4.5m Triple Surface
Treatment (TST) pavement structures. Shoulder reconstruction will follow the same method in
discussed above.
4.7.2 Scenario 2 - Reconstruct with 4.5m TST Surfacing
All the seven homogenous sections (A09, sections 1-4, and C-15) will be reconstructed to 4.5m TST
surfacing, by improving the alignment to meet the required international design standards. This
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includes: removal and replacement of inadequate structures, including bridges and other major
drainage crossing, providing slope protection works (particularly in geologically unstable sections),
and other miscellaneous works. Shoulders are improved to 1.0m on each side, with paved or
unpaved surfacing, as required. Brick edging is installed on both edges of the 4.5m road-way, to
deter edge damage, caused by opposing traffic.
4.7.3

Scenario 3 - Reconstruct with 6m Asphalt Concrete Surfacing

Scenario 3 is similar to Scenario 2 in that both of them consider complete reconstruction of all seven
road links. However, Scenario 3 proposes significantly higher design standards. In Scenario 3 the
road-way is widens to 6m (instead of 4.5m), and is surfaced with hot plant mix asphalt-concrete
(instead of TST). Shoulders are improved to 0.5m - 1.0m wide on both sides, either with paved or
unpaved surfacing, as required.
To save costs, in critical mountainous sub-sections, where widening necessitates excessive cut/fill,
and massive slope protection works; and entails considerable cost in road-works and structures, it is
proposed that the standard 6.0m width be adjusted to narrower width of about 4.5m. Likewise,
existing 4.5m wide bridges, which are structurally adequate, should remain in place (at least in the
short-medium term) to save on new construction. Nevertheless, the remaining 4.5m bridges need to
be retrofit as required, and/or provide river training walls, to prevent further scouring/erosion of the
river banks.
4.8

Cost Estimates and Contract Packaging

4.8.1 Civil Works Cost Estimates

The Consultant prepared civil works cost estimates for each of the seven homogenous sections (and
sub-sections) listed above. The base for cost estimate was Scenario 3.
Scenario 3 includes the following characteristics as the base for cost estimates: A 6.0m wide roadway, with 50mm AC surfacing, 175mm crushed aggregate base course, and 150mm aggregate subbase, over a sub-grade CBR>8. Shoulder is 0.5 to 1.0m wide, paved or unpaved.
Cost estimates for Scenario 1 and 2 were an adjustment to the estimates for Scenario 3.
Unit price method, per specific road-works item, was used to estimate the improvements and
reconstruction cost of the two project roads (A-09 and C-15).
Bridges and special box culverts, as well as cross drainage concrete pipe culverts, were estimated by
unit cost per structure.
The Consultant utilized the following assumptions for the cost estimates:

The construction unit cost is composed of the direct cost, indirect cost, and
tax.
The civil work costs of the project roads are based on direct 2012 cost of
previous projects, financed by ADB (RNUP/R-4B), and by the WB
(TLRCRP).
The indirect mark up of Overhead, Contingency & Overhead (OMC) is 10
%; Contractors Profit is 10 %; and a 2 % Tax, is applied to both direct
and indirect costs.
Price escalation of 8 % per-annum in 2012, is derived from the IMF
Consumers Price Index (CPI) Report.
Estimation does not include any import duties and taxes, which may be
imposed by the Government on imported construction equipment and
materials.

Details of civil works cost estimates are provided in Appendix 4.6.

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4.8.2 Maintenance Cost Estimates

Maintenance cost estimates are based on data derived from the 2009 ADB TA-7100 Final Report:
Table 4-6 Normal Maintenance Unit Costs, and Table 4-7 Essential Maintenance Unit Costs.
These costs were adjusted to 2012 prices, using the IMFs CPI.
Summary of maintenance cost estimates is shown in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3 Estimated Maintenance Costs
MAINTENANCE COST

Section

SubLength
Section (km)

A09-1a

16.8

A09-1b

A09-2

11.5

A09-3

33.5

A09-4a

7.5

A09-4b

4.2

10.3

A09-1

A09-4

C15

Zone

Maintenance Cost Estimates ($ 000)

Alternate Base Cost
Extg
2010
2011
2012
2013
Surface
2009
0.07%
6.80%
13.50%
8.00 %
0
9.60
9.67
10.32
11.72
12.66
1&3
1
3.20
3.22
3.44
3.91
4.22
2
3.20
3.22
3.44
3.91
4.22
Asphalt
3
2.80
2.82
3.01
3.42
3.69
0
6.30
6.34
6.78
7.69
8.31
3
1
3.90
3.93
4.19
4.76
5.14
2
3.20
3.22
3.44
3.91
4.22
Asphalt
3
2.80
2.82
3.01
3.42
3.69
0
10.75
10.83
11.56
13.12
14.17
2&3
1
3.20
3.22
3.44
3.91
4.22
Asphalt
2
3.20
3.22
3.44
3.91
4.22
Gravel
3
2.80
2.82
3.01
3.42
3.69
0
14.50
14.60
15.59
17.70
19.12
3 &4
1
3.90
3.93
4.19
4.76
5.14
2
3.90
3.93
4.19
4.76
5.14
Asphalt
3
3.40
3.42
3.66
4.15
4.48
Gravel
0
14.50
14.60
15.59
17.70
19.12
4
1
3.20
3.22
3.44
3.91
4.22
2
3.20
3.22
3.44
3.91
4.22
Asphalt
3
2.80
2.82
3.01
3.42
3.69
Gravel
0
7.40
7.45
7.96
9.03
9.76
4
1
3.90
3.93
4.19
4.76
5.14
2
3.20
3.22
3.44
3.91
4.22
Asphalt
3
2.80
2.82
3.01
3.42
3.69
0
18.00
18.13
19.36
21.97
23.73
3 &4
1
3.90
3.93
4.19
4.76
5.14
2
3.90
3.93
4.19
4.76
5.14
Gravel
3
3.40
3.42
3.66
4.15
4.48

Summary of engineering data, for input into the RED economic evaluation model, is shown in
Table 4.4, below.

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Table 4.4 Engineering Data for Economic Evaluation

Road Name

Manatuto - Natarbora

Road ID No.
Road Section Name

Manatuto to Cribas

Maintenance
Cost
(000$/km)

Proposed
Proposed
Post-work

Total
Road
Works Cost Roughness (IRI
(000$/km)
Value)

Shoulder
Width (m)

Road Width (m)

Road Section ID No
A09-1
Road Sub-Section
A09-1a A09-1b
From (km)
65.2
82.0
82.0
88.0
To (km)
16.8
6.0
Length (km)
Existing
4.5
4.5
Alt 0
4.5
4.5
Alt 1
4.5
4.5
Alt 2
4.5
4.5
Alt 3
6.0
6.0
Existing
0.5 to1.0
1.0
Alt 0 0.5 to 1.0
1.0
Alt 1
1.0
1.0
Alt 2
1.0
1.0
Alt 3
1.0
1.0
Existing
11.0
10.0
Alt 0
9.4
8.5
Alt 1
3.5
3.5
Alt 2
3.5
3.5
Alt 3
2.5
2.5
Alt 0
0.00
0.00
Alt 1
528.80 199.06
Alt 2
528.80 512.73
Alt 3
719.13 705.17
Alt 0 (Essential)
12.66
8.31
Alt 1 (Normal)
4.22
5.14

A09
Cribas to Jct
Jct Laclubar to
Mane Hat to
Laclubar
Mane Hat
Natarbora
A09-4
A09-2
A09-3
A09-4a A09-4b
88.0
99.5
133.0
140.5
99.5
133.0
140.5
144.7
11.5
33.5
7.5
4.2
3.5 to 4
3 to 3.5
4.5
4.5
3.5 to 4
3 to 3.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5 to 1.0
0.5 to 1.0
1.0
1.0
27.4
31.4
29.0
10.4
23.3
25.0
24.7
8.8
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
714.01
677.67
515.37
208.41
714.01
677.67
515.37
502.97
982.89
931.20
716.66
701.78

Jct Laclubar Laclubar

C15
Jct Laclubar to
Laclubar
C15
0.0
10.3
10.3
3 to3.5
3 to 3.5
4.5
4.5
6.0
0 to 0.5
0 to 0.5
1.0
1.0
0.5 to 1.0
34.0
25.0
3.5
3.5
2.5
0.00
633.91
633.91
876.29

14.17

19.12

19.12

9.76

23.73

4.22

5.14

4.22

5.14

5.14

Alt 2 (Normal)

4.22

4.22

4.22

5.14

4.22

4.22

5.14

Alt 3 (Normal)

3.69

3.69

3.69

4.48

3.69

3.69

4.48

4.8.3 Contract Packaging

The objective of determining the number and type of contract packages is to deliver value-formoney, by the most cost-effective means. The contract packaging should therefore promote
competition amongst contractors with sufficient technical capacity to comply with the technical
specifications.
The proposed contract packaging is shown in Figure 4.1.

Figure 4.1 Proposed Contract Packaging

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: - Page 4-12

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

Feasibility Study Report

APPENDIX 4.3

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.3 - Page 4-52

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

Feasibility Study Report

MANATUTO-LACLUBAR-NATARBORA ROAD (A09)

Start station 0+000 = Start of Project at km65.2
Station
0+000
0+100
0+200
0+300
0+400
0+500
0+600
0+700
0+800
0+900
1+000
1+100
1+200
1+300
1+400
1+500
1+600
1+700
1+800
1+900
2+000
2+100
2+200
2+300
2+400
2+500
2+600
2+700
2+800
2+900
3+000
3+100
3+200
3+300
3+400
3+500
3+600
3+700
3+800
3+900
4+000
4+100
4+200
4+300
4+400
4+500
4+600
4+700
4+800

From
0+000
0+000
0+100
0+200
0+300
0+400
0+500
0+600
0+700
0+800
0+900
1+000
1+100
1+200
1+300
1+400
1+500
1+600
1+700
1+800
1+900
2+000
2+100
2+200
2+300
2+400
2+500
2+600
2+700
2+800
2+900
3+000
3+100
3+200
3+300
3+400
3+500
3+600
3+700
3+800
3+900
4+000
4+100
4+200
4+300
4+400
4+500
4+600
4+700

To
0+000
0+100
0+200
0+300
0+400
0+500
0+600
0+700
0+800
0+900
1+000
1+100
1+200
1+300
1+400
1+500
1+600
1+700
1+800
1+900
2+000
2+100
2+200
2+300
2+400
2+500
2+600
2+700
2+800
2+900
3+000
3+100
3+200
3+300
3+400
3+500
3+600
3+700
3+800
3+900
4+000
4+100
4+200
4+300
4+400
4+500
4+600
4+700
4+800

Speed
(kph)
0.0
20.3
24.8
23.8
23.4
17.5
28.5
32.6
32.2
33.1
280.
28.5
24.1
25.1
17.4
32.2
30.7
26.4
33.3
33.1
32.1
30.9
24.3
26.0
29.1
28.5
31.0
23.4
20.3
26.9
32.4
28.8
25.1
24.9
30.6
31.8
32.4
29.9
31.0
34.1
34.7
32.3
32.7
28.8
27.5
26.9
31.0
10.3
26.2

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

Calibrated
Roughness
0.00
9.65
16.15
12.27
11.42
17.97
4.51
6.54
5.50
3.74
8.42
3.78
8.67
5.00
18.36
6.49
6.93
11.08
7.29
6.30
6.24
4.78
9.00
7.21
6.56
12.36
5.37
11.94
14.25
11.86
5.50
8.24
9.04
12.42
5.97
4.18
5.17
4.85
4.11
4.45
4.20
4.25
4.06
4.38
7.11
6.19
6.39
4.07
4.48

Ave Rgh
Per km
(a)

9.62

8.01

8.88

6.26

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.3 - Page 4-53

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

4+900
5+000
5+100
5+200
5+300
5+400
5+500
5+600
5+700
5+800
5+900
6+000
6+100
6+200
6+300
6+400
6+500
6+600
6+700
6+800
6+900
7+000
7+100
7+200
7+300
7+400
7+500
7+600
7+700
7+800
7+900
8+000
8+100
8+200
8+300
8+400
8+500
8+600
8+700
8+800
8+900
9+000
9+100
9+200
9+300
9+400
9+500
9+600
9+700
9+800
9+900
10+000
10+100

4+800
4+900
5+000
5+100
5+200
5+300
5+400
5+500
5+600
5+700
5+800
5+900
6+000
6+100
6+200
6+300
6+400
6+500
6+600
6+700
6+800
6+900
7+000
7+100
7+200
7+300
7+400
7+500
7+600
7+700
7+800
7+900
8+000
8+100
8+200
8+300
8+400
8+500
8+600
8+700
8+800
8+900
9+000
9+100
9+200
9+300
9+400
9+500
9+600
9+700
9+800
9+900
10+000

4+900
5+000
5+100
5+200
5+300
5+400
5+500
5+600
5+700
5+800
5+900
6+000
6+100
6+200
6+300
6+400
6+500
6+600
6+700
6+800
6+900
7+000
7+100
7+200
7+300
7+400
7+500
7+600
7+700
7+800
7+900
8+000
8+100
8+200
8+300
8+400
8+500
8+600
8+700
8+800
8+900
9+000
9+100
9+200
9+300
9+400
9+500
9+600
9+700
9+800
9+900
10+000
10+100

Feasibility Study Report

28.4
30.6
31.8
29.4
33.1
32.6
31.7
29.1
24.1
26.0
22.6
26.4
30.4
32.4
32.0
34.2
31.3
32.2
30.4
25.9
16.0
28.9
27.1
29.0
17.4
23.9
25.2
18.8
22.2
28.4
29.7
30.6
25.6
21.5
25.6
28.8
19.8
20.3
28.9
32.5
29.6
26.2
23.4
21.3
25.3
25.3
26.2
24.7
14.4
17.5
24.5
20.8
31.6

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

4.50
4.81
5.27
4.86
4.85
5.30
5.01
9.12
12.98
8.21
16.09
12.63
5.42
4.51
6.67
5.59
7.94
6.03
6.31
14.58
28.77
4.38
4.57
6.84
17.22
12.08
7.57
12.49
6.35
6.57
6.21
6.18
9.21
10.68
7.02
6.98
18.74
7.53
6.46
5.08
4.59
5.74
8.63
9.24
6.53
7.19
7.21
6.64
46.99
19.37
8.48
7.20
8.29

5.02

8.43

9.02

8.61

8.20

12.75

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.3 - Page 4-54

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

10+200
10+300
10+400
10+500
10+600
10+700
10+800
10+900
11+000
11+100
11+200
11+300
11+400
11+500
11+600
11+700
11+800
11+900
12+000
12+100
12+200
12+300
12+400
12+500
12+600
12+700
12+800
12+900
13+000
13+100
13+200
13+300
13+400
13+500
13+600
13+700
13+800
13+900
14+000
14+100
14+200
14+300
14+400
14+500
14+600
14+700
14+800
14+900
15+000
15+100
15+200
15+300
15+400

10+100
10+200
10+300
10+400
10+500
10+600
10+700
10+800
10+900
11+000
11+100
11+200
11+300
11+400
11+500
11+600
11+700
11+800
11+900
12+000
12+100
12+200
12+300
12+400
12+500
12+600
12+700
12+800
12+900
13+000
13+100
13+200
13+300
13+400
13+500
13+600
13+700
13+800
13+900
14+000
14+100
14+200
14+300
14+400
14+500
14+600
14+700
14+800
14+900
15+000
15+100
15+200
15+300

10+200
10+300
10+400
10+500
10+600
10+700
10+800
10+900
11+000
11+100
11+200
11+300
11+400
11+500
11+600
11+700
11+800
11+900
12+000
12+100
12+200
12+300
12+400
12+500
12+600
12+700
12+800
12+900
13+000
13+100
13+200
13+300
13+400
13+500
13+600
13+700
13+800
13+900
14+000
14+100
14+200
14+300
14+400
14+500
14+600
14+700
14+800
14+900
15+000
15+100
15+200
15+300
15+400

Feasibility Study Report

29.0
24.4
30.1
29.7
25.8
22.3
22.0
21.4
30.6
23.0
28.5
26.3
27.1
19.0
21.6
17.2
25.1
27.8
27.2
27.9
27.0
30.3
31.4
26.4
23.4
25.4
27.2
22.0
13.3
16.1
20.1
19.9
18.1
15.9
16.4
26.6
19.9
21.2
19.7
25.1
21.8
20.5
23.4
23.6
18.9
21.7
22.0
20.1
21.8
19.2
19.5
21.5
16.7

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

6.30
8.50
7.21
8.06
11.07
15.90
11.70
12.33
8.90
9.08
7.70
7.45
8.32
10.43
12.87
22.07
9.57
6.80
10.00
9.88
8.17
8.74
7.96
13.33
14.60
8.09
9.15
14.75
19.94
27.67
15.13
21.78
21.80
38.92
32.07
13.66
15.82
13.31
15.17
8.45
13.74
25.73
12.81
10.13
23.86
19.55
14.57
15.93
17.33
12.93
14.91
20.32
29.13

9.83

10.43

11.46

21.53

16.21

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.3 - Page 4-55

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

15+500
15+600
15+700
15+800
15+900
16+000
16+100
16+200
16+300
16+400
16+500
16+600
16+700
16+800
16+900
17+000
17+100
17+200
17+300
17+400
17+500
17+600
17+700
17+800
17+900
18+000
18+100
18+200
18+300
18+400
18+500
18+600
18+700
18+800
18+900
19+000
19+100
19+200
19+300
19+400
19+500
19+600
19+700
19+800
19+900
20+000
20+100
20+200
20+300
20+400
20+500
20+600
20+700

15+400
15+500
15+600
15+700
15+800
15+900
16+000
16+100
16+200
16+300
16+400
16+500
16+600
16+700
16+800
16+900
17+000
17+100
17+200
17+300
17+400
17+500
17+600
17+700
17+800
17+900
18+000
18+100
18+200
18+300
18+400
18+500
18+600
18+700
18+800
18+900
19+000
19+100
19+200
19+300
19+400
19+500
19+600
19+700
19+800
19+900
20+000
20+100
20+200
20+300
20+400
20+500
20+600

15+500
15+600
15+700
15+800
15+900
16+000
16+100
16+200
16+300
16+400
16+500
16+600
16+700
16+800
16+900
17+000
17+100
17+200
17+300
17+400
17+500
17+600
17+700
17+800
17+900
18+000
18+100
18+200
18+300
18+400
18+500
18+600
18+700
18+800
18+900
19+000
19+100
19+200
19+300
19+400
19+500
19+600
19+700
19+800
19+900
20+000
20+100
20+200
20+300
20+400
20+500
20+600
20+700

Feasibility Study Report

21.7
19.6
18.4
21.6
15.3
19.9
24.5
22.9
22.7
30.0
29.0
25.5
27.7
24.8
29.9
15.8
29.1
33.0
30.4
29.2
28.0
30.2
30.5
25.4
29.5
33.3
33.7
34.5
32.6
32.9
34.0
33.7
32.2
31.7
33.0
31.4
33.1
33.9
32.1
31.8
28.1
32.6
32.1
31.5
30.3
27.8
25.7
28.9
29.4
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.6

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

16.42
15.22
17.38
22.16
42.51
31.66
22.40
20.45
13.78
8.97
9.21
10.27
7.80
6.90
5.09
6.77
6.81
7.24
7.84
7.19
6.04
7.42
6.75
7.84
6.88
6.01
5.53
8.38
7.77
6.78
7.27
6.88
4.86
5.23
5.27
6.26
6.76
6.27
7.38
6.01
6.39
5.67
5.87
6.19
7.32
6.89
6.52
5.81
6.08
10.96
11.90
10.77
12.68

22.26

11.16

7.00

6.42

6.48

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.3 - Page 4-56

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

20+800
20+900
21+000
21+100
21+200
21+300
21+400
21+500
21+600
21+700
21+800
21+900
22+000
22+100
22+200
22+300
22+400
22+500
22+600
22+700
22+800
22+900
23+000
23+100
23+200
23+300
23+400
23+500
23+600
23+700
23+800
23+900
24+000
24+100
24+200
24+300
24+400
24+500
24+600
24+700
24+800
24+900
25+000
25+100
25+200
25+300
25+400
25+500
25+600
25+700
25+800
25+900
26+000

20+700
20+800
20+900
21+000
21+100
21+200
21+300
21+400
21+500
21+600
21+700
21+800
21+900
22+000
22+100
22+200
22+300
22+400
22+500
22+600
22+700
22+800
22+900
23+000
23+100
23+200
23+300
23+400
23+500
23+600
23+700
23+800
23+900
24+000
24+100
24+200
24+300
24+400
24+500
24+600
24+700
24+800
24+900
25+000
25+100
25+200
25+300
25+400
25+500
25+600
25+700
25+800
25+900

20+800
20+900
21+000
21+100
21+200
21+300
21+400
21+500
21+600
21+700
21+800
21+900
22+000
22+100
22+200
22+300
22+400
22+500
22+600
22+700
22+800
22+900
23+000
23+100
23+200
23+300
23+400
23+500
23+600
23+700
23+800
23+900
24+000
24+100
24+200
24+300
24+400
24+500
24+600
24+700
24+800
24+900
25+000
25+100
25+200
25+300
25+400
25+500
25+600
25+700
25+800
25+900
26+000

Feasibility Study Report

31.0
30.9
32.4
26.6
21.5
26.3
27.0
30.8
30.4
27.1
25.8
28.1
24.3
27.3
26.1
29.1
30.0
24.8
26.0
24.8
29.6
31.8
29.0
19.9
23.1
25.2
24.3
21.5
10.9
23.2
24.8
24.7
23.4
21.9
22.4
23.8
25.2
20.8
21.5
23.5
27.2
26.9
29.0
22.6
25.5
29.1
25.4
23.2
29.3
21.5
18.6
22.1
35.6

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

11.62
8.13
8.64
16.72
26.76
16.30
19.26
14.64
11.61
11.51
9.55
11.41
12.77
9.09
8.86
9.41
14.17
23.36
20.10
18.64
17.95
19.37
18.39
22.50
25.38
21.28
22.37
18.98
20.46
20.02
24.13
21.02
22.00
25.41
21.06
20.59
21.92
31.55
29.00
18.42
18.76
22.48
22.49
25.90
27.41
18.22
25.90
25.53
17.72
30.50
46.93
25.86
5.15

9.31

15.05

15.93

21.81

23.17

24.91

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.3 - Page 4-57

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

26+100
26+200
26+300
26+400
26+500
26+600
26+700
26+800
26+900
27+000
27+100
27+200
27+300
27+400
27+510
27+600
27+700
27+800
27+920
28+000

26+000
26+100
26+200
26+300
26+400
26+500
26+600
26+700
26+800
26+900
27+000
27+100
27+200
27+300
27+400
0+000
0+090
0+190
0+290

26+100
26+200
26+300
26+400
26+500
26+600
26+700
26+800
26+900
27+000
27+100
27+200
27+300
27+400
27+510
0+090
0+190
0+290
0+410
0+000

Feasibility Study Report

32.0
20.8
21.2
19.0
19.1
20.2
18.8
20.1
17.8
20.7
16.1
18.0
18.2
10.5
8.7
8.7
13.4
18.6
-522.3
-522.3

8.87
20.77
21.96
30.89
26.15
19.34
21.60
10.95
29.75
26.53
22.88
29.32
20.60
26.73
23.99
36.84
43.95
23.59
12.79
0.90

21.68

24.16

MANATUTO-LACLUBAR-NATARBORA ROAD (A09)

Start Sta 0+000 = sta 28+000
Station
0+000
0+100
0+200
0+300
0+400
0+500
0+600
0+700
0+800
0+900
1+000
1+100
1+200
1+300
1+400
1+500
1+600
1+700
1+800
1+900
2+000
2+100
2+200
2+300
2+400
2+500

FROM
0+000
0+000
0+100
0+200
0+300
0+400
0+500
0+600
0+700
0+800
0+900
1+000
1+100
1+200
1+300
1+400
1+500
1+600
1+700
1+800
1+900
2+000
2+100
2+200
2+300
2+400

TO
0+000
0+100
0+200
0+300
0+400
0+500
0+600
0+700
0+800
0+900
1+000
1+100
1+200
1+300
1+400
1+500
1+600
1+700
1+800
1+900
2+000
2+100
2+200
2+300
2+400
2+500

SPEED
(kph)
0.0
11.6
14.6
18.6
25.9
22.0
22.2
21.9
16.4
23.3
13.6
13.6
18.5
20.5
19.7
19.0
17.0
16.1
15.6
18.3
17.1
20.0
19.8
19.5
15.2
14.4

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

Calibrated
Roughness
0.00
27.38
41.01
29.35
15.24
24.57
31.70
25.62
19.17
8.80
37.39
44.82
27.20
30.85
26.46
26.69
43.42
49.19
42.54
42.94
50.03
39.42
39.25
33.77
55.76
42.87

Ave Rgh
per km
(a)

26.02

38.41

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.3 - Page 4-58

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

2+600
2+700
2+800
2+900
3+000
3+100
3+200
3+300
3+400
3+500
3+600
3+700
3+800
3+900
4+000
4+100
4+200
4+300
4+400
4+500
4+600
4+700
4+800
4+900
5+000
5+100
5+200
5+300
5+400
5+500
5+600
5+700
5+800
5+900
6+000
6+100
6+200
6+300
6+400
6+500
6+600
6+700
6+800
6+900
7+000
7+100
7+200
7+300
7+400
7+500
7+600
7+700
7+800

2+500
2+600
2+700
2+800
2+900
3+000
3+100
3+200
3+300
3+400
3+500
3+600
3+700
3+800
3+900
4+000
4+100
4+200
4+300
4+400
4+500
4+600
4+700
4+800
4+900
5+000
5+100
5+200
5+300
5+400
5+500
5+600
5+700
5+800
5+900
6+000
6+100
6+200
6+300
6+400
6+500
6+600
6+700
6+800
6+900
7+000
7+100
7+200
7+300
7+400
7+500
7+600
7+700

2+600
2+700
2+800
2+900
3+000
3+100
3+200
3+300
3+400
3+500
3+600
3+700
3+800
3+900
4+000
4+100
4+200
4+300
4+400
4+500
4+600
4+700
4+800
4+900
5+000
5+100
5+200
5+300
5+400
5+500
5+600
5+700
5+800
5+900
6+000
6+100
6+200
6+300
6+400
6+500
6+600
6+700
6+800
6+900
7+000
7+100
7+200
7+300
7+400
7+500
7+600
7+700
7+800

Feasibility Study Report

14.7
20.0
18.5
22.1
22.1
17.4
13.5
14.1
19.9
19.0
21.5
19.3
15.7
20.8
15.9
17.3
19.4
16.9
12.5
13.2
19.1
11.7
11.8
18.3
15.1
14.7
11.6
14.8
13.0
15.6
12.7
17.2
13.2
11.9
13.3
16.9
16.5
16.3
20.2
9.3
11.7
12.5
12.1
13.3
17.1
24.9
20.9
16.0
19.6
19.9
17.0
15.9
23.6

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

35.99
39.54
49.75
28.87
28.00
54.19
55.22
33.69
38.75
42.95
32.34
39.50
34.97
39.24
38.22
41.12
38.10
53.46
62.21
46.56
18.84
54.00
52.56
32.97
30.56
25.14
34.04
31.80
27.95
7.93
24.51
34.53
31.30
32.25
26.99
15.94
37.91
49.32
36.01
31.49
95.45
101.40
70.35
69.05
28.44
23.22
22.84
48.44
54.77
61.50
59.05
73.20
25.78

39.32

40.91

43.04

27.64

53.54

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.3 - Page 4-59

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

7+900
8+000
8+100
8+200
8+300
8+400
8+500
8+600
8+700
8+800
8+900
9+000
9+100
9+200
9+300
9+400
9+500
9+600
9+700
9+800
9+900
10+000
10+100
10+200
10+300
10+400
10+500
10+600
10+700
10+800
10+900
11+000
11+100
11+200
11+300
11+400
11+500
11+600
11+700
11+800
11+900
12+000
12+100
12+200
12+300
12+400
12+500
12+600
12+700
12+800
12+900
13+000
13+100

7+800
7+900
8+000
8+100
8+200
8+300
8+400
8+500
8+600
8+700
8+800
8+900
9+000
9+100
9+200
9+300
9+400
9+500
9+600
9+700
9+800
9+900
10+000
10+100
10+200
10+300
10+400
10+500
10+600
10+700
10+800
10+900
11+000
11+100
11+200
11+300
11+400
11+500
11+600
11+700
11+800
11+900
12+000
12+100
12+200
12+300
12+400
12+500
12+600
12+700
12+800
12+900
13+000

7+900
8+000
8+100
8+200
8+300
8+400
8+500
8+600
8+700
8+800
8+900
9+000
9+100
9+200
9+300
9+400
9+500
9+600
9+700
9+800
9+900
10+000
10+100
10+200
10+300
10+400
10+500
10+600
10+700
10+800
10+900
11+000
11+100
11+200
11+300
11+400
11+500
11+600
11+700
11+800
11+900
12+000
12+100
12+200
12+300
12+400
12+500
12+600
12+700
12+800
12+900
13+000
13+100

Feasibility Study Report

19.6
14.9
10.2
16.2
18.3
12.5
14.9
21.3
18.1
25.8
22.7
18.7
17.5
17.2
11.5
19.0
23.1
22.5
20.9
15.8
18.9
12.9
12.5
14.0
17.7
19.3
16.8
18.9
22.1
10.0
15.5
16.3
21.7
17.6
15.2
19.8
11.9
13.7
10.9
19.7
17.1
14.9
14.8
19.4
10.5
17.3
17.8
23.8
24.7
23.0
14.6
16.5
16.5

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

26.99
28.22
34.92
43.61
31.47
43.45
44.56
33.31
44.06
24.51
26.18
29.55
28.90
25.64
31.22
24.59
30.47
27.62
31.73
40.53
31.60
28.45
25.62
36.20
33.37
27.02
30.53
35.52
29.44
28.77
31.14
37.87
25.12
26.11
29.11
27.98
23.00
29.10
35.83
34.66
34.86
35.45
40.31
36.57
16.61
46.61
20.91
24.03
25.25
27.68
23.50
23.21
30.43

42.40

35.56

30.08

31.55

30.12

28.47

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.3 - Page 4-60

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

13+200
13+300
13+400
13+500
13+600
13+700
13+800
13+900
14+000
14+100
14+200
14+300
14+400
14+500
14+600
14+700
14+800
14+900
15+000
15+100
15+200
15+300
15+400
15+500
15+600
15+700
15+800
15+900
16+000
16+100
16+200
16+300
16+400
16+500
16+600
16+700
16+800
16+900
17+000
17+100
17+200
17+300
17+400
17+500
17+600
17+700
17+800
17+900
18+000
18+100
18+200
18+300
18+400

13+100
13+200
13+300
13+400
13+500
13+600
13+700
13+800
13+900
14+000
14+100
14+200
14+300
14+400
14+500
14+600
14+700
14+800
14+900
15+000
15+100
15+200
15+300
15+400
15+500
15+600
15+700
15+800
15+900
16+000
16+100
16+200
16+300
16+400
16+500
16+600
16+700
16+800
16+900
17+000
17+100
17+200
17+300
17+400
17+500
17+600
17+700
17+800
17+900
18+000
18+100
18+200
18+300

13+200
13+300
13+400
13+500
13+600
13+700
13+800
13+900
14+000
14+100
14+200
14+300
14+400
14+500
14+600
14+700
14+800
14+900
15+000
15+100
15+200
15+300
15+400
15+500
15+600
15+700
15+800
15+900
16+000
16+100
16+200
16+300
16+400
16+500
16+600
16+700
16+800
16+900
17+000
17+100
17+200
17+300
17+400
17+500
17+600
17+700
17+800
17+900
18+000
18+100
18+200
18+300
18+400

Feasibility Study Report

27.7
23.3
21.2
25.3
18.4
16.3
23.2
21.9
18.2
10.2
11.2
21.5
14.1
13.8
20.5
22.6
14.7
22.3
23.6
27.8
23.9
22.9
27.5
22.2
21.2
23.9
22.5
22.6
24.9
17.3
18.3
14.1
16.0
14.2
12.0
13.3
16.4
14.0
10.8
17.4
21.2
23.8
16.1
19.9
15.7
12.8
15.7
24.3
17.6
23.4
24.8
18.5
17.7

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

22.05
29.66
28.62
26.48
31.94
35.98
13.43
20.79
29.13
27.26
25.31
26.65
28.00
22.44
22.63
19.73
23.51
25.46
26.65
22.47
25.51
31.02
22.54
25.13
26.35
21.65
28.56
30.79
25.12
38.07
33.05
70.55
66.28
46.15
41.53
29.33
47.19
42.79
29.23
33.15
23.52
21.53
16.45
28.28
42.77
26.41
26.46
21.89
36.82
22.34
21.98
28.92
30.22

26.85

24.76

25.91

44.42

27.73

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.3 - Page 4-61

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

18+500
18+600
18+700
18+800
18+900
19+000
19+100
19+200
19+300
19+400
19+500
19+600
19+700
19+800
19+900
20+000
20+100
20+200
20+300
20+400
20+500
20+600
20+700
20+800
20+900
21+000
21+100
21+200
21+300
21+400
21+500
21+600
21+700
21+800
21+900
22+000
22+100
22+200
22+300
22+400
22+500
22+600
22+700
22+800
22+900
23+000
23+100
23+200
23+300
23+400
23+500
23+600
23+700

18+400
18+500
18+600
18+700
18+800
18+900
19+000
19+100
19+200
19+300
19+400
19+500
19+600
19+700
19+800
19+900
20+000
20+100
20+200
20+300
20+400
20+500
20+600
20+700
20+800
20+900
21+000
21+100
21+200
21+300
21+400
21+500
21+600
21+700
21+800
21+900
22+000
22+100
22+200
22+300
22+400
22+500
22+600
22+700
22+800
22+900
23+000
23+100
23+200
23+300
23+400
23+500
23+600

18+500
18+600
18+700
18+800
18+900
19+000
19+100
19+200
19+300
19+400
19+500
19+600
19+700
19+800
19+900
20+000
20+100
20+200
20+300
20+400
20+500
20+600
20+700
20+800
20+900
21+000
21+100
21+200
21+300
21+400
21+500
21+600
21+700
21+800
21+900
22+000
22+100
22+200
22+300
22+400
22+500
22+600
22+700
22+800
22+900
23+000
23+100
23+200
23+300
23+400
23+500
23+600
23+700

Feasibility Study Report

9.8
18.0
23.7
16.8
21.0
20.8
21.3
15.7
24.3
15.3
13.5
15.9
19.2
16.0
20.8
16.7
14.7
20.8
18.3
21.9
20.6
14.4
14.4
14.8
17.2
19.7
23.2
19.1
16.4
20.7
18.6
17.8
19.0
12.0
12.1
16.9
23.7
13.2
15.1
14.9
14.8
17.8
20.5
14.0
13.8
22.3
20.7
22.1
16.9
22.3
25.0
17.6
15.1

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

7.70
17.69
16.35
36.69
32.18
37.65
33.62
22.90
25.44
32.88
42.08
28.97
25.55
32.09
25.27
43.70
57.33
21.96
36.18
29.65
38.90
36.97
45.82
32.56
47.12
37.87
32.68
37.42
35.14
32.28
38.31
34.37
24.56
27.64
60.58
34.97
31.84
60.20
52.15
56.68
53.15
38.51
43.33
43.13
66.17
37.01
39.84
32.11
48.88
40.06
43.10
28.36
62.57

25.17

31.25

38.44

35.80

48.22

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.3 - Page 4-62

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

23+800
23+900
24+000
24+100
24+200
24+300
24+400
24+500
24+600
24+700
24+800
24+900
25+000
25+100
25+200
25+300
25+400
25+500
25+600
25+700
25+800
25+900
26+000
26+100
26+200
26+300
26+400
26+500
26+600
26+700
26+800
26+900
27+000
27+100
27+200
27+300
27+400
27+500
27+600
27+700
27+800
27+900
28+000
28+100
28+200
28+300
28+400
28+500
28+600
28+700
28+800
28+900
29+000

23+700
23+800
23+900
24+000
24+100
24+200
24+300
24+400
24+500
24+600
24+700
24+800
24+900
25+000
25+100
25+200
25+300
25+400
25+500
25+600
25+700
25+800
25+900
26+000
26+100
26+200
26+300
26+400
26+500
26+600
26+700
26+800
26+900
27+000
27+100
27+200
27+300
27+400
27+500
27+600
27+700
27+800
27+900
28+000
28+100
28+200
28+300
28+400
28+500
28+600
28+700
28+800
28+900

23+800
23+900
24+000
24+100
24+200
24+300
24+400
24+500
24+600
24+700
24+800
24+900
25+000
25+100
25+200
25+300
25+400
25+500
25+600
25+700
25+800
25+900
26+000
26+100
26+200
26+300
26+400
26+500
26+600
26+700
26+800
26+900
27+000
27+100
27+200
27+300
27+400
27+500
27+600
27+700
27+800
27+900
28+000
28+100
28+200
28+300
28+400
28+500
28+600
28+700
28+800
28+900
29+000

Feasibility Study Report

24.3
24.9
26.0
23.7
13.7
21.2
27.6
18.9
22.3
23.4
21.0
26.1
30.0
29.1
30.1
15.0
19.8
20.2
22.9
24.9
27.3
24.4
29.7
19.3
21.2
22.6
32.8
28.8
27.9
17.2
23.6
21.5
25.4
20.2
16.3
17.0
23.0
24.0
25.6
19.3
17.5
14.9
22.5
23.9
26.7
28.2
19.9
18.1
20.8
21.1
19.6
23.8
20.5

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

23.76
43.11
38.06
42.56
60.62
44.11
32.49
60.80
47.97
39.55
42.69
24.40
19.42
25.77
24.58
66.50
43.58
51.68
45.82
42.02
36.31
50.72
25.48
49.69
47.12
35.17
18.58
26.83
25.72
35.40
40.87
31.11
25.98
35.80
41.32
57.29
36.60
38.92
30.33
24.08
39.90
47.51
28.24
24.85
18.49
17.27
25.77
27.7
32.11
22.65
18.95
24.91
34.64

39.99

41.46

41.25

33.65

38.00

24.73

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.3 - Page 4-63

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

29+100
29+200
29+300
29+400
29+500
29+600
29+700
29+800
29+900
30+000
30+100
30+200
30+300
30+400
30+500
30+600
30+700
30+800
30+900
31+000
31+100
31+200
31+300
31+400
31+500
31+600
31+700
31+800
31+900
32+000
32+100
32+200
32+300
32+400
32+500
32+600
32+700
32+800
32+900
33+000
33+100
33+200
33+300
33+400
33+500
33+600
33+700
33+800
33+900
34+000
34+100
34+200
34+300

29+000
29+100
29+200
29+300
29+400
29+500
29+600
29+700
29+800
29+900
30+000
30+100
30+200
30+300
30+400
30+500
30+600
30+700
30+800
30+900
31+000
31+100
31+200
31+300
31+400
31+500
31+600
31+700
31+800
31+900
32+000
32+100
32+200
32+300
32+400
32+500
32+600
32+700
32+800
32+900
33+000
33+100
33+200
33+300
33+400
33+500
33+600
33+700
33+800
33+900
34+000
34+100
34+200

29+100
29+200
29+300
29+400
29+500
29+600
29+700
29+800
29+900
30+000
30+100
30+200
30+300
30+400
30+500
30+600
30+700
30+800
30+900
31+000
31+100
31+200
31+300
31+400
31+500
31+600
31+700
31+800
31+900
32+000
32+100
32+200
32+300
32+400
32+500
32+600
32+700
32+800
32+900
33+000
33+100
33+200
33+300
33+400
33+500
33+600
33+700
33+800
33+900
34+000
34+100
34+200
34+300

Feasibility Study Report

23.9
21.5
26.6
26.9
28.6
19.9
16.1
23.1
18.5
33.0
32.0
18.1
26.5
33.8
23.1
31.1
21.4
20.5
26.5
24.4
26.2
27.4
28.9
27.4
24.8
23.0
19.6
20.6
23.3
21.6
26.3
24.3
23.9
27.5
28.6
17.3
24.4
24.6
30.8
33.1
24.3
26.0
30.1
31.4
24.8
29.3
14.0
16.8
21.3
30.1
27.9
28.6
29.0

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

20.71
29.93
13.81
15.32
11.36
20.48
25.88
14.15
22.87
13.43
15.15
18.26
16.24
11.86
24.60
16.32
36.48
31.58
16.27
29.33
27.51
19.68
13.21
21.10
21.63
24.74
32.42
19.62
28.84
45.92
32.38
37.06
24.46
20.94
15.40
23.24
17.52
20.74
13.15
16.90
20.37
18.04
14.74
13.34
18.11
18.25
13.89
30.58
23.85
18.04
24.96
16.48
25.60

18.79

21.61

25.47

22.18

18.92

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.3 - Page 4-64

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

34+400
34+500
34+600
34+700
34+800
34+900
35+000
35+100
35+200
35+300
35+400
35+500
35+600
35+700
35+800
35+900
36+000
36+100
36+200
36+300
36+400
36+500
36+600
36+700
36+800
36+900
37+000
37+100
37+200
37+300
37+400
37+500
37+600
37+700
37+800
37+900
38+000
38+100
38+200
38+300
38+400
38+500
38+600
38+700
38+800
38+900
39+000
39+100
39+200
39+300
39+400
39+500
39+600

34+300
34+400
34+500
34+600
34+700
34+800
34+900
35+000
35+100
35+200
35+300
35+400
35+500
35+600
35+700
35+800
35+900
36+000
36+100
36+200
36+300
36+400
36+500
36+600
36+700
36+800
36+900
37+000
37+100
37+200
37+300
37+400
37+500
37+600
37+700
37+800
37+900
38+000
38+100
38+200
38+300
38+400
38+500
38+600
38+700
38+800
38+900
39+000
39+100
39+200
39+300
39+400
39+500

34+400
34+500
34+600
34+700
34+800
34+900
35+000
35+100
35+200
35+300
35+400
35+500
35+600
35+700
35+800
35+900
36+000
36+100
36+200
36+300
36+400
36+500
36+600
36+700
36+800
36+900
37+000
37+100
37+200
37+300
37+400
37+500
37+600
37+700
37+800
37+900
38+000
38+100
38+200
38+300
38+400
38+500
38+600
38+700
38+800
38+900
39+000
39+100
39+200
39+300
39+400
39+500
39+600

Feasibility Study Report

22.3
22.2
18.3
21.9
22.6
18.8
23.5
20.4
27.2
23.5
20.8
22.5
25.2
22.5
19.0
17.2
23.3
23.6
15.3
13.4
23.3
23.3
25.1
24.0
22.0
30.0
27.6
24.0
31.0
29.8
27.2
24.3
13.0
11.4
17.4
20.6
20.9
21.4
22.4
22.7
19.9
22.9
23.5
17.7
17.3
21.3
21.4
17.7
21.1
18.1
19.0
22.4
21.2

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

33.18
26.98
27.41
20.87
25.54
35.32
38.77
35.33
28.40
28.72
25.63
22.93
22.99
23.29
35.96
33.75
22.78
26.90
30.94
35.33
30.74
24.50
27.68
22.73
24.09
19.74
18.81
27.17
11.89
16.69
17.93
22.26
29.48
24.29
29.20
27.79
30.75
29.54
19.60
24.23
12.23
23.71
24.37
24.52
39.38
28.03
20.03
33.70
32.54
30.42
34.78
26.92
38.62

27.51

27.98

26.15

23.75

24.56

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.3 - Page 4-65

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

39+700
39+800
39+900
40+000
40+100
40+200
40+300
40+400
40+500
40+600
40+700
40+800
40+900
41+000
41+100
41+200
41+300
41+400
41+500
41+600
41+700
41+800
41+900
42+000
42+100
42+200
42+300
42+400
42+500
42+600
42+700
42+800
42+900
43+000
43+100
43+200
43+300
43+400
43+500
43+600
43+700
43+800
43+900
44+000
44+100
44+200
44+300
44+400
44+500
44+600
44+700
44+800
44+900

39+600
39+700
39+800
39+900
40+000
40+100
40+200
40+300
40+400
40+500
40+600
40+700
40+800
40+900
41+000
41+100
41+200
41+300
41+400
41+500
41+600
41+700
41+800
41+900
42+000
42+100
42+200
42+300
42+400
42+500
42+600
42+700
42+800
42+900
43+000
43+100
43+200
43+300
43+400
43+500
43+600
43+700
43+800
43+900
44+000
44+100
44+200
44+300
44+400
44+500
44+600
44+700
44+800

39+700
39+800
39+900
40+000
40+100
40+200
40+300
40+400
40+500
40+600
40+700
40+800
40+900
41+000
41+100
41+200
41+300
41+400
41+500
41+600
41+700
41+800
41+900
42+000
42+100
42+200
42+300
42+400
42+500
42+600
42+700
42+800
42+900
43+000
43+100
43+200
43+300
43+400
43+500
43+600
43+700
43+800
43+900
44+000
44+100
44+200
44+300
44+400
44+500
44+600
44+700
44+800
44+900

Feasibility Study Report

20.7
23.3
23.5
22.1
16.7
20.0
23.6
25.5
25.9
30.1
24.5
24.9
24.2
18.6
20.0
21.2
17.4
19.0
21.5
16.3
20.0
17.8
17.4
21.4
23.0
30.9
28.5
30.4
29.1
31.4
24.7
13.1
22.6
21.3
20.5
24.8
31.0
26.9
27.7
25.4
28.1
31.7
35.3
25.1
19.8
26.5
24.0
22.1
22.2
29.3
23.5
20.3
18.3

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

36.28
32.33
31.68
30.46
47.74
31.44
32.16
27.39
26.39
23.90
31.09
31.70
27.93
37.36
47.26
40.41
56.14
53.22
38.87
55.98
41.65
48.32
54.57
33.17
31.50
25.42
23.86
28.84
28.98
26.39
21.27
26.68
25.59
30.31
39.62
30.84
20.99
21.27
24.17
23.30
14.61
13.38
17.33
21.91
28.12
21.49
26.47
34.00
31.77
26.99
30.76
45.17
61.97

32.77

31.71

46.96

26.88

22.74

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.3 - Page 4-66

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

45+000
45+100
45+200
45+300
45+400
45+500
45+600
45+700
45+800
45+900
46+000
46+100
46+200
46+300
46+400
46+500
46+600
46+700
46+800
46+900
47+000
47+100
47+200
47+300
47+400
47+500
47+600
47+700
47+800
47+900
48+000
48+100
48+200
48+300
48+400
48+500
48+600
48+700
48+800
48+900
49+000
49+100
49+200
49+300
49+400
49+500
49+600
49+700
49+800
49+900
50+000
50+100
50+200

44+900
45+000
45+100
45+200
45+300
45+400
45+500
45+600
45+700
45+800
45+900
46+000
46+100
46+200
46+300
46+400
46+500
46+600
46+700
46+800
46+900
47+000
47+100
47+200
47+300
47+400
47+500
47+600
47+700
47+800
47+900
48+000
48+100
48+200
48+300
48+400
48+500
48+600
48+700
48+800
48+900
49+000
49+100
49+200
49+300
49+400
49+500
49+600
49+700
49+800
49+900
50+000
50+100

45+000
45+100
45+200
45+300
45+400
45+500
45+600
45+700
45+800
45+900
46+000
46+100
46+200
46+300
46+400
46+500
46+600
46+700
46+800
46+900
47+000
47+100
47+200
47+300
47+400
47+500
47+600
47+700
47+800
47+900
48+000
48+100
48+200
48+300
48+400
48+500
48+600
48+700
48+800
48+900
49+000
49+100
49+200
49+300
49+400
49+500
49+600
49+700
49+800
49+900
50+000
50+100
50+200

Feasibility Study Report

21.7
19.2
21.2
27.3
20.5
22.6
24.1
20.7
24.9
24.8
32.4
24.8
28.6
21.4
22.7
22.6
20.5
19.2
21.2
23.6
21.0
31.1
32.2
31.6
33.1
30.8
32.1
30.9
35.8
28.9
19.5
24.1
24.5
26.1
24.6
23.2
21.1
23.9
28.1
31.7
35.6
35.6
35.6
38.9
40.1
40.0
39.6
37.6
36.3
36.3
35.9
37.6
39.2

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

36.51
33.70
38.06
29.09
35.11
33.70
30.93
29.72
29.03
27.06
20.82
27.66
15.75
36.06
20.54
18.90
29.77
35.62
24.04
27.58
24.77
20.26
21.08
21.70
20.73
14.46
11.24
11.06
12.08
23.83
27.06
31.65
40.22
21.99
25.23
30.34
34.93
32.94
15.48
14.09
11.50
12.20
11.33
9.77
9.39
12.12
10.12
10.92
12.21
14.03
10.84
9.81
11.62

34.33

30.72

26.07

18.35

25.84

11.29

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.3 - Page 4-67

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

50+300
50+400
50+500
50+600
50+700
50+800
50+900
51+000
51+100
51+200
51+300
51+400
51+500
51+600
51+700
51+800
51+900
52+000
52+100
52+200
52+300
52+400
52+500
52+600
52+700
52+800
52+900
53+000
53+073

50+200
50+300
50+400
50+500
50+600
50+700
50+800
50+900
51+000
51+100
51+200
51+300
51+400
51+500
51+600
51+700
51+800
51+900
52+000
52+100
52+200
52+300
52+400
52+500
52+600
52+700
52+800
52+900
53+000

50+300
50+400
50+500
50+600
50+700
50+800
50+900
51+000
51+100
51+200
51+300
51+400
51+500
51+600
51+700
51+800
51+900
52+000
52+100
52+200
52+300
52+400
52+500
52+600
52+700
52+800
52+900
53+000
53+073

Feasibility Study Report

37.2
28.5
27.8
36.9
36.1
34.2
31.7
22.2
32.2
36.4
34.4
30.8
35.1
38.5
42.2
37.6
35.7
33.9
31.1
35.4
32.8
30.2
26.6
31.6
28.7
18.7
20.2
18.2
11.4

8.62
17.39
13.92
10.02
9.79
9.63
10.98
11.95
11.30
10.36
12.60
13.52
10.44
10.39
10.44
10.63
10.43
12.25
10.89
10.33
11.89
9.18
11.05
9.58
10.09
16.11
16.88
12.02
15.31

11.37

11.24

12.12

LACLUBAR JUNCTION- LACLUBAR ROAD (C15)

Station
0+000
0+100
0+200
0+300
0+400
0+500
0+600
0+700
0+800
0+900
1+000
1+100
1+200
1+300
1+400
1+500
1+600
1+700

From
0+000
0+000
0+100
0+200
0+300
0+400
0+500
0+600
0+700
0+800
0+900
1+000
1+100
1+200
1+300
1+400
1+500
1+600

To
0+000
0+100
0+200
0+300
0+400
0+500
0+600
0+700
0+800
0+900
1+000
1+100
1+200
1+300
1+400
1+500
1+600
1+700

Speed
(kph)
0
13.3
15.8
16.8
16.1
17.2
16.5
14
18.1
20.6
22.3
21.8
18.3
28.7
27.7
32.9
23.8
20.1

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

Calibrated
Roughness
0
32.34
39.37
31.48
39.67
40.76
42.7
35.06
34.91
47.3
47.25
39.12
39.46
20.26
34.53
18.09
24.87
33.99

Ave Rgh
Per km
(a)

39.08

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.3 - Page 4-68

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

1+800
1+900
2+000
2+100
2+200
2+300
2+400
2+500
2+600
2+700
2+800
2+900
3+000
3+100
3+200
3+300
3+400
3+500
3+600
3+700
3+800
3+900
4+000
4+100
4+200
4+300
4+400
4+500
4+600
4+700
4+800
4+900
5+000
5+100
5+200
5+300
5+400
5+500
5+600
5+700
5+800
5+900
6+000
6+100
6+200
6+300
6+400
6+500
6+600
6+700
6+800
6+900
7+000

1+700
1+800
1+900
2+000
2+100
2+200
2+300
2+400
2+500
2+600
2+700
2+800
2+900
3+000
3+100
3+200
3+300
3+400
3+500
3+600
3+700
3+800
3+900
4+000
4+100
4+200
4+300
4+400
4+500
4+600
4+700
4+800
4+900
5+000
5+100
5+200
5+300
5+400
5+500
5+600
5+700
5+800
5+900
6+000
6+100
6+200
6+300
6+400
6+500
6+600
6+700
6+800
6+900

1+800
1+900
2+000
2+100
2+200
2+300
2+400
2+500
2+600
2+700
2+800
2+900
3+000
3+100
3+200
3+300
3+400
3+500
3+600
3+700
3+800
3+900
4+000
4+100
4+200
4+300
4+400
4+500
4+600
4+700
4+800
4+900
5+000
5+100
5+200
5+300
5+400
5+500
5+600
5+700
5+800
5+900
6+000
6+100
6+200
6+300
6+400
6+500
6+600
6+700
6+800
6+900
7+000

Feasibility Study Report

17.3
19
24
25.3
21.9
28.6
25.9
22.6
17.9
21.3
19.6
19.9
22.2
22.6
24.2
21.6
25.8
22.1
20.9
20.6
19.4
21.4
20.9
21.8
19.6
20.4
23
14.8
14.7
19.8
19
19.8
12.4
15.7
23.1
19.5
30.5
23.8
24.8
21.4
26.2
17.9
21
17.5
16.6
16.6
20.6
20.4
21.3
26.9
19.4
21.8
23.2

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

27.64
36.65
26.71
31.12
35.46
26.82
23.9
35.28
36.5
34.24
35.96
44.16
34.35
31.47
41.52
45.04
23.57
31.24
34.29
37.14
43.81
41
36.19
33.79
39.31
42.27
39.08
38.53
62.21
51.39
56.12
41.07
58.57
49.07
33.54
38.94
20.57
35.05
33.48
42.59
26.26
37.03
37.69
29.77
41.69
37.03
27.99
30.81
33.73
25.79
27.82
34.8
29.27

30.13

33.78

36.53

46.23

35.42

31.87

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7+100
7+200
7+300
7+400
7+500
7+600
7+700
7+800
7+900
8+000
8+100
8+200
8+300
8+400
8+500
8+600
8+700
8+800
8+900
9+000
9+100
9+200
9+300
9+400
9+500
9+600
9+700
9+800
9+900
10+000
10+100
10+168

7+000
7+100
7+200
7+300
7+400
7+500
7+600
7+700
7+800
7+900
8+000
8+100
8+200
8+300
8+400
8+500
8+600
8+700
8+800
8+900
9+000
9+100
9+200
9+300
9+400
9+500
9+600
9+700
9+800
9+900
10+000
10+100

7+100
7+200
7+300
7+400
7+500
7+600
7+700
7+800
7+900
8+000
8+100
8+200
8+300
8+400
8+500
8+600
8+700
8+800
8+900
9+000
9+100
9+200
9+300
9+400
9+500
9+600
9+700
9+800
9+900
10+000
10+100
10+168

Feasibility Study Report

14.7
14.6
16.2
21.5
21.6
24.5
28
22
20.5
17.1
19.5
23
22.8
24.5
21.1
25.2
20.1
30.8
32.5
16
21.9
27
16.9
20.3
24.9
25.8
25.6
24.1
24.9
27.1
23.1
13.2

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39.47
37.97
46.87
35.8
30.89
29.86
26.59
35.22
43.38
43.83
34.85
29
37
39.61
36.95
46.84
59.71
31.37
26.33
33.83
44.67
18.69
35.94
34.75
40.36
39.99
34.14
36.43
31.63
24.33
38.95
39.74

36.99

37.55

34.09

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Roughness Index
Manatuto - Natarbora
Equivalent Km Rdg
65.2-66
66-67
67-68
68-69

Ave
Roughness
per km

Ave
Speed
(kph)

Equivalent
Km Rdg

Ave
Roughness per
km

Ave
Speed
(kph)

26.42

105-106

28.47

18.24

8.01

28.29

106-107

26.85

21.20

8.88

27.28

107-108

24.76

17.45

6.26

30.33

108-109

25.91

23.94

9.62

69-70

5.02

27.47

109-110

44.42

14.64

70-71

8.43

28.68

110-111

27.73

18.45

71-72

9.02

29.37

111-112

25.17

19.45

72-73

8.61

25.23

112-113

31.25

17.87

73-74

8.20

25.88

112-113

38.44

17.68

74-75

12.75

22.34

113-114

35.80

17.58

75-76

9.83

26.69

114-115

48.22

17.01

76-77

10.43

24.28

115-116

39.99

21.49

77-78

11.46

25.43

116-117

41.46

22.79

78-79

21.53

19.39

117-118

41.25

24.34

79-80

16.21

21.89

118-119

33.65

24.03

80-81

22.26

19.34

119-120

38.00

20.03

81-82

11.16

25.28

120-121

24.73

22.26

82-83

7.00

29.86

121-122

18.79

23.81

83-84

6.42

32.97

122-123

21.61

25.74

84-85

6.48

31.33

123-124

25.47

24.28

85-86

9.31

29.89

124-125

22.18

26.08

86-87

15.05

26.79

125-126

18.92

24.81

87-88

15.93

27.85

126-127

27.51

23.51

88-89

21.81

22.10

127-128

27.98

22.16

89-90

23.17

24.22

128-129

26.15

22.76

90-91

24.91

25.29

129-130

23.75

21.96

91-92

21.68

20.97

130-131

24.56

21.05

92-93

24.16

14.03

131-132

32.77

20.91

93-94

26.02

19.01

132-133

31.71

23.40

94-95

38.41

17.54

133-134

46.96

19.20

95-96

39.32

18.63

134-135

26.88

25.50

96-97

40.91

17.71

135-136

22.74

27.65

97-98

43.04

15.53

136-137

34.33

22.77

98-99

27.64

13.80

137-138

30.72

23.77

99-100

53.54

14.59

138-139

26.07

22.56

100-101

42.40

19.23

139-140

18.35

30.60

101-102

35.56

17.87

140-141

25.84

26.29

102-103

30.08

17.93

141-142

11.29

37.59

103-104

31.55

16.31

142-143

7.00

33.14

16.25

143-144

11.24

35.68

144-144.7

12.12

25.90

104-105

30.12

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Jct Laclubar-Laclubar
0-1

39.08

17.07

5-6

35.42

22.39

1-2

30.13

23.36

6-7

31.87

20.43

2-3

33.78

22.52

7-8

36.99

20.07

3-4

36.53

21.95

8-9

37.55

23.55

4-5
SUMMARY OF ROUGHNESS
INDEX

46.23

18.53

9-10.3

12.75

22.34

SECTION

FROM -TO

A09-1a

km65.2km82

A09-1b
A09-2
A09-3

km82-km88
km88 km99.5
km99.5 km133

IRI
AVERAGE

SECTION

FROM -TO

11.0

A09-4a

10.0

A09-4b

km133km140.5
km140.5km144.7

27.4

C15

km0 -km10.3

IRI
AVERAGE
29.0
10.4
34.0

31.4

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APPENDIX 4.4

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APPENDIX 4.5

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Summary of Proposed Geometric Design Standard

(Design Vehicle - SU and Average Daily Traffic on Opening Date assumed below 400)

1. Terrain

Mountainous

2. Design Speed (Km/h)

20

3. Stopping Sight Distance (m) (Wet

Pavement)
For
level roadway

AASHTO 2011

20

MPW (R6)

Consultant's Recommendation
4. Minimum Passing Sight Distance(m)

20

AASHTO 2011

30

40

Rolling

Flat

50

60

Consultant's Recommendation
AASHTO 2011, Page 3-4

35

50

65

85

35

50

65

85

35

50

65

85

120

140

160

180

MPW (R6)

200

270

345

410

Consultant's Recommendation

120

140

160

180

Asphalt Cement, Agg Base Course & Agg

Subbase Course , Subgrade Design CBR >6

5. Type of Pavement
6. Travelled way/Pavement Width (m)
7. Minimum Radius of Curvature (m)

AASHTO 2011

20

41

73

113

MPW (R6)

15

20

41

73

113

10 (7)

20

41

73

113

PCCP will be adopted as required in

extreme case such as steep slope,
flooded areas, etc

AASHTO 2011

0.80

0.75

0.70

0.65

0.60

MPW (R6)

0.80

0.75

0.70

0.65

0.60

Consultant's Recommendation

0.80

0.75

0.70

0.65

0.60

30

32

34

37

40

17

16

15

10

10. Minimum Length of Runoff (m)

AASHTO 2004
MPW (R6)

15

12

10

Consultant's Recommendation

17

16

15

10

0.5 (.35)

12. Minimum Grade (%)

AASHTO 2011, Page 3-46

For traffic safety, adopt 4% maximum

superelevation on sharp curve less
than 20m radius

8.0

8. Maximum Superelevation e (%)

10. Maximum Grade (%)

AASHTO 2011, Page 3-9

2 lanes, 3m width = 6.0

Consultant's Recommendation

9. Maximum Relative Gradient (%)

Remarks

AASHTO 2011, Page 3-61

AASHTO 2011, Page 3-64 was

recomputed from 3.0m lane width
and 8% maximum lane cross slope
AASHTO 2011, Page 5-3

AASHTO 2011, Page 3-119

13. Minimum Rate of Vertical Curvature (K), Stopping Condition

K value at crest:

11

AASHTO 2011, Page 3-155, MPW

same as AASHTO

K value at sag:

13

18

AASHTO 2011, Page 3-161, MPW

same as AASHTO

(-) 2.50

14. Lane Cross-Slope (%) Normal Crown

Adopted

Curve Radius (m)

<20

20-40

40-60

60-120

Widening @ Inner
Lane

2.00

1.50

1.20

0.90

15. Widening on Curves

16. Shoulder Width (m)

17. Slope of Shoulder (%)

120-250 Adopt the MPW standard, with a

minimum widening of 0.60m. Radius
>250, no more widening
0.60
Shoulder width may be reduced not
lower than 0.50m to suit actual
condition and to avoid excessive
cut/fill in mountainous terrain

1.00

Unpaved Shoulder - (-) 4.00 % normal crown

Paved Shoulder - to follow travel way slope

AASHTO and MPW with the same

specs. Shoulder shall be paved with
AC in mountainous section with
0.50m width, at superelevated
section of more than 6% as needed,
at steep gradient >8% and at section
deemed needed to avoid erosion.

( ) - Absolute minimum
Note:

Deviation to the Geometric Design may arise to suit actual requirement and the Consultant will inform MWP-PMU for their approval prior to
implementation.

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Pavement Design Guidelines

1.0 Introduction
Government of Timor Leste wishes to upgrade the road to an all weathered asphalt surfaced standard
which enable to carry a 20-foot container trucks as minimum. Competent design of hot-mix asphalt,
flexible pavements, provides a system that is stable, durable and cost effective. The project road is
assumed to be rural national arterial road though considered low traffic road.
The primary principle that forms the basis for flexible pavements is that the vehicular loads can be
dissipated through successive layers of properly engineered materials. The success of such design is
based on; 1) an evaluations of the subgrade soil, 2) the relative load support value of pavement
components, and 3) the magnitude and repetitions of traffic loads.
2.0
2.1

Design Considerations
Roadbed soil or the Subgrade
The roadbed soil or the subgrade is the prepared and compacted soil forming the foundation of the
pavement system including the soil under the pavement within a depth of approximately one (1) meter
below the subgrade level. The bearing capacity of the subgrade is the basic factor to determine the
thickness of the pavement and is evaluated by means of California Bearing Ration (CBR) Test.
The representative or design CBR of subgrade on section of road have been determined by calculating
the mean (x) and the standard deviation (s) of the CBR results by using the formula.
Design CBR

x 2/ 3 S

Standard Deviation (S)

Where:
n
xi
x
S

=
=
=
=

(x

x)

n 1
i

number of CBR samples

individual CBR value
average CBR value
standard deviation

In determining the representative value of design CBR, it is desirable to determine the actual
distribution or number of CBR values required to have a 90% probability that the difference between
the true mean and the sample mean is not more than 20% of the sample mean for a range of standard
deviations (expressed as percentage of sample mean) as indicated in Table 1.

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Table 1 - Minimum Number of CBR Samples

Standard Deviation
Minimum No. of CBR
mean of
Samples For Error
CBR Values
<20%
5
3
10
3
15
4
20
5
25
7
30
8
35
11
40
13
45
16
50
19
55
22
60
26
65
30
70
40
The support value of approved subgrade soil is classified based on the resilient modulus or on the
average CBR for the subgrade soil is shown in Table 2
Table 2 Support Value for Subgrade Soils
Effective
Relative Quality of
Resilient
CBR
Roadbed Soil
Modulus (psi)
8,000
>5.3
Very Good
7,000
4.7
Good
6,000
4.0
Good
5,000
3.3
Fair
4,000
2.7
Fair
3,000
2.0
Poor
2,000
1.3
Very Poor
This correlation (Resilient Modulus = 1,500 x CBR) is based on subgrade soils tested in accordance with
either AASHTO Test Method T-307 (Resilient Modulus) or AASHTO Test Method T-193 (soaked
CBR)
2.2

Pavement Components

Each of the pavement components above the subgrade adds to the overall support provided by the
pavement system. By quantifying the relative values of pavement components, various design
alternatives may be examined and compared. Common components of the flexible pavement system
include HMA surface course (AC) graded aggregate base course and aggregate subbase.
2.3

Traffic Volume

A critical factor to be considered in the design of flexible pavements is the anticipated traffic volume and
the magnitude of the loads it will impose on the pavement system. In accordance with Consultants scope
of work, a 20-year design life is to be considered. Therefore, traffic levels used in the design process
should be the total anticipated traffic for the following 20-year period from the date of opening traffic
assumed in 2016.

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Design Parameters

The AASHTO flexible pavement design process relies on a variety of design inputs to produce the
required structural number sufficient to carry the design traffic. These parameters are described in the
following paragraphs:
Reliability Level (R) The reliability level for a rural national arterial road is assumed to be 85 %, based
on recommendation in the AASHTO guide.
Standard Normal Deviate (ZR) - The corresponding standard normal deviate for a reliability level of
85% per ASSHTO is -1.037.
Overall Standard Deviation (So) A recommended overall standard deviation for flexible pavement
is0.49 considering error in traffic projections or 0.44 if error in traffic projection is not considered
(adopted in this project).
Drainage Coefficient (m) Therecommended drainage coefficient of 1.00applied to granular base and
subbase will ensure a degree of conservatism in the pavement structure thicknesses.
Initial and Terminal Serviceability Levels The initial serviceability level of 4.20 for flexible design and
terminal serviceability level of 2.00for roadway with lesser traffic volume will be adopted as per
AASHTO.
Layer Coefficient The layer coefficient to be used in this project road will be; 0.44 for HMA surface
mix, 0.14 and 0.11 for granular base & granular subbase respectively.
Summary of Design Parameters
Design Traffic Load, W18 (CESAL)
Resilient Modulus of Subgrade (Mr)
Reliability (R)
Standard Normal Deviate (ZR)
Overall Standard Deviation (SO)
Drainage Coefficient (m)
Initial Serviceability (PO)
Terminal Serviceability (PT)
Design Serviceability Loss, (S)
Layer Coefficient;
Asphalt Cement (HMA), a1
Aggregate Base Course (ABC), a2
Aggregate Subbase Course (ASC), a3

3.0

Based on Traffic survey Data

Based on Designed Subgrade
CBR from Geotech Investigation
85 %
-1.037
0.44
1.00
4.20
2.00
2.20
0.44
0.14
0.11

Structural Number (SN) Calculation

The Structural Number (SN) for Flexible Pavement can be determined by theregressionequation
developed by ASSHTO:
Log10(W18) = ZR x SO + 9.36 x Log10 (SN+1) 0.2+

Log10 S/3
0.40 +
1094
(SN+1)5.19

+ 2.32 x Log10 (Mr) -8.07

From the above equation and given data, the SN is computed by iteration process in Microsoft Excel
format

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Selection of Pavement Layer Thicknesses

The pavement thicknesses are determined from the value of SN which is a
thicknesses, i.e.,
SN = a1D1 + a2D2m2 + a3D3m3
Where:
SN = structural number of pavement
a1, a2 & a3 = layer coefficient
D1, D2&D3 = thickness of surface, base &subbase
m2 & m3 = drainage coefficient considered as 1

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Hydrology and Drainage Design Criteria

Hydrological Analysis
Hydrological analysis will be conducted mainly to derive design or peak flood discharges at the various
points of interest produce in several drainage basins or catchments areas traversed by the road alignment.
Preliminary considerations and input parameters used are as follows:
a)

Watershed Parameters
Watershed parameters such as areas, stream length, streambed elevation and riverbed slope will be
measured from each of the delineated boundaries on the 1:50,000 topographic map of Timor Leste and
from the detailed topographic survey.

b)

Design Flood Frequency

The design flood frequency adopted for the different types of drainage structures and facilities for this
project are shown below.
Structures Type
Bridge
Reinforced Concrete Box Culvert (RCBC)
Reinforced Concrete Pipe (RCP) Culvert
Embankments
Road Surface Drainage &Roadside Drainage

c)

Design Storm Frequency

1 in 50 years
1 in 25 years
1 in 15 years
1 in 10 years
1 in 5 years

Rainfall Intensity
Rainfall intensity is the rate at which rain falls, typically expressed in millimeters per hour. In view of
the probabilistic nature of weather, the intensity of rainfall is presented in the context of its frequency
and duration.A direct individual plotting of the short duration values against time for different return
periods, however, will show that the curves tend to intersect at the higher duration.This statistical
inconsistency will be corrected by Regression Analysis for each RIDF Curves using a general equation
of the form shown below which generally preserves the integrity of the data and lends itself handily for
practical computer applications.

Where:
I
=
Tc =
A
=
B
=
D
=

A
(Tc + D)B
Rainfall Intensity (mm/hr)
Time of concentration (minutes)
Regression intercept
Slope
Adjustment factor for best curve fit

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Flow Chart Hydrologic and Hydraulic Analysis

Analysis of Drainage Basin Characteristics
- River Regime (River Length, Riverbed Materials, Riverbed Slope)
- Revetments, Dikes, Erosion, Scouring, Meandering Conditions, etc.
- Basin Characteristics (Catchment Area, Vegetation, Surface
Condition, Configuration, etc.)
- Precipitation (Rain-gage station, Rainfall Intensity, etc.)
- Meteorology (Typhoon, Tropical Cyclone, Storm, Depression, etc.)

Observed
Maximum Flood Water Level
(MFWL)
by
Site Inquiry

- Measurement of Catchment Area (CA),

Length of Main Stream, Difference In Elevation
- Determination of Runoff Coefficients

CA < 20 km2

CA (km2)

Rational
Method

CA >= 20 km2

HEC - HMS
(SCS - UH)

Estimate of Design Flood Discharge

(10-yr, 50-yr &100-yr Return Period)
Cross Sections
at Bridge Site,
Upstream and Downstream
Reaches

Estimate of Flood Water

Determination of
Vertical Clearance (below the bridge)
- 1.0 m for drift-free stream flow
- 1.5 m for streams prone to drifting
HEC- HMS
Hydrologic Modeling System (HMS)
Existing Girder Bottom Elevation
Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC)
by US Army Corps of Engineers (USCE)
SCS-UH
Unit Hydrograph (UH) by Soil Conservation Service (SCS)
of United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

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of
Girder Bottom Elevation

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Bridge Design Guidelines

1. Design Specification
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications SI Units 4th Edition 2007
2. Materials Specification
Refer to 5.4 AASHTO LRFD 2007 SI Ed.
fc
(MPa)

Max size of Coarse

Aggregate (mm)

Cast-in-place Girders, Slabs, Diaphragms,

Back walls, Copings, Column

21

25

Footings

21

50

Precast R.C. Piles

28

20

Thin reinforced sections, railings and rail post

21

12

Prestressed concrete members

35

20

Lean concrete

18

20

Structural Member

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Concrete: Refer Table C 5.4.2.1.1 AASHTOLRFD 2007 SIEd.

Reinforcing Steel: Refer to 5.4.3 AASHTO LRFD2007 SI Ed.
Prestressing Steel Bar: Refer 5.4.4 AASHTO LRFD2007 SI Ed.
Post-Tensioning Anchorage and Couplers: Refer to 5.4.5 AASHTO LRFD2007 SI Ed.
SteelStructures
Structural Steels
Refer 6.4.1 AASTHO LRFD 2007 SI Ed.
Pin, Rollers and Rockers
Refer 6.4.2AASTHO LRFD 2007 SI Ed.
Bolts, Nuts and Washers
Refer 6.4.3 AASTHO LRFD 2007 SI Ed.
Stud Shear Connectors
Refer 6.4.4 AASTHO LRFD 2007 SI Ed.
Weld Metal
Refer 6.4.5 AASTHO LRFD 2007 SI Ed.

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3. Design Loads
1) Dead Load
Self-weight plus allowance for future superimposed dead loads such as wearing surface and weight of
public utilities.

Dead Load

Weight

a)

Concrete

23.56 kN/m3

b)

Steel

77.00 kN/m3

c)

Prestressed Concrete

24.00 kN/m3

d)

Earth

19.00 kN/m3

e)

Wearing Surface

1.05

N/m3

2) Design Vehicular Live Load: Refer 3.6.1.10 AASTHO LRFD 2007 SI Ed.
a) Design Truck Load
35 kN
4.3m

145kN145kN
4.3m to 9.0m

b) Lane Loading
Uniform Load, w = 9.30kN per meter of load lane (1 Design Lane)
W

c) Pedestrian Loads: Refer to 3.6.1.6AASTHO LRFD 2007 SI Ed.

For all sidewalks wider than 600 mm 3.6 X 10-3MPa or 3.6kN/m2 of pedestrian loads shall be
applied simultaneously with the vehicular design live loads.
a) Dynamic Load Allowance : IM

Refer 3.6.2 AASTHO LRFD 2007 SI Ed.

b) Centrifugal Forces : CE

Refer 3.6.3 AASTHO LRFD 2007 SI Ed.

c) Braking Force : BR

Refer 3.6.4AASTHO LRFD 2007 SI Ed.

d) Wind Load

Refer Table 3.8.1.2.7 AASTHO LRFD 2007 SI Ed.

e) Buoyancy

Refer 3.7.2AASTHO LRFD 2007 SI Ed.

f) Earthquake Effect

Refer 3.10 AASTHO LRFD 2007 SI Ed.

g) Earth Pressure : EH

Refer 3.11AASTHO LRFD 2007 SI Ed.

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4. Analysis Procedure:
Procedure 1:
Single Mode Spectral Method (Equivalent Static Lateral Force Method)
For regular bridges only.
The method assumes single mode shape so that a single degree of freedom generalized parameter
model can be formulated.
Procedure 2: Multi-mode Spectral Method (Dynamic Analysis)
Required for bridges with irregular geometry.
Performed using a computer program with space frame linear dynamic analysis capabilities.
Ex. SAP 2000, STAAD III & STRUDL
A regular bridge has no abrupt or unusual changes in mass, stiffness or geometry along its span and has no
large difference in these parameters between adjacent supports (abutments excluded). For example a
bridge may be considered regular if it is straight or describes the sector of an arc not exceeding 900 and has
adjacent columns or piers that do not differ in stiffness by more than 25%.An irregular bridge is any
bridge that does not satisfy the above definition.
In modern seismic design of bridges, the basic design philosophy is for the bridge to resist small to
moderate earthquakes in the elastic range without significant damage. In case of large earthquakes, a
bridge may suffer damage but this should not cause collapse of all or any of its parts and such damage
should readily be detectable and accessible for inspection and repair.
5. Design Procedure
1) Preliminary layout of the proposed bridge
General Plan and Elevation
Review hydraulic/ hydrologic analyses to determine the required waterway, water
elevations.
Survey data (topographic map of bridge site, profiles, river cross sections, water elevations)
Bridge geometric requirements such as vertical and horizontal alignments, roadway width,
and sidewalk.
Preliminary selection of the types of superstructures, substructures and foundation.
2) Establish the design criteria and specification.
3) Final selection of the type of structures.

Superstructures, substructures and foundation

4) Design of superstructures

Deck slab
Slab thickness
Steel reinforcement
Design of main girders
(RCDG, PSDG)

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Design of steel trusses

Main members (top & bottom chords, vertical and diagonal) Floor system
Miscellaneous designs
Bearings, railings, lightings etc.
Detailing

5) Design of Substructures

Check for depth of scour

Analysed for various combination of loads
Design pier coping and columns.
Design pier footing and abutment footing
Detailing

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Other Design Considerations

Geological Mapping
Collecting the geological and topographic data/materials/reference books.
Reconnaissance around existing road for gathering the following data.
1. Topographic data
1.1 micro topography
1.2 slope failure and landslide features
1.3 mountain river features
1.4 cutting and fill slope features
1.5 subsurface features
2. Geological data
2.1 classification and nomenclature of rocks
2.2 dip and strike of bedding
2.3 dip and strike of cleavages/joints/cracks
2.4 rigidity/weathering degree of rock mass
2.5 rock mass classification
2.6 thickness of each stratum according to geological formation and weathering degree.
2.7 geological mapping for statistical analysis of joint system and point load test.
Adjusting reconnaissance data
Improvement of Rock mass classification

Cut and Embankment Survey

selecting 10 sites of some size out of damaged cuts and embankments identified by reconnaissance
setting measuring line each block (with sub-measuring line)
detailed field survey
1. estimation of extent of sliding area and division of movement block
2. to grasp general characteristics of geology of sliding area
3. to grasp geological structure, esp. fault and fracture system
4. estimation of sliding surface

Slope Protection Design

modifying cut slope grade on the basis of the comparison between rock mass classification
prepared by reconnaissance and existing cut slope grade.
drawing the boundary of rock mass into the typical profiles
proposing some available countermeasures for unstable slopes and embankments.
applying soil bioengineering method to countermeasures
1. collecting existing data/materials/reference books
2. research the species/distribution/growing of plants on the existing cut slope
3. proposing
soil
bioengineering
countermeasures
for
cutting
slope.

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APPENDIX 4.6

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Note: The summary of cost is based on unit cost of 2012. An increase of 8% should be applied for
the cost estimates of current year 2013

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(1)
101
101.2b
101.2c
101.2d
101.2e
101.2f

DESCRIPTION

(2)
FACILITIES FOR THE ENGINEERS
Provide, Operate and Maintain Main Office and Laboratory for the Engineer on Rental Basis
Provide, Operate and Maintain Living Quarters for the the Engineer on Rental Basis
Provide Equipt, Furnitures/Fixtures and appliances for the Main Office, Lab & Living Qrts for the Engr.
Provide and Maintain Communication Facility for the Engineer
Provide Supplies and Consumable Stores for Field Office, Laboratory and Living Quarters for the Engineer

UNIT

(3)
mo.

QTY

(4)

UNIT COST

TOTAL

OCM %

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

TAX
2% of
(6)+(10)

TOTAL

TOTAL
COST

(11)

(12)

(13)

18
18
1

1,900.00
1,100.00
23,360.00

34200
19800
23360

10
10
10

10
10
10

20
20
20

6840
3960
4672

821
475
561

7661
4435
5233

41861
24235
28593

18
18

750.00
586.89

13500
10564

10
10

10
10

20
20

2700
2113

324
254

3024
2366

16524
12930

mo.

18
1
1
18
18
18

2,257.38
12,000.00
18,000.00
1,800.00
2,300.00
120.00

40633
12000
18000
32400
41400
2160

10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20
20
20

8127
2400
3600
6480
8280
432
Sub-Total (Facilities

975
9102
288
2688
432
4032
778
7258
994
9274
52
484
for the Engineer)

49735
14688
22032
39658
50674
2644
303,573

l.s.
l.s.

1
1

111,910
37,303

111910
37303

10
10

10
10

ha
nr
nr
m
nr
nr

26
1298
728

2,283.00
42.00
120.00
27.10
20.30
7,000.00

58958
54495
87300
0
0
0

10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10

20
22382
2686
25068
20
7461
895
8356
Sub-Total (Other General Requirements)
20
11792
1415
13207
20
10899
1308
12207
20
17460
2095
19555
20
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
20
0
0
0

136978
45659
182,638
72165
66702
106855
0
0
0

54720

1.75
18.10
23.65
4.10
10.25
8.30

95760
0
0
0
0
0

10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20
20
20

mo.
l.s.
mo.
mo.
mo.

101.2.1a
101.3.1a
101.3.1b
101.3.c
101.3.d
101.4.1

Provide, Operate and Maintain Service Vehicle for the Enginee, 4WD pick-up double crew cab (4 units)
Provide and Maintain Survey Instruments/Equipment for the assistance to the engineer
Provide and Maintain Laboratory Testing Equipment and Apparatus
Provision of Survey Personnel
Provision of Laboratory Personnel
Progress Photographs

102
102.1a
102.1b
200
201 (1)
201(3)
201(4)
202(1)a
202(2)
202(2)a

OTHER GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Mobilization (0.75% of Civil Works)
Demobilization (0.25% of Civil Works)
EARTHWORKS
Clearing and Grubbing
Individual Removal of Trees (Small)
Individual Removal of Trees (Small Large)
Removal of Box Culverts (all sizes)
Removal of existing Structures (inlet & outlet structures)
Removal of existing Baily Bridge

202(3)
202(4)a
202(4)b
202(4)c
202(4)d
203(4)e

Removal of existing Penetration Macadam

Removal of existing Pipe, 760mm dia. or less
Removal of existing Pipe, 910mm dia. or more
Removal of existing Lined Ditch
Removal of existing Stone Masonry Retaining Wall
Removal of existing Gabions

m2
m
m
m
m
m

203(1)

Unsuitable Excavation

m3

4.50

10

10

20

203(2)

Surplus Common Excavation

m3

30825

3.80

117135

10

10

20

23427

2811

26238

143373

203(3)a

Surplus Hard Rock Excation

m3

1675

21.60

36180

10

10

20

7236

868

8104

44284

203(3)b

Surplus Soft Rock Excavation

m3

9095

13.00

118235

10

10

20

23647

2838

26485

144720

204(1)

Structure Excavation

m3

4.85

10

10

20

204(3)

Foundation Fill

m3

35.30

10

10

20

204(6)

Pipe Culverts and Lined Drain Excavation

m3

205(1)a

Embankment from Roadway Excavation

m3

205(1)b

Embankment Selected Borrow Excavation

206(1)

Subgrade Preparation (Common Material)

206(2)a
206(2)b
300
301
303(1)
400

l.s.
l.s.
mo.
mo.

19152
0
0
0
0
0

2298
0
0
0
0
0

21450
0
0
0
0
0

117210
0
0
0
0
0

5.75

10

10

20

35580

4.20

149436

10

10

20

29887

3586

33474

182910

m3

1475

22.50

33188

10

10

20

6638

797

7434

40622

m2

25850

1.15

29728

10

10

20

5946

713

6659

36386

Subgrade Preparation (Existing Macadam Pavement)

m2

28210

0.95

26800

10

10

20

5360

643

6003

32803

Subgrade Preparation (Existing Gravel Shoulder)

SUBBASE AND BASE COURSE

m2

17990

1.20

21588

10

10

20

4318

518
4836
Sub-Total (Earthworks)

26424
1,014,454

Aggregate Subbase Course

m3

36140

59.00

2132288

10

10

20

426458

Crushed Aggregate Base Course, Grading B

SURFACE COURSE

m3

41809

64.00

2675756

10

10

20

477633

2609921

535151
64218
599369
Sub-Total (Subbase & Base Course)

51175

3275125
5,885,045

Feasibility Report

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Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.6 - Page 4-95

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

INDIRECT COST
MARK UP
TOTAL
PROFIT %
%
AMOUNT

DIRECT COST
SECTION

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

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Cost Estimates
Manatuto - Natarbora Road (A09)
Manatuto - Cribas (A09-1), km 65.2 - km 88, Length = 22.8 kms

Bituminous Prime Coat (Cut Back Asphalt Grade MC-70)

Bituminous Tack Coat (Emulsified Asphalt Grade CSS-1)
Bitumous Concrete Surface Course, Hot Laid 50mm thick
BRIDGE & BOX CULVERT CONSTRUCTION
Low-Strain Dynamic Method: Pile Integrity Test (PIT)
High-Strain Dynamic Pile Test
Concrete Piles cast in Drilled Holes -800 mm diameter
Concrete Railing

ton
ton
ton

504A(1)
505(2)

1,595.00
1,686.00
174.00

442351
843
3296848

10
10
10

10
10
10

20
20
20

nr
nr
m
m

125.00
240.00
1,044.00
155.00

0
0
0
0

10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20

Steel Decking for Slab (Base metal, 0.60 mm thickness)

Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60

m2
kg

335.00
1.90

0
0

10
10

10
10

20
20

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

506(1)

Structural Concrete, Class A

m3

219.00

10

10

20

506(2)

Structural Concrete, Class B

m3

188.00

10

10

20

Structural Concrete, Class C

Prestressed Concrete AASHTO Type IV Girder - 23.90 m length
Elastomeric bearing Pad (Free - 660mmx306mmx52mm)
Bridge Drainage Pipe PVC 200 mm diameter
Expansion Joint - Neoprene Type for 50 mm gap
DRAINAGE AND SLOPE PROTECTION WORKS
RC Pipe Culvert, 910mm diameter
RC Pipe Culvert, 1070mm diameter
RC Pipe Culvert, 1220mm diameter
RC Pipe Culvert, 1520mm diameter
Stone Masonry Curb Inlet Manhole
Cleaning Culverts in place (910 mm diameter or less)
Cleaning Culverts in place (1220 mm diameter or more)
Cleaning of Box Culverts (all sizes)
Reconditioning of Drainage Structures (Inlets and Outlets)
Reconditioning of Drainage Structures (Lined Ditch Type B-1)
Reconditioning of Drainage Structures (Lined Ditch Type B-3)

m3
nr
nr
m
a

204.00
42,320.00
164.00
7.20
212.00

0
0
0
0
0

10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20
20

m
m
m
m
nr
m
m
m
nr
m
m

328.00
362.00
411.00
552.00
457.00
2.50
2.90
4.00
20.80
3.70
4.40

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sub-Total (Bridge & Box Culvert)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
1,494,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Grouted Riprap, Class A

m3

1635

70.50

115268

10

10

20

23054

2766

25820

141087

606

Stone Masonry

m3

4750

76.00

361000

10

10

20

72200

8664

80864

441864

607

Hand Laid Rock Embankment

m3

35.00

10

10

20

Gabions
MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
Curb and Gutter (Type A), Curb with Precast ????
Guide Posts
Metal Guardrail (Metal Beam)
Metal End Guardrail
Remove, Repair and Re-install Guardrail Beam
Warning Signs
Regulatory Signs
Informatory Signs

m3

2640

86.50

228360

10

10

m
nr
m
nr
m
nr
nr
nr

800
91.2
775
15
1
79.8
34.2
10

35.00
39.50
69.00
49.00
17.00
295.00
295.00
1,250.00

28000
3602
53475
735
17
23541
10089
12500

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

20
45672
5481
51153
Sub-Total (Drainage & Slope Protection Works)
20
5600
672
6272
20
720
86
807
20
10695
1283
11978
20
147
18
165
20
3
0
4
20
4708
565
5273
20
2018
242
2260
20
2500
300
2800

279513
862,464
34272
4409
65453
900
21
28814
12349
15300

506(3)
507(1)
508(1)
508(2)
513
600
601(1)a
601(1)b
601(1)c
601(1)d
603(2)
604(3)a
604(3)b
604(3)c
604(4)a
604(4)b
604(4)c
605(5)

610
700
701(3)
703(4)
704(3)a
704(3)b
704A(2)
706(1)
706(2)
706(3)

277
1
18947

88470
10616
99087
169
20
189
659370
79124
738494
Sub-Total (Surface Course)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

541438
1032
4035341
4,577,811
0
0
0
0

Pavement Markings (Premixed Reflective), White/Yellow

m2

100

26.10

2610

10

10

20

522

63

585

3195

Reflectorized Thermoplastic Pavement Markings (White)

m2

5016

75.00

376200

10

10

20

75240

9029

84269

460469

710(1)b
800

Reflectorized Thermoplastic Pavement Markings (Yellow)

BIO-ENGINEERING

m2

1405

79.00

110956

10

10

20

22191
2663
24854
Sub-Total (Miscellaneous Structures)

135810
760,991

803(1)

Slope Trimming and Preparation

6200

1.40

8680

10

10

20

1736

208

1944

10624

805(3)
805(4)

Planting of Grass Slips

Planting Tree/Shrub

m2
nr

3720
310

2.50
2.75

9300
853

10
10

10
10

20
20

1860
171

223
20

2083
191

11383
1043

Note: Bridges and special culverts in separate detail estimate.

Sub-Total (Bio-Engineering)

23,051

OTAL CIVIL WORKS COST except MOB/DEMOB

TOTAL CIVIL WORKS COST with MOB/DEMOB
Cost $M/KM

14,921,389
15,104,027
0.66

Feasibility Report

707(1)
710(1)a

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

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Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.6 - Page 4-96

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

402(1)
403(2)
411(1)
500
501A(1)
501B(1)
501(16)
502

(1)
101
101.2b
101.2c
101.2d
101.2e
101.2f
101.2.1a
101.3.1a
101.3.1b
101.3.c
101.3.d
101.4.1

DESCRIPTION

(2)
FACILITIES FOR THE ENGINEERS
Provide, Operate and Maintain Main Office and Laboratory for the Engineer on Rental Basis
Provide, Operate and Maintain Living Quarters for the the Engineer on Rental Basis
Provide Equipt, Furnitures/Fixtures and appliances for the Main Office, Lab & Living Qrts for the Engr.
Provide and Maintain Communication Facility for the Engineer
Provide Supplies and Consumable Stores for Field Office, Laboratory and Living Quarters for the Engineer
Provide, Operate and Maintain Service Vehicle for the Enginee, 4WD pick-up double crew cab (4 units)
Provide and Maintain Survey Instruments/Equipment for the assistance to the engineer
Provide and Maintain Laboratory Testing Equipment and Apparatus
Provision of Survey Personnel
Provision of Laboratory Personnel
Progress Photographs

UNIT

(3)
mo.

QTY

(4)

UNIT COST

TOTAL

OCM
%

(5)

(6)

(7)

INDIRECT COST
MARK UP
PROFIT
TOTAL
%
%
AMOUNT
(8)

(9)

(10)

TAX
2% of
(6)+(10)

TOTAL

TOTAL
COST

(11)

(12)

(13)

mo.
l.s.

8
8
1

1,900.00
1,100.00
23,360.00

15200
8800
23360

10
10
10

10
10
10

20
20
20

3040
1760
4672

365
211
561

3405
1971
5233

18605
10771
28593

mo.
mo.

8
8

750.00
586.89

6000
4695

10
10

10
10

20
20

1200
939

144
113

1344
1052

7344
5747

mo.

mo.

8
1
1
8
8
8

2,257.38
12,000.00
18,000.00
1,800.00
2,300.00
120.00

18059
12000
18000
14400
18400
960

10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20
20
20

3612
433
4045
2400
288
2688
3600
432
4032
2880
346
3226
3680
442
4122
192
23
215
Sub-Total (Facilities for the Engineer)

22104
14688
22032
17626
22522
1175
171,206

20
20

94916
31639
126,555
45758
44982
86292
0
0
0

l.s.
l.s.
mo.
mo.

102
102.1a
102.1b
200
201 (1)
201(3)
201(4)
202(1)a
202(2)
202(2)a

Mobilization (0.75% of Civil Works)

Demobilization (0.25% of Civil Works)

OTHER GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

l.s.
l.s.

1
1

77,546
25,849

77546
25849

10
10

10
10

EARTHWORKS
Clearing and Grubbing
Individual Removal of Trees (Small)
Individual Removal of Trees (Small Large)
Removal of Box Culverts (all sizes)
Removal of existing Structures (inlet & outlet structures)
Removal of existing Baily Bridge

ha
nr
nr
m
nr
nr

16
875
588

2,283.00
42.00
120.00
27.10
20.30
7,000.00

37384
36750
70500
0
0
0

10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10

15509
1861
17370
5170
620
5790
Sub-Total (Other General Requirements)
20
7477
897
8374
20
7350
882
8232
20
14100
1692
15792
20
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
20
0
0
0

202(3)
202(4)a
202(4)b
202(4)c
202(4)d
203(4)e

Removal of existing Penetration Macadam

Removal of existing Pipe, 760mm dia. or less
Removal of existing Pipe, 910mm dia. or more
Removal of existing Lined Ditch
Removal of existing Stone Masonry Retaining Wall
Removal of existing Gabions

m2
m
m
m
m
m

27600

1.75
18.10
23.65
4.10
10.25
8.30

48300
0
0
0
0
0

10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20
20
20

203(1)

Unsuitable Excavation

m3

203(2)

Surplus Common Excavation

m3

203(3)a

Surplus Hard Rock Excation

203(3)b

Surplus Soft Rock Excavation

204(1)

Structure Excavation

m3

204(3)

Foundation Fill

m3

204(6)

Pipe Culverts and Lined Drain Excavation

m3

205(1)a

Embankment from Roadway Excavation

m3

205(1)b

Embankment Selected Borrow Excavation

206(1)

Subgrade Preparation (Common Material)

206(2)a
206(2)b
300
301
303(1)
400

9660
0
0
0
0
0

1159
0
0
0
0
0

10819
0
0
0
0
0

59119
0
0
0
0
0

4.50

10

10

20

24125

3.80

91675

10

10

20

18335

2200

20535

112210

m3

1665

21.60

35964

10

10

20

7193

863

8056

44020

m3

11825

13.00

153725

10

10

20

30745

3689

34434

188159

4.85

10

10

20

35.30

10

10

20

5.75

10

10

20

17750

4.20

74550

10

10

20

14910

1789

16699

91249

m3

2100

22.50

47250

10

10

20

9450

1134

10584

57834

m2

9150

1.15

10523

10

10

20

2105

253

2357

12880

Subgrade Preparation (Existing Macadam Pavement)

m2

14000

0.95

13300

10

10

20

2660

319

2979

16279

Subgrade Preparation (Existing Gravel Shoulder)

SUBBASE AND BASE COURSE

m2

10675

1.20

12810

10

10

20

2562

307
2869
Sub-Total (Earthworks)

15679
774,462

Aggregate Subbase Course

m3

17862

59.00

1053880

10

10

20

210776

Crushed Aggregate Base Course, Grading B

SURFACE COURSE

m3

19592

64.00

1253868

10

10

20

236069

1289949

250774
30093
280866
Sub-Total (Subbase & Base Course)

25293

1534734
2,824,684

Feasibility Report

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.6 - Page 4-97

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

DIRECT COST
SECTION

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

Cost Estimates
Manatuto - Natarbora Road (A09)
Cribas - Jct Laclubar (A09-2), km 88 - km 99.5, Length = 11.5 kms

Bituminous Prime Coat (Cut Back Asphalt Grade MC-70)

Bituminous Tack Coat (Emulsified Asphalt Grade CSS-1)
Bitumous Concrete Surface Course, Hot Laid 50mm thick
BRIDGE & BOX CULVERT CONSTRUCTION
Low-Strain Dynamic Method: Pile Integrity Test (PIT)
High-Strain Dynamic Pile Test
Concrete Piles cast in Drilled Holes -800 mm diameter
Concrete Railing

ton
ton
ton

504A(1)
505(2)

1,595.00
1,686.00
174.00

236361
843
1764882

10
10
10

10
10
10

20
20
20

nr
nr
m
m

125.00
240.00
1,044.00
155.00

0
0
0
0

10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20

Steel Decking for Slab (Base metal, 0.60 mm thickness)

Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60

m2
kg

335.00
1.90

0
0

10
10

10
10

20
20

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

506(1)

Structural Concrete, Class A

m3

219.00

10

10

20

506(2)

Structural Concrete, Class B

m3

188.00

10

10

20

Structural Concrete, Class C

Prestressed Concrete AASHTO Type IV Girder - 23.90 m length
Elastomeric bearing Pad (Free - 660mmx306mmx52mm)
Bridge Drainage Pipe PVC 200 mm diameter
Expansion Joint - Neoprene Type for 50 mm gap
DRAINAGE AND SLOPE PROTECTION WORKS
RC Pipe Culvert, 910mm diameter
RC Pipe Culvert, 1070mm diameter
RC Pipe Culvert, 1220mm diameter
RC Pipe Culvert, 1520mm diameter
Stone Masonry Curb Inlet Manhole
Cleaning Culverts in place (910 mm diameter or less)
Cleaning Culverts in place (1220 mm diameter or more)
Cleaning of Box Culverts (all sizes)
Reconditioning of Drainage Structures (Inlets and Outlets)
Reconditioning of Drainage Structures (Lined Ditch Type B-1)
Reconditioning of Drainage Structures (Lined Ditch Type B-3)

m3
nr
nr
m
a

204.00
42,320.00
164.00
7.20
212.00

0
0
0
0
0

10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20
20

m
m
m
m
nr
m
m
m
nr
m
m

328.00
362.00
411.00
552.00
457.00
2.50
2.90
4.00
20.80
3.70
4.40

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sub-Total (Bridge & Box Culvert)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
2,610,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

506(3)
507(1)
508(1)
508(2)
513
600
601(1)a
601(1)b
601(1)c
601(1)d
603(2)
604(3)a
604(3)b
604(3)c
604(4)a
604(4)b
604(4)c

148
1
10143

47272
5673
52945
169
20
189
352976
42357
395334
Sub-Total (Surface Course)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

289306
1032
2160216
2,450,554
0
0
0
0

Grouted Riprap, Class A

m3

2050

70.50

144525

10

10

20

28905

3469

32374

176899

606

Stone Masonry

m3

5500

76.00

418000

10

10

20

83600

10032

93632

511632

607

Hand Laid Rock Embankment

m3

35.00

10

10

20

Gabions
MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
Curb and Gutter (Type A), Curb with Precast ????
Guide Posts
Metal Guardrail (Metal Beam)
Metal End Guardrail
Remove, Repair and Re-install Guardrail Beam
Warning Signs
Regulatory Signs
Informatory Signs

m3

2900

86.50

250850

10

10

m
nr
m
nr
m
nr
nr
nr

800
46
1015
15
1
40.6
17.4
10

35.00
39.50
69.00
49.00
17.00
295.00
295.00
1,250.00

28000
1817
70035
735
17
11977
5133
12500

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

20
50170
6020
56190
Sub-Total (Drainage & Slope Protection Works)
20
5600
672
6272
20
363
44
407
20
14007
1681
15688
20
147
18
165
20
3
0
4
20
2395
287
2683
20
1027
123
1150
20
2500
300
2800

307040
995,571
34272
2224
85723
900
21
14660
6283
15300

605(5)

610
700
701(3)
703(4)
704(3)a
704(3)b
704A(2)
706(1)
706(2)
706(3)

Pavement Markings (Premixed Reflective), White/Yellow

m2

100

26.10

2610

10

10

20

522

63

585

3195

Reflectorized Thermoplastic Pavement Markings (White)

m2

2530

75.00

189750

10

10

20

37950

4554

42504

232254

710(1)b
800

Reflectorized Thermoplastic Pavement Markings (Yellow)

BIO-ENGINEERING

m2

795

79.00

62805

10

10

20

12561
1507
14068
Sub-Total (Miscellaneous Structures)

76873
471,704

803(1)

Slope Trimming and Preparation

m2

11100

1.40

15540

10

10

20

3108

373

3481

19021

805(3)
805(4)

Planting of Grass Slips

Planting Tree/Shrub

m2
nr

6660
555

2.50
2.75

16650
1526

10
10

10
10

20
20

3330
305

400
37

3730
342

20380
1868

Note: Bridges and special culverts in separate detail estimate.

Sub-Total (Bio-Engineering)

41,269

TOTAL CIVIL WORKS COST except MOB/DEMOB

TOTAL CIVIL WORKS COST with MOB/DEMOB
Cost $M/KM

10,339,449
10,466,004
0.91

Feasibility Report

707(1)
710(1)a

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.6 - Page 4-98

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

402(1)
403(2)
411(1)
500
501A(1)
501B(1)
501(16)
502

(1)
101
101.2b
101.2c
101.2d
101.2e
101.2f
101.2.1a
101.3.1a
101.3.1b
101.3.c
101.3.d
101.4.1

DESCRIPTION

(2)
FACILITIES FOR THE ENGINEERS
Provide, Operate and Maintain Main Office and Laboratory for the Engineer on Rental Basis
Provide, Operate and Maintain Living Quarters for the the Engineer on Rental Basis
Provide Equipt, Furnitures/Fixtures and appliances for the Main Office, Lab & Living Qrts for the Engr.
Provide and Maintain Communication Facility for the Engineer
Provide Supplies and Consumable Stores for Field Office, Laboratory and Living Quarters for the Engineer
Provide, Operate and Maintain Service Vehicle for the Enginee, 4WD pick-up double crew cab (4 units)
Provide and Maintain Survey Instruments/Equipment for the assistance to the engineer
Provide and Maintain Laboratory Testing Equipment and Apparatus
Provision of Survey Personnel
Provision of Laboratory Personnel
Progress Photographs

UNIT

(3)
mo.

QTY

(4)

UNIT COST

TOTAL

OCM
%

(5)

(6)

(7)

INDIRECT COST
MARK UP
PROFIT
TOTAL
%
%
AMOUNT
(8)

(9)

(10)

TAX
2% of
(6)+(10)

TOTAL

TOTAL
COST

(11)

(12)

(13)

mo.
l.s.

24
24
1

1,900.00
1,100.00
23,360.00

45600
26400
23360

10
10
10

10
10
10

20
20
20

9120
5280
4672

1094
634
561

10214
5914
5233

55814
32314
28593

mo.
mo.

24
24

750.00
586.89

18000
14085

10
10

10
10

20
20

3600
2817

432
338

4032
3155

22032
17240

mo.

mo.

24
1
1
24
24
24

2,257.38
12,000.00
18,000.00
1,800.00
2,300.00
120.00

54177
12000
18000
43200
55200
2880

10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20
20
20

10835
2400
3600
8640
11040
576
Sub-Total (Facilities

1300
12136
288
2688
432
4032
1037
9677
1325
12365
69
645
for the Engineer)

66313
14688
22032
52877
67565
3525
382,993

20
20

261952
87317
349,270
156137
160650
335988
0
0
0

l.s.
l.s.
mo.
mo.

102
102.1a
102.1b
200
201 (1)
201(3)
201(4)
202(1)a
202(2)
202(2)a

Mobilization (0.75% of Civil Works)

Demobilization (0.25% of Civil Works)

l.s.
l.s.

1
1

214,013
71,338

214013
71338

10
10

10
10

EARTHWORKS
Clearing and Grubbing
Individual Removal of Trees (Small)
Individual Removal of Trees (Small Large)
Removal of Box Culverts (all sizes)
Removal of existing Structures (inlet & outlet structures)
Removal of existing Baily Bridge

ha
nr
nr
m
nr
nr

56
3125
2288

2,283.00
42.00
120.00
27.10
20.30
7,000.00

127563
131250
274500
0
0
0

10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10

42803
5136
47939
14268
1712
15980
Sub-Total (Other General Requirements)
20
25513
3062
28574
20
26250
3150
29400
20
54900
6588
61488
20
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
20
0
0
0

202(3)
202(4)a
202(4)b
202(4)c
202(4)d
203(4)e

Removal of existing Penetration Macadam

Removal of existing Pipe, 760mm dia. or less
Removal of existing Pipe, 910mm dia. or more
Removal of existing Lined Ditch
Removal of existing Stone Masonry Retaining Wall
Removal of existing Gabions

m2
m
m
m
m
m

80400

1.75
18.10
23.65
4.10
10.25
8.30

140700
0
0
0
0
0

10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20
20
20

203(1)

Unsuitable Excavation

m3

4.50

10

10

20

203(2)

Surplus Common Excavation

m3

3.80

400615

10

10

20

80123

9615

89738

490353

203(3)a

Surplus Hard Rock Excation

m3

6005

21.60

129708

10

10

20

25942

3113

29055

158763

203(3)b

Surplus Soft Rock Excavation

m3

53925

13.00

701025

10

10

20

140205

16825

157030

858055

204(1)

Structure Excavation

m3

4.85

10

10

20

204(3)

Foundation Fill

m3

35.30

10

10

20

204(6)

Pipe Culverts and Lined Drain Excavation

m3

5.75

10

10

20

205(1)a

Embankment from Roadway Excavation

m3

35350

4.20

148470

10

10

20

29694

3563

33257

181727

205(1)b

Embankment Selected Borrow Excavation

m3

9200

22.50

207000

10

10

20

41400

4968

46368

253368

206(1)

Subgrade Preparation (Common Material)

m2

38950

1.15

44793

10

10

20

8959

1075

10034

54826

206(2)a

Subgrade Preparation (Existing Macadam Pavement)

m2

43400

0.95

41230

10

10

20

8246

990

9236

50466

206(2)b
300

Subgrade Preparation (Existing Gravel Shoulder)

SUBBASE AND BASE COURSE

m2

34475

1.20

41370

10

10

20

8274

993
9267
Sub-Total (Earthworks)

50637
2,923,185

Aggregate Subbase Course

m3

50879

59.00

3001854

10

10

20

600371

Crushed Aggregate Base Course, Grading B

SURFACE COURSE

m3

52355

64.00

3350732

10

10

20

301
303(1)
400

OTHER GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

105425

28140
0
0
0
0
0

3377
0
0
0
0
0

72044

31517
0
0
0
0
0

172217
0
0
0
0
0

672415

3674269

670146
80418
750564
Sub-Total (Subbase & Base Course)

4101296
7,775,565

Feasibility Report

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.6 - Page 4-99

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

DIRECT COST
SECTION

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

Cost Estimates
Manatuto - Natarbora Road (A09)
Jct Laclubar - Mane Hat (A09-3), km 99.5 - km 133, Length = 33.5 kms

Bituminous Prime Coat (Cut Back Asphalt Grade MC-70)

Bituminous Tack Coat (Emulsified Asphalt Grade CSS-1)
Bitumous Concrete Surface Course, Hot Laid 50mm thick
BRIDGE & BOX CULVERT CONSTRUCTION
Low-Strain Dynamic Method: Pile Integrity Test (PIT)
High-Strain Dynamic Pile Test
Concrete Piles cast in Drilled Holes -800 mm diameter
Concrete Railing

ton
ton
ton

504A(1)
505(2)

1,595.00
1,686.00
174.00

730288
843
5462730

10
10
10

10
10
10

20
20
20

nr
nr
m
m

125.00
240.00
1,044.00
155.00

0
0
0
0

10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20

Steel Decking for Slab (Base metal, 0.60 mm thickness)

Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60

m2
kg

335.00
1.90

0
0

10
10

10
10

20
20

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

506(1)

Structural Concrete, Class A

m3

219.00

10

10

20

506(2)

Structural Concrete, Class B

m3

188.00

10

10

20

Structural Concrete, Class C

Prestressed Concrete AASHTO Type IV Girder - 23.90 m length
Elastomeric bearing Pad (Free - 660mmx306mmx52mm)
Bridge Drainage Pipe PVC 200 mm diameter
Expansion Joint - Neoprene Type for 50 mm gap
DRAINAGE AND SLOPE PROTECTION WORKS
RC Pipe Culvert, 910mm diameter
RC Pipe Culvert, 1070mm diameter
RC Pipe Culvert, 1220mm diameter
RC Pipe Culvert, 1520mm diameter
Stone Masonry Curb Inlet Manhole
Cleaning Culverts in place (910 mm diameter or less)
Cleaning Culverts in place (1220 mm diameter or more)
Cleaning of Box Culverts (all sizes)
Reconditioning of Drainage Structures (Inlets and Outlets)
Reconditioning of Drainage Structures (Lined Ditch Type B-1)
Reconditioning of Drainage Structures (Lined Ditch Type B-3)

m3
nr
nr
m
a

204.00
42,320.00
164.00
7.20
212.00

0
0
0
0
0

10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20
20

m
m
m
m
nr
m
m
m
nr
m
m

328.00
362.00
411.00
552.00
457.00
2.50
2.90
4.00
20.80
3.70
4.40

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sub-Total (Bridge & Box Culvert)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
3,948,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

506(3)
507(1)
508(1)
508(2)
513
600
601(1)a
601(1)b
601(1)c
601(1)d
603(2)
604(3)a
604(3)b
604(3)c
604(4)a
604(4)b
604(4)c

458
1
31395

146058
17527
163585
169
20
189
1092546
131106
1223652
Sub-Total (Surface Course)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

893873
1032
6686382
7,581,286
0
0
0
0

Grouted Riprap, Class A

m3

9000

70.50

634500

10

10

20

126900

15228

142128

776628

606

Stone Masonry

m3

23900

76.00

1816400

10

10

20

363280

43594

406874

2223274

607

Hand Laid Rock Embankment

m3

35.00

10

10

20

Gabions
MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
Curb and Gutter (Type A), Curb with Precast ????
Guide Posts
Metal Guardrail (Metal Beam)
Metal End Guardrail
Remove, Repair and Re-install Guardrail Beam
Warning Signs
Regulatory Signs
Informatory Signs

m3

12200

86.50

1055300

10

10

m
nr
m
nr
m
nr
nr
nr

800
134
4495
15
1
117.6
50.4
10

35.00
39.50
69.00
49.00
17.00
295.00
295.00
1,250.00

28000
5293
310155
735
17
34692
14868
12500

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

20
211060
25327
236387
Sub-Total (Drainage & Slope Protection Works)
20
5600
672
6272
20
1059
127
1186
20
62031
7444
69475
20
147
18
165
20
3
0
4
20
6938
833
7771
20
2974
357
3330
20
2500
300
2800

1291687
4,291,589
34272
6479
379630
900
21
42463
18198
15300

605(5)

610
700
701(3)
703(4)
704(3)a
704(3)b
704A(2)
706(1)
706(2)
706(3)

Pavement Markings (Premixed Reflective), White/Yellow

m2

100

26.10

2610

10

10

20

522

63

585

3195

Reflectorized Thermoplastic Pavement Markings (White)

m2

7370

75.00

552750

10

10

20

110550

13266

123816

676566

710(1)b
800

Reflectorized Thermoplastic Pavement Markings (Yellow)

BIO-ENGINEERING

m2

2565

79.00

202635

10

10

20

40527
4863
45390
Sub-Total (Miscellaneous Structures)

248025
1,425,048

803(1)

Slope Trimming and Preparation

m2

55800

1.40

78120

10

10

20

15624

1875

17499

95619

805(3)
805(4)

Planting of Grass Slips

Planting Tree/Shrub

m2
nr

33480
2790

2.50
2.75

83700
7673

10
10

10
10

20
20

16740
1535

2009
184

18749
1719

102449
9391

Sub-Total (Bio-Engineering)

207,459

OTAL CIVIL WORKS COST except MOB/DEMOB

TOTAL CIVIL WORKS COST with MOB/DEMOB
Cost $M/KM

28,535,125
28,884,394
0.86

Feasibility Report

707(1)
710(1)a

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.6 - Page 4-100

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

402(1)
403(2)
411(1)
500
501A(1)
501B(1)
501(16)
502

DIRECT COST
SECTION

(1)
101
101.2b
101.2c
101.2d
101.2e
101.2f
101.2.1a
101.3.1a
101.3.1b
101.3.c
101.3.d
101.4.1

DESCRIPTION

(2)
FACILITIES FOR THE ENGINEERS
Provide, Operate and Maintain Main Office and Laboratory for the Engineer on Rental Basis
Provide, Operate and Maintain Living Quarters for the the Engineer on Rental Basis
Provide Equipt, Furnitures/Fixtures and appliances for the Main Office, Lab & Living Qrts for the Engr.
Provide and Maintain Communication Facility for the Engineer
Provide Supplies and Consumable Stores for Field Office, Laboratory and Living Quarters for the Engineer
Provide, Operate and Maintain Service Vehicle for the Enginee, 4WD pick-up double crew cab (4 units)
Provide and Maintain Survey Instruments/Equipment for the assistance to the engineer
Provide and Maintain Laboratory Testing Equipment and Apparatus
Provision of Survey Personnel
Provision of Laboratory Personnel
Progress Photographs

UNIT

(3)
mo.

QTY

(4)

UNIT COST

TOTAL

OCM
%

(5)

(6)

(7)

INDIRECT COST
MARK UP
PROFIT
TOTAL
%
%
AMOUNT
(8)

(9)

(10)

TAX
2% of
(6)+(10)

TOTAL

TOTAL
COST

(11)

(12)

(13)

mo.
l.s.

8
8
1

1,900.00
1,100.00
23,360.00

15200
8800
23360

10
10
10

10
10
10

20
20
20

3040
1760
4672

365
211
561

3405
1971
5233

18605
10771
28593

mo.
mo.

8
8

750.00
586.89

6000
4695

10
10

10
10

20
20

1200
939

144
113

1344
1052

7344
5747

mo.

mo.

8
1
1
8
8
8

2,257.38
12,000.00
18,000.00
1,800.00
2,300.00
120.00

18059
12000
18000
14400
18400
960

10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20
20
20

3612
433
4045
2400
288
2688
3600
432
4032
2880
346
3226
3680
442
4122
192
23
215
Sub-Total (Facilities for the Engineer)

22104
14688
22032
17626
22522
1175
171,206

20
20

69885
23295
93,180
43173
39713
70502
0
0
0

l.s.
l.s.
mo.
mo.

102
102.1a
102.1b
200
201 (1)
201(3)
201(4)
202(1)a
202(2)
202(2)a

Mobilization (0.75% of Civil Works)

Demobilization (0.25% of Civil Works)

OTHER GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

l.s.
l.s.

1
1

57,096
19,032

57096
19032

10
10

10
10

EARTHWORKS
Clearing and Grubbing
Individual Removal of Trees (Small)
Individual Removal of Trees (Small Large)
Removal of Box Culverts (all sizes)
Removal of existing Structures (inlet & outlet structures)
Removal of existing Baily Bridge

ha
nr
nr
m
nr
nr

15
773
480

2,283.00
42.00
120.00
27.10
20.30
7,000.00

35272
32445
57600
0
0
0

10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10

11419
1370
12789
3806
457
4263
Sub-Total (Other General Requirements)
20
7054
847
7901
20
6489
779
7268
20
11520
1382
12902
20
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
20
0
0
0

202(3)
202(4)a
202(4)b
202(4)c
202(4)d
203(4)e

Removal of existing Penetration Macadam

Removal of existing Pipe, 760mm dia. or less
Removal of existing Pipe, 910mm dia. or more
Removal of existing Lined Ditch
Removal of existing Stone Masonry Retaining Wall
Removal of existing Gabions

m2
m
m
m
m
m

28080

1.75
18.10
23.65
4.10
10.25
8.30

49140
0
0
0
0
0

10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20
20
20

9828
0
0
0
0
0

1179
0
0
0
0
0

11007
0
0
0
0
0

60147
0
0
0
0
0

Unsuitable Excavation

m3

4.50

10

10

20

Surplus Common Excavation

m3

7140

3.80

27132

10

10

20

5426

651

6078

33210

203(3)a

Surplus Hard Rock Excation

m3

2250

21.60

48600

10

10

20

9720

1166

10886

59486

203(3)b

Surplus Soft Rock Excavation

m3

7590

13.00

98670

10

10

20

19734

2368

22102

120772

204(1)

Structure Excavation

m3

4.85

10

10

20

204(3)

Foundation Fill

m3

35.30

10

10

20

204(6)

Pipe Culverts and Lined Drain Excavation

m3

5.75

10

10

20

205(1)a

Embankment from Roadway Excavation

m3

34110

4.20

143262

10

10

20

28652

3438

32091

175353

205(1)b

Embankment Selected Borrow Excavation

m3

1875

22.50

42188

10

10

20

8438

1013

9450

51638

206(1)

Subgrade Preparation (Common Material)

m2

8550

1.15

9833

10

10

20

1967

236

2202

12035

206(2)a

Subgrade Preparation (Existing Macadam Pavement)

m2

12720

0.95

12084

10

10

20

2417

290

2707

14791

206(2)b
300

Subgrade Preparation (Existing Gravel Shoulder)

SUBBASE AND BASE COURSE

m2

10815

1.20

12978

10

10

20

2596

311
2907
Sub-Total (Earthworks)

15885
696,705

Aggregate Subbase Course

18568

59.00

1095506

10

10

20

219101

Crushed Aggregate Base Course, Grading B

SURFACE COURSE

m3

21545

64.00

1378868

10

10

20

301

245393

1340899

275774
33093
308867
Sub-Total (Subbase & Base Course)

26292

1687735
3,028,634

Feasibility Report

203(1)
203(2)

303(1)
400

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.6 - Page 4-101

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

Cost Estimates
Manatuto - Natarbora Road (A09)
Mane Hat - Natarbora (A09-4), km 133 - km 144.7, Length = 11.7 kms

Bituminous Prime Coat (Cut Back Asphalt Grade MC-70)

Bituminous Tack Coat (Emulsified Asphalt Grade CSS-1)
Bitumous Concrete Surface Course, Hot Laid 50mm thick
BRIDGE & BOX CULVERT CONSTRUCTION
Low-Strain Dynamic Method: Pile Integrity Test (PIT)
High-Strain Dynamic Pile Test
Concrete Piles cast in Drilled Holes -800 mm diameter
Concrete Railing

ton
ton
ton

504A(1)
505(2)

1,595.00
1,686.00
174.00

226196
843
1685642

10
10
10

10
10
10

20
20
20

nr
nr
m
m

125.00
240.00
1,044.00
155.00

0
0
0
0

10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20

Steel Decking for Slab (Base metal, 0.60 mm thickness)

Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60

m2
kg

335.00
1.90

0
0

10
10

10
10

20
20

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

506(1)

Structural Concrete, Class A

m3

219.00

10

10

20

506(2)

Structural Concrete, Class B

m3

188.00

10

10

20

Structural Concrete, Class C

Prestressed Concrete AASHTO Type IV Girder - 23.90 m length
Elastomeric bearing Pad (Free - 660mmx306mmx52mm)
Bridge Drainage Pipe PVC 200 mm diameter
Expansion Joint - Neoprene Type for 50 mm gap
DRAINAGE AND SLOPE PROTECTION WORKS
RC Pipe Culvert, 910mm diameter
RC Pipe Culvert, 1070mm diameter
RC Pipe Culvert, 1220mm diameter
RC Pipe Culvert, 1520mm diameter
Stone Masonry Curb Inlet Manhole
Cleaning Culverts in place (910 mm diameter or less)
Cleaning Culverts in place (1220 mm diameter or more)
Cleaning of Box Culverts (all sizes)
Reconditioning of Drainage Structures (Inlets and Outlets)
Reconditioning of Drainage Structures (Lined Ditch Type B-1)
Reconditioning of Drainage Structures (Lined Ditch Type B-3)

m3
nr
nr
m
a

204.00
42,320.00
164.00
7.20
212.00

0
0
0
0
0

10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20
20

m
m
m
m
nr
m
m
m
nr
m
m

328.00
362.00
411.00
552.00
457.00
2.50
2.90
4.00
20.80
3.70
4.40

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sub-Total (Bridge & Box Culvert)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
120,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

506(3)
507(1)
508(1)
508(2)
513
600
601(1)a
601(1)b
601(1)c
601(1)d
603(2)
604(3)a
604(3)b
604(3)c
604(4)a
604(4)b
604(4)c

142
1
9688

45239
5429
50668
169
20
189
337128
40455
377584
Sub-Total (Surface Course)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

276864
1032
2063226
2,341,122
0
0
0
0

Grouted Riprap, Class A

m3

1605

70.50

113153

10

10

20

22631

2716

25346

138499

606

Stone Masonry

m3

4170

76.00

316920

10

10

20

63384

7606

70990

387910

607

Hand Laid Rock Embankment

m3

35.00

10

10

20

Gabions
MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
Curb and Gutter (Type A), Curb with Precast ????
Guide Posts
Metal Guardrail (Metal Beam)
Metal End Guardrail
Remove, Repair and Re-install Guardrail Beam
Warning Signs
Regulatory Signs
Informatory Signs

m3

2460

86.50

212790

10

10

m
nr
m
nr
m
nr
nr
nr

800
46.8
792
15
1
41.3
17.7
10

35.00
39.50
69.00
49.00
17.00
295.00
295.00
1,250.00

28000
1849
54648
735
17
12184
5222
12500

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

20
42558
5107
47665
Sub-Total (Drainage & Slope Protection Works)
20
5600
672
6272
20
370
44
414
20
10930
1312
12241
20
147
18
165
20
3
0
4
20
2437
292
2729
20
1044
125
1170
20
2500
300
2800

260455
786,864
34272
2263
66889
900
21
14913
6391
15300

605(5)

610
700
701(3)
703(4)
704(3)a
704(3)b
704A(2)
706(1)
706(2)
706(3)

Pavement Markings (Premixed Reflective), White/Yellow

m2

100

26.10

2610

10

10

20

522

63

585

3195

Reflectorized Thermoplastic Pavement Markings (White)

m2

2574

75.00

193050

10

10

20

38610

4633

43243

236293

710(1)b
800

Reflectorized Thermoplastic Pavement Markings (Yellow)

BIO-ENGINEERING

m2

740

79.00

58421

10

10

20

11684
1402
13086
Sub-Total (Miscellaneous Structures)

71507
451,943

803(1)

Slope Trimming and Preparation

m2

4380

1.40

6132

10

10

20

1226

147

1374

7506

805(3)
805(4)

Planting of Grass Slips

Planting Tree/Shrub

m2
nr

2628
219

2.50
2.75

6570
602

10
10

10
10

20
20

1314
120

158
14

1472
135

8042
737

Note: Bridges and special culverts in separate detail estimate.

Sub-Total (Bio-Engineering)

16,284

OTAL CIVIL WORKS COST except MOB/DEMOB

TOTAL CIVIL WORKS COST with MOB/DEMOB
Cost $M/KM

7,612,758
7,705,938
0.66

Feasibility Report

707(1)
710(1)a

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.6 - Page 4-102

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

402(1)
403(2)
411(1)
500
501A(1)
501B(1)
501(16)
502

(1)
101
101.2b
101.2c
101.2d
101.2e
101.2f
101.2.1a
101.3.1a
101.3.1b
101.3.c
101.3.d
101.4.1

DESCRIPTION

(2)
FACILITIES FOR THE ENGINEERS
Provide, Operate and Maintain Main Office and Laboratory for the Engineer on Rental Basis
Provide, Operate and Maintain Living Quarters for the the Engineer on Rental Basis
Provide Equipt, Furnitures/Fixtures and appliances for the Main Office, Lab & Living Qrts for the Engr.
Provide and Maintain Communication Facility for the Engineer
Provide Supplies and Consumable Stores for Field Office, Laboratory and Living Quarters for the Engineer
Provide, Operate and Maintain Service Vehicle for the Enginee, 4WD pick-up double crew cab (4 units)
Provide and Maintain Survey Instruments/Equipment for the assistance to the engineer
Provide and Maintain Laboratory Testing Equipment and Apparatus
Provision of Survey Personnel
Provision of Laboratory Personnel
Progress Photographs

UNIT

(3)
mo.

QTY

(4)

UNIT COST

TOTAL

OCM
%

(5)

(6)

(7)

INDIRECT COST
MARK UP
PROFIT
TOTAL
%
%
AMOUNT
(8)

(9)

(10)

TAX
2% of
(6)+(10)

TOTAL

TOTAL
COST

(11)

(12)

(13)

mo.
l.s.

12
12
1

1,900.00
1,100.00
23,360.00

22800
13200
23360

10
10
10

10
10
10

20
20
20

4560
2640
4672

547
317
561

5107
2957
5233

27907
16157
28593

mo.
mo.

12
12

750.00
586.89

9000
7043

10
10

10
10

20
20

1800
1409

216
169

2016
1578

11016
8620

mo.

mo.

12
1
1
12
12
12

2,257.38
12,000.00
18,000.00
1,800.00
2,300.00
120.00

27089
12000
18000
21600
27600
1440

10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20
20
20

5418
650
6068
2400
288
2688
3600
432
4032
4320
518
4838
5520
662
6182
288
35
323
Sub-Total (Facilities for the Engineer)

33156
14688
22032
26438
33782
1763
224,153

20
20

75792
25264
101,055
46177
45882
93269
0
0
0

l.s.
l.s.
mo.
mo.

102
102.1a
102.1b
200
201 (1)
201(3)
201(4)
202(1)a
202(2)
202(2)a

Mobilization (0.75% of Civil Works)

Demobilization (0.25% of Civil Works)

OTHER GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

l.s.
l.s.

1
1

61,921
20,640

61921
20640

10
10

10
10

EARTHWORKS
Clearing and Grubbing
Individual Removal of Trees (Small)
Individual Removal of Trees (Small Large)
Removal of Box Culverts (all sizes)
Removal of existing Structures (inlet & outlet structures)
Removal of existing Baily Bridge

ha
nr
nr
m
nr
nr

17
893
635

2,283.00
42.00
120.00
27.10
20.30
7,000.00

37727
37485
76200
0
0
0

10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10

12384
1486
13870
4128
495
4623
Sub-Total (Other General Requirements)
20
7545
905
8451
20
7497
900
8397
20
15240
1829
17069
20
0
0
0
20
0
0
0
20
0
0
0

202(3)
202(4)a
202(4)b
202(4)c
202(4)d
203(4)e

Removal of existing Penetration Macadam

Removal of existing Pipe, 760mm dia. or less
Removal of existing Pipe, 910mm dia. or more
Removal of existing Lined Ditch
Removal of existing Stone Masonry Retaining Wall
Removal of existing Gabions

m2
m
m
m
m
m

24720

1.75
18.10
23.65
4.10
10.25
8.30

43260
0
0
0
0
0

10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20
20
20

203(1)

Unsuitable Excavation

m3

203(2)

Surplus Common Excavation

m3

203(3)a

Surplus Hard Rock Excation

203(3)b

Surplus Soft Rock Excavation

204(1)

Structure Excavation

m3

204(3)

Foundation Fill

m3

204(6)

Pipe Culverts and Lined Drain Excavation

m3

205(1)a

Embankment from Roadway Excavation

m3

205(1)b

Embankment Selected Borrow Excavation

206(1)

Subgrade Preparation (Common Material)

206(2)a
206(2)b
300
301
303(1)
400

8652
0
0
0
0
0

1038
0
0
0
0
0

9690
0
0
0
0
0

52950
0
0
0
0
0

4.50

10

10

20

21255

3.80

80769

10

10

20

16154

1938

18092

98861

m3

2251

21.60

48622

10

10

20

9724

1167

10891

59513

m3

13955

13.00

181415

10

10

20

36283

4354

40637

222052

4.85

10

10

20

35.30

10

10

20

5.75

10

10

20

21500

4.20

90300

10

10

20

18060

2167

20227

110527

m3

2715

22.50

61088

10

10

20

12218

1466

13684

74771

m2

8990

1.15

10339

10

10

20

2068

248

2316

12654

Subgrade Preparation (Existing Macadam Pavement)

m2

12880

0.95

12236

10

10

20

2447

294

2741

14977

Subgrade Preparation (Existing Gravel Shoulder)

SUBBASE AND BASE COURSE

m2

10640

1.20

12768

10

10

20

2554

306
2860
Sub-Total (Earthworks)

15628
847,262

Aggregate Subbase Course

15889

59.00

937450

10

10

20

187490

Crushed Aggregate Base Course, Grading B

SURFACE COURSE

m3

17100

64.00

1094414

10

10

20

209989

1147438

218883
26266
245149
Sub-Total (Subbase & Base Course)

22499

1339562
2,487,000

Feasibility Report

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.6 - Page 4-103

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

DIRECT COST
SECTION

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

Cost Estimates
Junction Laclubar - Laclubar
C15, km 0 - km 10.3, Length = 10.3 kms

Bituminous Prime Coat (Cut Back Asphalt Grade MC-70)

Bituminous Tack Coat (Emulsified Asphalt Grade CSS-1)
Bitumous Concrete Surface Course, Hot Laid 50mm thick
BRIDGE & BOX CULVERT CONSTRUCTION
Low-Strain Dynamic Method: Pile Integrity Test (PIT)
High-Strain Dynamic Pile Test
Concrete Piles cast in Drilled Holes -800 mm diameter
Concrete Railing

ton
ton
ton

504A(1)
505(2)

1,595.00
1,686.00
174.00

215656
843
1611205

10
10
10

10
10
10

20
20
20

nr
nr
m
m

125.00
240.00
1,044.00
155.00

0
0
0
0

10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20

Steel Decking for Slab (Base metal, 0.60 mm thickness)

Reinforcing Steel Bars, Grade 60

m2
kg

335.00
1.90

0
0

10
10

10
10

20
20

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

506(1)

Structural Concrete, Class A

m3

219.00

10

10

20

506(2)

Structural Concrete, Class B

m3

188.00

10

10

20

Structural Concrete, Class C

Prestressed Concrete AASHTO Type IV Girder - 23.90 m length
Elastomeric bearing Pad (Free - 660mmx306mmx52mm)
Bridge Drainage Pipe PVC 200 mm diameter
Expansion Joint - Neoprene Type for 50 mm gap
DRAINAGE AND SLOPE PROTECTION WORKS
RC Pipe Culvert, 910mm diameter
RC Pipe Culvert, 1070mm diameter
RC Pipe Culvert, 1220mm diameter
RC Pipe Culvert, 1520mm diameter
Stone Masonry Curb Inlet Manhole
Cleaning Culverts in place (910 mm diameter or less)
Cleaning Culverts in place (1220 mm diameter or more)
Cleaning of Box Culverts (all sizes)
Reconditioning of Drainage Structures (Inlets and Outlets)
Reconditioning of Drainage Structures (Lined Ditch Type B-1)
Reconditioning of Drainage Structures (Lined Ditch Type B-3)

m3
nr
nr
m
a

204.00
42,320.00
164.00
7.20
212.00

0
0
0
0
0

10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20
20

m
m
m
m
nr
m
m
m
nr
m
m

328.00
362.00
411.00
552.00
457.00
2.50
2.90
4.00
20.80
3.70
4.40

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sub-Total (Bridge & Box Culvert)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
758,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

506(3)
507(1)
508(1)
508(2)
513
600
601(1)a
601(1)b
601(1)c
601(1)d
603(2)
604(3)a
604(3)b
604(3)c
604(4)a
604(4)b
604(4)c

135
1
9260

43131
5176
48307
169
20
189
322241
38669
360910
Sub-Total (Surface Course)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

263963
1032
1972115
2,237,110
0
0
0
0

Grouted Riprap, Class A

m3

2502.5

70.50

176426

10

10

20

35285

4234

39519

215946

606

Stone Masonry

m3

6540

76.00

497040

10

10

20

99408

11929

111337

608377

607

Hand Laid Rock Embankment

m3

35.00

10

10

20

Gabions
MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
Curb and Gutter (Type A), Curb with Precast ????
Guide Posts
Metal Guardrail (Metal Beam)
Metal End Guardrail
Remove, Repair and Re-install Guardrail Beam
Warning Signs
Regulatory Signs
Informatory Signs

m3

3495

86.50

302318

10

10

m
nr
m
nr
m
nr
nr
nr

800
41.2
1250
15
1
36.4
15.6
10

35.00
39.50
69.00
49.00
17.00
295.00
295.00
1,250.00

28000
1627
86250
735
17
10738
4602
12500

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

20
60464
7256
67719
Sub-Total (Drainage & Slope Protection Works)
20
5600
672
6272
20
325
39
365
20
17250
2070
19320
20
147
18
165
20
3
0
4
20
2148
258
2405
20
920
110
1031
20
2500
300
2800

370037
1,194,359
34272
1992
105570
900
21
13143
5633
15300

605(5)

610
700
701(3)
703(4)
704(3)a
704(3)b
704A(2)
706(1)
706(2)
706(3)

Pavement Markings (Premixed Reflective), White/Yellow

m2

100

26.10

2610

10

10

20

522

63

585

3195

Reflectorized Thermoplastic Pavement Markings (White)

m2

2266

75.00

169950

10

10

20

33990

4079

38069

208019

710(1)b
800

Reflectorized Thermoplastic Pavement Markings (Yellow)

BIO-ENGINEERING

m2

747

79.00

58974

10

10

20

11795
1415
13210
Sub-Total (Miscellaneous Structures)

72184
460,228

803(1)

Slope Trimming and Preparation

m2

12925

1.40

18095

10

10

20

3619

434

4053

22148

805(3)
805(4)

Planting of Grass Slips

Planting Tree/Shrub

m2
nr

7755
646.25

2.50
2.75

19388
1777

10
10

10
10

20
20

3878
355

465
43

4343
398

23730
2175

Note: Bridges and special culverts in separate detail estimate

Sub-Total (Bio-Engineering)

48,054

OTAL CIVIL WORKS COST except MOB/DEMOB

TOTAL CIVIL WORKS COST with MOB/DEMOB
Cost $M/KM

8,256,166
8,357,221
0.81

Feasibility Report

707(1)
710(1)a

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.6 - Page 4-104

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

402(1)
403(2)
411(1)
500
501A(1)
501B(1)
501(16)
502

Bridge Length
Road No

Sta.

Recomendation
Span

A09-1a 1

A09-2

Length

81.20km 2-PC-DG

2.0

30.0

6.5

92.40km RC DG

1.0

20.0

8.0

93.10km RC-DG

1.0

22.0

8.0

96.40km RC DG

1.0

15.0

8.0

CONSTRUCTION FEE

CONSTRUCTION FEE

Road Width
(m)
Superstructure

Abutment

Pier

River Training

Road No

Other

176,000

386,400

80,000

16,061

658,461

A09-1a 2

71.20km RC-Box Culvert

160,000

80,000

200,640

386,400

80,000

16,677

683,717
A09-1b 3

87.50km RC-Box Culvert

160,000

80,000

6,000

246,000

1,943,239

97.20km RC-Box Culvert

160,000

80,000

6,000

246,000

A09-2 5

97.80km RC-Box Culvert

160,000

80,000

6,000

246,000

120,000

1.0

15.0

8.0

120,000

105.70km RC DG

1.0

15.0

8.0

120,000

1.0

15.0

8.0

386,400

80,000

14,661

120,000

601,061

A09-1a

Sub Total

80,000

14,661

601,061

103.60km RC-Box Culvert

160,000

80,000

6,000

246,000

105.00km RC-Box Culvert

160,000

80,000

6,000

246,000

386,400

Sub Total

65.2

82.0

Length (km)
16.8

Interval
@0.4

Quantity

Rate
42

6,000

492,000

80,000

2,000

82,000

80,000

14,661

601,061

107.70km RC-Box Culvert

160,000

80,000

6,000

246,000

1,967,183

A09-3 9

110.40km RC-Box Culvert

160,000

80,000

6,000

246,000

10

111.80km RC-Box Culvert

160,000

80,000

6,000

246,000

11

115.40km RC-Box Culvert

160,000

80,000

80,000

14,661

0
601,061
4,924,969

6,000

1,476,000

Total

2,706,000

Cost

Estimated Cost (US$ thousand)

Bridge

Special Culvert

Cross Pipe

Total

252,000

A09-1a

414

492

252

1,158

A09-1b

246

90

336

82.0

88.0

6.0

@0.4

15

6,000

90,000

A09-2

88.0

99.5

11.5

@0.4

29

6,000

174,000

A09-2

1,944

492

174

2,610

A09-3

99.5

133.0

33.5

@0.4

84

6,000

504,000

A09-3

1,968

1,476

504

3,948

A09-4a

133.0

140.5

7.5

@0.4

19

6,000

114,000

A09-4a

114

114

A09-4b

140.5

144.7

4.2

@5.0

6,000

6,000

A09-4b

0.0

10.3

10.3

@0.4

26

6,000

156,000

C15

602

156

758

1,296,000

TOTAL

4,928

2,706

1,296

8,930

Total

216

Feasibility Report

A09-1b

C15

246,000

Sub Total

Summary of Cost, Alt.3 (6m travel way)

Section

END

492,000

386,400

CROSS PIPES
START

246,000

601,061

386,400

120,000

6,000

14,661

Sub Total
8.0

246,000

80,000

15.0

6,000

386,400

A09-4a 11

1.0

80,000

82,000

9.10km RC-DG

160,000

2,000

10

12

69.80km RC-Box Culvert

80,000

Sub Total

C15

TOTAL

413,486

103.80km RC DG

127.80km RC DG

Other

10,086

River Training

80,000

100.20km PC DG

113.40km PC DG

BOX

TOTAL

323,400

Recomendation

Sub Total

A09-3

Sta.

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

Special Culvert

Total

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.6 - Page 4-105

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

Structures Cost Estimates, Alt 3 (6m travel way)

Bridge Construction

Road No
A09-1a 1

A09-2

Sta.

Proposal

Estimated Cost

Estimated Cost
Pier

River Training

Road No

Other

1.0

50.0

6.5

323,400

80,000

10,086

413,486

92.40km RC DG

1.0

20.0

6.5

143,000

323,400

80,000

13,661

560,061

93.10km RC-DG

1.0

22.0

6.5

163,020

323,400

80,000

14,161

580,581

96.40km RC DG

1.0

15.0

6.5

97,500

323,400

80,000

12,523
Sub Total

5 100.20km PC DG
6 103.80km RC DG
A09-3

7 105.70km RC DG

1.0
1.0

15.0
15.0

6.5
6.5

97,500
97,500

323,400
323,400

8 113.40km PC DG
9 127.80km RC DG

1.0

15.0

6.5

97,500

323,400

9.10km RC-DG

1.0

15.0

6.5

97,500

82,000

80,000

12,523

513,423

Interval
@0.4
@0.4
@0.4
@0.4
@0.4
@5.0
@0.4

Quantity
42
15
29
84
19
1
26
216

Rate
5,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
5,000
5,000

Cost
210,000
75,000
145,000
420,000
95,000
5,000
130,000
1,080,000

TOTAL

80,000

5,000

205,000

A09-1a 2

71.20km RC-Box Culvert

120,000

80,000

5,000

205,000

A09-1b 3

87.50km RC-Box Culvert

120,000

80,000

5,000

205,000

A09-2

97.80km RC-Box Culvert

120,000

80,000

5,000

205,000

103.60km RC-Box Culvert

120,000

80,000

5,000

205,000

105.00km RC-Box Culvert

120,000

80,000

5,000

205,000

107.70km RC-Box Culvert

120,000

80,000

5,000

205,000

110.40km RC-Box Culvert

120,000

80,000

5,000

205,000

Sub Total

A09-3

410,000

12,523

513,423

80,000

2,000

82,000

10

111.80km RC-Box Culvert

120,000

80,000

5,000

205,000

513,423

11

115.40km RC-Box Culvert

120,000

80,000

5,000

205,000

12,523

12,523

1,704,269
513,423
4,285,243

Sub Total

1,230,000

Total

2,050,000

Summary of Cost, Alternate 1 & 2, 4.5m travel way

Estimated Cost (US$ thousand)
Bridge

Special Culvert

Cross Pipe

Total

A09-1a

414

410

210

A09-1b

205

75

1,034
280

A09-2

1,655

205

145

2,005

A09-3

1,705

1,230

420

3,355

A09-4a

95

95

A09-4b

C15

514

130

644

TOTAL

4,288

2,050

1,080

7,418

Feasibility Report

A09-1a
A09-1b
A09-2
A09-3
A09-4a
A09-4b
C15
Total

END
Length (km)
82.0
16.8
88.0
6.0
99.5
11.5
133.0
33.5
140.5
7.5
144.7
4.2
10.3
10.3

Other

120,000

Section

START
65.2
82.0
88.0
99.5
133.0
140.5
0.0

River Training

69.80km RC-Box Culvert

80,000

80,000

CROSS PIPES

BOX
1

1,654,065

2,000

80,000

323,400

513,423

80,000

Sub Total
C15 12

Recomendation

TOTAL

81.20km Steel Truss

Sta.

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

Special Culvert

Bridge Length (m) Road Width

(m) Superstructure Abutment
Span Length

Total

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 4: Engineering: Appendix 4.6 - Page 4-106

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

Structure Cost Estimates, Alt 1 & 2 (4.5m travel way)

Bridge Construction

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

Feasibility Study Report

CHAPTER 5: SOCIAL & POVERTY ASSESSMENT (PSA) AND SAFEGUARDS

5.1

Socio-Economic Context of Regions and Districts

This Feasibility Study applies to the five road link of the National and District Road of ManatutoLaclubar-Natarbora road project. The components are the A09-1 (22.8 km), A09-02 (11.50 km),
A09-03 (33.5 km), A09-4 (11.70 km) and C15 (10.3 km). The total project length is almost 90 km
with a road characteristics may vary over each link (particularly when the link is long and runs over
none-uniform terrain).
This 90 km road length is traversing from a flat to rolling terrain in the North, meandering the high
mountainous spine of the country (elevation up to 1,400 m above sea level) in the Centre, and
descending towards the coastal plain in the South.

5.1.1

General

Timor-Leste comprises distinct topographical bands, including the broad plains along the south
coast, the undulating plateaus of the east, and the steep and rugged mountains of the western interior.
In terms of elevation the country is divided into three distinct zones, each with its own physical and
socio-economic characteristics.
Zone 1 - between 0 and 500 m above sea level, occupies approximately 65% of the total area,
including a broad band along the entire length of the south coast, most of Baucau, Lautem and
Viqueque districts in the east, and a narrow band along the north coast. Nearly two-thirds (61%) of
the countrys total population live in this low-lying zone and it also accounts for most of TimorLestes arable land and is best connected in terms of transportation and communications
infrastructure;
Zone 2 - between 500 and 1,500 m above sea level accounts for a third of Timor-Lestes total land
area and 37% of the population. This is the coffee-growing zone of the western highlands; and
Zone 3 areas > 1,500 m above sea level which account for 3% of the land area and 2% of the
population of the country. This high elevation zone is characterized by high annual rainfall, cool
temperatures and poor, rocky soils. It is the most sparsely populated and least productive of TimorLestes three zones.

The central area of the country is characterized by a more dispersed population which is focused
along the Manatuto-Natarbora Road and includes the urban areas of Laclubar and Soibada.

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Figure 5.2 Distance to Inhabited Houses

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5.2

Feasibility Study Report

National Poverty Reduction Strategy

The Government and ADB signed a poverty reduction partnership in October 2003, agreeing that
ADB assistance would be based on careful analysis and consideration of priority activities to address
poverty and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The Governments National Development
Plan (NDP) incorporates a poverty reduction strategy focusing on (i) promoting opportunities for the
poor; (ii) improving their access to basic social services; (iii) enhancing security, including reducing
vulnerability to shocks, and improving food security; and (iv) empowering the poor.
In 20052006 a Country Strategy and Program Update (CSPU) was prepared by the Asian
Development Bank (ADB) for Timor-Leste. It focuses on capacity building for economic
management, microfinance development, and infrastructure development. The CSPU notes that
pervasive poverty and slow social development require a focus on development that will directly
benefit the poor, and that consistent with ADBs Pacific Strategy 20052009: Turning a stagnant
private sector into a dynamic job creator is an essential element in the delivery of benefits to the
poor.
The Country Operations Business Plan, 2008-2010, states that assistance provided by ADB over the
preceding period (2006-2008) supported the Government in moving towards its four specific NDP
goals: (i) provide roads and bridges for the movement of people and goods, orderly and efficient
functioning of markets, and sustainable development; (ii) ensure that banking, credit, and
microfinance services are available to all, including the poor and women; (iii) provide adequate,
safe, and sustainable water supplies for the communities of Dili with the aim of full cost recovery;
and (iv) facilitate, at the national level, the safe disposal of sewage and wastewater in urban areas.
This Project will provide support to the first goal of the NDP by upgrading, rehabilitating and
maintaining essential components of the road network.
In the updated Timor Leste Standard of Living Survey (TLSLS 2009), it was concluded that final
confirmation of the progress made in poverty reduction in Timor-Leste must ultimately be based on
newer living standards surveys. Among others, the report indicates that between 2007 and 2009,
poverty incidence in the country fell by about nine percentage points. This noticeable fall is partly
due to the fact that poverty incidence had itself spiked in 2007 (because of the combined effects of
civil unrest and lower agricultural production). It is also likely due to high rates of economic growth
in the post-2007 period, including increased consumption due to rapidly rising government spending,
particularly on social protection programs and labor-intensive infrastructure works.

5.3

Causes and Characteristics of Poverty

The National Development Plan (NDP) considers a number of factors to be the drivers of poverty in
Timor-Leste including: (i) political, social, and economic turmoil resulting particularly from the
violence of 1999; (ii) lack of ownership or access to adequate productive assets, including land, for
example, 24% of families own less than 0.5 ha of agricultural land and 60% of households own
between 0.5 and 2.0 ha; (iii) lack of productive skills, including literacy; (iv) lack of or inadequate
access to social and economic services; (v) unexpected death and illness, including malaria,
tuberculosis, sexually transmitted infections, and HIV/AIDS; and (vi) increases in the prices of basic
necessities (e.g., food, clothing, and fuel) and services.
The (TLSLS) establishes the official poverty lines, based on average national prices, derived from
lower and upper poverty lines both of which include food and essential non-food items (minimum
basic needs). The food portion of the poverty line is anchored to a daily intake of 2,100 calories per
person. The lower poverty line measures extreme poverty.
Based on the TLSLS 2007 methodology, the predicted poverty incidence for 2009 is 41%. This
suggests a drop of around nine percentage points compared to 2007, when poverty incidence had
risen very sharply following the crisis and subsequent economic shock. The poverty prevalence
derived from the 2009 updated TLSLS are shown in Table 5.1.

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Table 5.1 - National Poverty Prevalence 2009

2009
TLSS 2001
TLSLS 2007
(Prediction)
41%
Poverty
CI.95 = 39.4,
36%
49.9%
Prevalence
42.5
Source: Timor-Leste: 2009 Update of Poverty Incidence

Poverty incidence increased over the period, 2001-2007, between the two TLSLS. Overall, the
proportion of the population falling below the lower poverty line increased from a quarter to a third,
and the proportion of the population falling below the upper poverty line increased from 36% to a
half. For both measures the increase in urban poverty was larger than the increase in rural poverty.
The central and western districts suffered an increase in poverty incidence (for both measures) while
in the eastern districts poverty decreased for those in extreme poverty but increased by a small
proportion for those falling below the upper poverty line.
Table 5.2 Poverty Incidence 2001 and 2007
2001 Poverty incidence
2007 Poverty incidence
(%)
(%)
Location
Lower
Upper
Lower
Upper
poverty
poverty
poverty
poverty
line
line
line
line
Rural
29.7
39.7
37.3
51.5
Urban
11.3
25.2
21.7
45.2
East
16.4
24.7
12.6
26.5
Centre
30.4
41.2
41.0
57.8
West
23.3
37.4
35.6
55.1
Total
25.4
36.3
33.2
49.9
Source: Timor-Leste: Poverty in a Young Nation (November 2008)

The first ever poverty assessment for independent Timor-Leste was based on the 2001 Timor-Leste
Living Standards Measurement Survey (TLSS 2001) and the national poverty headcount was
estimated to be 36%3. Even though the country made significant strides in building state institutions
and improving service delivery after 2001, non-oil economic activity decelerated as the emergency
reconstruction phase ended and international presence in the country substantially reduced. All in all,
the period 2001-07 saw a 12% decline in real non-oil GDP per capita. In addition, the civil unrest of
2006 led to around 150,000 internally displaced people (IDP) further constraining economic activity.
With the economy contracting in 2006, poverty headcount in 2007 derived from the TLSLS 2007
data peaked at 49.9% as consumption dropped sharply in 2006/07.
The post-2007 period, however, has witnessed renewed economic growth and there is emerging
evidence of poverty reduction in the country even though living standards surveys permitting
definitive estimates of poverty prevalence have yet to be conducted. To begin with, economic
performance has been strong over 2008-2009 with the estimated GDP growth rate exceeding 9.5%
per annum. The agricultural sector, where most of the poor live, rebounded in 2008 and 2009. In
particular, increased coffee production in 2008 likely had a positive impact on poverty reduction as
coffee growers are among the poorest households in the country.
Based on an analysis of the 2007 TLSLS data, the characteristics of poverty include the following:
a. The total number of poor people in Timor-Leste is in the order of 522,000. Poverty
incidence is high with half of the population falling below the upper poverty line and a third
of the population falling below the lower poverty line;
b. Poverty incidence is higher in rural areas (37% and 52%, being the population falling below
the lower and upper lines) than in urban areas (22% and 45%, being the population falling
below the lower and upper lines), and with some 76% of the poor living in rural areas;

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c. Reflecting the rural nature of poverty noted above, the poverty rate for people engaged in
agriculture is 54% but the proportion of poor engaged in the agriculture sector is very high at
78% (89% in rural areas), and even in urban areas nearly half of the poor (49%) rely on
agriculture as their main source of employment and income;
d. Children under the age of 15 years account for 43% of the total population but account for
49% of the total poor. There is also high poverty incidence amongst children 15 years and
younger with more than half (56%) being poor. Young children i.e. those aged 5 years or
younger represent 19% of the total population but account for 21% of the poor;
e. The older poor (61 years and older) account for a small proportion of the poor (3.1%) while
this is less than their proportion of the total population (4.7%) poverty incidence in this age
cohort is high with a third of all people 61 years and older being poor;
f. Those with no or only low levels of education account for most of the poor. The incidence of
poverty (in the population 18 years and older) declines with level of education. The poverty
rate for people without any education is 58%, with a primary education is 50%, with a
secondary education is 34% and with a tertiary education is 18%.
g. On a head-count basis there is little gender difference in the incidence of poverty with males
overall accounting for 50.2% of the poor and females overall accounting for 49.6% of the
poor. In two age cohorts (25-34 years and 35-44 years) the proportion of poor women is
higher than the proportion of poor men;
h. Controlling for household size, female headed households are poorer than male-headed
households. Overall poverty incidence increases with household size but for any household
size the incidence of poverty is higher for female-headed households; and
i. Poverty is concentrated in the central districts (which includes two of the districts in the
sample project area; Ermera and Liquica) with a poverty incidence of 58% compared with
27% in the east and 55% in the west. The central districts also account for 64% of the poor
which higher than their proportion of population (55%). Overall the depth of poverty is
13.6%, and is highest in the central rural area (19.4%) and lowest in the eastern rural area
(4.8%).
Taking into account the rural nature of poverty, and that according to the TLSLS results most of the
poor are engaged in low-productivity farming (80% of the total poor and 90% of the rural poor
depend on the agriculture sector), improving access to markets as well as increasing availability and
diversity of farming inputs have credible contributions to make to poverty reduction.
The poor are impeded by less and more difficult access than the non-poor. While the poor and nonpoor make similar use of roads (purpose of trips), the roads serving the poor are farther away and of
inferior condition. Some 64% of the poor, compared with 76% of the non-poor, have all weather
access on the closest trafficable roads, in rural areas the proportion of poor with all-weather access
on the closest trafficable roads decreases further to 58% (compared with 68% of the non-poor). The
urban non-poor have the best access, with 95% of the population having all weather access on the
closest trafficable roads and the walking time to get to those roads being in the order of seven
minutes. The rural poor used the closest trafficable road an average of two times more per month
than the rural non-poor (Table 5.3).

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5.4

Feasibility Study Report

Poverty in the Project Area

Among the 13 districts of Timor Leste, manatuto is among the poorest with three-quarters of the
population being poor and depth of poverty being 28% and 25% respectively.
Table 5.3 Poverty Measures by District

District
Bobonaro
Covalima
Oecussi
WEST
Manatuto
Manufahi
Ainaro
Dili
Aileu
Ermera
Liquica
CENTRE
Lautem
Baucau
Viqueque
EAST
Total
Urban
Rural

Poverty measures (%)

Incidence
Depth
Severity
54.5
12.6
4.2
49.1
13.4
4.9
61.0
19.5
8.0
54.9
15.2
5.7
73.7
25.1
10.6
85.2
32.0
14.1
79.7
27.8
11.8
43.3
9.8
3.1
68.6
19.8
7.4
54.6
14.3
5.2
44.9
11.9
4.4
64.3
20.1
8.1
21.3
4.3
1.2
22.3
3.0
0.6
43.4
9.8
3.0
29.0
5.7
1.6
49.9
13.6
5.1
45.2
11.8
4.2
51.5
14.2
5.3

% of
pop
9.5
5.3
6.3
21.1
4.2
4.4
6.0
18.6
5.8
10.4
6.1
55.5
7.2
11.3
5.0
23.5

% of
poor
10.4
5.2
7.7
23.3
6.2
7.5
9.6
16.2
8.0
11.4
5.5
64.4
3.1
5.1
4.4
12.6

26.3
73.7

23.8
76.2

Source: Poverty in a Young Nation (2008)

As shown on Table 5.4, the central districts account for 56% of the countrys population but 64% of
the total poor. In comparison, the eastern districts are relatively better off, accounting for 24% of the
population but 13% of the total poor.
The three western districts account for 21% of the population and 23% of the poor. The incidence of
poverty in the three districts in the sample project area range from 44.9% in Liquica to 54.6% in
Ermera (Bobonaro in the West has a poverty incidence of 54.5%). Together these three districts
account for 27.4% of the countrys poor and 26% of the population.
There is not only extensive poverty in Timor-Leste, there is also significant income inequality as
well. This can be demonstrated by comparing the shares of total expenditure of the two upper and
lower income quintiles. The upper group (40% of the population) accounts for 66% of total
expenditure compared to 18% for the lower group.
The TLSLS included a section on subjective wellbeing and adequacy of basic needs being met. Of
the five subjective measures included, perceptions of three - adequacy of food consumption, clothing
and access to education - had improved over the 2001 and 2007 TLSLS periods, while the proportion
of population considering that housing (decreasing from 49% to 42%) and access to health care was
less than adequate increased over the 2001 to 2007 period.
The subjective adequacy of household income also had improved for the larger proportion of the
population with three-quarters stating their household income was less than adequate in 2001 but
70% stating this was the case in 2007. However, fewer rural people (74%) were satisfied with the
adequacy of household income compared with urban people (56%).

Table 5. 4 Differential Access to Roads

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Nearest
trafficable
road
Accessible
in rainy
season (%
pop)
Walking
time
(minutes)
No. times
used in last
month

Feasibility Study Report

National
Rural
Urban
NonNonNonTotal
Poor Total
Poor Total
Poor
poor
poor
poor
70.1

75.8

64.3

63.2

68.2

58.4

89.4

94.6

83.2

16.3

13.4

19.1

18.8

16.2

21.2

9.2

6.6

12.5

25.5

24.9

26.0

24.4

23.5

25.2

28.4

28.4

28.5

Source: Timor-Leste: Poverty in a Young Nation (November 2008)

The Timor Leste Survey of Living Standards TLSLS data shows that overall the rural population has
significantly more limited access to social and economic facilities, and that travel times to key
services and facilities are greater for the poor; one way travel times to primary and secondary
schools take between 5 and 10 minutes longer for children from poor households than non-poor
households, while travel times to the closest health facility is about 54 minutes overall but takes at
least 6 more minutes for the poor. Travel to the nearest health facility in urban areas can take up to
11 minutes longer for the poor.
Table 5.5 Differential Access to Key Services and Facilities
National
Rural
Urban
Service/Facility
NonNonNonTotal
Poor Total
Poor Total
poor
poor
poor
Secondary School
Use facility
33.0
33.3
32.7
27.4
28.2
26.6
48.7
45.9
regularly (%)
3.6
3.6
3.5
4.5
4.7
4.3
2.1
2.0
Distance (km)
One-way travel
56
51
61
70
65
74
34
30
time (min)
Primary School
Use facility
73.8
67.4
80.4
73.5
67.2
79.5
74.7
67.8
regularly (%)
2.8
2.8
2.8
3.0
3.1
3.0
1.1
1.0
Distance (km)
One-way travel
28
26
31
30
28
32
23
20
time (min)
Clinic
Use facility
73.4
70.9
76.0
77.1
76.8
77.3
63.2
56.3
regularly (%)
2.8
2.8
2.8
3.0
3.1
3.0
2.1
2.0
Distance (km)
One-way travel
54
51
57
60
58
62
34
28
time (min)
Bus Stop/Terminal
Use facility
26.9
27.6
26.1
23.5
23.6
23.3
36.4
37.4
regularly (%)
2.9
2.9
2.9
4.0
4.2
3.8
1.0
0.9
Distance (km)
One-way travel
49
47
52
65
65
64
22
18
time (min)

Poor

52.2
2.2
39

83.1
1.2
25

71.6
2.1
39

35.1
1.1
27

Source: Timor-Leste: Poverty in a Young Nation (November 2008)

The difference is even more marked when looking at access to the nearest veterinary facility, a key
service for households which raise livestock. Bobonaro and Oecussi, followed by Covalima, Liquica
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and Ermera are the largest producers of livestock (cattle, buffalo and horses) and poultry in the
country. Veterinary facilities are available in Dili, Ermera, Liquica and Oecussi. The average travel
time for non-poor households is 10 minutes while for poor households the travel time is more than
one hour (64 minutes). The distance to travel to the facility is less than half a kilometer for the nonpoor and 2.6 km for the poor.
The poor will be direct beneficiaries of the Project in terms of improving inferior quality roads and
accessibility in all seasons, as well as potentially reducing travel times to the closest all-weather
roads for those sucos and aldeias included in the CEC of the Project through improvement of
selected feeder/rural roads from aldeias to the roads rehabilitated under the Project, as well as
involvement of the communities in upgrading those roads and constructing small community
facilities such as markets.
5.5

Socio-Economic Profile of the Manatuto District

Manatuto District is located in the central region, and in effect is the most central district. The
district borders Ailieu and Manufahi to the west and Viqueque and Baucau to the west. Along with
Lautem, Manatuto is (i) one of only two districts that border the coast along northern (Wetar
Straight) and southern boundaries (Timor Sea); and (ii) spatially the second largest of the districts
accounting for 12% of the countrys land area.
The districts area is 1,783 km2. The district is divided into six sub-districts, and has a 2004 Census
population of 36,897, and a projected population of nearly 81,200.
The average population density of the district is very low at 21 people per km2 and is highest in
Manatuto sub-district (39 people per km2). Average household size is 4.4, and the overall
dependency ratio is 93%, as shown in Table 5.6.
Table 5.6 Demographic Data of Manatuto
SubDistrict
Barique/Nat
abor
Laclo
Laclubar
Laleia
Manatuto
Soibada

Land
area
(km2)

Pop.
(2004)

397

4,874

Projecte
d pop.
(2019)

Female
to male
ratio

10,727

0.90

Pop.
density
2
(per/km )
12

Av.
H'hold
size

Depend.
ratio (%)

4.4

368
7,558
16,635
0.95
21
4.3
391
8,039
17,693
1.02
21
4.8
226
3,211
7,067
1.02
14
3.5
271
10,455
23,011
0.97
39
4.5
130
2,760
6,075
1.04
21
5.1
MANATUTO
1,783
36,897
81,208
0.98
21
4.4
Source: OCHA/UNMIT Timor Leste District Atlas; Profiling Districts of Timor Leste

89
97
92
89
85
104
93

Other language is the mother tongue of 59% of the population and Tetum-terik is the mother
tongue of 28% of the population. Some 90% of the population can speak Tetum and another 59%
can speak Bahasa Indonesia. Tetum and Bahasa Indonesia together are the main languages of a third
of the population and Tetum is the main language of another third of the population. Some 10% of
the population does not speak any of the four main languages. Tetun-terik is spoken in two subdistricts, Galoli language is spoken in three sub-districts and Idate is spoken in one sub-district.
About two-thirds of households are engaged in subsistence production; 61% cassava, 57% coconut,
and 62% grow maize. Around a third of households are involved in production of higher-value
crops such as rice (which at 54% makes Manatuto the third largest rice producing district), some
56% grow various fruits and 51% grow vegetables, but only a third grow coffee. There are in the
order of 20,100 head of large livestock (cattle, buffalo and horse) in the district, giving an average of
2.4 head per household, and the third highest large livestock ownership in the country.
Literacy, the ability to read and write a letter in the language spoken in the households is low, but not
the lowest, with 47% of the population 18 years and older not being able to do either.
Disaggregating by sex shows that 54% of females and 40% of males are illiterate, which are similar
to the national rates (54% and 37% respectively).
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In terms of dwelling type, permanent houses make up two-thirds of the housing stock, with some
24% of the population living in semi-permanent dwellings, and 18% of the population living in
traditional style houses. Over half (53%) of the population cited their dwelling as being in average
condition, and 11% stated their dwelling was damaged (with 2% stating their dwelling unit was
severely damaged), and a third of the population noted their dwelling was in good condition. Twothirds of the population lives in houses with an iron or tin roof, and 10% live in dwellings with a
palm or leaf roof. A third of the population lives in dwellings which have bamboo walls and 27%
live in dwellings with concrete walls.
Manatuto has the second largest proportion of population (85%) which has access to drinking water
from an improved source, however 89% still treat the water before drinking through boiling, filtering
or adding chemicals. Two-thirds of the population has access to basic sanitation (pit latrine, septic
tank, flush toilet), and nearly a third (30%) have electricity supplied from the national grid.
The poverty incidence in Manatuto is 73.7%, which is the third highest poverty rate in Timor-Leste.
The district accounts for 4.2% of the total population but 6.2% of the total poor. The depth of
poverty, i.e. how far below the poverty line the poor fall is 25.1%. About a quarter of the population
does not consume enough food, which, in terms of population suffering food shortages, gives the
district the highest food security in the country. Food shortages are experienced for 3.5 months per
year. The main coping strategies for food shortages include eating less food (30%), switching from
rice to corn or other food (86%), selling livestock or other assets (65%), and eating less meat and
vegetables (67%).
Malnutrition rates for children under five years old are the lowest in the country. Some 32% of
children under five years old are under-weight (compared with 49% nationally), with the severely
underweight accounting for 3%, while some 17% of children under five years suffer wasting,
compared with the national rate of 25%.
The subjective assessment included in the TLSLS indicated that half of the population considers the
wellbeing of the household is about the same as it was in 2001 (compared with the national level of
54%), while a quarter of the population considers their household wellbeing to be better off, which is
significantly higher than the national level of 9%.
The agricultural sector accounts for 81% of the labor force (aged between 15 and 64 years). The
economic activity of just over a third of the population (37%) aged 12 years and older is farming,
and accounts for the activity of 37% of females and 65% of males. Housework is the main economic
activity of 23% of the population, which is the second largest proportion of population after
Viqueque; accounting for 47% of female activities and none of the male activities. The
unemployment rate in the district is high at 9%.
Taking both public and private schools, there are 39 primary schools, eight junior high schools and
five secondary schools. With regard to health facilities, there are 13 health posts and six community
health centers. The closest hospital is located in Dili.
Educational attainment in Manatuto is about average compared with other districts as well as
nationally. On a national basis some 47% of the population (18 years and older) has received no
education, in Manatuto this is 48%, both nationally and in the district 14% have completed
secondary school. The proportion of females in the district without education is 58% compared with
42% of males.
The morbidity rate is the highest in the country at 31%. Among those with ailments some 97%
reported the ailment was serious enough to disrupt daily activities, again the highest rate, with 81%
seeking treatment. Of those not seeking treatment, a third reported the reason was the health facility
was too far. The main means of transportation is by walking for 86% for those visiting a health care
facility, and the average one-way travel time is 42 minutes which is lower than the average national
travel time of 47 minutes.
Some 3% of the population owns a motorbike or scooter, compared with the national ownership rate
of 7%, and 1% owns a car or truck, which is roughly a third of the national ownership rate.
In respect of access, more than three-quarters of the districts population live in areas where the
closest vehicle accessible road is passable in the rainy season (i.e. an all-weather road), the average
walking time to that road being 8.9 minutes which is the shortest travel time in the country. Access
to facilities, based on average traveling times and average distance, is good with both the nearest
health center and secondary school being about an hour away (60.5 and 50.9 minutes respectively),
and the nearest primary school being 40 minutes away.
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5.5.1

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Language and Ethnicity Issue

In Timor-Leste ethnicity is bound up with language. Collectively, the Timorese refer to themselves
as Maubere.
The official languages include Tetum (comprising two dialiects) along with
Portuguese, and in addition there are another two working languages being Bahasa Indonesia and
English.
There are 17 languages spoken across the country all of which can be classified as being derived
from one of two broad language groups; Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) and Papuan
(Melanesian). The largest Malayo-Polynesian groups are the Tetum, primarily in the north coast and
around Dili; the Mambae, in the central mountains; the Tokodede in the area around Liqui; the
Galoli between the tribes of Mambae and Makasae speakers; the Kemak in the north-central area of
the island; and the Baikeno in the area around Pante Macassar. The main tribes of predominantly
Papuan origin include the Bunak in the central interior of Timor island; the Fataluku at the eastern
end of the island near Lospalos; and the Makasae, toward the eastern end of the island.
As shown in Table 5.7, in five districts there are as many as three different languages being used,
while in two districts only one language is spoken.
Table 5.7 Number of Languages Spoken by District
No. of languages
District
spoken
Lautem
Baucau
Viqueque
Manatuto
Manufahi
Ainaro
Dili
Aileu
Ermera
Liquica
Bobonaro
Covalima
Oecusse

3
3
3
3
2
1
2
1
3
2
2
2
2

Source: Timor-Leste Census of Population & Housing 2011

As noted in the district profiles, in addition to the four main languages, a number of languages are
spoken across the country depending on location. As shown in Table 5.8, the Census indicates that
Tetum and Bahasa Indonesia are by far the most widely used languages throughout the country, with
literacy rates ranging from 17% to just over 80% in each of Timor-Lestes 65 sub-districts.
Portuguese ranks third with literacy rates ranging from 4% to 35%, and English is fourth with
between 1% and 18% claiming some competency at sub-district level. These numbers highlight the
importance of the local languages
Table 5.8 Proficiency in Official and Working Languages
Proportion able to speak, read
and write (%)
Language
Minimum
Maximum
Tetum
16.7
81.2
Portuguese
4.2
34.7
Bahasa Indonesia
17.1
80.2
English
0.7
17.7
Source: Census of Housing and Population 2011 (Directorate of National Statistics)

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While people might be able to speak the official or working languages in addition to one of the main
languages, only a small proportion may be familiar with technical and other words, phrases and
concepts in relation to Project development. There is also a significant difference between mother
tongue, main languages spoken, and ability to speak one of the four official or working languages.
For example, in the three Western districts (Bobonaro, Covalima and Oecussi), for example, Tetum
is the mother tongue of a quarter of the population (Tetum Prasa 8% and Tetum-terik 17%) yet threequarters of the population can speak Tetum, and Tetum is the main language spoken by a third of the
population. However, another third of the population cannot speak any of the four main (official and
working) languages and speak other languages (Kemak, Bunak or Baequeno) as the main
language.
Languages that are used extensively include Fataluku and Makasai in the east, Tetun-terik in the
southeast and south-central regions, Mambai in the western highlands, and Bunak, Kemak and
Tokodede in the west. In contrast, some languages are dominant in only one subdistrict, among them
Naueti in Uatucarbau, Idate in Laclubar, Waimaa in Vemase, Midiki in Venilale and
Raklunga/Rasik on Auturo, the island which is included in Dili district.
Three-quarters of the population speak Austronesian languages, with the two Tetum languages
accounting for 29% and Mambai accounting for 23%. In terms of coverage, Mambai is spoken in
the largest number of sub-districts (15) and districts (4). Of the population speaking Papuan
languages, some 43% speak Makasai, and this language accounts for 12% of the total population.
Both Makasai and Bunak are spoken in six sub-districts.
The Timorese population is indigenous based on the definition included in ADBs Policy on
Indigenous People because it has: (i) collective attachment to geographically distinct territories; and
(ii) descent from groups present in specific areas prior to the establishment of modern states and
relative borders, due largely in respect of Timor-Leste being established as a sovereign nation in
2000. However, the language-based groups do not self-identify as distinct indigenous cultural
groups, and have adopted Tetum and Portuguese as official languages, as well as two other
working languages.
5.6

Consultation Meetings
Consultation meetings, conducted by the Consultant, focused on four Sub-District, Sucos and
Aldeas, of the Manatuto District, located along the project road alignment. During the meetings, the
Consultant presented the project to the affected communities, as well as and the Resettlement
Framework indicating their rights and responsibilities.
Key local and national stakeholders consulted include:
Local Individuals and Communities;
Special Interest Groups;
Government Authorities and Public Sector Agencies;
Non-Government Organizations (Ngos);
Financing Agency and Other International Development Agencies;
Affected Persons
In total, 6 consultation meetings have been held at the District and Sub-District, Suco/Village level
along the existing road corridor, involving a total of around 400 participants. The minutes of the
meeting of consultation and pictures are given in Appendix 6.4. The Table 5.9 summarizes the
consultation dates and program.

Sl No.
1,
2.
3.
4.
5.

Table 5.9 Consultation Meetings

Date
Time
Venue
February 18, 2013
9:00 AM
District Manatutu
February 25, 2013
9:00 AM
Sub District Manatutu
February 26, 2013
9:00 AM
Sede Suco Cribas
February 26, 2013
2:00 PM
Sub District Laclubar
February 27, 2013
9:00 AM
Sede Suco Manehat

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6.
February 28, 2013
9:00 AM
Sede Suco Salao
A summary of the participating stakeholders, and activities which have been taken during the
consultations meetings is shown in Table 5.10. Issues and concerns raised during the consultations
were considered in the preparation of the RP. Particular importance was given to consult the leaders
of local communities, particularly the District and Sub-District, Suco/Village and Hamlet Chiefs,
residing along the project road corridor.
Particular attention was given to understand the affected populations attitude towards the project
design and potential benefits; and to create awareness regarding their entitlements and compensation
payment procedures, as well as their grievances redress mechanism. While developing mitigation
measures, their suggestions have been taken into account, to minimize negative impacts.
Community people of different areas expressed different concerns. However, the main issues
concerning the project impacts and their suggestions for mitigation measures appeared similar.
Table 5.10 Summary of Stakeholder Consultations
Stakeholder Category
Activities Undertaken
National Level
Consultation with:
Project and Financial Manager, PMU, MoPW
Chief Technical Adviser, PMU
Director, National Statistics Directorate
Project Consultant
District Level
Consultation with:
District Administrator, Manatutu
Sub-district Administrators : Manatutu,
Laclubar, Natarbora and Soibada
Representatives of government departments
: DLPCS in Dili
Suco/Village Chief
Consultation with the Suco Chiefs of likely
affected sucos in the Project area (Aiteas,
Ailili, Sau, Maabat, Manlala, Leohat Salao
and Manehat)
Aldeia/Hamlet Chief
Consultation with concerned chiefs of
Aldeias
Suco/Villages
6-wise consultation meetings held - within
Manatutu-Natarbora and Laclubar
Individual APs
Consultation on the possible affected person
regarding the RF, RP, their rights and
responsibilities. Benefits of the project.
Special Interest Groups
Discussions with specific groups of Projectaffected people including women, farmers,
the landless.
Financing Agency
Discussion, on-site visit with ADB mission
Senior Infrastructure Specialist, ADB
Safeguard Specialist, Pacific Operations
Division, Pacific Department, ADB, Manila,
ADB representative in Timor Leste
5.6.1

Key Issues Consultation Meetings

Consultations, especially at Sub-districs, Suco and Aldeia levels, were dominated by questions and
concerns concerning land ownership issue, negotiated compensation for land and other assets lost,
and impacts on livelihoods, impact on religious and cultural sites and on services. Key issues that
were frequently raised in the consultation are summarized below.
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5.6.2

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Land Acquisition, Compensation and Livelihoods Restoration

Methods that will be used to determine compensation values for land, structures and other assets;
responsibility for compensation determination (MoPW/PMU, DLPCS, Valuation Expert,
Supervision Consultants or a compensation committee); whether compensation rates (e.g. for land)
will be at the current market prices. Some specific questions and isuues include:
a. fate of people who have no legal right to the land on which they have settled, whether will
be entitled to compensation for land, and for other losses, e.g., houses, crops, trees;
b. compensation for the houses that will be affected only in a part;
c. the method of compensation disbursements; timing of when compensation payments will be
made;
d. Quality of the road and the relocation of the existing structures lies on the danger zone;
e. Suggestion on the improvement of the idle land for them to use for relocation of the possible
affected house;
f. use of middlemen/agents in compensation payments;
g. The implementation of the ADB resettlement policy, Is this a reality, will can be materialize
in this road project.
5.6.3

Services and Religious/Cultural Sites

The following are some of the issues to be address before the implementation of the project;
a. impact on existing religious sites, sanctuary places such as church and cemetery, and how
would be treated;
b. impact on existing water and electrical facilities supplies;
c. Employment Opportunities;
d. assurance of employment opportunity for the affected and local people during road
construction works.
e.
5.6.4 Community Attitude
Many people anticipated that the Project could lead to substantial development and the improvement
of infrastructure, services and facilities in the area. The Project was seen as an opportunity to
develop the region and its people. Almost all the participants indicated that the Project is necessary
for improving connectivity, creating jobs, increasing agricultural productivity, and reducing poverty.
During the survey, people most likely to be directly affected, were supportive of the Project. They
also expressed their support for the Project, with the expectation of getting fair compensation for
their affected assets.
Both in the course of consultations and during the survey period, the participants were asked about
their preference for the type of compensation for their property. Almost all the respondents preferred
cash compensation for loss of land, structures, trees and other assets.
5.6.5

Consultations Summary

People see direct relationships between upgrading roads and their opportunities to diversify and
expand their agricultural production, market cash crops, livestock and other products and, as a
consequence, increase household incomes. They anticipate being able to strengthen existing
income-generation activities and develop new businesses; increased numbers of people moving
through the districts will expand their customer base.
They also appreciate that they and their families will become more mobile, with greater
opportunities to travel easily and less expensively for health, education, social and family reasons as
well as to seek work or conduct business. The response was universally positive when asked, during
surveys or in consultation meetings, whether they believed the road improvements would yield
benefits for their businesses and/or their households.

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5.7

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Beneficiary Profile
To prepare a profile of the beneficiaries of the project, a Household Survey was undertaken for the
proposed road project. As shown in Table 5.11, some 9 sucos along the proposed road project were
included in the survey.
Within each of the sucos, households, located along the road and away from the road were selected
randomly. This is in order to include the wider catchment. The area covered by the survey was the
Manatutu District, passing through the Sub-District of Laclubar, Soibada and Natarbora and covers
the Sucos of Aiteas, Ailili, Sau, Maabat, Cribas, Orlalan, Manlala, Leohat, and Manehat, all along
the project road alignment (roads A-09 and C-15).
Table 5.11 Household Survey Sample, by Sub-District and Suco
Road

Aiteas

No. of
Aldea
A09(%)
C15(%)

Sub-District Manatutu
Ailili
Sau Maabat

Cribas

Laclubar
Orlalan

Soibada
Manlala Leohat

Natarbora
Manehat

15

10

47

16

11

17

28

Source: Project Consultant Household Survey (Feb 2013)

The survey questionnaire included six sections, and obtained data on the following:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Household head;
Total household;
Livelihoods, income and expenditure;
Transport and travel;
Access to Infrastructure and services; and
Perceptions about the project.

The proportion of poor and non-poor used in this PSA was determined by identifying which
households fell below the upper ($26.68/person/month) poverty line (the lines used in the poverty
assessment based on the TLSLS 2007).
Because a large number of the local population are subsistence or near-subsistence farmers, a
substantial portion of household food consumption is derived directly from their private plots and
does not go to markets. This means that incomes reported often do not take into consideration such
consumption in monetary terms, and the figures are most likely under-estimated.
Table 5.12 shows that in Manatutu the proportion of poor derived from the household survey is
higher than that identified during the TLSLS, while for Laclubar, Soibada and Natarbora the
proportion of poor fell within 5% of the proportion of poor as defined in the TLSLS.
Food insecurity is a good proxy for poverty incidence because rather than looking at cash income
and expenditure, it is based on the ability of a household to provide sufficient food for its needs and
includes home production and subsistence. The table also shows that the levels of food insecurity
derived through the household survey match very well those obtained through the TLSLS, and as
such serves as a reasonable verification of the identification of those households defined as poor in
this assessment.
The following analysis provides description of the characteristics of hardship and poverty, as derived
from the household survey undertaken for the PPTA. It includes three groups of households, as the
basis of the analysis; (i) the poor i.e. those households that are on, or fall below, the poverty line; (ii)
the marginal i.e. those households that are not defined as poor, but are within 15% of the poverty line
and therefore remain vulnerable to economic shocks and risks; and, (iii) the non-poor i.e. those
households that earn more than 15% above the poverty line.

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Table 5.12 Comparison of Poverty Incidence and Food Insecurity

Sub-District

Manatutu Vila
Laclubar
Soibada
Natarbora
Total

Poor (%)
HH Survey
2013

Poor (%)
TLSLS
2007

Food
insecurity
(%)
HH survey

Food
insecurity
(%)
TLSLS

65.6
49.8
45.4
50.2
59.6

50.5
41.6
42.3.9
45.1
50.3

67.0
51.3
50.1
49.8
57.8

65.3
48.3
54.3
51.4
65.3

Source: Project Consultant Household Survey and TLSLS 2007

5.7.1

Demographic Characteristics of household

Gender
According to census and socio economic survey the population of direct stakeholders living along
the project road are dominated by male. The survey team conducted on families/households living
along the project road area. Table 5.13 shows the division of population by gender, and Table 5.14
by age groups.

SI no.

1
2

Table 5.13: Household Population by Gender

Description
No. of individuals
Percent (%)
Male
167
51
Female
158
49
Total
325
100 %
Source: Project Consultant Household Survey

Age
Majority of the affected population are within age 18 to 50. The significant portions based on the
socio-economic survey are minor, i.e. under age 18.
Table 5.14: Age distribution of Households
Age features of HH
No of individuals
% of Individuals
< 5 years of age
36
11.10
<18 years of age
98
30.17
Between 18 and 50
129
39.71
Between 51 and 70
59
18.18
> 70 years of age
3
0.02

Total

325

100%

Marital Status
Table 5.15 shows the marital status of the households.

Marital Status
Minor
Unmarried
Married
Divorce/Separated
Widow
Total

Table 5.15: Marital Status of individuals

Male
Female
No.
%
No.
%
63
38
73
46
65
39
41
26.51
36
23
43
27.49
1
2
1
0.01
167
100
158
100

Total
No.
136
106
79
1
3
325

%
42
33
24

100%

Source: Project Consultant Household Survey February 2013

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Education
The educational status of households by is shown in Table 5.16. 26.77% of the individual surveyed
were illiterate. Apart from them the majority of the surveyed population (29.54%) have junior high
school, more than 20% can read and write and 20.62 % are senior high school or equivalent
education attainment.
Table 5.16: Education of individuals
Level of Education
No. of
Individuals
Illiterate
87
Able to read and write
65
Junior High School Equivalent
96
Senior High School Equivalent
67
University Graduate Equivalent/Upper
10
Total
325

% of
26.77
20.10
29.54
20.62
3.0
100%

Ethnic/Religion
No major ethnic diversity or indigenous characteristics were observed among the surveyed HHs. All
the surveyed HHs can be termed as mainstream Timor-Leste citizens. All of the surveyed
individuals were found to be followers of Christianity. All the surveyed HHs were found to be using
Tetum as the primary language.

Religion
Christianity
Islam
Buddhism
Hinduism
Total

Table 5.17: Religion of HH

No of Individuals
325
325

% of Ind.
100 %
100 %

Source: Project Consultant Household Survey (Feb 2013)

Family Structure and Composition

Table 5.18 shows family structure. The majority of the households surveyed are nuclear family
households (98 out of 150 surveyed HH). Maximum family member was found to be 11 and
minimum was 6. In an average, each AH has more than 7 members.
Table 5.18: Family Structure and Composition
Family Structure and Composition
Number of HH
Nuclear family households
98
Extended family households
9
Maximum number of people in HH
11
Minimum number of people in HH
6
Source: Project Consultant Household Survey (Feb 2013)

5.7.2

Household Income and Occupation

Table 5.19 shows annual income of the households included in the survey. The majority has an
annual income between USD 300 and below (48%). Only 36 % have annual income above 300 USD
but below 500.
More than 50% of the HH depend on farming and other agricultural activities such as cattle raising
and vegetable farming; and about 42 % depend on business as source of income and about 8% are
engaged in service.

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Table 5.19: Annual Income of HH

Amount (USD)
Number of
Percent (%)
HH/Families
Up to 300
72
48
Above 300 and below 500
54
36
Above 500 and Below 2000
24
16

Above 2000 and Below 5000

Above 5000 and Below 10000
Above 10000
Total

9
150

0.6
100 %

Average
Income/HH
100/month
120/month

650/month
-

Source: Project Consultant Household Survey (Feb 2013)

Table 5.20: Main Occupation of Affected Families

Type of Occupation
Number of
Percent
Families
(%)
Business & Agriculture
126
84
Commercial/Business
14
10
Professional/Business
10
6
Service Holder
Total
150
100 %
Source: Project Consultant Household Survey (Feb 2013)

5.7.3

Housing, Electricity and Water

The quality of life indicator shows that the majority (68%) of the HH have electricity supply, and
only about 32 % lack electricity supply. Observation indicates that electrical lines have already been
provided by the government, but some of them do not have power yet.
About 84 %of the HH are having piped water supply, and 10 % are having supply from protected
well. About 6% of the HH were having supply from-un-protected sources. All HH had the year
round accessibility of road.
Table 5.21: Housing, Electricity and Water
Electricity
HH having electricity supply
HH having no electricity supply
HH using solar
Total
Water supply
AH having piped water supply
AH having water supply from protected well
AH having water supply from un-protected sources
Total
Accessibility
Year-round accessibility
5.7.4

Percent (%)
68
31.4
0.60
100
84
10
6
100
100%

Poverty and Hardship

Three groups of households have been identified; (i) the poor i.e. those households that are on, or fall
below, the poverty line; (ii) the marginal i.e. those households that are not defined as poor, but are
within 15% of the poverty line and therefore remain vulnerable to economic shocks and risks; and,
(iii) the non-poor i.e. those households that earn more than 15% above the poverty line. Identifying
households in the marginal income group is important because while these households are not poor
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in terms of the officially defined poverty line, they suffer hardship in other ways, most commonly
this is a form of basic needs poverty, which manifests in households having to make compromises
and sacrifices as they struggle to meet daily or weekly living expenses, particularly those that require
cash payments. These households, as well as poor households, are vulnerable in a socio-economic
sense.
Table 5.22 shows the distribution of households across the three income groups. Overall, more than
half of the respondents (54%) are from poor households and some 16% are from marginal
households. There is a larger proportion of poor and marginal households within the project area.
Table 5.22 Poverty in Subproject Areas
Income group (%)
Sub-District
Poor
Marginal
Non-poor
Manatutu Vila
61.2
17.9
29.1
Lacrobar
49.8
14.5
21.2
Soibada
50.3
15.5
20.1
Natarbora
54.7
18.2
22.5
Total
54.00
16.52
23.2
Source: Project Consultant Household Survey (Feb 2013)

Even non-poor households may suffer different degrees of hardship or basic needs poverty (as
opposed to income poverty), including experiencing one or many of the following; (i) constantly
having to make choices between the competing demands for household expenditure and the limited
availability of cash income to meet that expenditure; (ii) having to make trade-offs between one bill
and another, food or school fees, utilities or bus-fares; (iii) borrowing regularly from "loan-sharks",
who charge very high interest rates, for small unsecured loans in order to meet family commitments
and community obligations; and, (iv) being frequently, or occasionally, in constant debt.
Households deemed to be experiencing basic poverty are facing hardship on a daily basis. They
struggle to cover expenses and purchase adequate and suitably nutritious food. About three-quarters
of respondents (77%) stated their household had lacked sufficient staple food in the past 12 months.
Respondents were then asked to quantify the number of months their household lacked food, more
than half (56%) were from households lacking food for between one and three months, with in the
order of a third (36%) lacking food for between four and six months. A small proportion of
respondents (9%) were from households that lacked food for seven or more months.
Nearly half of the respondents (48%) stated their household had been unable to provide for its basic
non-food needs, such as fuel, clothes, education or medical expenses, in the past 12 months.
Respondents were asked how many times their household had not been able to provide for its basic
needs in the last 12 months. This varied, on average, from once (for a third of households), nearly
half of respondents (49%) stating their household had not been able to provide for its basic needs
two or three times, 12% of household had not been able to provide basic needs between four and six
times, and through to a number of times per month with as many as four times per month for some
5% of households.
Respondents were asked what coping mechanisms they had had to employ to alleviate hardship in
the last six months, a very large proportion of respondents (over 90%) stated that their household had
made changes in respect of the food consumed with 96% of households eating fewer meals per day,
93% eating smaller meals, 99% eating less meat or vegetables, and 98% shifting to cheaper (and less
nutritional) foods.
Other coping mechanisms are shown in Table 5.23. A common strategy to cope with hardship is to
sell livestock or other household assets (65%). Over half of households (46%) borrow money, and
about half (50%) ask additional household members to work for cash. Some 40% of households
needed to accept gifts of food or money from relatives or seek food aid. More than a third of
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households (39%) stated they would keep children home from school (due to either lack of financial
resources for books or clothes/shoes) and a fifth of households sent children away to love with
better-off relatives.
Table 5.23 Strategies to Cope with Hardship and Poverty
SubDistrict

Manatutu
Laclubar
Soibada
Natarbora
Total

Borrow
money

52.0
55.2
50.1
57.2
46.13

Sell
livestock
or HH
assets

62.2
68.5
69.5
60.3
65.12

Coping mechanism (%)

Ask more
Keep
Accept
HH
chn
gifts/food
members to
from
aid
work
school

48.0
54.4
50.5
48.6
50.37

40.3
33.9
41.3
38.7
38.55

Migrate

38.0
41.3
40.8
38.7
39.7

Send chn
away to
relatives

6.5
8.2
9.5
7.4
7.9

19.6
14.1
12.5
11.7
14.55

Source: Project Consultant Household Survey (Feb 2013)

5.7.5

Ownership and Means of Transportation

Very few respondents captured in the survey stated that they or anyone in their household earned
money from driving vehicles. In all some 15 respondents noted there were people hired as drivers in
their households, including six motorbike drivers, three pick-up car and five van or truck drivers and
one person only drove people from their household.
A larger proportion of poor (60%) and marginal (67%) households own non-motorized transport
(NMT), including bicycle and animal drawn cart, compared with ownership of NMT by non-poor
(54%) households. The non-poor households demonstrate much greater ownership of cars/4WDs
(8%) and vans or trucks (13%), being nearly twice the ownership by poor households of these
transport modes.
5.7.6

Difficulties with Access

The survey included a number of questions concerned with with ease and reliability of access.
Results are shown in Table 5.24. Respondents were asked to describe the condition of the closest
main road. Nearly a third (30%) stated the road was in poor condition with cracks and small
potholes, 21% stated the road was in very bad condition (large cracks, ruts and/or potholes) and
another 12% stated it was very difficult to drive along the road and at times it was impassable. Only
11% of respondents stated that the nearest main road was in good condition and was regularly
maintained. A quarter of respondents stated the road was not regularly maintained but was in
average condition (passable for most of the time). The type of road provided to most facilities is
sealed or paved, for between 63% and 77% of respondents, foot tracks were the main form of access
to the five main facilities for between 3% and 10% of respondents while earth roads accounted for
the access for between 11% and 20% of respondents.
Table 5.24 Type of Access to Facilities
Type of road (%)
Facility
Foot track
Earth
Gravel
Market
9.5
16.9
10.9
Health centre
9.0
20.1
12.4
Primary school
5.0
19.2
11.5
Secondary
2.3
11.2
13.5
school

Sealed
62.8
58.5
64.3
73.0

Source: Project Consultant Household Survey (Feb 2013)

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Poverty and Social Impact Assessment (PSA)

5.8.1

Poverty Assessment

The impact of improved access through road rehabilitation and maintenance on poverty reduction
can be derived through (but not necessarily measured by) the (i) increased access of rural
communities to basic social services such as education, health care, and local markets; (ii) increased
employment opportunities for unskilled workers in the project area; (iii) indirect and induced
economic growth in the project-affected regions and the nation as a whole; and (iv) anticipated
reductions in transportation costs to road passengers, freight users, and vehicle operators.
5.8.2

Benefits to Agricultural Sector

The agricultural sector is important to the formal and informal economy of Timor-Leste. The
household survey demonstrates that both the poor and non-poor are engaged in farming. Table 5.25
shows that agriculture is the subsistence livelihood for 48.7% of the poor and 45.3% of the marginal
households, and is the main source of income for 62% of poor households, 53.4% of marginal
households and 55.6% of non-poor households.
Table 5.25 Reliance on Agriculture by Poor and Non-Poor
Income group

Poor
Marginal
Non-poor

Livelihood Source (%)

Primary
Secondary

41.6
39.8
6.2

7.1
5.5
54.5

Income Source (%)

Primary
Secondary

41.2
45.1
24.9

20.8
8.3
30.7

Source: Project Consultant Household Survey (Feb 2013)

A number of poverty assessments and studies have concluded that improving roads will, not in and
of themselves, reduce poverty or increase agricultural production, but rather that roads are a
necessary pre-requisite for development and better roads equals better access which will in turn
facilitate development and contribute to poverty reduction. In the context of agricultural production
in Timor-Leste, which for both livestock and crop production is the lowest in the region, contingent
actions and investments are required before significant improvements in poverty reduction will be
manifest. Consultation with a World Bank agricultural advisor to Ministry of Agriculture and
Forestry indicates that until agricultural productivity is increased there will not be substantial
reductions in poverty. Hence, benefits to the agricultural sector from road improvements are
expected to be longer-term, rather than, immediate.
As noted, in the PSA for the RSIP, coffee is one of the most important cash crops in Timor-Leste
and presents a great potential for economic growth and poverty alleviation. Yet its potential is
currently hampered by poor road conditions that makes it difficult, or impossible, for people to
transport their crops. This was confirmed by consultations undertaken for the preparation of a rural
development project in Manatutu (to be funded by JFPR/ADB) concluded that infrastructure is very
weak, and is the first priority for investment and development. The District Development Office
indicated that the top priority is roads, which are seen as critically important for people in rural areas
to access the market, followed by water, electricity, education, and then agricultural productivity.
In general, there is large variability among Sucos. The most part, the Sucos population varies
between about 500 and 2,500 (with few exceptions) and the densities are low. There is a definite
difference between characteristics of semi-urban Manatuto Town (better) and the rural Sucos
(worst). These data reinforces the notion that for the most part (with the exception of Manatuto
Town) this District includes poor rural population, making its living on subsistence farming. About
90% of the adult population (age 15-64) in the rural Sucos is involved in crop production; however
participation in the labor force averages only in the 50 percentiles (probably because there is not
enough work to go around).
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The Rice, which is expected to be the expanded crop in Timor Leste (see SDP), is not a major
crop in most of the Sucos, for the simple reason that it is largely a steep mountainous area. Thus,
rice is not expected to increase demand for traffic here.
About two-thirds of households are engaged in subsistence production; 61% cassava, 57% coconut,
and 62% grow maize. Around a third of households are involved in production of higher-value crops
such as rice (which at 54% makes Manatuto the third largest rice producing district), some 56%
grow various fruits and 51% grow vegetables, but only a third grow coffee. There are in the order
of 20,100 head of large livestock (cattle, buffalo and horse) in the district, giving an average of 2.4
head per household, and the third highest large livestock ownership in the country.
5.8.3

Creation of Employment & Impacts on the Local Economy

During the construction and maintenance stages of the Project, there will be a need for skilled
(engineers) and unskilled workers (labourers). To realize the maximum benefits of job creation
during the Project, it is important that a proportion of jobs be set aside for people from poor and
vulnerable households in the villages along the roads.
With the exception of involvement in maintenance, new jobs are temporary, and while a number of
unemployed poor laborers will benefit, the degree to which they will benefit is small.
Information from the consultants engineer and labour-based specialist provided estimates of the
likely requirements for total number of workers over the project period. According to the proposed
Calculation of the potential job creation and wages generation were based on these two stages:
a. Feasibility and detailed engineering design works undertaken from 2013 to 2014.
b. Civil works (Road, Bridge and Drainage) associated with upgrading and rehabilitation
undertaken over the period 2014-2016
5.8.4

Project Pre-Construction Works

During feasibility study and detailed engineering design, the activities to be undertaken will need
some local assistance. This will create temporary job to locals like enumerator/surveyor, skilled and
unskilled laborer, interpreter and have a better change of employment.
Labor based activities are as follows;
a. Enumerators for the survey on social analysis of the influenced area to determine numbers of
beneficiaries and socio-economic profiles. Preparation of resettlement plan (RP).
b. Local assistance in the survey work for the preliminary assessment of the road which
includes; pavement, drainage, structures and slope stability. Preliminary topographic
surveys, undertake traffic survey, and identification of materials sources.
c. Local engineers assistance in the preparation of program of the topographic survey and
geotechnical investigation for the detailed design. Determine cost effective options for
upgrading considering route terrain and minimum serviceability standards.
d. Local hire personnel as assistance for the clerical work on the activities to undertake the
environmental assessment of the project in accordance with the EARF established for this
project. Preparation of Initial Environmental Examination (IEE).
e. Surveyor, local assistance and enumerators to conduct the detailed topographic and
hydrological surveys, geotechnical investigations and review of traffic analysis prepared in
the FS.
f. Assistance to the engineer like CAD operator on the designing the pavement structure with
asphalt surfacing for 20 years design life. Review and update the IEE and RP.
g. Assistance to the engineer like CAD operator to undertake geometric design of horizontal
and vertical alignment of the road based on national standards and guidelines, and other
accepted design criteria such as the ASSHTO 2004.
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h. Assistance to the engineer, staff to undertake hydraulic analysis, and engineering design of
bridges, drainage structures and slope protection works.
i. Local hire engineers in preparation of unit price analysis and quantity calculations, and cost
estimates including implementation schedules. With draft bidding documents for review by
MPW and ADB, and incorporate comments as required.
5.8.5

Project Civil Works

Improvement and rehabilitation works are most likely to be divided into two contracts packages.
Contractors are likely to recruit people with skills or experience along with their permanent
employees. The types of activities that can be undertaken by local labor include: vegetation
clearance, construction of structures like bridges, roads, drainage, and construction of masonry
walls; therefore it is likely that between 15% and 20% of crew positions can be taken up by local
unskilled labor.
Using
the
formula
and
methodology
of
the
previous
feasibility
studies
(TA-7100, in 2009) as well as data from consultant and contractors approximation, a total of 2,425
person-months will be created by the Project. Using the above proportions of local labor, this would
equate to between 243 (10% local) and 485 (20% local) person-months work.
If a set aside for the poor, to the same proportion as within the population can be required, this would
mean 46% of the local labor component work can be set aside for people from poor and vulnerable
households. See Table 5.26.
Discussion with supervisors on engineering construction projects indicate the range of wages for
unskilled laborers for the types of activities discussed above would be in the order of US$115/month
(for a 20-day/ month based on Law No 4 of 2012 Labour Code of Timor-Leste). In terms of wages
generated, a total of between US$28,290 (10% local) and US$55,775 (20% local) will be earned, and
provide poor households with wages in the order of US$13,013 (10% local) and US$25,657 (20%
local) based on the wage rates discussed above. Actual rates may vary but this is indicative of the
considerable benefits that the project will provide poor households within the Project Area.
Table 5.26 - Unskilled Employment & Wages
Skilled jobs and wages
created
Total person-months

Year
2013

2014

2015

2016

Total

115

686

842

782

2,425

20% local

23

137.2

168.4

156.4

485

15% local

17.25

102.9

126.3

117.3

364

10% local

11.5

68.6

84.2

78.2

246

Wages 20% local (US$)

2,645

15,778

19,366

17,986

55,775

Wages 15% local (US$)

1,984

11,833.5

14,524.5

13,489.5

41,860

Wages 10% local (US$)

1,322.5

7,889

9,683

8,993

28,290

Wages for poor (20%) US$

1,216.7

7,257.9

8,908.4

8,273.6

25,657

Wages for poor (15%) US$

912.64

5,443.5

6,681.3

6,205.2

19,256

Wages for poor (10%) US$

608.35

3,628.9

4,454.2

4,136.8

13,013

In addition to the direct unskilled construction jobs, a substantial number of unskilled jobs will be
created by the industries that supply materials for the Project (excluding specialized equipment).
Major quantities of sand, rock, brick, gravel, ballast, and cement will be used.
Using the formula of the previous feasibility studies, for estimating the skilled wage generating
potential of the Project the assumptions include; (i) 5% of the total labor will be experienced and
senior engineers who will be engaged in supervisory roles; (ii) the supervisors will receive in the
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order of US$10,000/month while skilled workers (including a small contingent of junior engineers)
will receive monthly wages in the order of between US$550 US$1,250 (depending on number of
years of experience); (iii) while the NCB contracts will likely have a higher proportion of Timorese
workers than ICB, for the purposes of this assessment some 15% of senior engineers and two-thirds
of the skilled workers are assumed to be Timorese; and (iv) the skilled workers are non-poor.
Table 5.27 shows skilled jobs (person-months) and wages generated over the Project time-frame.
The table shows that in the order of US$2.1 million in total can be generated in wages for senior
engineers and skilled workers, and that in the order of almost $1 million could be wages for
Timorese labor. If a higher proportion of the total skilled labor could be drawn from Timorese
engineers, then the wages generated for Timorese over the Project period would be higher.
Table 5.27 - Skilled Employment & Wages
Skilled Jobs and Wages
Created
Total skilled person-months*

2013

2014

2015

2016

Total

187

395

488

574

1,599

Senior engineers (p-mth)

9.5

19.75

24.4

28.7

83

Skilled workers (p-mth)

123

325

412

498

1,358

Senior engineers wages

95,000

197,500

244,000

287,000

830,000

Skilled workers' wages

Local - senior engineers (pmth)
Local - skilled workers (pmth)
Local - senior engineers
wages
Local - skilled workers'
wages

110,700

292,500

370,800

448,200

1,222,200

14

82

215

272

328

897

14,250

29,625

36,600

43,050

123,525

73,800

193,500

244,800

295,200

807,300

An additional benefit of construction employment is the training that comes with it. Each worker
will be able to seek other construction work based on the experience and skills acquired on the
airport improvement project, another reason that these benefits should be retained in the region, if
not the immediate project area, rather than an influx of foreign workers who will not leave any built
capacity behind after project completion.
Combining the unskilled and skilled jobs, indicates that the Project will generate between 1,157
(10% local unskilled labor) to 1,406 (20% local unskilled labor) person-months employment in
total. While a set aside for the poor cannot be achieved for skilled labor, allocating nearly half of
unskilled local work to the poor will provide a significant opportunity for unskilled poor and lowincome workers in the project area to increase their household incomes.
Provision of food and other necessities to the construction work crews is another job-creating benefit
in the project area. Construction benefits include both income during construction and assets that
remain after the construction work is completed. The district governments can authorize femaleheaded and poor households to organize the food services to the construction camp. This ensures
that a measure of this impact will be both pro-women and pro-poor.
Generally in the vicinity of construction camp, restaurants, hotels and bars are built to accommodate
contractor staff. Many of the jobs associated with these can also be provided to women and the
poor. In addition, the demand creates an opportunity for local small business enterprises and microcredit organizations which have become increasingly involved in assisting women in starting small
businesses through providing advice and small loan funds to capture both job and business
opportunities for women.

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5.8.6

Feasibility Study Report

Distributional Analysis

The general distribution of project beneficiaries can be determined using the data derived from the
socio-economic survey conducted in the project influence area (See Table 5.28). The table shows
among the direct or primary beneficiaries are the owners and users of non-motorized transport
(NMT) and motorized transport.
Table 5.28 Distribution of Project Beneficiaries
Beneficiaries

5.8.7

Income group (%)

Poor

Marginal

Non-poor

Total

NMT owners

51.0

48.7

44.2

48.8

Motorbike owners

28.6

25.3

20.0

23.9

Other motorised transport (MT) owners

11.4

0.0

20.8

13.2

NMT user - travel to health centre

38.1

10.2

15.0

63.3

MT user - travel to health centre

27.2

5.4

4.1

36.7

NMT user - travel to reg. place of work

30.8

10.6

10.6

41.4

MT user - travel to reg. place of work

43.9

7.6

7.1

58.6

NMT user - transport goods to sell

21.0

7.0

9.0

37.0

MT user - transport goods to sell

37.5

7.4

17.9

62.9

Improve Access and Mobility

Nationally, the average walking time to the nearest motorable road is 14.9 minutes, however it is
significantly longer in the influence are of Manatutu to Natarbora road.
The Project will improve access to key facilities and services by undertaking works to upgrading and
rehabilitating the roads, these benefits will be enhanced in the four districts that will participate in
the economic activities and income generation, improving up to 90km of rural and feeder roads
linking with upgraded and maintained roads.
5.8.8

Improved Access to Health and Education

The survey results also show the use of roads and the mode of transportation commonly used to
reach primary and secondary schools. The beneficiary profile showed that overall the main mode of
transport for children travelling to primary and secondary school was very low. About 70 percent of
children going to school will walk 3 to 7 kilometers almost every day.
The average distance and travelling times to secondary schools in the districts are amongst the
longest across all districts. The average travel time for the country is 58 minutes, in the other subdistricts it ranges from 70 minutes in Natarbora to Laclubar and about 95 minutes in Laclubar to
Manatutu. Overall, the average distance to secondary school is 5.6 km while the average distance for
the four sub-districts of Manatutu is 45 km. Survey data shows that for between a fifth and 46% of
respondents, schools are located within 1.5 km from the household while for between a third and
half of respondents children must travel between 2-3 kilometers to either primary or secondary
school. Table 5.28 shows that in most cases the children from poor and marginal households have
farther to travel to school than children form non-poor households
The poor and those in rural areas have lower school enrolment rates (for every level of school). The
net enrolment rates (NER) for primary school is 73% for non-poor and 60% for the poor and the
NER for secondary school is 44% for the non-poor and 27% for the poor.

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Table 5.28 Distance to Schools by Income Group

Income
group

Facility

Primary school

Secondary
school

Poor
Marginal
Non-poor
Poor
Marginal
Non-poor

Distance to school in km (%)

< 0.5
1 to 3
3.5 to 9
> 10
38.8
47.6
10.9
2.7
43.9
38.3
10.5
7.3
45.8
46.7
4.2
3.3
9.0
49.7
26.1
15.2
18.5
22.8
38.6
20.1
20.8
34.6
26.4
18.2

Source: Project Consultant Household Survey (Feb 2013)

5.8.9

Improving Access to Health Services

The distances from household to clinic locations of survey respondents interviewed passengers vary
to a large extent for poor and non-poor. Table 5.5.6 shows that a smaller proportion of poor (15%)
than non-poor (27%) are locate within 0.5km of a health clinic while some 43% of the poor
compared with 23% of non-poor must travel between 3.5km and 9km to reach a health clinic.
Table 5.29 Distance to Health Centre by Income Group
Income
group

Facility

Poor
Marginal
Non-poor

Health centre

Distance to clinic in km (%)

< 0.5
1 to 3
3.5 to 9
> 10
15.2
37.0
43.1
4.7
11.8
35.1
44.8
8.3
27.9
46.1
23.0
2.9

Source: Project Consultant Household Survey (Feb 2013)

In Timor-Leste, hospital/clinic services are provided free of charge, and there is no disincentive for
people not to go to hospitals/clinics when in need. Thus, this difference in the proportions of those
who go to hospitals/clinics for routine checkups among the non-poor, poor, and very poor implies
that there are reasons other than hospital fees, such as the lack of affordable transportation, poor or
inadequate health facilities and staff. Nationally some 42% of people did not seek treatment because
the health center was too far and 3% because they lacked transportation.
Table 5.30 shows that there is little difference in reasons for not seeking treatment between males
and females, but study of this survey data shows that health treatment seeking behavior is highly
correlated with access difficulties. The health problem not being serious enough accounts for the
main reason for over half of those not seeking treatment, while bad roads account for 11%-15% and
lack of transportation accounts for 15% - 18% of reasons for not seeking treatment.
Table 5.30 Main Reasons for Not Seeking Treatment for Illness
Gender of
Hhold
member

Reason for not seeking treatment (%)

Hlth
problem
not serious
enough

Too difficult
to get there
- bad roads

Too difficult
to get there
- lack trans.

No time off
work

Too
expensive

Males

50.3

11.1

14.8

9.8

1.0

Females

51.9

Service not
good
quality

No cure for
hlth
problem

Other

0.8

5.2

12.7

15.2
17.6
8.8
0
1.1
Source: Project Consultant Household Survey (Feb 2013)

4.5

11.9

The cost of disrupted economic activities resulting from treatment not sought due to access
difficulties has been calculated by taking data from TLSLS in respect of number of days disrupted,
and the proportion of those with ailments not seeking treatment due to transportation and/or access
difficulties. In terms of a district breakdown, the most recent health data available is that reported for
2005 and is based on outpatient and admitted cases for the population aged five years and older. The

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proportion of these that would be members of the labor force was determined using the TLSLS
figures.
According to TLSLS figures 2009 data, a total of 274,991 days are disrupted as a result of sick
people not seeking treatment due to bad roads and lack of transportation. Using an average of
US$1.50 day as a proxy for average minimum wage, this means the minimum cost of people not
seeking treatment as a direct result of difficult access is in the order of US$412,487/year.
While improving roads is critical to facilitating easy and all-year access to key facilities and services,
improving passenger transport services would also contribute to a reduction in the costs associated
with disrupted economic activities.
5.8.10 Improving Passenger Transport Services
As part of the studies undertaken during Phase 1 of the PPTA, a passenger transport assessment was
completed. The assessment included in the Phase 1 report noted that there is a consensus that interurban and rural transport services are constrained by the poor road infrastructure. Some rural routes
are impassable and others are very expensive in terms of operating costs. Improving and maintaining
the roads is the most important requirement for extending road transport services.
The main factor that limits the access and impedes mobility (quality and quantity of road transport
services) is inadequate and poorly maintained roads and river crossings. Therefore there is need to;
(i) maintain existing infrastructure; (ii) ensure funds availability for future maintenance; (iii)
prioritize spots needing most urgent attention; and (iv) replace failed river crossings.
Given the free market in transport services, the present economic transport demand can be
considered to be matched by the existing transport supply. The demand might be higher if the roads
were better, but given the current state of the roads, transport entrepreneurs are unable to operate
additional services and make sufficient profit to justify the investment and operating costs.
However, there is unmet transport demand. Women and men in rural areas would like better
transport services to allow them to reach medical centers, educational establishments, markets and
economic centers. They would also like to travel more for family visits and leisure, if there were
transport services that were available and affordable. This latent demand may be met if transport
services become locally available at prices people can afford. On some roads there are no regular
motorized services, due to the poor condition of the road. If the road is repaired sufficiently to allow
motorized services to operate, some of this latent demand will be met, depending on the cost of the
service and its reliability.
Even on routes where transport operators complain there is not enough existing demand, passengers
can be encouraged to travel through improved timetabling, predictability, and service quality. It may
be presumed that with road improvements, there could be a rapid increase in rural passenger
numbers as the latent demand is met. Thereafter, transport demand can be said to increase in line
with predictions for population and economic growth. Since most urban traffic routes are already
passable by public transport vehicles, there is much less unfulfilled latent demand. Therefore urban
transport demand is likely to follow predictions for urban population growth.
The assessment noted that the development of transport terminal infrastructure is not an urgent
priority but that the appropriate location of transport terminals is much more important than the
infrastructure itself. Record shows that transport operators and their passengers are opting for
roadside stands and/or patches of bare ground, in preference to built terminals.
Well-built and well-located transport terminals benefit passengers, transport operators and
supporting services (including retailers). Terminals should provide (depending on local
circumstances): (i) sheltered area and seating for passengers; (ii) safe temporary parking for public
transport vehicles (including buses, mikrolets, buses, trucks and taxis and/or motorcycle taxis); (iii)
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water points and toilets; (iv) designated areas for traders and service suppliers that do not encroach
the roadways, sidewalks or passenger facilities; (v) secure parking for bicycles; and, (vi)
parking/waiting areas for private cars.
5.8.11 Perceived Benefits and Impacts
After the review and evaluation of the gathered data, the beneficiaries perceive the benefits, risks and
opportunities associated with the possible upgrading and rehabilitation of the road, drainage,
shoulders and bridges will shows that this will be significant on the development at the influence
area.
The main benefits can be grouped into a number of themes, as presented in Table 5.31. Between
50% and three-quarters of respondents considered the project would create benefits in terms of
improving transportation and travel. Making travel safer and more comfortable, and providing
opportunities for improved bus services, were identified as benefits by 60% of respondents. Benefits
for economic activities were considered as potential Project outcomes by between 35% and 70% of
respondents, including improving market access, increased opportunities for trade and marketing,
increased opportunities for a wider range of goods to be available locally. Social benefits were
identified by between 60% and 80% of respondents including improvement in access to important
facilities and services (70%), improving the communication between sucos (60%), and improving
access to Dili capital. In the order of three-quarters of respondents identified benefits derived during
the works period of the Project in terms of construction employment opportunities (72%) and
opportunities to sell goods (food etc) to construction workers (68%).
Table 5.31 Range of Project Benefits Identified
Benefit group and specifics

Transportation and Travel

Reduced travel costs

Reduced travel time/faster travel
Reduced accidents
Increased pedestrian safety
Bus services will improve and become more reliable
Safer and more comfortable travel

50
54
57
60
75
70

Benefits for economic activities

More goods available locally

Increased production/reduction in damage to agri. goods
Increased trade opportunities and marketing
Improved access to markets
Improved access to employment opportunities

68
35
40
65
70

Social benefits

Improved access to important services and facilities

Communications between sucos will improve
Increased and improved access to Dili

70
80
60

Project-related benefits

Employment during civil and maintenance works

72
Opportunities to sell goods to construction workers
68
Source: Project Consultant Household Survey (Feb 2013)

Negative impacts were also identified, however the proportion of respondents indicating that there
would be negative impacts as a result of the project were small and insignificant.
A larger proportion of respondents were willing to rank anticipated impacts in terms of high or low
impact, with a number of respondents who had previously indicated there would not be negative
impacts, answering the questions on the degree of impact that could be caused.

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5.9

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Gender Assessment

5.9.1

Gender Impact Analysis

A brief social analysis of the project area was undertaken with particular reference to the gender
dimension. The conduct of this analysis in line with the ADBs objective to conform to the growing
recognition of gender as a development priority and the encouragement of donor agencies to include
gender mainstreaming in a developing countrys policy framework on the context of equal sharing
of development benefits.
The study team conducted a rapid social assessment to identify social and gender issues of the
project area and the potential impact of project intervention of these gender issues. This analysis
attempts to identify the intended social benefits and development outcomes and risks of the project
implantation and to provide recommendations in order that the proposed project may strengthen or
modify existing social structures to increase gender equity that would contribute to the full
realization of project benefits and attainment of sustainability.
5.9.2

Significance of Gender Analysis in Social Development

Men and Women constitute two potentially different categories of stakeholders, with varying needs,
capabilities, resources and preference. In specific instances, male and female interests may coincide,
but it is important to consider the social norms and expectations pertaining to men and women in any
given society, and they matter for development purposes, in particular, gender difference and
inequity affect development outcomes.
The Asian Development Bank, as a donor agency, has made a substantial start in defining sectorspecific issues in gender for the transport sector. The ADBs Strategy on Gender makes a compelling
case for integrating gender into all of its practices, emphasizing that gender inequity impedes
economic growth, poverty reduction and the effectiveness of Bank-supported programs.
5.9.3

Evaluation of Road Project Outcomes and Social Impacts

This section involves a brief analysis of probable negative and positive impacts of road infrastructure
on gender.
Initial assessment of the gender impact project road was undertaken based on several case studies
undertaken by Asian Development Bank and World Bank in selected developing countries.
Based on initial analysis, the following were the identified probable positive and negative impacts of
road infrastructure projects on gender:
a. Potential Positive Impacts on Gender
i.
Increase in transport services providing more convenient and faster travel enabling
women and girls to travel safely further from home;
ii.
Greater affordability of transport;
iii.
Improvement of rural health, education and other services such as agricultural extension;
iv.
Urban health education, financial and other services become more accessible to rural
women;
v.
Girls have more chance to attend high schools and colleges;
vi.
Markets are easier to reach and trading opportunities for women increase;
vii.
More customers during civil works come to the locality and improvement of
opportunities to expand small enterprise operated by women;
viii.
Women are able to enjoy greater social travel to maintain family ties;
ix.
Employment opportunities generated for local labor including women, especially rural
roads with labor-intensive construction, and sometimes national highways, providing
much needed cash income for women and the poor;
x.
Poor women, especially female headed households are benefited through provisions for
local contracting labor recruitment, and local maintenance contracts;
xi.
Health and safety problems for women are minimized since the project avoided the use
of large contingents of outsider labor.
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xii.
xiii.
xiv.

Feasibility Study Report

At the local level, contractors and laborers were engaged for constructions and
subsequent maintenance;
Labor-intensive construction methods, small-scale local contracting and decentralized
implementation arrangements provide employment for women and men using small
contractors to build roads, markets and other civil works;
Pro-poor approach to improve the road network demonstrated that labor-based
construction method can be technically and economically efficient and can be applied to
large-scale investment projects.

b. Potential Negative Impacts on Gender

i.
Opening up of previously remote or isolated inhabited regions increases the spread of
HIV/AIDS;
ii.
Trafficking of girls and women increases, especially in localities near national highways
and cross-border corridors. The risk is greatest in areas where women have low status
and where there is widespread poverty;
iii.
In gender-segregated societies, women are unable to travel or trade unless they are
women only sections and facilities in buses, trucks , boats waiting rooms and at markets;
iv.
Opening up of remote rural areas may have negative influence on the culture, property
rights and way of life of already disadvantaged ethnic minorities. Indigenous/elder
women are often exploited to promote tourism;
v.
Increased volume of commercial and private traffic may disproportionately affect the
health, security and safety of women and children;
vi.
Resettlement has disproportionately negative effects on women and there are least likely
to benefit from compensation;
vii.
Increased rural-to-urban and labor migration may have negative impacts on rural
women, for example, major poor, disadvantaged, female-headed households;
viii.
Labor migration increases the risk that returning male workers will transmit HIV/AIDS
to rural women and children;
ix.
Road way traffic accident phobias may divide a community impacting on kin and social
networks and areas to services and economic activities;
x.
Establishment of constructions and influx of outside or migrant workers can lead to
cultural influences, new diseases and negative social impact;
xi.
Rise in crime caused degradation in security;
xii.
Loss of lives due to poor working conditions that led to less security
xiii.
Loss of customers to businesses in towns meant fewer opportunities for small businesses
in rural areas;
xiv.
Accidents due to vehicles which are not road-worthy caused degradation in security;
xv.
In the provision of connectivity to major cities, communities are highly vulnerable
making junctions and surrounding areas exposed to the following risk:
o Gender discrimination.
o Drought affected.
o Loss of traditional livelihoods;
o Child labor and engaging in women;
o The high-risk groups are: truck drivers, women and children especially from scheduled
tribes and poor households, migrant laborer and construction workers.
5.9.4

Gender-responsive Actions to be taken

To address the various identified potential negative impacts of road projects on gender and to
enhance equal gender participation in order to attain the full realization of the benefits and
sustainability of the project, various interventions with specific focus on gender are recommended to
be taken, based on experiences in selected developing countries, such as:
a. Institutional Strengthening
b. Proposing appropriate and effective gender mechanisms within the institutions and provide
support for taking gender concerns into account in all aspects of planning and programming.
c. Provide training on gender considerations for both central and local government level;
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Feasibility Study Report

d. Increasing the number of women in local, district and regional decision-making assemblies
by setting minimum levels of women representatives;
e. Giving emphasis on social impacts on transport sector development and integration of
gender issues across all policy areas;
f. Redressing the imbalances in staffing and maintaining an equitable representation of women
at all levels within the organization;
g. Womens Associations represented in the bodies in charge of planning and implementation.
h. Strengthening womens participation in decision-making on district, urban and community
roads.
i. Incorporation of the transport needs of both women and men in district and sub-country
development plans; and
j. Encourage participation of women in planning transport interventions.
5.9.5

Capacity Building

The implementation of institutional strengthening and capacity building must be introduced by the
implementing agency for the project. The following are some recommendation to effectively monitor
the gender sensitiveness of the project.
a. Ensuring that women have employment opportunities in the transport sector, either as
contractors or workers;
b. Introduction of labor-based road construction methods wherein the labor construction team
consisted of about 30 percent women members;
c. Informing women of potential employment opportunities in road works;
d. Involving of women in both routine and periodic maintenance of road such as excavating to
level, ditching, spreading of gravel including earthen embankments and planting of trees;
e. Encouraging women to set up small construction businesses through training and
networking;
f. Formation of labor contracts with landless or destitute women for routine maintenance and
tree treatment of women at work;
g. Taking special care in the treatment of women and men in labor-based road works;
h. Equal recruitment opportunities for women and men in labor-based road works;
i. Ensuring equal rights of men and women as laborers in working hours and income;
j. Ensuring that women are represented in the workers welfare committees;
k. Visitation to sites to observe the working environment ; and
l. Providing family planning support and HIV/AIDS protection to many female workers and
proper gender education through conferences, consultations with psychologist and the
distribution of condoms.
5.9.6

Infrastructure Support Facilities

The gender sensitive facilities should be considered in all stages of the project cycle in order to ideal
the needs of the vulnerable genders. The following are some recommendation that the gender
development will be visible in the project area.
a. Construction of a number of facilities such as toilets and sheds at strategic places along the
road;
b. Construction of road camps during construction with separate facilities for men and women
providing shelters for breastfeeding mothers; and
c. Construction of ramps within urban areas at intersections in front of building structures for
easy and safe access of women, children and disabled.
d. Construction of sidewalk and street lights on community built up or urban areas to avoid
accident on the children and elderly citizens.

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5.10

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Social Action Plan

For addressing social impacts, the SAP is effectively the equivalent of the environmental
management plan. The SAP sets out the measures required mitigating the adverse social impacts
and a risk identified in the assessment, and also includes the measures to increase or enhance Project
benefits. Enhancing the expected benefits form the Project will largely be through the civil works
implementation until the completion of the road.

5.10.1 Risk Management

The overall level of negative social impacts will be minor. The majority of impacts will occur
during the civil works (upgrading and rehabilitation) phase, and will be temporary, localized, and
readily controlled. A numbers of these impacts are also identified in the Projects IEE and will be
addressed through the EMP.
The spread of STIs and HIV during civil works phase through the presence of ICB and NCB
contractors has been identified as a potential risk. This can be addressed through implementation of
the STIs and HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention campaign aimed at (i) contractors employees,
and (ii) villages along the roads.
A second social risk of the Project is potential conflicts between contractors and residents, if workers
abuse the rights of local people, which may include sexual harassment of women, or seduction of
young girls looking for fun and money, damage to property, theft, drunkenness and fights between
local men and outsiders. The contractors will be required to establish camps for the foreigners and
Timorese workers who do not live locally. Foreigners and Timorese from other districts could be
considered as an opportunity for young people to access money and goods which would normally
be out of their reach. Concern was expressed about children and teenagers spending time at camps,
and particularly teenage girls.
The feasibility study up to detailed engineering design stage will include a training component on
local engineers and skilled worker. During construction there will be seminar and training awareness
about transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS and STIs, therefore selected communities in the
sub-districts will benefit from training on prevention of communicable sexual infections. Other
communities will be reached through the delivery of the Projects STIs and HIV awareness and
prevention program. Trafficking has not been identified as a significant risk, but it is a risk
nonetheless and anti-trafficking measures should be incorporated into the implementation of road
projects as a matter of good practice.
The Tables 5.32 sets out the measures for the management of social risks (also this will address in
the IEE report).

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Table 5.32 - Measures for Management of Social Risks

Risk 1: Spread of STIs/HIV/AIDS and Human Trafficking/Child Exploitation
Sub-project Activity
Risk Management activity
Expected outcome
Contract
Contract clauses requiring contractor to
Increased awareness;
negotiations and
engage a qualified NGO to provide HIV/AIDS
No unprotected sexual activity will
award
and STIs training (education and information)
occur during civil works phase
and make condoms accessible to all
employers paid by the contactor
Immediate preSTIs and HIV/AIDS training team contracted
Communities in vicinity of reconstruction
to provide community awareness program
instated roads will be fully
informed about the risks of STIs
and HIV/AIDs
Detailed
Awareness campaign through public
STIs and HIV/AIDS training
Engineering and
consultation ;
prevention program will be shared
Civil works
Monitoring by PMU and safeguards specialist
during consultations.
Risk 2: Conflict between workers and residents
Subproject Activity
Risk Management activity
Expected outcome
Contract negotiations Contract clauses requiring contractor to set
Workers will maintain acceptable
and award
(i) targets for employment of local labor
codes of conduct on threat of
(including targets for women); (ii) village
dismissal;
protocols (requiring workers to treat
Compliance with labor code
landowners/villages with respect); (iii) a code
of behaviour towards girls and women; and,
(iv) no employment of child or trafficked labor
Immediate preContractor visits all villages to explain and
All households in the subproject
construction
negotiate construction activities accompanied
area will be fully informed about
by PMU and safeguards specialist.
road works;
Negotiations will be conflict-free
Detailed Engineering
Consultations undertaken to ensure that
Timely and informative
and Civil works
communities are aware of opportunities for
consultations with communities and
employment in re-instatement activities,
leaders, free and frank exchange
maintenance works and CEC, as well as for
about activities and requirements;
provision of food etc to workers;
No conflict during construction
Monitoring by PMU and safeguards specialist;
Implementation of communications plan
assisted and facilitated by PMU and
safeguards specialist
Construction activities planned in manner
Women have opportunity to
that accommodates womens existing
participate in Project works and
work/time burden; i) adopting task rates
have opportunities for employment
rather than daily rates; ii) flexibility in starting
over four-year period;
time; iii) undertake most works during the offLivelihood and socio-economic
peak agricultural seasons;
status of women improves
Awareness creation about the significance of
women controlling cash;
Gender equity
Awareness creation, targeting women, about
measures
the risks associated with exposure to public
life;
Womens income is likely to be spent on
improving household welfare, payment of
school fees and purchase of productive
assets;
Participation in CEC construction and skillsbuilding activities
During preparation of Ensuring most local laborers are residents of
Increased community-based
RP and Detailed
aldeias/sucos along the road;
involvement with infrastructure
Engineering
management;

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5.10.2 Enhancing Project Benefits

In addition to mitigating social impacts (or managing the social risks), there are measures that can be
included in the project to maximize benefits. There should be a Livelihood training program be
provided to the community in the influence area.
This proposed livelihood program will give the local community the opportunity employed during
civil works or put up some small scale business within the project area. This will enhance and
support skills development for rural poor and vulnerable groups (including poor household,
disadvantaged women, unemployed youth) through literacy, numeracy, basic business skills
(agriculture and horticulture) training, and raising community awareness through life skills program
on road safety, primary health and gender. Selected NGOs will design and provide several skills
development and community awareness programs to community workers and their family members.
On the community to be actively engaged in upgrading and rehabilitation of this rural feeder road,
these will have a fully benefit from improved roads for market opportunities and access to social
services, it is essential for them to have basic skills training such as literacy and numeracy. As rural
roads connectivity and traffic flow increase, it is also important to raise communitywide awareness
regarding road safety, gender and health issues including STI/HIV/AIDS prevention. This
component is aimed at developing human resource capacities of the poor and vulnerable population
in rural communities, in order to ensure the sustainability of community-based road maintenance and
to maximize socioeconomic benefits from improved rural roads. The following activities will be
carried out.
The Gender development should take it to consideration by given the prevalence of key gender
issues in rural local community workers, the project will organize workshops where participants
men as well as womencan learn about womens rights and broader human rights, risks of genderbased violence, and managing gender relations in the household and in work sites.

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5.11

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Indicators for Monitoring

The social assessment undertaken for the RSIP identified the following indicators/measures for the
monitoring and evaluation of that project:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Reduced average travel time to market in project areas by 10%;

Reduced average travel time to health facilities and schools in project areas by 10%;
Increased frequency of road transport service by 5%;
Increase in job opportunities in the road corridor areas by 5%; and
Increased economic and agricultural trade by 5%.

Identifying such specific targets can be difficult to measure and quantify and will require monitoring
to utilize highly prescriptive methodologies (survey) rather than approaches that can provide and
supplement an understanding of more subtle improvements and changes over time. Furthermore,
targets specified in such a way can lead to an incomplete understanding of benefits accruing from the
Project, for example, if cross-border trade increased by 3.5% and did not meet the target of 5%
would that mean the Project was not successful? If average travel time to health facilities had not
been reduced by 10% but several emergency trips had been made more easily, an indicator that is not
picked up in the above targets, would that mean the Project was not successful?
It should also be noted that the targets specified above cannot be linked solely with road upgrading
and access improvements. While it is important to set targets for monitoring, any improvements over
an identified base-case should be considered to be benefits accruing to communities.
The poverty social impact and benefit monitoring approach recommended for the Project is a
combination of quantitative (survey) and qualitative (most significant change) data gathering. Prior
to completion of the works for the road project, a baseline survey will be undertaken. A monitoring
plan covering a number of performance indicators will be further developed to measure and monitor
benefits as well as anticipated risks and possible negative impacts from the road projects. In order to
undertake this work, DRFCBs PMU with the assistance of the safeguards specialist (part of the
Project Supervision Consultant), with the assistance of an independent poverty/social monitoring
specialist, will establish and implement a project performance management system (PPMS). The
socio-economic indicators can be incorporated into the overall PPMS to show that the social risks
associated with the Project are being avoided or adequately mitigated and whether the benefits are
accruing as expected.
The monitoring plan for social benefits and risks is provided in Table 5.33 The evaluation and
measurement was based on the indicators derived from the survey data that acquired in the project
influence area.

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Table 5.33 Poverty and Social Impact Monitoring Framework

Direct Social Benefits

Indicator

Measurement Means

Number of households/population below/above poverty

line;
Increase in people engaged in regular waged work;
Reduced household hardship and improved food security
and household well-being;
Increase in number of improved houses (tin roof/water
tanks), permanent materials etc

Poverty reduction

Employment during construction

and maintenance

Increased passenger transport

services

Increased volume of production

for cash sale

Increased role of women in

village decision making;
empowerment of women

Indirect Social Benefits

Promotion of socio-economic
development in the area

District and sub-district link and

access
Educational access and
progress
Family/household educational
attainment

Potential Negative Impacts

Legal wages paid to workers;

No use of trafficked or child labor for construction and
maintenance activities;
Employment targets set for women and the poor;
No differential wages paid between men and women for
work of equal value;
A specific clause placed in bidding documents that
compliance will be strictly monitored during project
implementation;
Increases in local vehicle passenger transport fleet;
Increased number of bus stops;
At least one passenger/transport vehicles will call at xx
villages on the stretch daily;
Increased investment in provision transport services in
the subproject location
Long-term increase in overall agricultural production,
especially cash crops such as coffee and fruits;
Improved access to local markets and Dili
No. of women on village authorities/committees
No. of women engaged in construction and maintenance
activities
No. of women accessing existing credit schemes and
successfully paying back loans

Indicator

Generates professional people in the area

District band sub-district area will become renowned
Better opportunity to develop the area

Indicator

Compliance with RP;

Satisfaction of APs with process and compensation
Poor and marginalized households affected by project
(compared with proportion of non-poor)

Indicator

Survey Data
Socio-economic assessment
Domestic Violence report
Household census data
Survey Data
Socio-economic assessment
Domestic Violence report
Household census data
District health statistics;
Survey data;
Records of A&P program
implemented
As identified in RP prepared for the
road project
RRA, MSC and baseline data

Measurement Means

HIV/AIDS awareness & prevention program implemented

prior to construction
Inclusion of trafficking awareness and prevention
component
Public awareness programs to beneficiaries and
communities living in subproject areas

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No. of women to be specified in

terms of % of village population and
viz-a-viz men;
RRA, FGDs and MSC reporting
Project reports

Measurement Means

Land and/or resource

acquisition
Exclusion of poor and
marginalized groups

Public participation, consultation

& awareness

Records of production in area

Consultations with cooperatives etc

Survey data
Household census data in longer
term

Increase in STD and HIV/AIDS rates;

NGO engaged to implement A&P program

Enhanced social awareness for

prevention of HIV/AIDS and
trafficking

Vehicle numbers viz-a-viz

passenger transport vehicle
numbers;
No. of pax and cargo trips per day;
RRA, FGDs and MSC reporting

Measurement Means

Increased literacy in official and working languages

Increased waged and off-farm employment
Increased household incomes
Reduced seasonal and out migration
Open a potential development/tourism in the area
Generate National and local income
Access to Relative and family

Increase in HIV/AIDS & STIs

resulting from construction
phase activities

Other Interventions

Baseline survey data (incl. existing

sources such as TLSLS);
RRA for participatory poverty study
and assessment;
Focus group discussions (FGDs)
and most significant change (MSC)
reporting;
Project reports
No. of LBES contracts let;
Construction contract wage bills;
Project monitoring reports esp. to
identify if targets being met;
FGDs and MSC reporting

Project reports
Independent monitoring report
Project reports
Independent monitoring report

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5.12

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Resettlement Framework
The RP is based on ADBs Safeguards Policy Statement of 2009 (SPS 2009) as well as the TimorLestes applicable/domestic policy instruments and laws. The RP fits with the provisions of the
Resettlement Framework (RF) that has been formulated to provide the basis of preparing the RP to
mitigate adverse impacts under the subproject. The following section deals with these policies with a
comparison of two policies and subsequently deals with the entitlements and eligibility for
compensation and other resettlement entitlements.
The government proposes the Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP), and to promote quality
and safety and ensure greater economic and social benefits to the people. It will be designed taking
into account social safeguard policies of ADB that include avoiding and/or minimizing resettlement
impacts. However, this road improvement includes widening and realignment and hence it is likely
to have some unavoidable impacts on assets of non-titleholders. However, as a result of an extensive
exercise in minimizing adverse resettlement impacts, the Project reduced impacts to a small number
of families.

5.12.1 Existing Policy and Legal Framework for Resettlement

The Section 141 of the Constitution states that the ownership, use and development of land as one of
the factors for economic production shall be regulated by law. Section 54 of the Constitution covers
the right to private property and provides for:
a. Every individual has the right to private property and can transfer it during his or her
lifetime or on death, in accordance with the law.
b. Private property should not be used to the detriment of its social purpose.
c. Requisitioning and expropriation of property for public purposes shall only take place
following fair compensation in accordance with the law.
d. Only national citizens have the right to ownership of land.
The first land law of Timor-Leste was promulgated in March 2003 and was designed to serve as an
umbrella law for the rest of the land and property regime. The law defined State property of private
domain, established the Directorate of Land, Property and Cadastral Services (DLPCS) as a legal
entity and defined its jurisdiction, and articulated general rules concerning land tenure and property
rights to be further developed by ensuing legislation. Moreover, this law established a one-year
period for both nationals and non-nationals to register their land claims. Effectively Law No. 1/2003
vests all land that belonged to the Portuguese state, and all state property acquired or built by the
Indonesian regime, in the new state of Timor-Leste.
A decree issued by the Government in February 2011 provides for granting compensation to relocate
unlawful occupants of State property based on humanitarian considerations. The Ministry of Justice
(MOJ) through Ministerial Statute establishes the basis for calculating compensation. Another decree
promulgated in July 2011 passed in June 2011 provides for the granting of title certificates to
landowners/persons in areas where cadastral surveys have been completed (following registration
and verification of claims by the government) and confirmed that the claims to land are undisputed.
Among the claims registered so far under the Ita Nia Rai program, some 92 per cent of claims are
undisputed.
There are no specific laws on involuntary land acquisition and compensation. The legal basis for
declaring the right of way outside the current road footprints has not been established. When road
works required land in the past, the Government negotiated with the owners or users (including
squatters) on a case by case basis. According to past practice, when land was required for project
development, concerned parties under the direction of local authorities (district and sub- district
Land and Property Units and village) negotiated and reached agreement on compensation rates, total
compensation amount, and the procedures or mechanism for compensation and transfer.
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5.12.2 ADB Safeguard Policies

The ADBs Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) provides comprehensive guidance on complying
with the requirements for environmental and social safeguards (involuntary resettlement and
Indigenous Peoples) in Projects. It aims to avoid or minimize the impacts on people affected by a
project, and to provide support and assistance for those who lose their land and property, as well as
for others whose livelihoods are affected by the acquisition of land or restriction on land use.
Resettlement planning is designed to provide APs with a standard of living equal to, if not better
than, that which they had before the project. The policy is guided by the following principles:
a. Involuntary resettlement is to be avoided or at least minimized;
b. Compensation must ensure the maintenance or improvement of the APs pre-project
living standards;
c. APs should be fully informed and consulted on compensation options;
d. APs socio-cultural institutions should be supported/used as much as possible;
e. Compensation will be carried out with equal consideration of women and men;
f. Lack of formal legal land title should not be a hindrance to assistance/rehabilitation;
g. Particular attention should be paid to households headed by women and vulnerable
groups, such as indigenous people and ethnic minorities, and appropriate assistance
should be provided to help them improve their status;
h. Land acquisition and resettlement should be conceived and executed as a part of the
Project, and the full costs of compensation should be included in project costs;
i. Compensation/rehabilitation assistance will be paid prior to ground leveling and
demolition, and in any case, before an impact occurs.
The policy comprises three important elements. The first is the compensation to replace lost assets,
livelihood, and income second; assistance for relocation, including provision of relocation sites with
appropriate facilities and services; and the third is the assistance for rehabilitation to improve or
achieve at least the same level of wellbeing with the project as without it.
A projects involuntary resettlement category is determined by the category of its most sensitive
component in terms of involuntary resettlement impacts. The involuntary resettlement impacts of an
ADB-supported project are considered significant if 200 or more persons will experience major
impacts, which are defined as (i) being physically displaced from housing, or (ii) losing 10% or more
of their productive assets (income generating). The level of detail and comprehensiveness of the
resettlement plan are commensurate with the significance of the potential impacts and risks.
5.12.3 Policy Framework and Entitlements
The legal and policy framework on resettlement in Timor-Leste has been compared with the
requirements of ADB and some gaps have been identified. The gap filling measures and resettlement
policy principles for the project are as follows:
a. The Constitution gives the power to the state to expropriate land for public purposes
paying due compensation in accordance with the law. While there are some laws on
ownership of state land and claims to private land (undisputed parcels), no law is in
place that regulates how that expropriation can take place or compensation measures.
The draft Expropriation Law is awaiting Parliaments approval. When the expropriation
law is enacted, the Government will be able to acquire land for road improvement under
eminent domain or involuntarily. Until an expropriation mechanism is in place, the
project will follow the approach of negotiated settlement/purchase of land.
b. A substantive amount of land in Timor is not registered. The Government has started
issuing land title certificates in urban areas, which will help in identifying land owners.
In rural areas where most of the road sections will be improved, the DLPCS will identify
and establish ownership claims for the land parcels required for the project roads.
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c. The absence of an active land market in rural areas poses a challenge to determine the
market or replacement value of the affected land. Professional valuation expertise under
the Project Management Unit (PMU) supported by ADB will be requested to assist the
DLPCS for valuation of affected assets to determine fair compensation at replacement
cost to APs;
d. (iv) Resettlement impacts will be minimized through careful engineering design;
e. APs will be systematically informed and consulted during the entire process of
resettlement planning and implementation, including assessment of possible impacts on
their livelihoods, purchase of land/assets, determining compensation/resettlement
options, and socio-economic rehabilitation measures. They will be informed of their
rights and options and be invited to participate actively in the identification of mitigation
and rehabilitation measures;
f.

The APs will be identified and recorded as early as possible in order to establish their
eligibility through a population record or census that serves as an eligibility cut-off date,
usually around the time of initial consultations, at the subproject identification stage, to
prevent a subsequent influx of encroachers or others who wish to take advantage of such
benefits;

g. Consistent with donor policies, eligible APs are those that: a) have formal legal rights to
land (including customary and traditional rights recognized under the laws of the
country); b) do not have formal legal rights to land at the time the census begins but
have a claim to such land or assets--provided that such claims are recognized under the
laws of the country or become recognized through a process identified in the
resettlement plan; and c.) have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are
occupying, before the cut-off date;
h. Eligible APs are entitled to compensation and livelihood rehabilitation measures
sufficient to assist them to improve or at least maintain their pre-subproject living
standards, income earning capacity and production levels;
i.

In the consultation process, representatives of local governments, village chiefs, other

community leaders and civil society organizations such as non-government
organizations (NGOs) from the operational areas will be included. The customs and
traditions, as well as the religious practices of all APs, will be respected and protected;

j.

The institutions of APs, and, where relevant of their hosts, are to be protected and
supported. Physically displaced APs will be assisted to integrate economically and
socially into host communities so that adverse impacts on the host communities are
minimized and social harmony is promoted;

k. Lack of formal legal rights to assets lost will not deprive any AP from receiving
compensation and payments for non-land assets and entitlements;
l.

Particular attention will be paid to the needs of vulnerable APs. This group of APs may
include those without legal or recognizable title to the land or other assets, households
headed by females, the elderly or disabled, and other vulnerable groups, such as people
living in extreme hardship, and indigenous people that may be a minority in specific
locations. Appropriate assistance will be provided to help them improve their socioeconomic status;

m. The concerns of women will be identified based on gender disaggregated socioeconomic data, separate discussions on womens concerns, and ensuring adequate
measures and budgetary allocations in the resettlement plan to compensate and resettle
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them in a manner that does not disadvantage them. In this effort the assistance of
national NGOs currently engaged in womens welfare will be sought;
n. Since there are no significant differences in cultural and socio-economic identity among
the different language groups, no specific adverse impacts are anticipated to warrant
separate indigenous peoples plans. To ensure that the different language groups fully
participate in planning and implementing resettlement, discussions and reports will be
prepared and disclosed appropriately in the relevant languages. RPs will also include
provision for any special measures that may be required;
o. Resettlement planning decisions will be preceded by a social preparation phase where
consultations will be held with APs, community leaders, local administrators, and NGOs
to enhance the participation of these APs in negotiation, planning, and implementation;
p. A Valuation Specialist will be provided under the PMU to assist the DLPCS to have
appropriate rates in place. Payment for physical assets, i.e. houses, buildings and other
structures, and non-physical assets such as lost income from productive assets or jobs,
will be calculated at replacement cost and included in the RP;
q. APs losing only part of their physical assets will not be left with a proportion inadequate
to sustain their current standard of living. Such a minimum size will be identified and
agreed upon during the resettlement planning process;
r.

Land for land or asset for asset compensation is always the preferred method. However,
if insufficient land or assets are available, or if the affected people have a preference and
the resettlement impacts are considered to be minor and do not undermine the
livelihoods of APs, cash payment at replacement costs will be provided based on
negotiation with APs. For those experiencing severe impacts (more than 10% of
productive land severely affected people (i.e. those APs experiencing significant
impacts) assistance will be given to identify and purchase alternative land. Efforts will
also be made to provide sustainable livelihood restoration measures so that affected
people can improve or at least restore their standard of living to pre-project levels;

s. A grievance redress mechanism, linked with existing traditional formal and informal
systems and cognizant of cultural requirements, will be established to solve resettlement
related disputes and complaints from APs;
t.

The full cost of land purchase and resettlement will be included by the government in
the project cost and adequate budgetary provision shall be made available during
implementation;

u. All land purchase, compensation, resettlement activities will be satisfactorily completed

and the subproject areas cleared of all obstructions before the commencement of civil
works; and
v. No works with resettlement impacts will be implemented before a RP has been prepared
and approved in line with the RF. The general process for preparing RPs includes:
i.
ii.
iii.

Consultation with APs relevant stakeholders, and whenever necessary,

assistance of relevant institutions to ensure effective consultations;
Undertaking of a participatory inventory of losses (IOL), which will be updated
during a detailed measurement survey (DMS) following the detailed design;
Determination of replacement cost for APs losing assets (land, physical assets,
means of livelihood, or social support systems) will be compensated and
assisted, through adequate and satisfactory to the AP, replacement land,
housing, infrastructure, resources, income sources, and services, in cash or in

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iv.

v.
vi.

Feasibility Study Report

kind, so that their economic and social circumstances will be improved or at

least restored to the pre-project level. All compensation will be based on the
principle of replacement cost at current market value. When necessary,
livelihood restoration programs acceptable to the local community will be put in
place to help people improve, or at least restore, incomes to pre-project levels;
Preparing a cost estimate and budget including the costs of compensation,
relocation and rehabilitation, social preparation and livelihood programs. The
budget will also include the costs for planning, management, supervision,
monitoring and evaluation, land taxes, land fees, physical and price
contingencies, and implementation of the RP;
Inclusion of a grievance mechanism based on cultural practices and agreeable to
APs.
Inclusion of a monitoring system - appropriate reporting and monitoring and
evaluation will be established as part of the resettlement management system,
this will be set out in the RP.

5.12.4 Eligibility and Entitlements

This RP will apply to the Road Network Upgrading Sector Project for implementing the Dili-TibarLiquica subproject. This will ensure that all persons affected by losing of any fixed or mobile assets,
will get appropriate compensation and rehabilitation assistance.
Cut-off Date under the Project is the date after which people will not be considered eligible for
compensation, i.e. they are not included in the list of APs as defined by the census. Normally, the
cut-off-date is the date of the detailed measurement survey. People who move into the area after this
date will not be entitled to any compensation. In case of the present subproject, the RP recognizes
the affected persons (also known as squatters) eligible to receive compensation for their losses
although they have no formal title but have a claim to the assets. Compensation at replacement cost
for affected assets (houses, other structures) crops and trees will be adequate to replace losses. See
Table 5.9.1 of this report.

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Table 5.34 Entitlement Matrix

Type of
Impact

Entitled
Person(s)

Temporary use
of land

Legal/
customary
landowners

Permanent
acquisition of
land.

Legal
owner(s)/customary
landowners
Informal settlers with
no recognizable rights
All APs irrespective of
their legal status

Loss of crops
and trees

Loss of
structures

All APs (whether

having legal land title
or not)

Displacement of
community
structure

Community
representatives as
identified by the social
impact assessment

Impacts on
vulnerable APs

Vulnerable AP
households identified
by social assessment.

Unforeseen
impacts

Concerned APs

Entitlements
It will be done only with agreement of landowners/APs.
Affected landowners/APs will be paid rent on terms negotiated with them
based on replacement value. The land will be returned to respective
landowners/APs after its restoration.
Landowners will be provided equivalent size and quality of land, or cash
compensation at replacement cost.
All APs will be provided compensation at replacement cost for damaged
non-land assets (e.g. crops, trees,) on project-affected land.
APs will be given notice to harvest crops and trees before site clearance.
If APs are not able to harvest, they will be paid cash compensation at
replacement cost. In case of perennial crops and trees, the compensation
will also include loss of income.
APs will be provided replacement structure or compensation at
replacement cost (if APs preferred so) without deductions for depreciation
or salvaged materials. It will be ensured that replacement structures are
ready to move before relocation of existing structures.
In case business activities are disrupted, APs will be provided disruption
allowance for the duration of business disruption.
Affected structures will be restored in consultation with community or the
affected community will be provided with cash compensation at
replacement value without deductions for any materials salvaged.
Community will be assisted in dismantling and relocating
structure/property.
Vulnerable households will receive (i) additional support, (ii) priority
employment in project construction and maintenance works; and (iii)
income support for the period of disruption. Amount to be confirmed in the
RP for each road/bridge.
These will be determined as per the principles of the RF and safeguard
policies of funding agencies.

5.12.5 Consultation, Assessment of Impacts and Preparation of RP

The APs will be informed and consulted on compensation and/or resettlement options, including
relocation options/sites, and socio-economic rehabilitation measures, the acquisition of lands, assets
and possible impacts on their livelihoods. They will be informed of their rights and options and be
invited to participate actively in the identification of compensation and rehabilitation measures.
Representatives of local governments, village chiefs, other community leaders and non-government
organizations (NGOs) from the operational areas will be included. The customs and traditions, as
well as the religious practices of all APs, will be respected and protected.
The MoPW/PMU will undertake an assessment of social impacts (census of APs, cadastral survey/
inventory of losses, and socioeconomic survey) and prepare the RP. The RP will summarize scope of
land acquisition/purchase and resettlement; socio-economic information; consultation process;
entitlements; and implementation arrangements. It will also include an implementation schedule
ensuring that civil works will not commence until compensation and/or assistance has been paid to
APs. The RP will be prepared in consultation with and disclosed to relevant stakeholders and
submitted to ADB for approval and posting on their websites.
5.12.6 Land Acquisition
The Land required for the Project will be obtained according to the provisions of the Expropriations
Law. The law requires land acquisition through private negotiation in the first instance. The Ministry
of Justice, the agency empowered to acquire land involuntarily, will only entertain applications for
compulsory acquisition after it receives documentary evidence that all attempts to obtain land under
private acquisition have failed. To conform to ADB social safeguards requirements, the
compensation paid to affected persons will be based on replacement value. Where statutory
compensation under the Expropriation Law is less than replacement value, the project will provide
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additional funding to ensure that donor compensation standards are met. A grievance redress
mechanism, linked with existing traditional formal and informal systems and cognizant of cultural
requirements, will be established to solve disputes and complaints from APs. For disputes arising on
land issues, grievances will be resolved under the provisions of the Land Law.
5.12.7 Compensation and Income Restoration
The MoPW/PMU will coordinate with local governments to disburse or pay compensation to APs in
according to the Entitlement Matrix. The Expropriation Law prescribes detailed processes for
payment of compensation for land, structures, businesses, tenants, usufructs and easements.
Compensation will be paid and affected structures relocated before taking possession of
land/properties, and prior to the start of civil works. Government staff, working in association with
independent entities like NGOs and Church leaders, will assist in identifying entitled persons and
delivering the compensation amounts as required under Law. Besides direct compensation,
implementation of other measures for APs such as employment in project construction, skills
training, assistance to vulnerable groups will be specified in the RP
5.12.8 Grievance Redress Mechanism
The Project manager for each subproject will be the grievance focal point to receive and address
concerns regarding compensation. Matters arising from ownership disputes and other land related
issues will be resolved according to the provisions of the Land Law in coordination with local
authorities, MOJ/DLPCS and MoPW/PMU. The grievance redress mechanism described in the RF
will be further elaborated in RPs for each sub-project, to suit prevailing local conditions.
MoPW/PMU will assist APs to access this mechanism. Most grievances related to resettlement
benefits, relocation of structures, and other assistance will be resolved at subproject level.
5.12.9 Institutional Arrangements and Financing
The PMU under the MOI will have overall responsibility for implementing the sub-projects. A
Working Group comprising senior officials from MOJ, MOF, MoPW, DLPCS, PMU, and a
representative of the relevant donor agency ADB will ensure coordination of project activities and
guide the PMU. The PMU will be supported by international and national safeguard specialists to
plan and implement land acquisition and resettlement and monitor the activities. To this end an
Environmental and Social Unit (ESU) will be established, staffed by national counterpart staff and
assisted by international specialists.
The MOF/MoPW will be responsible for ensuring that adequate funds are available for land
acquisition and resettlement according to budgets prepared for each sub-project. Financing of land
acquisition and all associated costs will be borne by the Government. The actual costs for such
activities under each subproject will be prepared during detailed design and included in the RPs. The
budget will be based on estimates made from the inventory of losses, and assessment of impacts
5.12.10

Monitoring

MoPW/PMU with the assistance from the design/supervision project consultants will monitor all
activities associated with resettlement. Internal monitoring will include reporting on progress of
activities in the implementation schedule with particular focus on public consultations, land
acquisition, financial disbursements, and level of satisfaction among APs. MoPW/PMU will prepare
and submit semi-annual progress reports to ADB as part of project performance monitoring. In
addition, external monitoring experts (e.g. NGOs) will be engaged to monitor category A
subprojects, if any.

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5.13

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Conclusions
The project intends to support upgrading the Timor-Lestes infrastructure development on the
National Road Network to accommodate rapid economic and social growth. It focuses on financing
strategic Road Links identified by the Medium-Term Road Network Development Program,
prepared under ADBs TA.
The principal beneficiaries of the Project are the people living and working in communities within
District of Manatutu and the four adjacent district including Dili with all the sub-district along the
influence area. The current population within the District and the sub-district is approximately
63,000 and is projected to be in the order of 75,000 at the tentative completion of the project, i.e.
2016 (based on continued growth at the current rate of 1.06% per annum).
The conclusions of this PSA are that the communities and road transport sector will benefit directly,
with significant increase expected in the level of passenger transport services; and, growth in the
transport of goods by roads by small-scale transporters (e.g., Motorbike, Angunna trucks and
ojeks) and other private car.
In the longer-term the agricultural and local/community business sector will grow, with new micro,
small and medium enterprises being established that will take advantage of better transport services
and lower transport costs to operate and provide services. The businesses will raise cash incomes and
create more wage employment opportunities at the same time that they rely on a larger customer
base and higher household incomes.
The public sector will be better able to provide services to the population. This includes health and
education services for which current access is insufficient and inadequate. It also includes services
that are presently not available such as access to government services and infrastructure like
electricity/water supply and veterinary extension services.
The survey results indicate that the Project is welcomed and will have an overall beneficial impact;
improving access and connectivity, reducing travel time and travel costs, while improving
livelihoods and socio-economic conditions. A range of benefits is expected to arise from upgrading
and maintaining the road links including increased accessibility to markets, improved opportunities
for livelihood development, and local poverty reduction.
The overall level of negative social impacts will be minor. The majority of impacts will occur during
the civil works phase, and will be temporary, localized, and readily controlled. A numbers of these
impacts are also identified in the Projects IEE and will be addressed through the EMP. The spread
of STIs and HIV during civil works phase through the presence of ICB and NCB contractors has
been identified as the most significant social risk. This will be addressed through implementation of
the STIs and HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention campaign aimed at (i) contractors employees,
and (ii) villages along the roads.

5.14

Social Appendices
Appendix 5.1 - Involuntary Resettlement Screening Form 300609
Appendix 5.2 Indigenous People (IP) Form & Categorization Form
Appendix 5.3 - Resettlement Due Diligence
Appendix 5.4 - Revised-Resettlement Framework-RF
Appendix 5.5 - Summary Resettlement Framework
Appendix 5.6 - Summary of poverty reduction and social strategy

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CHAPTER 7: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REVIEW PROCEDURE (EARP)

7.1 Introduction
The environmental assessment and review procedure was formulated to serve as guide on what to
consider and how to undertake the evaluation of the environmental aspects of a core road subproject
for it to comply with the requirements set by the Government of Timor Leste and the concerned
funding agency. Review process is undertaken to determine the completeness of the document
prepared, if issues and concerns are well addressed and the prescribed presentation of the required
information are satisfied.
The core road subproject covered by the Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project is the stretch
of Manatuto Natarbura which is 81 km and the Laclubar Junction to Laclubar which is
approximately 10.5 km. This is one of the undertakings of the Ministry of Public Works under the
Strategic Development Plan (2011 2013). It will serve as link from north to south which is
essential for national development. All north-south links are currently in very poor condition which
causes delay in the development of the south coast. The GoTL is considering the improvement of the
road to all weather, asphalt surfaced standard that will enable it to carry 20-foot container trucks as a
minimum. It traverses a flat to rolling terrain in the north before sharply ascending the mountainous
spine of Timor-Leste. It then passes through mountainous terrain before descending to the coastal
plain in the south. The route is sparsely populated.
The civil works will be jointly financed by ADB and GoTL. The Ministry of Public Works is the
Executing Agency (EA) with the PMU as the Implementing Agency (IA). The approval of a
subproject highly depends on the eligibility criteria concerning the technical, economic, social and
environment components of the subproject. Due to the fact that the core road subproject and those
that will be selected for upgrading are all existing roads, the most significant adverse effects
associated with the location, design and operation of the road have already been occurred. It is
expected that the environmental impacts will be generally minor to moderate as the works only
involve rehabilitation and reconstruction of existing alignment.
Structure of the EARP is organized into following Sections:
7.1
Introduction
7.2 Assessment of Legal Framework and Institutional Capacity
7.3 Anticipated Environmental Impacts
7.4
Environmental Assessment for Subprojects and/or Components
7.5
Consultation,
Information
Disclosure,
and
Grievance
Redress
Mechanism
7.6
Institutional Arrangement and Responsibilities
7.7 Monitoring and Reporting
7.2

Assessment of Legal Framework and Institutional Capacity

The EARP was developed based on the stipulations in the Environmental Laws and Policies of the
Government of Timor Leste, ADB SPS 2009 and ADB Environmental Guidelines and Policy of
2003.
Environmental Laws and Policies of the Government of Timor Leste
For sustainable development of the economy of the country, the Constitution of Timor Leste
recognizes the need for preservation and enhancement of natural resources and the need to determine
actions to promote and protect the environment. Thus, Decree Law No 5/2011 or the environmental
licensing was enacted as published in the Official Gazette Series I, No. 5, 9 February 2011. The law
contains among others the following provisions:
1. The procedure for scoping, the conduct of the environmental assessment, the review of
application for environmental license, issuance and renewal of license.
2. Categorization of the project according to severity of the environmental impacts (i.e.
Category A, B and C)

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3. Procedures and information requirement for Category A projects (Environmental Impact

Assessment) and Category B projects (Initial Environmental Examination)
4. The review process for EIA and IEE documents, application for environmental license and
the organization and composition of the review committee and its duties and responsibilities;
5. Specific provisions for public consultation and the protection of the traditional customs and
cultural practices, specifically the Impacts and Bargain Agreements (IBA) for projects
required to submit EIA;
6. The issuance of the decision by the Environment Authority on the review of the application
and the rights of the project owner to appeal the decision;
7. Classifications of environmental license, its duration and renewal; change of conditions of
the license;
8. The requirement for projects issued environmental license prior to the enactment of this
decree-law to register with the Environmental Authority;
9. The requirement for environmental monitoring, reporting obligations and duties of the
license holder;
10. The law also contains sanctions and penalties for violation of this decree.
Project Categorization
Under the Decree-law No 5/2011, projects are classified according to three (3) categories as follows:
Category A - includes projects that may potentially cause significant environmental impacts, and are
subject to the procedure of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), this based on Impact Analysis
and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in accordance with the provisions in this law.
Category B - includes projects that may cause environmental impacts, and are subject to the
procedure of Initial Environmental Examination (IEE), this based on the Environmental
Management Plan in accordance with the provisions of the Decree Law.
Category C - includes projects where environmental impacts are negligible or non-existent, and not
subject to any procedure for Environmental Assessment in accordance with the provisions of this
law
For categorization of road rehabilitation subproject, Guideline No. 6 of the Decree-law states that
upgrade of national road, regardless of the scale, belongs to Category B which requires the
submission of an IEE and Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Based on this guideline, the
upgrading of the road from Manatuto to Natarbora and Laclubar Junction to Laclubar is Category B.
The GoTLs environmental classifications for environmental permitting requirements for road
projects are listed in Table 7.1.
Table 7.1 Environmental Classification of Road Projects in Timor-Leste
SCALE OF
CATEGORY
TYPE OF PROJECT
DOCUMENTATION
PROJECT
Construction of
national highways
Construction of rural
roads (>15 km)
Upgrade of National
Roads

All

EIA

All

EIA

All

EMP

Upgrade of rural roads

All

EMP

Construction of bridges

All

EMP

Preparation of Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and Securing of Environmental

License
Projects classified as Category B are subject to Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) which is a
pre-requisite in securing the Environmental License. Decree Law No 5/2011 provides the list of
requirements and procedures.

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Procedural Steps
1. Project Presentation and Request for Environmental License;
2. Technical analysis and opinion from the Environmental Authority;
3. Decision on the Initial Environmental Examination and Environmental Grant of License;
Project Presentation
1. The proponent of a project classified as Category B initiates the procedure for Initial
Environmental Examination and application for granting an environmental license with the
submission to the Environmental Authority, the following documents and information:
a. Name of the applicant, and their identifying information and contact details;
b. The location and scale of the project;
c. The plans and technical drawings of the project;
d. Technical study on the feasibility of the project;
e. Opinions or other documents on the project issued by other entities.
f. Environmental Management Plan (EMP);
g. Application for grant of license Environmental.
2. The information and documentation referred to in the preceding paragraph are presented in
proper form and manner prescribed in secondary legislation.
3. The proponent must instruct the EMP in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 2 of
Article 4 and in accordance with relevant legislation.
4. In tabling the documents, the proponent must settle the rate of the phase of the Environmental
Assessment In the event that the Environmental Authority requires a public consultation for a
proponent, which shall be held to discuss issues about the project.
Technical Analysis by the Environmental Authority
1. Initial Environmental Examination is the technical assessment and an opinion on the EMP from
the Environmental Authority within 30 days from the filing date of the project.
2. For purposes of analysis and technical evaluation, the Environmental Authority may, whenever
necessary, contact the proponent, as well as the ministries related to the project, to obtain
additional information and clarifications regarding the same.
3. The Environmental Authority may ask the bidder once the redesign of all or part of the EMP,
based on technical analysis. The period defined in paragraph 1 of this Article shall be suspended
until the delivery by the proponent of the new EMP.
4. The Environmental Authority has at least a period of 10 days to review the new documents or
the corresponding number of days remaining until the completion period of 30 days, provided
that the number of days remaining is not less than 10.
5. If the applicant disagrees with the request of the Environmental Authority, as provided in
paragraph 3 of this article, it must justify its reasons and submit them in writing to the
Environmental Authority.
Endorsed by the Environmental Authority
1. The Environmental Authority is responsible for providing technical advice to Higher
Environmental Authority, based on documentary evidence submitted by the proponent and the
conclusions of the technical review of Environmental Assessment, and proposes that:
a. that the EMP is recommended for approval, or
b. that the EMP is not recommended because of the negative environmental impacts outweigh
the benefits.
2. If the Initial Environmental Examination concluded that negative impacts cannot be mitigated,
based on existing sciences and technologies, or that mitigation costs are higher than the positive
impacts, the Environmental Authority should recommend actions specified in paragraph (b) No
1 of this article.
Type of Environmental License
1. As a result of the order in favor of Superior Environmental Authority are two types of licenses
issued under the category of project, including the Environmental License for Category A and
Category B.
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2. Depending on the type of license, are an integral part thereof, the following documents:
a. Category A - Environmental Impact Statement and Environmental Management Plan;
b. Category B- Initial Environmental Examination and Environmental Management Plan.
3. The format and content of the environmental license in Category A and B will be defined in a
diploma supplement.
4. The Environmental License is not transferable to another project belonging to the same
proponent or a different proponent.
5. For projects of category C the Environment Authority supports the tenderer to maintain
environmental management.
Issuance of Environmental License
1. The Environmental Authority is the entity responsible for issuing the environmental license.
2. The deadline for issuing a license is 10 days after the order of the authority referred to in
paragraph 1 of the preceding article.
3. The tenderer/bidder shall be notified thereof in writing within 5 days after the deadline set in the
previous paragraph.
4. The proponent must pay the fee for environmental license in accordance with the provisions of
relevant legislation and within 10 days after receipt of the notification. However, project officers
are exempt from environmental license fees. Unofficial translation by Lao Hamutuk of DecreeLaw 5/2011 on Environmental Licensing.
5. No project can proceed to implementation without having the final decision of the evaluation
procedure adopted, the issue of environmental license and payment of the environmental license,
in accordance with the provisions of this Decree-law.
The simplified process of securing the Environmental License is shown in the flow diagram below:

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Submission of PD
Category A
Classification
Public Consultation

Scoping (TR)

Category B

Category C

ax.15 days

End of the
process

ys for
view

Draft EIS and EMP

eview
by
valuation
ommittee

Public Consultation

Draft IEE and EMP

Max 50
days for
review

(Optional)
Public Consultation

EIS and EMP

ax 30 days
for review

IEE and EMP

Licensing

Licensing

Monitoring

Monitoring

Source: National Directorate for Environment

Figure 7.1 - Flow Diagram of the EIA Process
Note:
The timeframe above is for technical review by NDE, and does not include time for the activities of the
proponent.

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ADB SPS 2009 and ADB Environmental Guidelines and Policy of 2003
GoTLs Environmental Assessment and Review Procedure is consistent with the ADBs SPS 2009
and Environmental Guidelines and Policy of 2003. Outlined below is the summary of ADBs
procedure that shall be adopted for this core subproject :
1. Use a screening process for each proposed project, as early as possible, to determine the
appropriate extent and type of environmental assessment so that appropriate studies are
undertaken commensurate with the significance of potential impacts and risks. Appendix 7.1 the Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist for use as guide in the screening process.
ADB uses a classification system to reflect the significance of a projects potential environmental
impacts. A projects category is determined by the category of its most environmentally sensitive
component, including direct, indirect, cumulative, and induced impacts in the projects area of
influence. Each proposed project is scrutinized as to its type, location, scale, and sensitivity and the
magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. Projects are assigned to one of the following four
categories:
(i) Category A. A proposed project is classified as category A if it is likely to have
significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented.
These impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works.
An environmental impact assessment is required.
(ii) Category B. A proposed project is classified as category B if its potential adverse
environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category A projects. These impacts are
site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can
be designed more readily than for category A projects. An initial environmental examination
is required.
(iii) Category C. A proposed project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal
or no adverse environmental impacts. No environmental assessment is required although
environmental implications need to be reviewed.
(iv) Category FI. A proposed project is classified as category FI if it involves investment of
ADB funds to or through a FI (paras. 65-67).
2. Conduct an environmental assessment for each proposed project to identify potential direct,
indirect, cumulative, and induced impacts and risks to physical, biological, socioeconomic
(including impacts on livelihood through environmental media, health and safety, vulnerable
groups, and gender issues), and physical cultural resources in the context of the projects area of
influence. Assess potential transboundary and global impacts, including climate change. Use
strategic environmental assessment where appropriate.
3. Examine alternatives to the projects location, design, technology, and components and their
potential environmental and social impacts and document the rationale for selecting the
particular alternative proposed. Also consider the no project alternative.
4. Avoid, and where avoidance is not possible, minimize, mitigate, and/or offset adverse impacts
and enhance positive impacts by means of environmental planning and management. Prepare an
environmental management plan (EMP) that includes the proposed mitigation measures,
environmental monitoring and reporting requirements, related institutional or organizational
arrangements, capacity development and training measures, implementation schedule, cost
estimates, and performance indicators. Key considerations for EMP preparation include
mitigation of potential adverse impacts to the level of no significant harm to third parties, and
the polluter pays principle.
5. Carry out meaningful consultation with affected people and facilitate their informed
participation. Ensure womens participation in consultation. Involve stakeholders, including
affected people and concerned nongovernment organizations, early in the project preparation
process and ensure that their views and concerns are made known to and understood by decision
makers and taken into account. Continue consultations with stakeholders throughout project
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implementation as necessary to address issues related to environmental assessment. Establish a

grievance redress mechanism to receive and facilitate resolution of the affected peoples
concerns and grievances regarding the projects environmental performance.
6. Disclose a draft environmental assessment (including the EMP) in a timely manner, before
project appraisal, in an accessible place and in a form and language(s) understandable to affected
people and other stakeholders. Disclose the final environmental assessment, and its updates if
any, to affected people and other stakeholders.
7. Implement the EMP and monitor its effectiveness. Document monitoring results, including the
development and implementation of corrective actions, and disclose monitoring reports.
8. Do not implement project activities in areas of critical habitats, unless (i) there are no
measurable adverse impacts on the critical habitat that could impair its ability to function, (ii)
there is no reduction in the population of any recognized endangered or critically endangered
species, and (iii) any lesser impacts are mitigated. If a project is located within a legally
protected area, implement additional programs to promote and enhance the conservation aims of
the protected area. In an area of natural habitats, there must be no significant conversion or
degradation, unless (i) alternatives are not available, (ii) the overall benefits from the project
substantially outweigh the environmental costs, and (iii) any conversion or degradation is
appropriately mitigated. Use a precautionary approach to the use, development, and management
of renewable natural resources.
9. Apply pollution prevention and control technologies and practices consistent with international
good practices as reflected in internationally recognized standards such as the World Bank
Groups Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines. Adopt cleaner production processes and
good energy efficiency practices. Avoid pollution, or, when avoidance is not possible, minimize
or control the intensity or load of pollutant emissions and discharges, including direct and
indirect greenhouse gases emissions, waste generation, and release of hazardous materials from
their production, transportation, handling, and storage. Avoid the use of hazardous materials
subject to international bans or phase outs. Purchase, use, and manage pesticides based on
integrated pest management approaches and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides.
10. Provide workers with safe and healthy working conditions and prevent accidents, injuries, and
disease. Establish preventive and emergency preparedness and response measures to avoid, and
where avoidance is not possible, to minimize, adverse impacts and risks to the health and safety
of local communities.
11. Conserve physical cultural resources and avoid destroying or damaging them by using fieldbased surveys that employ qualified and experienced experts during environmental assessment.
Provide for the use of chance find procedures that include a pre-approved management and
conservation approach for materials that may be discovered during project implementation.
Performing the above tasks requires trained personnel particularly on the part of the proponent and
regulatory agencies like the NDE. With the simultaneous implementation of various development
projects in Timor Leste, the Institutional Capacity of concerned agencies particularly of MPW
should be enhanced. Efficiency-wise, an Environmental Unit for MPW with trained members should
be organized who will take charge of all environmental works required for each subproject.

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Anticipated Environmental Impacts

Typical roads will be improved from poor/bad condition of the asphalt pavement to ACP
reconstruction and AC overlay with replacement of some bridges. Construction activities will
involve:
Clearing and Grubbing
Removal of Structures and Obstruction
Pavement
Drainage
Earthwork Cut and Fill
Retaining Structures
Other drainage structures
Bioengineering
Road Safety
Based on preliminary engineering inventory of the proposed subproject sites, none will have major
alignment deviations. Construction materials such as sand, gravel, and quarry/borrow material will
be sourced from approved locations and brought to the site. Adherence to best engineering practices
during rehabilitation/reconstruction, and implementation of the EMP, will avoid or adequately
mitigate all of the rehabilitation/ reconstruction-related impacts, namely:
Soil erosion
Loss of vegetation/fauna
Sedimentation
Flooding cause by the project
Generation of wastes
Air Pollution
Noise generation
Extraction of construction materials
Health and Safety Concerns
Social or Community Concerns
Post-construction impacts that have been identified for the subproject are associated with improved
access such as:
Reduced dust and noise
Reduced erosion where bioengineering and drainage structures are constructed
Reduced travel costs
Reduced travel time/faster travel
Reduced accidents
Increased pedestrian safety
Bus services will improve and become more reliable, safer and more comfortable
More goods will be available locally
Increased production of agricultural-based products
Reduction in spoilage of perishable goods
Increased trade opportunities and marketing

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Environmental Assessment for Subprojects and/or Components

Each subproject will undergo categorization and only subproject with environmental category B or
with less sensitive environment will be included in the Project. The IEE will be prepared following
ADBs prescribed format (Appendix 7.2). Where a subproject requires an IEE, at least one public
consultation during the IEE preparation will be conducted with local community, stakeholders such
as the developers, small businesses, the local and national government, other concerned groups and
potentially affected people. Any subprojects that are classified as environmental category A will not
be included under this sector project.
On behalf of the MPW, the PMU including the Project Implementation Support Consultants will be
responsible for ensuring that environmental assessments are prepared and EMPs for subprojects as
outlined in this EARP are properly implemented. The environmental assessment reports are
submitted to ADB for review and approval prior to finalization of contracts or commencement of
work. The PMU will monitor the progress of the environmental work stream to ensure that all
environmental assessments and clearances are submitted to ADB prior to the implementation of
future subprojects.
Due Diligence and Review
For projects proposed for financing, ADB will conduct safeguard reviews, including reviews of the
borrowers/client's safeguard documents, as part of its overall due diligence. ADB's safeguard due
diligence and review emphasizes environmental and social impact assessments and the planning
process, in addition to safeguard documentation. Due diligence and review involves field visits as
well as desk reviews. Through such due diligence and review, ADB will confirm (i) that all key
potential social and environmental impacts and risks of a project are identified; (ii) that effective
measures to avoid, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for the adverse impacts are incorporated into
the safeguard plans and project design; (iii) that the borrower/client understands ADBs safeguard
policy principles and requirements as laid out in Safeguard Requirements and has the necessary
commitment and capacity to manage social and environmental impacts and/or risks adequately; (iv)
that the role of third parties is appropriately defined in the safeguard plans; and (v) that consultations
with affected people are conducted in accordance with ADB's requirements. In cases where the
assessment and planning process, or the safeguard documents, do not meet ADB's safeguard
requirements, the borrower/client will be required to undertake additional assessment and/or improve
the safeguard plans. When the borrower/client has inadequate capacity to carry out safeguard plans
for a proposed project, the project will include component(s) to strengthen that capacity. For projects
that are deemed by ADB to be highly complex and sensitive, ADB will require the borrower/client to
engage an independent advisory panel during project preparation and implementation.
Unanticipated Environmental Impacts
Where unanticipated environmental impacts become apparent during project implementation, the
borrower/client will update the environmental assessment and EMP or prepare a new environmental
assessment and EMP to assess the potential impacts, evaluate the alternatives, and outline mitigation
measures and resources to address those impacts.

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Consultation, Information Disclosure, and Grievance Redress Mechanism

In disclosing the environmental document to the public, (i) MPW is responsible for ensuring that all
environmental assessment documentation, including the environmental due diligence and monitoring
reports, are properly and systematically kept as part of MPW project record; (ii) all environmental
documents are subject to public disclosure, and therefore may be made available to the public, on
request; and (iii) MPW will consult the public, particularly with project affected persons and local
NGOs, in accordance with ADBs SPS 2009, ADBs Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003)
and the ADBs Public Communications Policy (PCP) (2005).
34. Disclosure of environmental assessment documents will follow ADB and government
procedures. Appropriate form, manner and language will be used to make it understandable by the
affected people and local NGOs. It should be made accessible to the public. A complaints focal
person in MPW offices will be set up to address all concerns and grievances of the local
communities and affected parties.

7.7

Institutional Arrangement
Responsibilities of MPW
The MPW as the Executing Agency will be the main agency responsible in coordinating the
implementation of the environmental assessment and review procedures (EARP). MPW ensures the
EARP are strictly adhered to, and that preparation of IEE/SIEE is carried out in a timely and
adequate manner, environmental mitigation and monitoring and institutional requirements are fully
met while meaningful public consultations are carried out satisfactorily. MPW will submit
IEE/SIEEs and monitoring reports to ADB for review in a timely manner.
During IEE preparation MPW will be responsible for the following:
i. Prepare and submit application for the proposed subproject to the National Directorate for
Environment (NDE), under the Secretariat for the Environment in the Ministry of Commerce,
Industry and Environment.
ii. Prepare environmental assessments (IEE/SIEE), including EMP for each subproject (assisted by
International and National Environmental Consultants under the PMU/Project Implementation
Support Consultants).
iii. Ensure that adequate public consultation has been undertaken with affected groups, local
stakeholders, and NGOs.
iv. Review the completeness and adequacy of the environmental assessment documents particularly
the mitigation measures in accordance with the ADB guidelines and NDE requirements.
v. Ensure timely submission of the IEE/SIEE to NDE and ADB to allow necessary disclosure by
ADB.
vi. Undertake the necessary actions, as necessary, to ensure subproject environmental compliance
with the Governments and ADBs requirements.
Prior to the commencement of civil works for subsequent subprojects MPW will:
i. Submit any of the environmental assessment reports (i.e EMP) required by NDE, and obtain
approval from NDE, or other permits from another statutory authorities as required by the
Government.
ii. Ensure that all regulatory clearances for the subproject obtained from the relevant Government
authorities are submitted promptly to ADB.
iii. Ensure that the required mitigation measures during construction as specified in the IEE and
EMP are included in the bidding document of the subproject and that all bidding contractors
have access to the IEE and EMP.
iv. Ensure that the EMP and all required mitigation measures during construction, including
conditions stipulated in the NDE's clearance or environmental/pollution control permit, are
included in all the contracts signed by the Contractor(s) with requirements to update the EMP in
response to any unexpected impacts and/or project scope changes and that all selected
contractors have agreed to implement environmental mitigation and monitoring measures
prescribed in the EMP.
v. Receive environmental safeguard clearance on subproject(s)
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During the implementation of civil works for future subprojects the MPW, through PMU, will:
i. Ensure that EMP (including proposed mitigation measures and monitoring programs) is updated
as required, and is properly implemented by the contractors.
ii. Monitor the implementation of EMP and prepare and forward the monitoring reports on
quarterly basis to NDE and ADB.
iii. In case unpredicted environmental impacts occur during project implementation, inform ADB,
review the EMP with the contractor, and implement alternative environmental mitigation
program.
iv. In case a Subproject changes in scope, inform ADB and reconfirm the environmental
classification (through preparation of rapid environmental assessment), and prepare a
supplementary IEE, when required, including public consultation.
v. Ensure that ADB be given access to undertake environmental due diligence for all Subprojects.
However, the MPW shall have the main responsibility for undertaking environmental due
diligence and monitoring of all the Subprojects. The due diligence report as well as monitoring
reports on EMP implementation, as required, will be systematically prepared and be made
available to the public, if requested.
Responsibilities of ADB
ADB will be responsible for regular review and timely clearance of Subprojects IEE/SIEE.
Technical guidance will be provided by ADB to MPW as needed. ADB will also be responsible for
reviewing monitoring reports.
i. During implementation of the Sector Project, ADB will:
ii. Review and clear IEE reports as a basis for Subproject approval.
iii. Monitor the EMP implementation, as required, and conduct due diligence as part of the Sector
Project reviews.
iv. Provide assistance to MPW, if required, in carrying out its responsibilities and for building
capacity for safeguard compliance.
v. Ensure that MPW will conduct the required consultations with project affected groups, local
NGOs and other concerned stakeholders, and that MPW as project sponsor disclose form,
manner, and language(s) accessible to those being consulted. Information disclosure with
affected people will be guided by the Public Communications Policy or PCP (2005).
Responsibilities of NDE
NDE is the government authority responsible for conducting environmental screening of
development proposals, advising on the requirements to conduct environmental impact assessments,
develop environmental management plans and obtaining environmental licenses. It is also
responsible for monitoring compliance, provide recommendations and ensures that the implementing
agencies meet Government of Timor Lestes environmental standards.
Staffing and Budget
There will be immediate cost in securing the services of the environmental consultants and training
of MPW staff on environmental management of projects, focusing on preparation of IEE and the
inclusion of environmental clauses and the IEE and EMP in bidding documents. At a later stage
contractors will be familiarized with the environmental aspects of the bidding and later selected
contractors will receive training on environmental requirements. Environmental consultants will be
included in the PMU during Subproject implementation. The PMU will have EEOs (Regional
Engineers/District Supervisors) part time, dealing with the environmental management placed under
the PMU during the Subproject implementation, and will be an integral part of MPW. The
environmental consultants will be assigned on an intermittent basis to undertake training and
capacity building for environmental management in MPW and NDE and to guide the EEOs of MPW
in monitoring and reporting. The environmental consultants will be jointly responsible for overall
environmental matters for MPW.
The budget needed for the environmental management of the Sector Project has been included in the
project costs. Multiple field visits will be required to each Subproject route, plus at least one public
consultation for each Subproject IEE in the subsequent Subprojects at which project information
needs to be distributed. A presentation for other government agencies and other stakeholders will
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also be included. Therefore adequate travel, accommodation and per diem budgets will be provided
under administrative costs.
7.8

Monitoring and Reporting

Both the borrower/client and ADB have their own separate monitoring responsibilities. The extent of
monitoring activities, including their scope and frequency, will commensurate with the projects
risks and impacts. Borrowers/clients are required to implement safeguard measures and relevant
safeguard plans, as provided in the legal agreements, and to submit periodic monitoring reports on
their implementation performance. ADB will require borrowers/clients to:
i. establish and maintain procedures to monitor the progress of implementation of safeguard plans,
ii. verify the compliance with safeguard measures and their progress toward
iii. intended outcomes,
iv. document and disclose monitoring results and identify necessary corrective and preventive
actions in the periodic monitoring reports,
v. follow up on these actions to ensure progress toward the desired outcomes,
vi. retain qualified and experienced external experts or qualified NGOs to verify monitoring
information for projects with significant impacts and risks,
vii. use independent advisory panels to monitor project implementation for highly complex and
sensitive projects, and
viii. submit periodic monitoring reports on safeguard measures as agreed with ADB.
Monthly progress reports will be prepared by the environmental specialist of the Project
Implementation Support Consultant. The documents will be submitted to PMU and quarterly reports
to NDE. The reports will contain progress made in EMP implementation with particular attention to
compliance with the principles and matrix set out in the EMP for each subproject. A section on
compliance with the EMP will be included in the twice yearly (semi-annual) report that is prepared
for ADB as a requirement for the Project. The MPW will submit semi-annual monitoring reports to
ADB. General good practice requires that an EMP monitoring report will be completed according to
the following schedule:
a report at the end of project design. Prepared by the PMU
a report prepared every 1 month during construction, by the contractor
a report prepared every 3 months by the PMU for the MPW and NDE
a report prepared every 6 months by the PMU for the ADB and,
a yearly report that is prepared by PMU during operation for as long as the monitoring is
specified in the EMP.

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Appendix 7.1 -Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist Form

Screening Questions
A. PROJECT SITING

Yes

No

Remarks

IS THE PROJECT AREA ADJACENT

TO OR WITHIN ANY OF THE
FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTALLY
SENSITIVE AREAS?

CULTURAL HERITAGE SITE

PROTECTED AREA
WETLAND

MANGROVE
ESTUARINE
BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED
AREA
SPECIAL AREA FOR
PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY
B. POTENTIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
encroachment on historical/cultural
areas; disfiguration of landscape
by road embankments, cuts, fills,
and quarries?
WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE

encroachment on precious ecology

(e.g. sensitive or protected areas)?
alteration
of
surface
water
hydrology of waterways crossed by
roads, resulting in increased
sediment in streams affected by
increased
soil
erosion
at
construction site?
deterioration of surface water
quality due to silt runoff and
sanitary wastes from worker-based
camps and chemicals used in
construction?
increased local air pollution due to
rock crushing, cutting and filling
works, and chemicals from asphalt
processing?
risks and vulnerabilities related to
occupational health and safety due
to physical, chemical, biological,
and radiological hazards during
project construction and operation
during project construction and
operation?

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Screening Questions
noise and vibration due to blasting
and other civil works?

Yes

Feasibility Study Report

No

Remarks

dislocation
or
involuntary
resettlement of people?
dislocation
and
compulsory
resettlement of people living in
right-of-way?
disproportionate impacts on the
poor,
women
and
children,
Indigenous Peoples or other
vulnerable groups?
Other social concerns relating to
inconveniences in living conditions
in the project areas that may
trigger cases of upper respiratory
problems and stress?
hazardous
driving
conditions
where construction interferes with
pre-existing roads?

poor sanitation and solid waste

disposal in construction camps
and work sites, and possible
transmission of communicable
diseases (such as STI's and
HIV/AIDS) from workers to local
populations?
creation of temporary breeding
habitats for diseases such as those
transmitted by mosquitoes and
rodents?
accident risks associated with
increased vehicular traffic, leading
to accidental spills of toxic
materials?
increased noise and air pollution
resulting from traffic volume?
increased risk of water pollution
from oil, grease and fuel spills, and
other materials from vehicles using
the road?
social conflicts if workers from
other regions or countries are
hired?

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Screening Questions
large population influx during
project construction and operation
that causes increased burden on
social infrastructure and services
(such as water supply and
sanitation systems)?

Yes

Feasibility Study Report

No

Remarks

risks to community health and

safety due to the transport,
storage, and use and/or disposal of
materials such as explosives, fuel
and
other
chemicals
during
construction and operation?
community safety risks due to both
accidental and natural causes,
especially where the structural
elements or components of the
project are accessible to members
of the affected community or where
their failure could result in injury to
the community throughout project
construction,
operation
and
decommissioning.
C. CLIMATE CHANGE AND
DISASTER RISK QUESTIONS
THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ARE
NOT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
CATEGORIZATION. THEY ARE
INCLUDED IN THIS CHECKLIST TO
HELP IDENTIFY POTENTIAL CLIMATE
AND DISASTER RISKS.

Is the Project area subject to

hazards such as earthquakes,
floods, landslides, tropical cyclone
winds, storm surges, tsunami or
volcanic eruptions and climate
changes
Could changes in temperature,
precipitation, or extreme events
patterns over the Project lifespan
affect
technical
or
financial
sustainability
(eg.,
increased
erosion
or
landslides
could
increase
maintenance
costs,
permafrost melting or increased
soil moisture content could affect
sub0-grade).
Are there any demographic or
socio-economic aspects of the
Project area that are already
vulnerable (eg., high incidence of
marginalized populations, ruralurban migrants, illegal settlements,
ethnic
minorities,
women
or
children)?

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Screening Questions
Could the Project potentially
increase the climate or disaster
vulnerability of the surrounding
area
(e.g.,
by
encouraging
settlement in areas that will be
more affected by floods in the
future, or encouraging settlement
in earthquake zones)?

Yes

Feasibility Study Report

No

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Appendix 7.2 - Outline of an Environmental Impact Assessment Report

This outline is part of the Safeguard Requirements. An environmental assessment report is required
for all environment category A and B projects. Its level of detail and comprehensiveness is
commensurate with the significance of potential environmental impacts and risks.
A typical EIA report contains the following major elements, and an IEE may have a narrower scope
depending on the nature of the project. The substantive aspects of this outline will guide the
preparation of environmental impact assessment reports, although not necessarily in the order
shown.
A.
Executive Summary
This section describes concisely the critical facts, significant findings, and recommended actions.
B.
Policy, Legal, and Administrative Framework
This section discusses the national and local legal and institutional framework within which the
environmental assessment is carried out. It also identifies project-relevant international
environmental agreements to which the country is a party.
C.
Description of the Project
This section describes the proposed project; its major components; and its geographic, ecological,
social, and temporal context, including any associated facility required by and for the project (for
example, access roads, power plants, water supply, quarries and borrow pits, and spoil disposal). It
normally includes drawings and maps showing the projects layout and components, the project site,
and the project's area of influence.
D.
Description of the Environment (Baseline Data)
This section describes relevant physical, biological, and socioeconomic conditions within the study
area. It also looks at current and proposed development activities within the project's area of
influence, including those not directly connected to the project. It indicates the accuracy, reliability,
and sources of the data.
E.
Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
This section predicts and assesses the project's likely positive and negative direct and indirect
impacts to physical, biological, socioeconomic (including occupational health and safety, community
health and safety, vulnerable groups and gender issues, and impacts on livelihoods through
environmental media and physical cultural resources in the project's area of influence, in quantitative
terms to the extent possible; identifies mitigation measures and any residual negative impacts that
cannot be mitigated; explores opportunities for enhancement; identifies and estimates the extent and
quality of available data, key data gaps, and uncertainties associated with predictions and specifies
topics that do not require further attention; and examines global, transboundary, and cumulative
impacts as appropriate.
F.
Analysis of Alternatives
This section examines alternatives to the proposed project site, technology, design, and operation
including the no project alternativein terms of their potential environmental impacts; the
feasibility of mitigating these impacts; their capital and recurrent costs; their suitability under local
conditions; and their institutional, training, and monitoring requirements. It also states the basis for
selecting the particular project design proposed and, justifies recommended emission levels and
approaches to pollution prevention and abatement.
G.
Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation
This section:
i. describes the process undertaken during project design and preparation for engaging
stakeholders, including information disclosure and consultation with affected people and other
stakeholders;

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ii. summarizes comments and concerns received from affected people and other stakeholders and
how these comments have been addressed in project design and mitigation measures, with
special attention paid to the needs and concerns of vulnerable groups, including women, the
poor, and Indigenous Peoples; and
iii. describes the planned information disclosure measures (including the type of information to be
disseminated and the method of dissemination) and the process for carrying out consultation
with affected people and facilitating their participation during project implementation.
H.
Grievance Redress Mechanism
This section describes the grievance redress framework (both informal and formal channels), setting
out the time frame and mechanisms for resolving complaints about environmental performance.
I.
Environmental Management Plan
This section deals with the set of mitigation and management measures to be taken during project
implementation to avoid, reduce, mitigate, or compensate for adverse environmental impacts (in that
order of priority). It may include multiple management plans and actions. It includes the following
key components (with the level of detail commensurate with the projects impacts and risks):
(i)

Mitigation:
(a) identifies and summarizes anticipated significant adverse environmental impacts and
risks;
(b) describes each mitigation measure with technical details, including the type of impact to
which it relates and the conditions under which it is required (for instance, continuously or
in the event of contingencies), together with designs, equipment descriptions, and operating
procedures, as appropriate; and
(c) provides links to any other mitigation plans (for example, for involuntary resettlement,
Indigenous Peoples, or emergency response) required for the project.

(ii) Monitoring:
(a) describes monitoring measures with technical details, including parameters to be
measured, methods to be used, sampling locations, frequency of measurements, detection
limits and definition of thresholds that will signal the need for corrective actions; and
(b) describes monitoring and reporting procedures to ensure early detection of conditions
that necessitate particular mitigation measures and document the progress and results of
mitigation.
(iii) Implementation arrangements:
(a) specifies the implementation schedule showing phasing and coordination with overall
project implementation;
(b) describes institutional or organizational arrangements, namely, who is responsible for
carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures, which may include one or more of the
following additional topics to strengthen environmental management capability: technical
assistance programs, training programs, procurement of equipment and supplies related to
environmental management and monitoring, and organizational changes; and
(c) estimates capital and recurrent costs and describes sources of funds for implementing the
environmental management plan.
(iv) Performance indicators:
describes the desired outcomes as measurable events to the extent possible, such as
performance indicators, targets, or acceptance criteria that can be tracked over defined time
periods.
J.
Conclusion and Recommendation
This section provides the conclusions drawn from the assessment and provides recommendations.

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CHAPTER 8 CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION

8.1

Climate Change
Based on the analysis of Cardno Acil on the climate projections and information they gathered from
recent literature, the temperature in Timor-Leste is expected to increase over the next decades.
Despite a very wide range of possible climate conditions, mean annual precipitation is also expected
to increase slightly (especially over the wet season) while tropical cyclones and accompanied
extreme rainfall events could be less frequent but more intense. Sea level is also expected to rise in
the 21st century and the probability of occurrence and intensity of extreme wave heights will likely
increase.
Water is a critical resource in East Timor. As explained in the same assessment, climate change
could result in a drier dry season, rainfall maybe lessened but more intense events, and El Nio
events, which result in delayed rain and less rain, may become more severe. These changes may
exacerbate East Timor's existing problems with drought, floods, and water quality (Barnett et al.,
2007).
East Timor is prone to flooding, especially on the southern side of the country. In Manatuto Vila
where the alignment passes through, people experience flooding every rainy season with floodwater
level up to one (1) meter and subsides after 2 to 3 hours. Heavier precipitation associated with
climate change may threaten the infrastructure even over the project region. These conditions may be
exacerbated by soil instability associated with farming practices and deforestation. All together,
these conditions could lead to an increase in soil erosion and landslides.
Sea-level rise is expected to aggravate inundation, storm surge, erosion and other coastal hazards,
thus threatening vital infrastructure, settlements and facilities that support the livelihood of island
communities. Part of Manatuto is located in the coastline and sea level rise may affect the level of
water and salinity within the downstream of major rivers like Laclo River. Quality of groundwater
will be eventually affected due to salt intrusion.
Landslides and erosion are one of the most common environmental risks, resulting from interactions
between water flow and soil. Very wet conditions in part of the country (2,500mm) can trigger slope
failures and in many areas road construction is feasible only during the dry season. The steep
topography and heavy rains result in thin and unstable soils, with low water holding capacity.
The main findings on climate change assessment by Cardno Acil for the Road Network
Development project are indicated below:
Observations from the last century show an increase in temperature and a slight decrease in
precipitation for Indonesia (as indicated, information not available for Timor-Leste).
GCMs expect for Timor-Leste (from 136 climate projections) the following:

Horizon 2020:
mean annual temperature increase: +0.8 C (varying between +0.4 C and +1.5 C)
mean annual precipitation difference: +2% (varying between -12 % and +15%)
Horizon 2050:
mean annual temperature increase: +1.5 C (varying between +0.7 C and +2.8 C)
mean annual precipitation difference: +4% (varying from -25% and +15%)
Horizon 2080:
mean annual temperature increase: +2.2 C (varying between +0.8 C and +4.0 C)
mean annual precipitation difference: +6% (varying from -21 % and +32 %)

Intra annual patterns of temperature at time horizons 2020 and 2050 would not vary significantly
from the actual conditions.
Hot days and heat waves are expected to be more frequent in the future.
Differences in the precipitation would be positive from September to June for both 2020
and2050 time horizons and winter months show the most important increase.

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Future conditions may bring fewer extreme rainfall events but their intensity would be more
important.
Tropical cyclone patterns and occurrence are not expected to change that much in a warming
world, while the intensity of these cyclones and the accompanied precipitations volumes may
increase over the next decades.
The combined effects of temperature increase and no significant difference in rainfall over the
dry season would have considerable effect on the runoff volume during the drought period
(runoff volume could be most significantly reduced).
Flood intensity and frequency are expected to increase significantly for the region of interest.
Projected sea level rise at the end of the 21st Century relative to the reference 1980-1999period
for the six SRES scenarios ranges from 1.9 mm/year to 5.8 mm/year.
Studies realized worldwide have shown that the extreme wave height probability of occurrence
and intensity associated with climate change along coastal regions are likely to increase.

Identified Environmental Risks and Climate Change Vulnerability

On the same assessment, communities that were consulted identified the following key existing and
potential environmental risks and climate change vulnerability:
Inappropriate farming methods such as slash-and-burn farming is putting road infrastructure at
risk from erosion, landslide and degradation.

8.3

Forest and grasses fires along the roadsides are worsening the effect on road conditions and has
contributed to a decrease in soil quality, loss of water resources, loss of biodiversity and
contributed to variability in microclimate.
The increasing sedimentation during rainy seasons has affected road drainage and caused road
blockage. The areas worse hit and at the highest risk are those with the poorest vegetation and/or
food crop cover;
Heavy rainfall causing flooding during the rainy season has at times led to changing river
patterns which has caused damage to bridges, other infrastructures and community natural
resources.

Climate Change as a Development Challenge

It was reported that 80% of the people are directly dependent on local forests, arable land and
healthy rivers for their survival. The following key development issues have been identified:

8.4

Development of adaptable farming systems

Forest preservation and restoration
Developing an integrated approach to vegetation management and road rehabilitation
Developing National Meteorological Service and climate early warning system
Enhancing healthcare and access to potable water

Road Rehabilitation
Assessment of the options against risks was based on Adaptation Assessment Matrix" used in the
study conducted by Cardno Acil. Hazard impacts with medium to high likelihood of occurrence in
project site with the proposed preventive measures are presented in Table 8.1.
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Table 8.1 Hazard Impact Adaptation Measures

Hazard Impact
Consequence
Proposed Preventive/Adaptation
Measures
Drought and its consequence
Lowering of water table
Settlement of road sub Use flexible pavement
grade(compressible soils)
structures
leading to distortion of the road Increase maintenance budgets
surface
(responsive measure)
Increase water retention
capacity and slow infiltration
through environmental
measures and bio-retention
systems to recharge aquifers
and reduce surface flow run off
Insufficient
Erosion
Re-vegetation with drought
moisture to sustain
tolerant species
the vegetative
Mulching
cover
Matting/erosion control blankets
Granular protection
Forest and bush
Increased erosion due to
fires
reduced ground cover
Presence of Large Amount of Water
More runoff water
Gully erosion
More severe floods
Water build-up
Overflow and mud /debris
deposits making roads
impassable

Landslides and slips of the

slopes of fill or cut slopes

Sub-surface flooding
Raising of water
tables and of
penetration of
greater volumes of
water infiltration
affecting the subsurface
moisture
content

Reduced pavement failure

and increased risk of
pavement failure due to
water saturation.

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Re-forestation, replanting with

fire tolerant tree species

Apply a safety factor

Reduce the gradients of
slopes
Take account of the materials
used
Increase size and number of
engineering structures
(hydraulic structures, high
river crossings)
Increase water retention
capacity and slow infiltration
through natural or bioengineered
systems
Increase land cover
Raise pavement and add
drainage
Increase land cover
Surface drainage and its
maintenance
Modify the frequency of
checks
Improved longitudinal and
transverse drainage system
Water capture and storage
systems
Improvements of water
courses
Increase water retention
capacity and slow infiltration
through re-vegetation
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Subsidence and collapse

caused by natural or man-made
underground cavities
Penetration of water in to
fill

Collapse of fill

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Identify and treat the risk-prone

zones

Enclose the materials

Use materials that are
unaffected by water or treat
them to make them so
Raise level of road
Check the condition of slopes
regularly
Check regularly the condition
and functioning of the
drainage system and hydraulic
structures
Improve the implementation
of alternative routes in the
event of a road closure

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CHAPTER 9:

Feasibility Report

TRAFFIC: EXISTING STUDIES REVIEW

Background and Data Sources

9.1

Traffic & Transport Assessment, on the Manatuto-Natarbora Road are based on two main sources:
1. Traffic Counts and O-D Surveys conducted in February 2013, as part of this Study
(ADB 2857-TIM), and of the parallel study in North-East TL (ADB TA 8146-TIM)*1.
They are described and assessed in the following chapter, Chapter 10.
2. Preparing the Road Network Development Project ADB TA 7100, 2009*2. It is
commonly known as the 2009 The Timor Leste National Road Master Plan2.
In addition, this Feasibility Study made an attempt to assess Induced Traffic from the Petroleum
Facility Development on the South Coast:
3. TL Ministry of Finance, Petroleum Infrastructure Development Traffic Report,:
Chapter 4 - Existing Traffic Condition, and Chapter 5 - Transport Demand Model;
prepared by PT. Virama Karya-Multi Arch.LDA.
The 2009 National Road Master Plan (TA 7100-TIM), set the foundations for all other traffic studies
conducted afterwards. All following studies adopted, almost entirely, the traffic counts and traffic
projections, as well as all other inputs to the RED Model for Economic Assessment *3.
Thus, this Chapter 9 concentrates on review of TA 7100-TIM. In addition, it lists other studies,
since 2009 which benefited from the 2009 Road Master Plan, and reviewed by the Study Team.
Finally, this chapter also reviews the Timor GAP Traffic Studies, for the Petroleum development on
the South Cost, which a-priori, expected to induce traffic into the Manatuto-Natarbora Rd.
The following chapter, Chapter 10, focuses on traffic assessment of the 2013 traffic studies; to be
used later in Chapter 11 as Input to the RED Model.
9.2

Preparing the Road Network Development Project - TA 7100, 2009

9.2.1

Background

The Project "Preparing the Road Network Development Project ADB TA 7100, 2009, more
commonly known as the 2009 National Road Master Plan, provides the most comprehensive
traffic and transport data; transport projections; and traffic analyses available up till now.
TA 7100 reports are used as background foundations for developing this project, TA 2857. Thus,
this section highlights content and input of TA 7100 of significant value to TA 2857, in particularly
with respect to the Manatuto-Natrabora Road. For more details see TA 7100 reports.
The road network under TA 7100 is comprises of 63 road links, of which 48 are National Road
links, and 15 are selected District Road links, pre-selected by the GoTL. The total length of network
under that study is about 1,675 km, of which about 1,410 km are National Roads and 265 km are
District Roads. Table 9.1 lists the 63 road links, and their length (km).
Among others, the list includes the four National road links A09-01, A09-2, A09-3 and A09-4 of the
Manatuto Natarabora Road; as well as District road link C15, Laclubar Laclubar Junction. As
such, they were included in all the analyses and assessments, conducted by TA 7100.

A Feasibility Study for the North Eastern Coastal Road and braches, TA 8146-TIM, Road Network Upgrading
(Sector) Project is currently carried by the ADB, in parallel to the Manatuto-Natarbora Feasibility Study. The
Teams for these two studies collaborated closely, to ensure compatibility in methodology, in particularly of Traffic
Surveys, and input to RED Model for Economic Analysis.
*
2 "Preparing the Road Network Development Project ADB TA 7100," September 2009; Prepared by Cardno Acil
(with KWK Consulting), for the Timor Leste Ministry of Infrastructure (MOI); Financed by the Asian Development
Bank (ADB).
*
3 The Team TL/Transport Economists for this Feasibility Study, 2857-TIM, as well as for TA 8146-TIM, have acted
in past as the TL/Transport Economist for TA 7100, and have developed its methodology and findings. The current,
2013 methodology is a collaborated update of their work for TA 7100.
*1

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Table 9.1: TA 7100 Timor Leste, National Road Network

Link
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63

From
Dili (Mota Ulum)
Manatuto (A09 Jct)
Baucau (By-pass)
Lautem
Dili (Taibesi Rd)
Aileu
Maubisse
Aituto (A05 Jct)
Ainaro
Cassa
Zumulai
Dili (Airport Jct)
Tibar
Liquica
Batugade
Batugade
Tibar
Gleno
Aituto (A02 Jct)
Betulala
Same
Baucau (By-pass)
Venilale
Viqueque
Viqueque
Uatucarbau Jct
Iliomar
Los Palos
Manatuto
Cribas
Laclubar Jct
Mane Hat
A04 Jct (Gleno)
A04 Jct (Ermera)
Maliana
Oeleu
Lourba (A10 Jct)
A05 Jct (Aiassa)
Hatudo
Natarbora
Alas Jct
Suai
Tilomar
A12 Jct (Oeleu)
Fatululik
Pante Macassar
Pante Macassar
Pante Macassar
Tutuala
Lacluta/Dilor
Quelicai
Baguia
Km 9.5
Km 9.5
Lequidoe
Lequidoe
Ermera
Laclubar
Bazartete
Hatobuilico
Hatu Udo
Turiscai
Lolotoe Jct

To
Manatuto (A09 Jct)
Baucau (By-pass)
Lautem
Com
Aileu
Maubisse
Aituto (A05 Jct)
Ainaro
Cassa
Zumulai
Suai
Tibar
Liquica
Batugade
Mota Ain
Maliana
Gleno
Ermera
Betulala
Same
Betano
Venilale
Viqueque
Natarbora
Uatucarbau (Jct C8)
Iliomar
Los Palos
Lautem
Cribas
Laclubar Jct
Mane Hat
Natarbora
Lourba (A12 Jct)
Maliana
Oeleu
Lourba (A10 Jct)
Zumalai
Hatu Udo
Cassa
Alas Jct
Betano
Tilomar
Wemassa Border
Fatululik
Tilomar
Bobometo/Oesilo
Citrana
Sakato
A08 Jct (Trisula)
A07 Jct
A01 Jct
A01 Jct
A02 Jct
A04 Jct
A02 Jct
A02 Jct
Fatubessi
A09 Jct
A03 Jct (Aipelo)
A10 Jct (Letefoahi)
Ainaro
A02 Jct
Beco
Total (All Links)

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Link ID
A01-01
A01-02
A01-03
A01-04
A02-01
A02-02
A02-03
A02-04
A02-05
A02-06
A02-07
A03-01
A03-02
A03-03
A03-04
A03-05
A04-01
A04-02
A05-01
A05-02
A05-03
A06-01
A06-02
A07-01
A08-01
A08-02
A08-03
A08-04
A09-01
A09-02
A09-03
A09-04
A10-01
A11-01
A12-01
A12-02
A12-03
A13-01
A13-02
A14-01
A14-02
A15-01
A15-02
A16-01
A16-02
A17-01
A18-01
A19-01
C2
C5
C6
C8
C10-01
C10-02
C11-01
C11-02
C13
C15
C17
C22
C23
C26
C32

Link
Length
(km)
58.7
57.3
59.8
20.3
43.7
25.0
13.1
26.3
21.1
17.0
29.8
7.2
26.3
74.3
1.0
41.3
33.3
11.5
10.8
20.0
24.7
23.9
34.1
43.0
55.8
25.0
45.0
27.9
22.3
13.1
34.7
10.8
68.5
63.9
15.5
9.8
26.1
16.9
7.7
37.7
9.1
12.2
15.0
28.7
48.0
28.3
47.5
15.0
29.0
13.0
17.8
37.6
8.0
9.5
16.9
10.9
11.4
9.6
14.4
18.4
26.7
20.4
22.8
1674.4

Road
Length
(km)

196.1

176.0

150.1
44.8

55.5
58.0
43.0

153.7

80.9
68.5
63.9

51.4
24.6
46.8
27.2
76.7
28.3
47.5
15.0

266.4
1674.4

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9.2.2

Feasibility Report

Phases & Content

TA 7100 was conducted in two phases:

Phase I - the initial phase, started with the mission of updating findings and results of the 2005
Report Technical Assistance to the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste for Transport Sector
Improvement (TA 3731-TIM), 2005. Phase I included detailed analyses and assessments -engineering, traffic and transport, social, environmental, economic, etc., of all 63 links of the
National Road Network. Based largely on engineering and economic considerations, Phase I
concluded with recommendations on 32 Priority Roads Links for Development (see Figure 9.1),
and Proposed Improvements. From that, it derived a Ten-Year Master Plan/Investment Plan for
Timor Leste Road Sector.
Figure 9.1 shows the National Road Network, by designated link number, and the recommended 32
priority links. Note, each road section (collections of links) is marked by different colour. For
instance, all links of road A01 are shown here in red. The 32 selected links, largely in the west, are
marked by wider lines*4. The recommended links include those with IRR>12%, as well as links
with IRR 11%-11% (marked in yellow). It also includes links with lower IRR (marked in blue), but
which were essential for road completeness, from origin to destination.
Among others, this phase of RA 7100 included substantial work on preparing traffic and other input
data to the RED Model for Economic Assessment. This Project, 2857-TIM, updates these 2009 data,
and uses the updates to run current 2013 analyses.
Phase II - conducted during the second half of the Project, focuses on Project Preparation/Feasibility
Studies for two selected road section from the "Ten Year National Road Master Plan/Investment
Plan," recommended in Phase I.
The two Feasibility Studies, conducted during Phase II were:
Road A03-03-04, Liquicia Batugade - Mota-Ain, 78.8 km*5
Road A11-01, Ermera Maliana, 63.9 km
Among others, This Project, 2857-TIM, uses the structure of these feasibility studies, accepted by
ADB and the Ministry of Transport, to construct this 2013 Feasibility Study (ADB 2857-TIM).

*4

It should be noted that Manatuto-Natarbora Rd. was not recommended, at the time, as a priority road.
This Project is currently in progress. Preparatory Study, finance d by JICA and conducted by Nippon KOEI, started in
2010. Construction is expected to start in mid 2013.
*5

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A01-4
COM
TUTUALA

A01-3
BAUCAU

TIBAR

LIQUICA

A03-2

A03-1

A03-3

LETEFOHO
MAUBISSE

ATABAE

BATUGADE

A03-4

AILEU

A02-2C26

A16-1 A12-2
A02-5
A13-2
CASSA
A12-3
HATU UDO
LOLOTOE
ZUMALAI
FATALULIK

A16-2

C32
BECO

A08-3

ILIOMAR
A09-2
LACLUBAR

A08-2

C15
A06-2

UATUCARBAU

VIQUEQUE
TURISCAI

A09-3
VIQUEQUE
LACLUTA

C5

MANE HAT

A08-1

A09-4
A07-1
NATARBORA

A02-6
A02-7

A05-3

A14-1

ALAS JCT

MAJOR ROADS and TOWNS

A14-2
BETANO

A08-4

C17

National Road
District Road
District Capital

SUAI
A15-1

Town

Road Junction

WEMASSA
BORDER

TILOMAR

Link Start/End

LOS PALOS

Feasibility Report

A15-2

C4

C23

A13-1

COVALIMA

LURO

BAGUIA

VENILALE

CRIBAS

SAME

LOURBA

C8

C6
QUELICAI
A06-1

A09-1

MANATUTO

A11-1ERMERA C22 HATE BUILICO A02-3

AITUTO
AINARO
BOBONARO
A10-1 A02-4
ATSABE
BETULALA
A05-1
A05-2
A03-5 MALIANA
A12-1
MANUFAHI
AINARO
OELEU

LAUTEM

BAUCAU

C17
A02-1
C10'
C11
BAZERTETE
A04-1
C10
C11'
LEQUIDOE
LIQUICA
A04-2
AILEU
FATUBESSI
C13
ERMERA

LAGA

METINARO

DILI

MAUBERE

GLENO

JACO

A01-2

MANATUTO

A01-1

DILI

A08-4

C2

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

LAUTEM

Figure 9.1 Timor Leste Road Master Plan National Road Network,
and Recommended 32 Links

22 Priority Links (2 in Oecussi), IRR => 12% In Wide Line/Bold ID

5 Links, IRR =11%-10%Highlighted Yellow
5 Links for Continuity, IRR=8%-1%
Highlighted Blue

MOTA AIN

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 9: Traffic: Existing Studies -Review Page 9-4

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

32 Links, South-West Focused Continuity

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

9.3

Feasibility Report

Other Traffic/Economic Evaluation Studies, Adapting TA7100-TIM

The importance and comprehensiveness of the TA 7100 Report is reflected in the fact that since its
release in 2009, all ensuing traffic studies, and road feasibility studies/economic analyses in Timor
Leste, have based their analysis and derived much of their input data from that report.
The following studies/projects are based on, or have derived data from TA 7100:
JICA, Preparatory Work, Road A03-03-04, Liquicia Batugade - Mota-Ain, 2010. This
Project, following the Feasibility Study by TA 7100 (see above), has been approved (see report
below). It was financed by JICA, and prepared by Nippon KOEI. Construction is expected to
start in mid 2013.
Monitoring and Evaluation Report, of the Reconstruction of Road A03-03/04, Contract 1:
Liquica to Km 49.7 2012; ADB Grant No. 01800-TIM; Prepared by SMEC with KWK.
World Bank "Feasibility Study - Timor Leste Road Climate Resilience Project, 2011. Since
then, this Project, encompassing road links A02-1, A02-2, A02-4 and A02-4, Dili to Ainaro, has
been accepted for financing by the WB. It is currently in progress. KEI is preparing the detailed
design, and construction is expected to start by 2014.
JICA, Preparatory Survey on Road Network Development Sector Project in The Democratic
Republic Of Timor Leste, 2010. This preparatory survey applies to Road Link A01-01, DiliManatuto, and Road Link A01-02, Manatuto-Baucau.
TL, Ministry Of Finance, Petroleum Infrastructure Development and Timor GAP, Preliminary
Engineering Design, Highway Traffic Report, Transport Demand Model, and Highway
Economic Analysis, Prepared by PT. Virama Karya-Multi Arch.LDA, 2011.

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 9: Traffic: Existing Studies -Review Page 9-5

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

9.4

Feasibility Report

TA 7100 Traffic Study - Highlights

To update the 2005 traffic counts on the road network links, this study conducted "National
Classified Traffic Counts". The count locations, duplicated, for the most part, the locations used by
the 2005 study, to assess the classified traffic growth rate (by vehicle type) since 2005. Locations of
the 2009 surveys are shown in Figure 9.2.
The 2009 survey included only one traffic count station on the Manatuto-Natarbora Road*6 (between
Manatuto Junc. and Criba), and none on the Laclubar Junc.-Laclubar road.
Average Annuaal Daily Traffic (AADT), 2005 and 2009, by vehicle type, and annual growth rates
for this period, are shown in Table 1.2 (National Roads), and in Table 9.3 (District Roads). Table
9.4 focuses on specific data for the five road links on the Manatuto-Natarbora Rd.
Given that there was only actual counting station, only the data for road link A09-1 (Manatuto Junc.
to Criba) is based on actual counts. AADT for the other road links is based on estimates, resulting
from applying the derived average annual overall growth rates for different vehicle categories. By
any
account,
2009
AADT
was
very
low.
On
road
link
A09-1 the AADT was 110, including motorcycles, and 63 without them. The rest of the links were
estimated to have had even lower volumes.
Figure 9.2 Locations of Traffic Count Stations, 2009

The following chapter, Chapter 10 deals with Assessment of Traffic, based on the 2013 Traffic
Surveys. The 2013 data are used to update the 2009 traffic report (TA 7100-TIM), while, basing the
analysis on the foundation methodology developed in 2009.

*6

In contrast, this 2857 TIM conducted three counting surveys on the Manatuto-Natarbora Road, A09, including
District Road C15; as well as one day O-D / counting survey, 5 km west of Manatuto Junction. See results in Chapter
11.
Katahira & Engineers International in association with

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 9: Traffic: Existing Studies -Review Page 9-6

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48

Link
From

March to April 2005

To

Dili (Mota Ulum)

Manatuto (A09 Jct)
Manatuto (A09 Jct)
Baucau
Baucau
Lautem
Lautem
Com
Dili (Taibesi Rd)
Aileu
Aileu
Maubisse
Maubisse
Aituto (A05 Jct 5)
Aituto (A05 Jct 5)
Ainaro
Ainaro
Cassa
Cassa
Zumalai
Zumalai
Suai
Dili (Airport Jct)
Tibar
Tibar
Liquica
Liquica
Batugade
Batugade
Mota Ain (Border)
Batugade
Maliana
Tibar
Gleno
Gleno
Ermera
A05 Jct (Aituto)
Betulala
Betulala
Same
Same
Betano
Baucau (By-pass)
Venilale
Venilale
Viqueque
Viqueque
Natarbaro
Viqueque
Uatucarbau (Jct C8)
Uatucarbau (Jct C8)
Llomar
Llomar
Los Palos
Los Palos
Lautem
Manatuto
Criba
Criba
Laclubar Jct
Laclubar Jct
Mane Hat
Mane Hat
Natarbora
Gleno
A10 & A12 jct
Ermera
Maliana
Maliana
Oeleu
Oeleu
Lourba (A10 Jct)
Lourba (A10 Jct)
Zumalai
A05 Jct (Same?/Aiassa?))
Hatu Udo
Hatu Udo
Cassa
Natarbora
Alas Jct
Alas Jct
Betano
Suai
Tilomar
Tilomar
Wemassa Border
A12 Jct (Oeleu)
Fatululik
Fatululik
Tilomar
Pante Macassar
Bobometo/Oesilo
Pante Macassar
Citrana
Pante Macassar
Sakalo

RoadLink

Length
(km)

A01-1
A01-2
A01-3
A01-4
A02-1
A02-2
A02-3
A02-4
A02-5
A02-6
A02-7
A03-1
A03-2
A03-3
A03-4
A03-5
A04-01
A04-02
A05-01
A05-02
A05-03
A06-01
A06-02
A07-01
A08-01
A08-02
A08-03
A08-04
A09-01
A09-02
A09-03
A09-04
A10-01
A11-01
A12-01
A12-02
A12-03
A13-01
A13-02
A14-01
A14-02
A15-01
A15-02
A16-01
A16-02
A17-01
A18-01
A19-01

58.7
57.3
59.8
20.3
43.7
25.0
13.1
26.3
21.1
17.0
29.8
7.2
26.3
74.3
1.0
41.3
33.3
11.5
10.8
20.0
24.7
23.9
34.1
43.0
55.8
25.0
45.0
27.9
22.3
13.1
34.7
10.8
68.5
63.9
15.5
9.8
26.1
16.9
7.7
37.7
9.1
12.2
15.0
28.7
48.0
28.3
47.5
15.0

Motor
cycle
```
253
82
71
35
156
86
86
45
55
94
65
702
239
110
135
135
118
39
16
13
108
72
63
14
29
14
14
86
7
7
1
6
28
26
67
106
85
22
31
25
55
43
19
10
0
157
156
95

Car/
taxi
58
17
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
278
38
16
14
14
0
2
0
0
0
12
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0

Jeep/
4WD
103
59
34
10
78
46
46
31
26
11
31
338
51
25
35
28
28
19
14
14
32
52
32
5
3
1
1
32
1
1
0
1
0
0
12
107
7
2
14
18
26
18
7
9
0
25
15
23

Dec 2008/Jan 2009

Pick-up/ Minivan
bus
131
40
33
16
59
10
10
19
22
9
36
215
81
26
26
24
37
15
11
9
25
53
32
5
8
4
4
40
2
2
0
2
6
4
7
108
7
1
11
18
22
15
6
13
0
37
17
21

129
43
73
5
7
14
14
0
28
4
38
240
104
26
22
26
80
31
1
1
86
44
0
6
15
7
7
12
0
0
1
4
4
13
7
132
5
15
17
24
28
11
6
0
0
122
6
16

Large- Light
Bus
Truck
75
42
60
5
21
24
24
22
25
16
25
50
38
19
18
19
0
0
8
9
0
23
0
0
9
4
4
19
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
12
11
0
17
0
25
3
0
0
0
4
0
0

58
40
44
13
155
42
42
21
43
8
57
185
94
25
25
23
72
32
7
7
105
49
0
10
18
9
9
27
12
12
1
4
62
18
15
83
7
7
27
26
42
24
10
11
1
3
8
0

Med.
Truck
84
53
53
19
80
5
0
39
47
26
23
192
60
25
24
25
59
52
50
56
43
50
47
12
16
8
8
32
2
2
0
3
41
5
13
86
14
0
34
28
47
17
8
7
0
103
41
47

Heavy
Total
Truck (inc M/C) (exc M/C)
15
14
1
0
22
0
0
1
0
12
0
45
8
0
0
0
5
6
5
4
0
16
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5

906
390
371
103
579
227
222
178
246
181
275
2245
713
272
299
294
399
196
111
113
399
371
190
52
98
47
47
254
24
24
3
20
141
66
125
634
136
47
151
139
245
131
56
50
1
450
244
208

653
308
300
68
423
141
136
133
191
87
210
1543
474
162
164
159
281
157
95
100
291
299
127
38
69
33
33
168
17
17
2
14
113
40
59
528
51
25
120
114
190
88
37
40
1
293
88
113

39.17
30.5%

3.60 13.51 13.39 15.05

2.8% 10.5% 10.4% 11.7%

7.72 17.01 17.36

6.0% 13.2% 13.5%

1.76
1.4%

128.56
100%

89.40

Dec 2008/Jan 2009

Million veh-kms recorded per year (1)
Percentage vehicular travel

142.32
53.7%

10.78
4.1%

22.16
8.4%

6.69
2.5%

20.42
7.7%

12.08
4.6%

1.81
0.7%

265.05
100.0%

122.73

41%

34%

14%

-4%

5%

-9%

1%

21%

9%

Anual rate of change

Million veh-kms recorded per year

631
338
310
127
316
303
313
164
200
342
342
881
868
551
492
588
349
140
58
48
169
337
248
120
165
51
122
455
48
35
4
22
102
103
242
184
309
80
37
91
109
170
217
116
127
569
568
345

Car/
taxi
162
87
44
0
41
11
0
0
0
0
0
145
114
24
15
6
15
5
1
1
8
12
18
5
8
0
6
38
9
13
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
1
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
2
1

Jeep/
4WD
142
109
56
16
57
61
75
51
43
18
16
294
84
141
73
54
128
31
22
24
10
49
12
8
23
2
11
33
9
5
0
2
0
9
19
17
11
3
1
30
6
21
21
1
18
41
24
38

Pick-up/ Minivan
Bu
151
91
47
25
38
40
16
30
35
14
13
263
129
139
51
78
99
24
18
14
9
60
21
10
11
6
9
37
14
8
0
3
10
9
11
12
12
1
2
29
7
14
9
3
14
58
27
34

246
84
166
9
57
48
26
0
51
7
10
254
190
42
31
19
111
57
1
2
45
116
22
29
19
13
20
169
8
8
2
7
7
1
14
26
8
27
7
44
22
11
16
0
14
222
12
29

Large- Light
Bus
Truck
54
51
17
4
12
13
21
19
22
14
9
44
33
39
44
43
2
0
7
8
0
17
15
0
10
3
0
5
0
1
0
0
0
1
4
4
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0

140
110
55
16
52
54
50
25
52
10
9
147
113
33
18
18
170
39
8
8
11
50
25
30
19
11
25
49
21
22
1
5
74
23
18
12
9
9
2
31
4
1
2
4
4
4
10
1

Million pass-km
Average trip length (km)

21.33 27.47
8.0% 10.4%
13%

17%

No of trips (million)

Note: (1) The 2005 and/or 2008/9 volumes for roads that were not counted in one of those years have been estimated by applying the derived average annual overall growth rates for different vehicle categories - see Appendix 2A.46.

Med.
Truck
108
19
2
13
17
10
0
27
33
18
11
361
42
56
36
37
18
36
35
39
2
2
2
5
2
6
0
9
2
0
0
2
29
27
9
9
9
0
1
19
1
10
19
4
8
71
28
33

Heavy
Total
Truck (inc M/C) (exc M/C)
1651
891
699
211
591
539
501
317
435
435
421
2436
1581
1045
784
856
894
339
155
146
253
643
363
207
257
92
192
797
110
91
7
41
222
175
318
263
368
122
50
244
152
227
286
129
188
969
671
484

17
2
2
0
1
0
0
1
0
12
11
48
8
21
23
12
2
6
5
4
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
0
0
5

1021
553
389
84
274
237
188
154
235
94
79
1555
712
494
292
268
545
198
97
99
84
306
115
87
92
41
71
341
63
55
3
19
120
72
76
79
59
42
14
153
43
57
69
12
60
400
103
140

Growth (%/year)
(inc M/C) (exc M/C)
17.4%
24.7%
18.4%
21.1%
0.5%
26.0%
24.2%
16.6%
16.4%
26.4%
12.0%
2.2%
23.7%
43.2%
29.3%
33.0%
24.0%
15.7%
9.2%
7.1%
-11.4%
15.8%
18.9%
44.4%
29.3%
19.4%
45.6%
35.6%
50.2%
42.6%
23.7%
21.0%
12.8%
29.7%
28.2%
-20.9%
30.5%
28.8%
-25.5%
16.1%
-12.0%
15.7%
54.4%
28.7%
303.8%
22.7%
31.0%
25.3%

12.7%
16.9%
7.2%
5.9%
-10.9%
14.8%
9.0%
3.9%
5.7%
2.1%
-22.9%
0.2%
11.5%
34.7%
16.6%
14.9%
19.3%
6.4%
0.4%
-0.3%
-28.1%
0.6%
-2.6%
24.6%
8.0%
5.7%
22.6%
20.8%
41.5%
37.1%
11.7%
8.5%
1.6%
17.0%
7.0%
-39.7%
4.2%
14.5%
-44.1%
8.1%
-32.7%
-11.1%
18.1%
-26.8%
198.2%
8.6%
4.4%
5.8%

1232.89
75
16.413

Trips/person/year

15.2

Source: Consultants' Surveys and TA 3731

Feasibility Report

March/April 2005
Million veh-kms recorded per year (1)
Percentage vehicular travel

Motor
cycle

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 9: Traffic: Existing Studies -Review Page 9-7

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

St.

Table 9.2: TA 7100 AADT 2005 & 2009, and Annual Growth Rate, National Road Links

National Roads

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

Feasibility Report

Table 9.3: TA 7100 AADT 2005 & 2009, and Annual Growth Rate, District Road Links

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 9: Traffic: Existing Studies -Review Page 9-8

St.

50
53
54
55
58
61
62
63
64
65
66
70
72
77
78
80
86

March to April 2005

Link
From

To

RoadLink

Jaco (via Tutuala)

Luro
Lacluta/Dilor
Quelicai
Baguia
Km 9.5
Km 9.5
Lequidoe
Lequidoe
Laulara
Ermera
Laclubar
Bazartete
Hatobuilico
Hato Udo
Turiscai
Lolotoe

A08 Jct (Trisula)

A08 Jct
A07 Jct
A01 Jct
A01 Jct
A02 Jct
A04 Jct
A02 Jct
A02 Jct (Aileu)
A02 Jct
Fatubessi
A09 Jct
A03 Jct (Aipelo)
A10 Jct (Letefoh)
Ainaro
A02 Jct
Beco

C2
C4
C5
C6
C8
C10
C10'
C11
C11'
C12
C13
C15
C17
C22
C23
C26
C32

Length
(km)
29.0
10.0
13.0
17.8
37.6
8.0
9.5
16.9
10.9
0.4
11.4
9.6
14.4
18.4
26.7
20.4
22.8

Motor
cycle

Car/
Taxi

Dec 2008/Jan 2009

Jeep/
4WD

Pick-up/ MiniVan
Bus

Large- Light
Bus
Truck

Med.
Truck

Heavy
Total
Truck (inc M/C) (exc M/C)
13
0
0
0
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

66
11
82
69
34
83
83
11
50
106
242
49
162
44
92
55
121

44
7
66
62
26
61
61
11
50
74
152
35
92
37
64
35
96

0.71
0.91
1.10
9.5% 12.1% 14.7%

0.12
1.46
0.90
1.6% 19.5% 12.1%

0.15
2.0%

7.49
100.0%

5.40

0.26
2.5%

0.45
4.4%

0.45
1.43
4.4% 14.0%

0.10
1.05
1.0% 10.3%

0.39
3.8%

0.05
0.5%

10.18
100.0%

4.18

62%

-12%

-17%

-20%

-24%

9%

-7%

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0

March/April 2005
Million veh-kms recorded per year
Percentage travel

2.09
27.9%

0.04
0.6%

Dec 2008/Jan 2009

Million veh-kms recorded per year
Percentage travel

6.00
58.9%

Anual rate of change

Million veh-kms recorded per year

32%

6
0
10
13
5
8
8
0
0
22
6
2
6
0
20
5
12

11
0
8
12
5
14
14
0
0
9
22
2
20
2
15
6
13

4
0
13
13
6
8
8
10
49
8
51
0
17
0
0
6
21

7%

0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14

-4%

10
4
17
14
8
15
15
1
1
35
57
25
37
20
1
8
27

-8%

57
10
41
49
71
57
71
0
89
83
90
36
181
18
62
52
64

Car/
Taxi

Jeep/
4WD
0
0
0
2
5
0
3
0
7
0
2
0
24
0
0
0
0

3
0
5
1
4
4
7
0
8
12
22
1
3
0
8
3
6

Pick-up/ MiniVan
Bus
4
0
3
3
2
5
5
0
2
3
17
1
7
1
14
2
5

Large- Light
Bus
Truck

5
0
16
35
27
10
2
12
1
10
31
0
21
0
8
7
26

Million pass-km

0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12

7
3
12
9
11
11
5
1
16
25
17
18
26
14
2
6
19

Med.
Truck
0
1
7
1
0
5
0
0
0
0
46
2
2
6
1
4
4

5
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0

80
14
85
100
121
93
94
13
123
132
226
58
263
39
95
73
136

Growth (%/year)
(inc M/C) (exc M/C)

24
4
43
50
50
36
23
13
34
49
136
22
83
21
33
22
72

5.4%
7.4%
0.9%
10.3%
40.2%
3.1%
3.3%
4.5%
27.1%
6.0%
-1.9%
4.6%
13.8%
-3.1%
0.8%
8.0%
3.2%

-15.3%
-13.5%
-10.5%
-5.4%
18.9%
-12.8%
-23.1%
4.5%
-10.1%
-10.3%
-3.0%
-11.8%
-2.8%
-14.0%
-16.2%
-11.8%
-7.5%

46.44

Average trip length

75

No of trips (million)

0.62

Note: (1) The 2008/9 volumes for roads that were not counted have been estimated by applying the derived average annual overall growth rates for different vehicle categories - see Interim Report Appendix 2A.47.
- when growth rates for district roads could not be established (for cars and large buses - because none were recorded in 2005 - the growth rates for National roads were applied).

Heavy
Total
Truck (inc M/C) (exc M/C)

Trips/person/year

0.6

Source: Consultants' surveys and TA 3731

Feasibility Report

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

0
3
18
10
2
13
13
0
0
0
16
6
4
15
28
10
9

22
4
16
7
8
22
22
0
0
32
90
14
70
7
28
20
25

Motor
cycle

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District Roads

To

Manatuto
Criba
Laclubar Jct
Mane Hat

Criba
Laclubar Jct
Mane Hat
Natarbora

A09-01
A09-02
A09-03
A09-04

Length
(km)
22.3
13.1
34.7
10.8

Motor
cycle
48
35
4
22

Car/
taxi

9
13
0
0

Jeep/
4WD

9
5
0
2

Annual Growth Rate

Pick-up/Minivan
Bu

14
8
0
3

8
8
2
7

Large- Light
Bus
Truck

0
1
0
0

21
22
1
5

Med.
Truck

2
0
0
2

Heavy
Truck

0
0
0
0

Total
(inc M/C) (exc M/C)
110
91
7
41

Laclubar
A09 Jct
C15
9.6
36
0
1
1
0
0
18
2
0
58
Source: TA 7100 Traffic Counts, and Estimates (1)
Note (1):Volumes for roads that were not counted have been estimated by applying the derived average annual overall growth rates for different vehicle categories

Growth (%/year)
(inc M/C) (exc M/C)
2005-2009

63
55
3
19

50.2%
42.6%
23.7%
21.0%

41.5%
37.1%
11.7%
8.5%

22

4.6%

-11.8%

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AADT by Vehicle Type, 2009

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Table 9.4: TA 7100 AADT 2009, and Annual Growth Rate 2005-2009, Manatuto-Natarbora
Road

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9.5

Feasibility Report

Timor GAP Traffic Study

9.5.1

Objective

This section focuses on implications of the Timor GAP plans to projected new Induced Traffic on
the Manatuto-Natarbora road, due to petroleum facilities development on the South Coast. The bulk
of this Chapter concentrates on assessing traffic demand and traffic projections produce by Timor
GAP, as part of their development plans. In particular, on the induced demand, on the ManatutoNatarbora road.
Fuller review of Timor GAP land-use development plans on the South Coast, is given in Chapter 2
of this Report Development Plans; this section provides just a reminder summary.
In summary, the Timor GAP development plans for the South Coast include three clusters: (i) Suai
Supply Base (ii) Betano Refinery and Petrochemical Industry, and (iii) Beao LNG-Plant.
Each cluster will also include construction of New Town, to house the administrative staff and the
workers: (i) Nova Suai (ii) Nova Betano, and (iii) Nova Viqueque, respectively. Figure 9.3 shows the
location of these clusters.
Figure 9.3 Development Clusters

To connect these three clusters and support growth of the petroleum industry, a new Double
Carriage, four -lane Highway is planned, along the South Coast, from Suai to Beao, a distance of
about 155 km.
9.5.2

Data Source

Timor GAP provided the Team with three reports on Traffic, traffic demand model, and economic
assessment of the road system within their vicinity. All of the reports were issued by the TL
Ministry of Finance, Petroleum Infrastructure Development. They were produced by the Consultant:
PT. Virama Karya-Multi Arch.LDA.
The GAP reports are:
o Traffic Report, Chapter 4, Existing Traffic Condition
o Traffic Report, Chapter 5, Transport Demand Model
o Detailed Engineering Design Final Report, Highway Economic Analysis
The sections below review selected findings, with particular relevance to traffic on the ManatutoNatarbora road.

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9.5.3

Feasibility Report

Existing Traffic Conditions Chapter 4

Traffic Surveys
The study conducted Traffic Counts surveys during April 8-17, 2011 for 24 hours (6:00 AM to
6:00AM, next morning). Each location was surveyed for three days on weekdays and weekends.
The locations were: (1) Beko Village to Suai Rd, (2) Betano Junction, (3) Viqueque to Beaco Rd, (4)
Salele Juntion, (5) Zumalai Junction, (6) Natarbora Junction, (7) Viqeque Junction. In addition,
they also conducted Travel Trip Surveys.
The study reports that daily traffic along the corridor Suai to Beaco, range from 648 (Beco Village
Suai) to 455 (Betano Junction); and 530 on the Viqueque to Beaco corridor.
From this Feasibility Study viewpoint, the only relevant count, for comparison with the 2013 count,
is the count at Natarbora Junction. However this particular count was not included in the report*7.
In summary, with respect to Manatuto-Natarbora Road, the traffic counts for Timor GAP do not add
useful information to this Feasibility Study.
Secondary Data
All of the secondary data used by the Consultant, is derived from the 2009 Road Master Plan, TA7100, reviewed above.
Thus, also the secondary data do not provide any relevant additional data .
9.5.4

Transport Demand Model, Base Year 2011 Chapter 5

The GAP study uses a Four Step Transport Demand Model (Trip Generation, Trip Distribution,
Modal Split, and Traffic Assignment)*8 to estimate traffic the Timor Leste National Road Network.
Basic Model Structure and Inputs
Base year: 2011.
14 Traffic Zones: Thirteen (13) internal zones -- each of the 13 Districts of TL; One (1) External
zone -- Indonesia (see Figure 9.4).
Road Network: National Road System (see Figure 9.4).
O-D Matrices: Based on O-D Matrices in the 2009 Road Master Plan, plus O-D data from the
2011 Consultant survey on the South Coast Corridor.
Vehicle Categories: Initially, 11 Vehicle types (including Truck trailer, and Articulated truck and
semi trailer; in addition to the 9 vehicle types included in the 2009 and 2013 surveys). Combined
for analysis into 3 categories (i) Cars, 4WD, and buses (ii) Medium trucks, and (iii) Heavy
trucks.
Figure 9.4 Traffic Zones and Road Network, 2011 GAP Demand Study

Source: Timor GAP Report, Figure 5.2

*7
*8

See GAP Study, Table 4.3. Result of Traffic Count Survey.

There is no reference to the specific Software used by the Consultant
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Sub-Models
(1)
Trip Generation:
Trip Generation is based solely on population size in each traffic zone (see Figure 9.5)
Trip Production: Number of Daily Vehicle-Trips = Linear function of Population in each Traffic
Zone (estimated coefficients by the Consultant)
Trip Attraction: Number of Daily Vehicle-Trips = Linear function of Population in each Traffic
Zone (estimated coefficients by the Consultant)
Figure 9.5 Populations by Zone 2011, GAP Demand Study

Source: Timor GAP Report, Figure 5.7

(2)
Trip Distribution
Trip distribution is based on calibration of the O-D matrices, together with road network impedance
factor. The Consultant indicates, correctly, that Trip Distance, Trip Time, or Trip Cost is as used as
impedance factor in the process of calibration model. However, it is not clear whichimpedance
factor was used by the Consultant. It seems that Trip Distance was used in the 2011 Study.
The results of the Trip Distribution are shown asdesire lines (see figure 9.6), where the width of
the line shows the volumer of daily vhicle-trips. The desire lines do not project trips on the actual
road network, though they take impedance factor of the road (probably road distance) into account.
The map shows, clearly, that Dili is the most desired O-D point. It also shows significant travel
between Dili and the three Petroleum Facilities.
Figure 9.6 Desire Lines 2011, GAP Demand Study

Source: Timor GAP Report, Figure 5.8

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(3)
Modal Split
The three O-D Matrices, by the aggregated vehicle-type categories, provide the modal-split to the
model
(4)
Traffic Assignment
Route assignment project determines the daily vehicle-trips onto each link of the road network. The
Consultant used a mathematical model, called Equilibrium Trip Assignment and Capacity
Restraint Method. Capacity restraint is calculated from relationship curve between volume and
speed that results in Volume Delay Function, which shows sensitivity-level of the network supply
Roads) to increasing traffic volume on each link. Inputs used in the Traffic Assignment process are:
o Road Network
o Vehicle Origin-Destination Trip Matrices
o Relationship between volume and speed, for each road link type
The result of the Assignment process, for the base year 2011 is shown in Figure 9.7. The 2011
Assignment shows traffic (about 36 vehicle-trips going south, and about 20 going north*9) on the
Manatuto-Natarbora Rd*10 (see: in the middle of the chart), where large portion of this traffic seems
to be produced and attracted to Viqueque.
Figure 9.7 Traffic Assignment 2011, GAP Demand Study

Source: Timor GAP Report, Figure 5.9

9.5.5

Traffic Demand Forecast, 2021-2031 Chapter 5

The Consultant used traffic growth rates produced by the 2009 Road Master Plan, TA-7100, to
forecast traffic for the period 2011-2031. To that growth he added induced traffic by the
Petroleum Facilities to be constructed on the South Coast, starting at the year 2016.
In addition, the Consultant indicated that the calibrated four steps model for 2011, can be used to
forecast traffic in later years, using appropriate matrices for the selected year. And he provided an
example of Traffic Assignment results in a chart, for the year 2011. It is shown here in Figure 6.6.
No specific values are shown on the chart*11.
Results of the traffic forecast, 2011-2031, are given only for the Southern Corridor, as follows:
Road segment Suai Same (GAP, Table 5.18)
Road Segment Same Viqueque (GAP, Table 5.19)
*9

The actual numbers of vehicle-trips on the chart is hard to read. The volumes given here are best guess. No Table
was given concerning number of vehicle-trips on each link.
*10
This leads us to believe that the Impedance Factor used by the Consultant is probably Road Distance (regardless
of road conditions).
*11
The original chart, in the GAP Report, does not show number of projected vehicle-trips. So, it is not possible to
actually assess the traffic on each link. Note the scale (width of line for traffic volumes) in this chart for 2021, and in the
previous chart for 2011 (Figure 6.5) may be different. Thus, it is not possible to simply compare between the two.

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Road Segment Viqueque Beaco (GAP,Table 5.20)

No results are given for any other links on the National Network.
Thus, the GAP forecast does not provide any information on projected traffic over the ManatutoNatarbora Road.
Figure 9.8 Traffic Assignment 2021, GAP Demand Study

Source: Timor GAP Report, Figure 5.12

9.5.6

Induced Traffic Chapter 5

Induced Traffic onto the Manatuto-Natarbora Rd, by the planned Petroleum Industry Facilities on
the South Coast, was expected, a-priori, to provide valuable traffic data, to justify the reconstruction
of that road. However, as indicated above, the GAP report provides traffic forecast, 2011-2031, only
for three sections on the Southern Corridor.
Thus, the GAP forecast does not provide any information on induced Traffic over the ManatutoNatarbora Road.
Even for the South Corridor, where traffic projections are posted by the Consultant, the source of
information to justify the Induced Traffic are not transparent. In all three tables of the GAP report
(GAP, Tables 5.18-5.80), there is a substantial jump upwards in number of vehicle-trips between the
year 2015 and 2016.
For example:
Road segment Suai Same (GAP, Table 5.18): In 2015 total daily vehicle-trips is 1,044 and it
more than doubles to 2,210, in the year 2016.
Road Segment Same Viqueque (GAP, Table 5.19): In 2015 total daily vehicle-trips is 733 and
it more than doubles to 1,870, in the year 2016.
Road Segment Viqueque Beaco (GAP, Table 5.20): In 2015 total daily vehicle-trips is 854 and
it more than doubles to 2,002, in the year 2016.
It is presumed that this growth is attributed to execution of the development plan in the three
clusters. However, it is not clear how these volumes were derived by the Consultant*12.
In summary, even the source of induced Traffic, from the Petroleum Facilities (even just to the
South Coast Highway) is not transparent.

*12

Repeated attempts by the 5857-TIM Team to obtain clarifications on these and other issues, from Timor GAP, were
unsuccessful.

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CHAPTER 10:
10.1

Feasibility Report

TRAFFIC: 2013 TRAFFIC SURVEYS AND ASSESSMENT

Background and Data Sources

Traffic & Transport Assessment, on the Manatuto-Natarbora Road are based on two main sources:
1. Traffic Counts and O-D Surveys conducted in February 2013, as part of this Study (ADB 2857TIM), and of the parallel study in North-East TL (ADB TA 8146-TIM).
2. Preparing the Road Network Development Project ADB TA 7100, 2009. It is commonly
known as the 2009 The Timor Leste National Road Master Plan (see review Chapter 9).
Traffic Projections for the Manatuto-Natarbora Road are derived from:
1. Assessment of traffic growth rates and patterns, between previous traffic counts, in particularly
the 2009 Road Master Plan, and 2013; and their projecting rates into the future.
2. Assessment of projected GDP per capita, and vehicle ownership, and their expected contribution
to traffic growth.
3. Assessment of development plans, in particularly of Timor GAP Petroleum facilities, on the
South Corridor, to produce new Induced Traffic onto the Manatuto-Natarbora Road.
This chapter focuses on traffic assessment of the 2013 traffic studies; to be used later in Chapter 11
as Input to the RED Model.

10.2

Survey Methodology

10.2.1 Joint Effort ADB 2857-TIM & TA 8146-TIM

To increase the number of survey stations, increase sample size, and achieve more comprehensive
results for the entire centre and north-eastern roads, the team of this feasibility study, ADB 2857TIM, cooperated fully with the team for ADB feasibly study TA 8146-TIM. The two teams
developed and utilized identical survey instruments (forms), and divided between them the execution
of the surveys at the survey stations, as well as the analysis of the results, later on.
10.2.2 Dates, Time and Location
Dates and Time
Traffic counts were conducted during the second half of February 2013 (see dates in Figure 10.2).
All counts were taken for 12 hours, 06:00 to 18:00. Counts were conducted during various midweek days and/or Saturday, but not on Sunday. This is in order to capture working-days traffic.
Traffic counts were taken either for two or three consecutive days in each location (site) *1. One
traffic count station conducted a 24 hour count (06:00 to 06:00 next day), to estimate conversion
factors, by vehicle type, from 12 count to 24 hrs Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT). In addition,
road side surveys (O-D) were taken for one day, at three locations.
Locations
Traffic counts by this team, ADB 2857-TIM, were conducted at three sites on the ManatutoNatarbora Road, for two consecutive days at three locations on Roads A09/C15: One at A09-01, one
at the Laclubar Junction (T Junction of A09-2, A09-3, and C15), and one at A09-04. In addition, it
conducted a one-day, road side surveys (O-D), on the Dili- Manatuto Rd.,A01-01, about 5 km west
of Manatuto Junction. Locations and dates of the Traffic Surveys, by both Feasibility Studies, are
shown in Figure 10.1.

*1

Traffic counts for TA 8146-TIM were conducted over three days. The difference in counting dates, between the two
teams, is attributed to the fact that initial data indicated significantly less traffic on the Manatuto-Natarbora Rd. which did
not necessitate a three-day count.

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10.2.3 Traffic Counts - Survey Instruments (Form)

Traffic count forms allowed for counting traffic, during each hour, for 12 hours (6:00 to 18:00), by
nine types of vehicles:
1. Motorcycle
2. Private car/taxi,
3. Jeep/4WD
4. Pick-up/van
5. Micro/Minibus (up to 20 seats)
6. Medium and large bus (>20 seats)
7. Light truck (<5 tonnes)
8. Medium truck (>5<10 tonnes)
9. Heavy, oil and articulated trucks (3 +axle)
For details see Appendix 10.1.
10.2.4 Road Side Surveys - Survey Instruments (Form) All Vehicles (Categories 1-9)

Origin (by District, and Sub-District if known to the respondent)

Destination (by District, and Sub-District if known to the respondent)
The designated District codes (by GoTL) are:
1. Dili
2. Liquica
3. Ermera
4. Aileu
5. Maliana
6. Ainero
7. Same
8. Suai
9. Manatuto
10. Viqueque
11. Bacau
12. Losspalos
13. Oecuse

Vehicle type (see nine types, above)

Driver s sex (male or female)
Number of passengers, excluding the driver
Motorcycles, Private car, taxi, jeep/4WD, Pick-up, Van only (Categories 1, 2,3 or 4)
Trip Purpose (work, leisure, tourism)
Estimated trip time (hrs) and length (km)
Trucks only (Categories 7-9)
Load (1/4, 1/2, 3/4 load, or full load)
Bus Passengers (Categories 5-6)
Sample of five (5) front passengers
Trip Purpose (work, leisure, tourism)
Household monthly family income
For details see Appendix 10.1.

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O-D
Manatuto

Baucau

Lautem

A01-2

March

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1

KEI-KWK

A01-4

A01-3

C6

C8

A08-4

C2

Com
OD Dili-Manatuto Rd.

Team 1 (KEI-KWK)
A09-1

m t w th f s s m t w th f s s m

Jaco

A06-1
Quelicai

Criba

Los Palos

Bagui

ADB
Venilale

A09-2

A08-3

C4
C15

Laclubar

Laclubar Jct

OD

Team 1

= Baucau to
Lautem Rd

Llomar

Luro

Count 1

A09-3

Count 2

Count 3

A06-2

Mane Hat

A08-2

OD

Team 2

Count 5

A08-1

C5

Viqueque

A09-4

= Viqueque to
Uatucarbau Rd

Lacluta

Count 6

Uatucarbau

A07-1

OD =Roadside Interviews
A14-1

O-D

Natarbora

Alas Jct

Key

Classified count sites

Classified count sites

12-hrs (06:00 to 18:00) x 2 days

12-hrs (06:00 to 18:00) x 3 days

Plus 12-hrs (18:00 to 06:00) x 1 day, O-D

Plus 12-hrs (18:00 to 06:00) x 1 day, O-D

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February
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Figure 10.1 Survey Locations, and Survey Dates, February 2013

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10.3

Feasibility Report

Average Daily Traffic (ADT) & Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT)
Table 10.1 shows Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT), by vehicle type, and for the total
(including, or excluding motorcycle) for each of the five links in the Study Area (A09-01, A09-02,
A09-03, A09-04, and C15). It also shows vehicle share (%) and average annual growth rate (%) for
the period 2009-2013.
The AADT was calculated in two steps:
1. Averaging the two day counts into a single Average Daily Traffic (ADT).
2. Applying to the ADTs a Conversion Factors, by vehicle type, which converts the 12 hour
ADT into 24 hour AADT. The converting factors (shown at the bottom of Table 10.1) were
adopted from a 24 hour count conducted by ADB TA 8146-TIM*2.

10.3.1 Traffic Volumes/Mode Share - Highlights

Traffic volume (all Categories 1-9) on the Manatuto-Natarbora Rd is very low, varying
between 148 AADT on A09-01, to 65 AADT on A09-04 (including Motorcycle).
Motorcycle (Category 1) has the largest share of AADT, varying between 74.3% on A09-01,
to 61.4% on A09-04. On all links (with the exception of A09-04 with 61.4%), Motorcycle
accounts for about 75% of total AADT.
Vehicle traffic Without Motorcycle, (Category 2-9) is quite extremely low, varying between
59
AADT
on
A09-01,
to
only
22
AADT
on
C-15.
The most dominant vehicle type, excluding Motorcycle, is Jeep/4WD (Category 3),
accounting for about 20% of total AADT on A09-01, 02, and 03, and about 12% on A09-04.
On C-15 (which is an access link to Laclubar from the main road) it accounts for only about
11%.
The second dominant mode is Light Truck (Category 7), accounting for about 15% on all
links.
It should be noted (from observation in the field) that Light Trucks (Category 7) serve not
only for hauling goods, but also as Semi-Bus. About 50% of the Light Trucks carry full
passenger load, of approximately 20 people per Light Truck.
There are very few Medium Trucks (Category 8): Only 2 on link A09-01, and none on the
other links; and no Heavy Trucks, at all, on any link.
It should be noted (from observation in the field) that the relatively large number of Medium
Trucks on A09-04 (19 AADT), is a periodic anomaly. Most of these trucks are currently
used for hauling material into a near-by road project in Natarbora. They are not expected to
be there under normal circumstances.
There were exceptionally few Buses (either Micro/Minibus, or Medium/Large). On all five
links combined there were only 5 AADT buses.
This is a corollary to the point above, indicating that Light Trucks act a Semi-Buses on the
Manatuto-Natarbora road.
No Private Cars (Category 2) were counted in the entire Study Area.
A corollary to all points above is that currently only sturdy and relatively small vehicles, can
operate on this steep mountainous terrain, with poor road conditions (with the exception of
the lighter Motorcycles, which operate over shorter distances).
For all practical purposes, the poor road can accommodate now only Jeep/4WD (Category 3)
and Light Trucks (Category 7) to carry group of people and goods on the ManatutoNatarbora road

The 24 hour count was conducted on road A01-03, Bacau to Lautem, between 06:00 February 25 to 06:00 February
26, 2013.
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10.3.2 Traffic Growth, 2009-2013, Mamatuto-Natarbora Rd.

Table 10.1 shows Average Annual Traffic Growth for the period 2009-2013. However, it should be
treated with caution, for the following reason: In 2009 actual traffic counts were taken only on link
A09-01(between Manatuto Junction and Cribas). AADT on the other three links of the ManatutoNatarbora road, as well as on C-15, were only estimated. Thus, a meaningful comparison is valid
only for the A09-01 link.
On that link, A09-01, average annual traffic growth; between 2009 and 2013 was 37.8% for all
traffic, including Motorcycle; and 101.6% for traffic excluding Motorcycle.
Overall, the number of links on Mnatutu-Natarbora Rd. is quite limited (only 5 out of 63 National
links), and one link (A09-01) has valid comparative data. Thus, these data are not sufficient to
establish valid growth patterns, to be projected into the future, as input for RED.
Instead, this Study adopted the traffic growth rates developed by the parallel study, TA 8146-TIM,
which conducted the 2013 traffic counts at (almost) the same five locations as in 2009 (and 2005);
and established a valid growth pattern over the period 2009-2013. Details of the traffic growth rates
used in RED are provided in a later section of this chapter.

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Motorcycle

Private car / Taxi

Jeep/4WD

Picup/Van

Micro/Minibus
(up to 20 seats)

6
Medium and
largebus
(>20 seats)

Light Truck
(<5 tonnes)

Medium truck
(>5<10 tonnes)

9
Heavy, oil and
Art Truck
(3 axle)

Total
Inc.
M-Cycle

Avg Annual Growth

2009-2013
Inc.
Exc
M-Cycle
M-Cycle

Exc
M-Cycle

A09-01
AADT 2013

89

30

25

148

59

AADT 2009 (exc.UN) (1)

35

38

AADT 2005 (exc.UN)

13

12

35

22

Share 2013 (%)

60.2%

0.0%

20.2%

0.0%

1.1%

0.0%

16.9%

1.6%

0.0%

100.0%

37.8%

101.6%

39.8%

A09-02
AADT 2013

76

24

16

117

40

AADT 2009 (exc.UN) (2)

35

13

22

92

85

AADT 2005 (exc.UN)

12

24

24

Share 2013 (%)

65.4%

0.0%

20.6%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

14.0%

0.0%

0.0%

74.3%

34.6%

AADT 2013

54

17

10

82

28

AADT 2009 (exc.UN) (2)

5.8%

-16.0%

103.4%

NA

11.4%

19.7%

NA

NA

A09-03

AADT 2005 (exc.UN)

Share 2013 (%)

65.9%

0.0%

20.9%

0.0%

0.0%

0.9%

12.3%

0.0%

74.6%

34.1%

AADT 2013

24

14

19

65

41

AADT 2009 (exc.UN) (2)

22

41

19

A09-04

AADT 2005 (exc.UN)

12

24

24

Share 2013 (%)

37.2%

0.0%

12.7%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

21.2%

28.9%

0.0%

61.4%

62.8%

C-15
AADT 2013

54

13

75

22

AADT 2009 (exc.UN) (3)

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

AADT 2005 (exc.UN)

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

Share 2013 (%)

71.5%

0.0%

10.9%

0.0%

0.0%

1.0%

16.6%

0.0%

0.0%

77.8%

28.5%

Notes
Conversion Factor
12 to 24 hours

1.12

1.00

1.18

1.25

(1)

2009, Actua traffic count on link A09-01

(2)

2009, Estimated traffic, based on A09-01 and national average per vehicle type

(3)

2009, No traffic count

1.10

1.53

1.25

1.56

1.43

1.16

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Table 10.1 AADT, by Vehicle Type, Roads A09 & C15, February 2013
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10.4

Feasibility Report

Road Side Survey (O-D), Road A01-01, Dili - Manauto Rd.

This Study conducted on 1 March 2013, a one-day road side surveys
(O-D), on the Dili- Manatuto Rd.,A01-01. The location was about 5 km west of Manatuto Junction.
The survey included both an O-D survey, as well as a traffic count, to estimate survey sampling
rates, by vehicle type. Table 10.2 shows summary finding of this survey.

10.4.1 Road Side Survey Highlights

The Road survey included 418 vehicles, out of total count of 868; this represents an overall
sampling ratio of 48%.
Sampling ratios for each vehicle type varied between 100% for Large & Heavy Trucks and
Pickup/Van and Mini-Micro buses; 70% for Medium & Large Bus; 40% for Motorcycle, to
24% for Jeep/4WD.
These ratios were used later, in the opposite direction, to expand the traffic survey O-D
matrices into full population (of vehicle) matrices.
The survey samples 212 bus passengers, from 75 buses surveys. The sample included the
first front passengers in each bus.
Average monthly income per household (HH) of sampled bus passengers (5 front passengers
in each sampled bus), was US$103.
Average number of passengers per vehicle varied by vehicle type, as expected. For
example:
1. Motorcycle: 1.3
2. Car, 4WD and Pickup/Van: 3.9-3.4
3. Small bus: 10.9
4. Large bus: 26.5
5. Med Truck:6.1
6. Large & Heavy Truck:2.8-2.5
Note, figures are also given separately in the Table for male and female.
The average number of passengers per-vehicle (by type) are used later as input for RED, to
estimate passengers VOT savings.
Trip purpose for motorcycle and personal vehicles (Categories 1-4) was mostly Leisure
(72%-28%).
Trip purpose for bus passengers (Categories 5-6) was about one half Work and one half
Leisure (50%-50%; and 38%-62%, respectively).
This ratio is used later as input to RED, to estimate VOT 0f passenger for work and leisure.
Trips are quite long; average trip length is over 100km, and average travel time about 5.0
hours (see details in Table).
Truck Load : Average truck load was:
1. Large bus: 32%
2. Med Truck:51%
3. Large & Heavy Truck:65%

10.4.2 O-D Matrices, 2013

Table 1.3 shows summary O-D: All movements across partial north-south cordon west of Manatuto
(AADT)
Because most of the surveyed vehicle were only between Dili (zone 1), and Manatuto (Zn 8),
Viqueque(Zn10), Becau (Zn 11) and Lospalos (Zn 12), the matrices shown here are reduces
matrices. They show total number of vehicle-trips (AADT) between these four zones and Dili.

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10.5

Feasibility Report

Induced Traffic from the South Coast - General

This study estimated two types of Induced Traffic from/to the South Coast, along the ManatutoNatarbora road:
1. General Traffic. This traffic estimates potential traffic linkages between The South Coast and
Dili, where population sizes act as proxies for the strength of the linkages. It includes a mix of
traffic vehicles (excluding motorcycles), derived from the Road Side Survey (O-D) conducted by
the Consultant. This general traffic includes both people and goods movements, and is expected
to grow at the same annual rates as normal traffic.
2. Fuel Hauling Traffic. This traffic is based on estimates of fuel hauling traffic, by road, between
the Refineries in Betano and the North Coast. It is based on input provided by Timor Gap
Management. All of this traffic is by heavy (3 axle) tanker-trucks. This traffic remains constant
from year 2017 onwards, as it depends on a fixed production capacity of the refineries (30,000
PBD) in the foreseeable future.
The following sections discuss estimation methodology and calculation of vehicular traffic
associated with each of these Induced Traffics.

10.6

Induced General Traffic

10.6.1 Regression Equation

Table 1.4 shows an estimated regression equation, showing the number of all vehicle-trips to/from
Dili (Y), as a function of the District population (X) from which the trips originated or destined, and
the distance (D) between them.
The equation was estimated using 2013 O-D data (Collected at three locations, by both Teams; see
locations in Figure 10.1), and 2013 population data, by District.
Because Dili is the major production/attraction in Timor Leste, and because most of the O-D
surveyed in 2013 included Dili as such, the equation estimates trips to/from Dili (rather than to other
District).
The equation was fitted with "Best Fit" equation of the form:
Y = 0.0561*X /D^0.8
Where:
Y=Vehicle-trips to/from Dili
X=Population in District (where trips originated or destined)
D = Distance between Dili and the District
R2=0.9948. The R2 is very high (maximum theoretical value of R2 is 1.0), which means that the
independent variable (X) and the distance (D) to the power of 0.8 explains most of the variability.
10.7.1 Estimating Induced Gen. Traffic from Viqueque & Betano
Using this formula the Consultant estimated the total projected traffic between Viqueque -Dili, and
Betano-Dili, through the upgraded Natarbora-Manatuto road. Calculations are shown in Table 10.5.
Recall, Viqueque (located east of Natarbora) is planned as a Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Cluster,
and Betano (located west of Natarbora) as Refinery/Petro-Chemical Cluster.
Currently, traffic between Dili-Viqueque is light, as the road links between them (either through the
Natarbora-Manatuto, or the Viqueque-Baucau-Manatuto road) are in poor condition. So is the traffic
Betano-Dili (either through the Natarbora-Manatuto, or the Seme-Alieu road).
But with the upgrading of the Natarbora-Manatuto road, which is shorter, and thus more attractive
than the alternative road via Baucau (if the later is upgraded at all), one expects traffic to flow along
Road A-09, between Viqueque and Dili. Similarly, at least some of the traffic Betano-Dili is
expected to be diverted to the improved road Natarbora-Manatuto.
Current (2010) population of Viqueque is 70,177, and in 2017 there will be an added population of
6,400 in the new town of Nova Viqueque. Total population by 2017 is 76,577.
Current (2010) population of Betano (Manufahi) is 48,894, and in 2017 there will be an added
population of 30,000 in the new town of Nova Betano. Total population by 2017 is 78,894.
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Using these populations, and the distanced to Dili, the consultant estimated Total Induced Traffic to
Dili in the year 2017.
The Consultant assumed that 100% of induced trips Viqueque-Dili will flow via Natarbora-Manatutu
(which is shorter than Viqueque-Baucau-Manatuto); and that 50% of the trips Betano-Dili wil go
there (even though Natarbora-Manatutu is slightly longer, but will be in superior conditions to SemeAlieu).
The Consultant assume that the vehicular mix, excluding motorcycles, which do not tend to travel
such long distances, will be similar to the one observed in the Road Side Survey on road A01-01, on
March 1, 2013. It also assumed that annual growth rates for this induced traffic, by vehicle type, are
the identical to those of Normal Traffic (see Section 10.6 below).
Results of these estimates for the base-year 2017 are shown in Table 10.5, and in Table 10.6.

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Sampled

Avg. Passengers
Per Vehicle

Vehicle

No.

No.

Sample

Bus

Category

Vehicle

Vehicle

Share

Passengers

(%)

(@ 5/Bus)

Counted Surveyed
1 Motorcycle

Male

Female

Trip Purpose

Total

Work &
Business

Leisure

Trip Length, Time, Speed

Tourist

Average

Avg. Month

Av Trip

Av Trip

Av

Trucks

HH Income

Time

Length

Speed

Load

Bus Pass.

(hrs)

(km)

(km/hr)

(% of Tot)

(US$)

421

167

40%

1.2

0.1

1.3

7%

93%

0%

4.7

102.5

21.8

12

100%

2.1

1.8

3.9

0%

100%

0%

5.4

113.5

20.9

229

55

24%

2.4

1.3

3.7

11%

89%

0%

4.4

120.6

27.2

4 Pickup/Van

18

29

100%

2.6

0.8

3.4

28%

72%

0%

7.6

151.1

19.8

5 Bus: Min-Mic

10

33

100%

10

6.6

4.3

10.9

50%

50%

0%

4.0

102.0

25.5

6 Bus: Med-Lg

60

42

70%

197

15.3

11.1

26.5

38%

62%

0%

7 Med Truck

112

15

13%

4.4

1.7

6.1

60%

40%

0%

32%

8 Lag Truck

13

52

100%

2.3

0.5

2.8

50%

50%

0%

51%

13

100%

2.4

0.2

2.5

50%

50%

0%

65%

868

418

48%

2 Car
3 Jep/4X4

9 Heavy Truck
Total

103

103

212

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Table 10.2 AADT, Road Survey, Dili Manatuto Rd, A01-01, Summary Findings

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Zn

Local =

71

1%

Dili (O/D) =

10

99%

11

12

Private car/taxi

Tot

Zn

Local =

0%

Dili (O/D) =

10

Jeep/4WD

N/A

11

12

Tot

Zn

10 108

108

10

10

30

30

11

11

49

11
12
Tot

0
212

Pick-up/van
Zn

Local =

0%

Dili (O/D) =

10

215

100%

11

12

12

Tot

Micro/Minibus

Tot

Zn

Local =

0%

Dili (O/D) =

10

100%

11

12

Dili (O/D) =

10

98%

11

12

Tot
0

29

30
8

50

26

26

112

Medium/Large Bus
Zn

1%

Local =

0%

Dili (O/D) =

10

114

100%

11

12

Tot

13

13

13

10

10

10

25

25

11

11

12

12

11

16

16

12

12

12

Tot

21

Zn

Local =

0%

Dili (O/D) =

10

21

100%

11

12

Tot

13

Tot

12
Tot

Local =

74

Light Truck

31

Medium Truck

Tot

Zn

0%

Local =

Dili (O/D) =

10

31

100%

11

12

Tot

Tot

61

Heavy Truck
Zn

Local =

0%

Dili (O/D) =

10

61

100%

11

12

Tot
0

15

15

10

10

10

11

31

31

11

23

23

11

12

11

11

12

12
Tot

54

Intraprovincial

All Vehicles (exc m/c)

Zn

Local =

0%

1%

Dili (O/D) =

10

54

99%

11

12

Tot

90

10

61

11 143

49

343

12
Tot

Tot

51

Intraprovincial

All Vehicles (inc m/c)

Zn

Local =

1%

10

99%

11

Tot

0
13

12

Tot

1 = Dili

8= Covalima (Suai)

3= Ermera

9=Manatuto

91

9 161

165

4=Aileu

10=Viqueque

61

10 169

169

5= Bobonaro (Maliana)

11= Baucau

144

11 173

174

6= Ainaro

12= Lautem (Lospalos)

49

49

49

345

555

560

12
Tot

13

7=Manufahi (Same)

2= Liquica

1%

Dili (O/D) =

51

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Table 10.3 Summary O-D Matrices - All Movements across Partial North-South Cordon West of Manatuto (AADT)

10

11

12

Mantuto

Viqueque

Baucau

Lautem

=P*(d^n)

1,657

Trips
Population = P
Distance = d

1,132

2,487

883

90

61

143

49

43246

70177

111484

60218

59

174

116

196

Trips to Dili
160
y = 0.0561x
R = 0.9948

140

Trips to Dili

120

100
80

60
40

20
0
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

P/(d^n)

"Best Fit" Equation

Trips = 0.0561*Pop/D^0.8

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Table 10.4 Trips to Dili, as a Function of Distance to Dili and District Population, 2013 Data

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Table 10.5 Estimated Trips, Viqueque-Dili, Betano-Dili, 2017

A. Input Data
Population
2010
2017
Nova
Viqueque
Viqueque
70,177

2010
Manufahi

Distance to Dili (D)

2017
Total
Viqueque

Via Natarb

76,577

174

2017
Total
Manufahi

Via Natarb

78,894

192

6,400

2017
Nova
Butano

48,894

30,000

Via Seme
176

B. Induced Trips 2017: Calculation

"Best Fit" Equation

Viqueque
Trips =

Trips = 0.0561*Pop/D^0.8

Coeficient Pop 2017

0.0561
76,577
69

Manufahi
Trips =

0.0561
66

D^0.8
174 62.00681134

192

78,894

67.0874034

C. Total Induced Trips, Via Natarbora, 2017

%
Trips
Viqueque
100%
69
Manufahi (1)
50%
33
Total
102
(1) Another 50% via Seme

Table 10.6 Estimated Trips, Viqueque-Dili, Betano-Dili, by Vehicle Type, 2017

A. Road Dsurvey, A01-01, 2013
2
Vehicle Type

AADT 2013
% of Non-M-cycle

Vehicle Type

AADT 2013
% of Non-M-cycle

Private
Car / Taxi

3
Jeep / 4WD

Picup / Van

Micro/Minibus
(up to 20 seats)

269

22

11

0.7%

88.5%

7.2%

3.6%

Total

Medium and large

bus (>20 seats)

Light Truck
(<5 tonnes)

Medium truck
(>5<10 tonnes)

Heavy, oil and

Art Truck(3 axle)

M-Cycle

Excl

92

140

20

304

30.3%

46.1%

6.6%

1.3%

100.0%

B. Estimated Distribution, Induced Traffic, Via Natarbora, 2017

Vehicle Type

Induced Vehicles

Vehicle Type

Induced Vehicles

Private
Car / Taxi

Jeep / 4WD

Picup / Van

Micro/Minibus
(up to 20 seats)

90

Total

Medium and large

bus (>20 seats)

Light Truck
(<5 tonnes)

Medium truck
(>5<10 tonnes)

Heavy, oil and

Art Truck(3 axle)

M-Cycle

31

47

102

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10.7

Feasibility Report

Estimating Induced Fuel Hauling Truck Traffic from/to Betano

Information on outputs, by type, and conceptual assessment of exports and domestic consumption of
petroleum products, as well as of fuel hauling from the petroleum clusters on the South Coast,
provided by Timor GAP Management, is as follows:
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) - All LNG output (up to 5 million tons per-annum) will be shipped,
by water, from the specialized LNG Port to be constructed in Nova Viqueque. This port will handle
solely LNG, and most of the LNG output will be for export.
LNG to the Refineries If LNG will be delivered to the refineries, for production of various liquid
fuels and/or fertilizers, it will be carried-out via a pipe-line.
Given these two facts, no road hauling of LNG is currently expected.
Refineries Liquid Fuels Output - Table 10.7 shows planed output of the refineries, by product type
(in Barrels Per Day, BPD), as well as estimates by Timor GAP Management for share of exports and
local consumption in Timor Leste. Total daily output is about 30,000 BPD, of which the largest
share is of Naphta, about 20,000 BPD, solely for export. The other 10,000 BPD products are
divided, in various shares, between export and domestic consumption, as shown in the table.
Hauling Methods from Refineries - For Export, liquid fuels will be delivered via a pipe-line from
the refineries in Betano to Suai Port, and from there by vessels overseas. As for domestic
consumption of liquid fuels, there are no definite plans, as of now, for delivery means (coastal-water
or road). However, Timor GAP agreed that a 50%-50% share between water and land hauling is
reasonable.
Subsequently, these shares were used by the Consultant, to estimate number of fuel-hauling tankertrucks over the Natarbora-Manatuto road. The estimates assumed a weight of 150 kg per barrel of
oil, and 10 tons weight per truck. All fule will be delivered by large (3 axle) trucks.
This traffic from the year 2017 onwards is 91 trucks (including empties) in both directions. This
traffic remains constant from year 2017 onwards (no application of annual growth rates), as it
depends on a fixed production capacity of the refineries (30,000 PBD) in the foreseeable future.
Table 10.7 Refineries Output, and Estimated Number of Trucks, 2017 Onwards
Refinery
Output
Type

Outpot Export/Local Share

Per Day
(BPD)
Export
Local
1,500
67%
33%
20,200
100%
0%
900
50%
50%
2,600
75%
25%
4,500
0%
100%
500
NA
NA

LPG
Naphta
Gasoline
Jet Fuel
Diesel
Import Reformer
(Gasoline Blending)
Total
30,200
Source: Timor Gap, CEO

Local Consumption & Haul by Road

BPD
Share
BPD
Tons
Total
by Road by Road by Road
495
50%
248
37.13
450
50%
225
33.75
650
50%
325
48.75
4,500
50%
2,250
337.50

6,095
Assumptions

10.8

Estimated Trucks/day
one-way two-ways
Haul Fuel (Inc Empty)
4
7
3
7
5
10
34
68
3,048
457
46
91
Source: Estimates by Consultant
150 kg/br 10 Ton/Truck

Estimated Traffic Growth Rate for RED

10.8.1 General
Because this Study had only one link (A09-01) to compare with previous counts, it adopted, instead,
the traffic growth rates established by the parallel study, TA 8146-TIM, which conducted the 2013
traffic counts at (almost) the same five locations as in 2009 (and in 2005 before); and established a
valid growth pattern over the period 2009-2013 and 2005-2013.
In February 2013, TA 8146-TIM, conducted traffic counts at five locations. They are listed below;
in parenthesis, AADT (with/without motorcycles):
A01-3, Bacau-Lautem (856/383)
A01-04, Lautem-Com (269/102)
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A06-01, Bacau-Venilale (1195, 541)

A06-02, Venilale- Viqueque (496/235)
A08-04, Lautem-Lospalos (644, 291)

10.8.2 Annual Growth Rates, 2009-2013 & 2005-2013

The following average annual growth rates, by vehicle types, were estimated by, TA 8146-TIM:
Motorcycle (1)
o 2009-13: 5.9%
o 2005-13: 23.8%
Cars/4WD, Van/Pickup (2-4)
o 2009-13: 2.5%
o 2005-13: 4.7%
Buses (5-6)
o 2009-13: 5.9%
o 2005-13: 23.8%
Trucks (7-9)
o 2009-13: 6.0%
o 2005-13: 11.7%
Overall, the average annual growth rates 2009-2013 have slowed, compared to 2005-20133; however
they remain quite significant, about 6.0% per annum for motorcycles, buses, and trucks.
10.8.3 Future Traffic Generators
Vehicle Ownership
Overall Growth - The national vehicle fleet has show a constant growth. The estimate average
annual growth since 2004 is:
7.2% - All vehicles, including motorcycles
3.6% - All vehicles, excluding motorcycles
Although the National fleet is relatively small (about 27 vehicles, excluding motorcycles, per
thousand population), the Timorese economy is growing rapidly, and so is its vehicle fleet.
Motorcycles - The increase in personal income, attributed to growth in the Petroleum Sector, results
in increased vehicle ownership, in particularly of motorcycles, by first-time vehicle owners.
Motorcycles are favored because they: (i) Can operate off-road, in areas where other vehicles cannot
operate; (ii) Can travel over bad roads, in essence serving as a cheap personal substitute to 4WD; and
(iii) Are relatively cheap to buy and operate.
Trucks - There has also observed quite an increase in Truck ownership and truck traffic, which seem
s to be attributed to growth in construction. And iyt is expected to grow even further, as
infrastructure/ cobnstruction expands, in particularly of the Petroleum Sector.
Private Cars Growth in purchase of private cars (salon) has not materialized yet. In fact car
usage, due to poor road conditions, has fallen, replaced by 4WD. However, experience shows that
with further increase in personal income, and improved road conditions, some individual already
owning motorcycles will shift to cars. And eventually, within the next few years (say 2015-16)
private car ownership will increase as well.
Transport Growth with the GDP - Typically, in developing economies, starting from a low base,
such as Timor Leste, vehicle ownership growth rate increases faster than the GDP. A rule of
thumb sets this ratio to be 1.2-1.5 faster than the GDP.
Based on past performance, it is expected that the GDP (excluding oil) of the Timorese economy
will continue to grow at about 10% per annum.

This should have been expected as the base year 2005 had lowere exonomic activity and hence, also lower traffic.
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10.8.4 Proposed Annual Growth Rates for RED

Table 10.8 shows the proposed annual growth rate, by vehicle type, for RED, based on the
combination of determinants discussed above.
The growth rates (per each 5 years, as dictated by RED) are:
Table 10.8 Annual Growth Rates, 2013 2034, for RED

2014-2018
Motorcycle
10.0%
Cars, 4WD, Pickup/Van
7.5%
Buses
7.5%
Trucks
20.0%

2019-2023
7.5%
7.5%
7.5%
15.0%

2024-2028
5.0%
7.5%
7.5%
10.0%

2029-2033
2.5%
7.5%
7.5%
10.0%

Notes:
Annual growth rates for Motorcycles starts at 10%, and levels off from 2019 onwards first
to 7.5%, later to 5.0%, and finally to 2.5%.
Growth rates for personal vehicles (combination of Saloon Cars, 4WD and Pickup/Vans)
remains constant at 7.5% throughout the period, as one sub-type substitutes other; and more
cars are bought by previous bicycle owners.
Growth rates for Buses remains constant at 7.5% throughout the period, reflecting constant
growth of the economy, associated with similar growth in demand for travel by bus
passengers.
Annual growth rates for Trucks starts at 20%, and levels off from 2019 onwards first to
15%, and then to 10%. These largest growth rates (compared to other vehicles) reflect the
ever increasing demand for hauling construction materials, particularly by the Petroleum
Sector.
10.8.5 Summary Traffic, by Year, 2014 -2033
Table 10.9 shows summary traffic in each of the years 2014-2033, in each of the five links of the
Study Area.
The table is divided into four types of traffic categories:
1. Normal Traffic
2. Generated Traffic
3. Induced Traffic
4. Total Traffic (sum of the three above)
Within each traffic category, there is a further division into:
1. Total Traffic, including Motorcycle (Inc-MC)
2. Traffic excluding Motorcycle (Exc-MC)
Appendix 10.2 shows the detailed traffic data: traffic by vehicle category in each of the years, for the
four type of traffic categories listed above.
Highlights
Recall, Induced Traffic does not include Motorcycle: A trip to Dili is too long for motorcycle, and
thus motorcycles were excluded from the population-generated induced trips; obviously, there are no
motorcycles in the induce fuel tanker-trucks traffic.
Similarly, Generated Traffic does not include much motorcycle, as the reduced travel cost by
motorcycle is too small to generate significant new motorcycle traffic.
The result, as shown below, is an increasing share of non-motorcycle traffic over time, which
generates higher road-based benefits (VOC and VOC). For example:
o On Road A09-01, base-line traffic (including generated and induced traffic) in 2014 is 152
vehicles, and excluding motorcycles is 63 (40% of total). Total traffic grows in 2033 to
1,323 AADT, and excluding motorcycles it is 925 (80% of total).

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On Road A09-02, base-line traffic (including generated and induced traffic) in 2014 is 122
vehicles, and excluding motorcycles is 46 (40% of total). Total traffic grows in 2033 to
1,147 AADT, and excluding motorcycles it is 855 (70% of total).
On Road A09-03 and A09-04, base-line traffic (including generated and induced traffic) in
2014 is 87 vehicles, and excluding motorcycles is 33 (40% of total). Total traffic grows in
2033 to 988 AADT, and excluding motorcycles it is 761 (80% of total).
On Road C-15, base-line traffic (including generated and induced traffic) in 2014 is 74
vehicles, and excluding motorcycles is 20 (30% of total). Total traffic grows in 2033 to 490
AADT, and excluding motorcycles it is 258 (50% of total).

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Normal

Genert

A09-02

Induced

All Traff

Normal

Genert

A09-03

Induced

All Traff

Normal

Genert

A09-04

Induced

All Traff

Normal

Genert

C-15

Induced

All Traff

Normal

Genert

Induced

All Traff

Year
Inc Exc Inc Exc Inc Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc Exc Inc Exc Inc Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc Exc Inc Exc Inc Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc Exc Inc Exc Inc Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc Exc Inc Exc Inc Exc

Inc

Exc

MC MC MC MC MC MC

MC

MC

MC MC MC MC MC MC

MC

MC

MC MC MC MC MC MC

MC

MC

MC MC MC MC MC MC

MC

MC

MC MC MC MC MC MC

MC

MC

2014 152

63

152

63

122

46

122

46

87

33

87

33

87

33

87

33

74

20

74

20

2015 169

71

169

71

135

52

135

52

96

37

96

37

96

37

96

37

83

23

83

23

2016 188

81

34

15

223

95

150

58

34

13

185

72

107

42

34

13

141

55

107

42

34

13

141

55

93

27

34

10

127

38

2017 210

92

39

17

193 193

442

302

167

66

39

15

193 193

399

274

119

47

39

15

193 193

350

255

119

47

39

15

193 193

350

255

104

32

39

12

143

44

2018 235 105

43

19

202 202

480

326

186

75

43

17

202 202

431

294

132

53

43

17

202 202

377

272

132

53

43

17

202 202

377

272

117

38

43

14

160

52

2019 257 117

48

22

211 211

516

350

203

83

48

20

211 211

462

314

144

59

48

20

211 211

403

289

144

59

48

20

211 211

403

289

128

43

48

16

176

59

2020 281 131

53

24

221 221

555

377

221

93

53

22

221 221

495

336

157

65

53

22

221 221

431

309

157

65

53

22

221 221

431

309

140

49

53

18

193

67

2021 308 146

58

28

232 232

599

406

241 103

58

25

232 232

532

360

171

73

58

25

232 232

461

330

171

73

58

25

232 232

461

330

154

56

58

21

212

77

2022 338 164

64

31

244 244

646

439

264 115

64

28

244 244

572

388

187

81

64

28

244 244

495

353

187

81

64

28

244 244

495

353

169

63

64

24

233

87

10 2023 371 184

71

35

257 257

699

476

289 129

71

32

257 257

617

418

204

90

71

31

257 257

532

379

204

90

71

31

257 257

532

379

186

72

71

27

256

100

11 2024 397 201

76

38

272 272

745

511

308 140

76

35

272 272

656

446

218

98

76

34

272 272

565

404

218

98

76

34

272 272

565

404

198

79

76

30

274

109

12 2025 425 219

82

42

287 287

794

548

329 153

82

38

287 287

698

478

232 107

82

38

287 287

601

432

232 107

82

38

287 287

601

432

212

87

82

33

294

120

13 2026 455 239

88

46

304 304

847

589

352 167

88

42

304 304

743

512

248 117

88

41

304 304

640

462

248 117

88

41

304 304

640

462

227

95

88

37

315

132

14 2027 488 261

95

51

322 322

904

633

376 182

95

46

322 322

792

549

265 127

95

45

322 322

681

494

265 127

95

45

322 322

681

494

242 104

95

41

337

145

15 2028 523 284 102

56

341 341

967

681

402 198 102

50

341 341

845

590

283 138 102

50

341 341

727

530

283 138 102

50

341 341

727

530

259 115 102

45

362

160

16 2029 555 310 109

61

362 362 1027

734

425 216 109

55

362 362

897

634

299 151 109

55

362 362

771

568

299 151 109

55

362 362

771

568

274 126 109

50

383

176

17 2030 590 339 117

67

386 386 1092

792

450 235 117

61

386 386

952

682

317 164 117

61

386 386

819

611

317 164 117

61

386 386

819

611

290 138 117

56

407

193

18 2031 627 370 125

74

411 411 1163

854

476 257 125

67

411 411 1012

735

335 179 125

67

411 411

871

657

335 179 125

67

411 411

871

657

307 151 125

62

432

213

19 2032 668 404 134

81

438 438 1240

923

505 280 134

74

438 438 1077

792

355 195 134

74

438 438

927

707

355 195 134

74

438 438

927

707

326 166 134

68

460

234

20 2033 711 441 144

89

467 467 1323

998

536 305 144

82

467 467 1147

855

377 213 144

81

467 467

988

761

377 213 144

81

467 467

988

761

346 182 144

76

490

258

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Table 10.9 Traffic by Year, 2014 2033 by Link; Normal, Generated and Induces; Include/Exclude Motorcycle (MC)

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Appendix 10.1
Traffic Survey Forms

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Location

Direction

Date
1
Motorcycle

06:00 to 07:00

07:00 to 08:00

08:00 to 09:00

09:00 to 10:00

2
Private car/taxi

3
Jeep/4WD

4
Pick-up/van

5
Micro/Minibus
(up to 20 seats)

Surveyor
6
Medium and large
bus (>20 seats)

7
Light Truck
(<5 tonnes)

8
Medium truck
(>5<10 tonnes)

9
Heavy, oil and artic
trucks (3 +axle)

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Road

10:00 to 11.00

11.00 to 12:00

12:00 to 13:00

13:00 to 14:00

14:00 to 15:00

15:00 to 16:00

16:00 to 17:00

17:00 to 18:00

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Chapter 10: Traffic: 2013 Traffic Surveys and Assessment Page 10-22

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

Classified Count Survey Form

Where have you come from?

District
Sub-District
Kabupaten Kecamatan

Dari Mana?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Where are you going to?

District
Sub-District
Kabupaten Kecamatan

Tujuan Kemana?

Dili
Liquica
Ermera
Aileu
Bobonaro (Maliana)
Ainaro
Manufahi (Same)
Covalima (Suai)
Manatuto
Viqueque
Baucau
Lautem (Lospalos)
Oecusi

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Dili
Liquica
Ermera
Aileu
Bobonaro (Maliana)
Ainaro
Manufahi (Same)
Covalima (Suai)
Manatuto
Viqueque
Baucau
Lautem (Lospalos)
Oecusi

Tick box Tandain Write name Tulis nama

Tick box Tandain

Vehicle Type?
Jenis kendaraan

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

- female (wanita)

Tick one box

Tandain 1

No of passengers (exc. Driver) Jumlah Penumpang (termasuk supir)

- male (laki laki)
- female (wanita)

Purpose of trip

1 Business (Bisnis)

Passenger 1 Business

(Tujuan Perjalanan)

2 Leisure (Pribadi)

Penumpang Leisure

Estimated journey time (hours) Jumlah waktu perjalana (jam)

Passenger 2 Business

Estimated journey length (km) jumlah panjang perjalana (km)

Penumpang Leisure
Passenger 3 Business
Goods Description
(Jenis muataan)

Write number
Tulis

Buses only (interview five passengers at front only)

Hanya Bis - Tanyain 5 orang di depan
Purpose of trip (Tujuan Perjalaan)

Cargo (muataan)

Tulis nama

- male (laki laki)

Motorcycles, Private car, taxi, jeep/4WD, pick-up, van only (Categories 1, 2,3 or 4)
Hanya motor, mobil privadi, taxi, jeep/4WD,pick-up, van

Hanya Truck

Write name

Tandain

Driver (supir)

Motorcycle (motor)
Private car/taxi (mobil privadi/taxi)
Jeep/4WD (jeep/4WD)
Pick-up/van (pick-up/van)
Micro/Minibus (Micro/Minibus)
(<20 seats) (< 20 tempat duduk)
Medium and large (sedang dan
besar (>20 seats) (> 20 tempat duduk)
Light Truck (truck kecil )
(<5 tonnes)
Medium truck (truck sedang)
(>5<10 tonnes)
Heavy, oil and (truck besar)
artic. trucks (3 axle)

Trucks only

Tick box

Penumpang Leisure

1 Empty (kosong)

Passenger 4 Business

2 1/4full (1/4 penuh)

3 1/2 full (1/2 penuh )

Penumpang Leisure

4 3/4 full (3/4 penuh)

Passenger 5 Business

5 full (penuh)

Penumpang Leisure

Tick Box tandain

Family Income (US$/month)

Pendapatam Keluarga (US$/bulan)

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Road-Side Interview Surveys: Data Collection Form

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Appendix 10.2
Detailed Traffic Data, by Vehicle Type,
2014-2033

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Chapter 10: Traffic: 2013 Traffic Surveys and Assessment Page 10-24

Normal

Genarated (estimate)
2

Total

Total

light

Med

Lg

Inc

Exc

MC

MC

Induced
4

Total

Total

light

Med

Lg

Inc

Exc

MC

MC

All Traffic
2

Total

Total

light

Med

Lg

Inc

Exc

MC

MC

Jeep
MC

Picup Smal Md/Lg

Car

Jeep
MC

4WD

Van

Bus

Bus>20 Truck Truck Truck

Picup Smal Md/Lg

Car

Jeep
MC

4WD

Van

Bus

Bus>20 Truck Truck Truck

Picup Smal Md/Lg

Car

Jeep

MC
4WD

Van

Bus

Bus>20 Truck Truck Truck

Picup Smal Md/Lg

Total

Total

light

Med

Lg

Inc

Exc

MC

MC

Car
4WD

Van

Bus

Bus>20 Truck Truck Truck

2014

89

30

25

152

63

89

30

25

152

63

2015

98

32

30

169

71

98

32

30

169

71

2016

108

35

36

188

81

20

34

15

127

41

43

223

95

2017

118

37

43

210

92

22

39

17

49

17

25

91

193

193

140

93

18

76

93

442

302

2018

130

40

52

235

105

24

10

43

19

53

18

27

91

202

202

154

101

20

89

93

480

326

2019

140

43

60

257

117

26

11

48

22

58

20

29

91

211

211

166

109

22

100

10

94

516

350

2020

151

46

69

281

131

28

13

53

24

63

22

32

91

221

221

179

118

24

113

12

94

555

377

2021

162

50

79

308

146

30

15

58

28

68

24

35

91

232

232

192

127

26

128

13

95

599

406

2022

174

54

91

338

164

33

10

17

64

31

74

26

38

91

244

244

207

137

28

145

15

95

646

439

10

2023

187

58

104

371

184

36

11

20

71

35

80

28

41

91

257

257

223

148

30

165

16

96

699

476

11

2024

196

62

115

397

201

38

12

22

76

38

87

30

44

91

272

272

234

160

10

33

181

18

96

745

511

12

2025

206

66

126

10

425

219

40

13

24

82

42

94

33

48

91

287

287

246

173

10

35

198

20

97

794

548

13

2026

217

71

139

11

455

239

42

14

27

88

46

102

35

52

91

304

304

258

187

11

10

38

218

22

98

847

589

14

2027

227

77

153

12

488

261

44

15

30

95

51

111

38

57

91

322

322

272

203

12

11

41

239

24

98

904

633

15

2028

239

83

168

13

523

284

47

16

33

102

56

120

10

42

61

10

91

341

341

285

219

13

11

45

262

26

99

967

681

16

2029

245

89

185

15

555

310

48

17

36

109

61

130

11

45

67

11

91

362

362

293

237

14

12

49

288

28

100

1027

734

17

2030

251

95

203

16

590

339

50

19

40

117

67

142

12

49

72

12

91

386

386

301

256

15

13

53

316

31

101

1092

792

18

2031

257

103

224

18

627

370

51

20

45

125

74

154

13

53

78

13

91

411

411

308

277

17

14

57

346

34

102

1163

854

19

2032

264

110

246

20

10

668

404

53

22

49

134

81

167

14

58

85

14

91

438

438

317

299

18

16

62

380

37

103

1240

923

20

2033

270

119

270

22

11

711

441

55

24

55

144

89

181

15

63

92

15

91

467

467

325

323

20

17

67

417

41

104

1323

998

A09-2 Traffic , by VehicleType : Normal, Generated, Induced and Total, 2014-2033

Normal

Genarated (estimate)

MC

Car

Total

Total

light

Med

Lg

Inc

Exc

MC

Car

Induced
4

Total

Total

light

Med

Lg

Inc

Exc

All Traffic

MC

Car

Total

Total

light

Med

Lg

Inc

Exc

MC

Car

Total

Total

light

Med

Lg

Inc

Exc

MC

MC

Year
Jeep
4WD

Picup Smal Md/Lg

Van

Bus

Bus>20 Truck Truck Truck

MC

Jeep

MC

4WD

Picup Smal Md/Lg

Van

Bus

Bus>20 Truck Truck Truck

MC

Jeep

MC

4WD

Picup Smal Md/Lg

Van

Bus

Bus>20 Truck Truck Truck

MC

Jeep

MC

4WD

Picup Smal Md/Lg

Van

Bus

Bus>20 Truck Truck Truck

2014

76

24

16

122

46

76

24

16

122

46

2015

84

26

19

135

52

84

26

19

135

52

2016

92

28

23

150

58

21

34

13

113

34

28

185

72

2017

101

30

28

167

66

23

39

15

49

17

25

91

193

193

125

86

19

59

93

399

274

2018

111

32

33

186

75

26

43

17

53

18

27

91

202

202

137

93

20

68

94

431

294

2019

120

34

38

203

83

28

48

20

58

20

29

91

211

211

148

100

22

77

94

462

314

2020

129

37

44

221

93

31

10

53

22

63

22

32

91

221

221

159

108

24

86

94

495

336

2021

138

40

50

241

103

33

10

12

58

25

68

24

35

91

232

232

171

117

26

97

95

532

360

2022

149

43

58

264

115

36

10

14

64

28

74

26

38

91

244

244

185

127

28

110

11

96

572

388

10

2023

160

46

67

289

129

39

11

16

71

32

80

28

41

91

257

257

199

137

30

124

12

96

617

418

11

2024

168

49

73

308

140

41

12

18

76

35

87

30

44

91

272

272

209

148

10

33

136

13

97

656

446

12

2025

176

53

81

329

153

44

13

20

82

38

94

33

48

91

287

287

220

161

10

35

149

14

97

698

478

13

2026

185

57

89

352

167

46

14

22

88

42

102

35

52

91

304

304

231

174

11

38

163

15

98

743

512

14

2027

194

61

98

376

182

49

16

25

95

46

111

38

57

91

322

322

243

188

12

42

179

17

99

792

549

15

2028

204

66

107

402

198

52

17

27

102

50

120

10

42

61

10

91

341

341

256

203

13

45

196

18

99

845

590

16

2029

209

71

118

425

216

54

18

30

109

55

130

11

45

67

11

91

362

362

263

220

14

49

215

20

100

897

634

17

2030

214

76

130

450

235

56

20

34

117

61

142

12

49

72

12

91

386

386

270

238

16

10

53

236

22

101

952

682

18

2031

220

82

143

476

257

58

22

38

125

67

154

13

53

78

13

91

411

411

277

257

17

11

58

259

24

102

1012

735

19

2032

225

88

157

10

10

505

280

60

23

42

134

74

167

14

58

85

14

91

438

438

285

278

18

11

62

284

26

103

1077

792

20

2033

231

95

173

11

11

536

305

62

25

47

144

82

181

15

63

92

15

91

467

467

293

301

20

12

68

312

28

105

1147

855

Feasibility Report

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 10: Traffic: 2013 Traffic Surveys and Assessment Page 10-25

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

1
Year

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

A09-1 Traffic , by VehicleType : Normal, Generated, Induced and Total, 2014-2033

Normal

Genarated (estimate)
2

Total

Total

light

Med

Lg

Inc

Exc

MC

MC

Induced
4

Total

Total

light

Med

Lg

Inc

Exc

MC

MC

All Traffic
2

Total

Total

light

Med

Lg

Inc

Exc

MC

MC

Jeep
MC

Picup Smal Md/Lg

Car

Jeep
MC

4WD

Van

Bus

Bus>20 Truck Truck Truck

Picup Smal Md/Lg

Car

Jeep
MC

4WD

Van

Bus

Bus>20 Truck Truck Truck

Picup Smal Md/Lg

Car

Jeep

MC
4WD

Van

Bus

Bus>20 Truck Truck Truck

Picup Smal Md/Lg

Total

Total

light

Med

Lg

Inc

Exc

MC

MC

Car
4WD

Van

Bus

Bus>20 Truck Truck Truck

2014

54

17

10

87

33

54

17

10

87

33

2015

59

18

12

96

37

59

18

12

96

37

2016

65

20

14

107

42

21

34

13

86

26

19

141

55

2017

72

21

17

119

47

23

39

15

49

17

25

91

193

193

95

77

19

48

93

350

255

2018

79

23

21

132

53

26

43

17

53

18

27

91

202

202

105

83

20

55

94

377

272

2019

85

24

24

144

59

28

48

20

58

20

29

91

211

211

113

90

22

61

94

403

289

2020

91

26

27

157

65

31

53

22

63

22

32

91

221

221

122

98

24

69

95

431

309

2021

98

28

32

171

73

33

10

11

58

25

68

24

35

91

232

232

132

106

26

77

10

95

461

330

2022

106

30

36

187

81

36

10

12

64

28

74

26

38

91

244

244

142

114

28

86

11

96

495

353

10

2023

114

33

42

204

90

39

11

14

71

31

80

28

41

91

257

257

153

124

30

97

12

97

532

379

11

2024

119

35

46

218

98

42

12

16

76

34

87

30

44

91

272

272

161

134

10

33

106

13

97

565

404

12

2025

125

38

50

232

107

44

13

18

82

38

94

33

48

91

287

287

169

145

11

36

116

15

98

601

432

13

2026

131

40

56

248

117

47

14

20

88

41

102

35

52

91

304

304

178

157

12

39

127

16

99

640

462

14

2027

138

44

61

265

127

49

16

22

95

45

111

38

57

91

322

322

187

170

13

42

139

17

99

681

494

15

2028

145

47

67

283

138

52

17

24

102

50

120

10

42

61

10

91

341

341

197

184

14

45

153

19

100

727

530

16

2029

148

50

74

299

151

54

18

27

109

55

130

11

45

67

11

91

362

362

203

199

15

49

167

21

101

771

568

17

2030

152

54

81

317

164

56

20

30

117

61

142

12

49

72

12

91

386

386

208

216

16

10

53

183

23

102

819

611

18

2031

156

58

89

335

179

58

22

33

125

67

154

13

53

78

13

91

411

411

214

233

17

11

58

201

25

103

871

657

19

2032

160

62

98

10

10

355

195

60

24

37

134

74

167

14

58

85

14

91

438

438

220

253

19

12

63

221

27

105

927

707

20

2033

164

67

108

11

11

377

213

63

26

41

144

81

181

15

63

92

15

91

467

467

227

274

20

13

68

242

30

106

988

761

A09-04 Traffic , by VehicleType : Normal, Generated, Induced and Total, 2014-2033

Normal

Genarated (estimate)

MC

Car

Total

Total

light

Med

Lg

Inc

Exc

MC

Car

Induced
4

Total

Total

light

Med

Lg

Inc

Exc

All Traffic

MC

Car

Total

Total

light

Med

Lg

Inc

Exc

MC

Car

Total

Total

light

Med

Lg

Inc

Exc

MC

MC

Year
Jeep
4WD

Picup Smal Md/Lg

Van

Bus

Bus>20 Truck Truck Truck

MC

Jeep

MC

4WD

Picup Smal Md/Lg

Van

Bus

Bus>20 Truck Truck Truck

MC

Jeep

MC

4WD

Picup Smal Md/Lg

Van

Bus

Bus>20 Truck Truck Truck

MC

Jeep

MC

4WD

Picup Smal Md/Lg

Van

Bus

Bus>20 Truck Truck Truck

2014

54

17

10

87

33

54

17

10

87

33

2015

59

18

12

96

37

59

18

12

96

37

2016

65

20

14

107

42

21

34

13

86

26

19

141

55

2017

72

21

17

119

47

23

39

15

49

17

25

91

193

193

95

77

19

48

93

350

255

2018

79

23

21

132

53

26

43

17

53

18

27

91

202

202

105

83

20

55

94

377

272

2019

85

24

24

144

59

28

48

20

58

20

29

91

211

211

113

90

22

61

94

403

289

2020

91

26

27

157

65

31

53

22

63

22

32

91

221

221

122

98

24

69

95

431

309

2021

98

28

32

171

73

33

10

11

58

25

68

24

35

91

232

232

132

106

26

77

10

95

461

330

2022

106

30

36

187

81

36

10

12

64

28

74

26

38

91

244

244

142

114

28

86

11

96

495

353

10

2023

114

33

42

204

90

39

11

14

71

31

80

28

41

91

257

257

153

124

30

97

12

97

532

379

11

2024

119

35

46

218

98

42

12

16

76

34

87

30

44

91

272

272

161

134

10

33

106

13

97

565

404

12

2025

125

38

50

232

107

44

13

18

82

38

94

33

48

91

287

287

169

145

11

36

116

15

98

601

432

13

2026

131

40

56

248

117

47

14

20

88

41

102

35

52

91

304

304

178

157

12

39

127

16

99

640

462

14

2027

138

44

61

265

127

49

16

22

95

45

111

38

57

91

322

322

187

170

13

42

139

17

99

681

494

15

2028

145

47

67

283

138

52

17

24

102

50

120

10

42

61

10

91

341

341

197

184

14

45

153

19

100

727

530

16

2029

148

50

74

299

151

54

18

27

109

55

130

11

45

67

11

91

362

362

203

199

15

49

167

21

101

771

568

17

2030

152

54

81

317

164

56

20

30

117

61

142

12

49

72

12

91

386

386

208

216

16

10

53

183

23

102

819

611

18

2031

156

58

89

335

179

58

22

33

125

67

154

13

53

78

13

91

411

411

214

233

17

11

58

201

25

103

871

657

19

2032

160

62

98

10

10

355

195

60

24

37

134

74

167

14

58

85

14

91

438

438

220

253

19

12

63

221

27

105

927

707

20

2033

164

67

108

11

11

377

213

63

26

41

144

81

181

15

63

92

15

91

467

467

227

274

20

13

68

242

30

106

988

761

Feasibility Report

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 10: Traffic: 2013 Traffic Surveys and Assessment Page 10-26

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

1
Year

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

A09-03 Traffic , by VehicleType : Normal, Generated, Induced and Total, 2014-2033

Normal

Genarated (estimate)
2

Total

Total

light

Med

Lg

Inc

Exc

MC

MC

Induced
4

Total

Total

light

Med

Lg

Inc

Exc

MC

MC

All Traffic
2

Total

Total

light

Med

Lg

Inc

Exc

MC

MC

Jeep
MC

Picup Smal Md/Lg

Car

Jeep
MC

4WD

Van

Bus

Bus>20 Truck Truck Truck

Picup Smal Md/Lg

Car

Jeep
MC

4WD

Van

Bus

Bus>20 Truck Truck Truck

Picup Smal Md/Lg

Car

Jeep

MC
4WD

Van

Bus

Bus>20 Truck Truck Truck

Picup Smal Md/Lg

Total

Total

light

Med

Lg

Inc

Exc

MC

MC

Car
4WD

Van

Bus

Bus>20 Truck Truck Truck

2014

54

13

74

20

54

13

74

20

2015

59

16

83

23

59

16

83

23

2016

65

19

93

27

24

34

10

90

26

127

38

2017

72

22

104

32

27

39

12

99

31

143

44

2018

79

27

117

38

29

10

43

14

108

37

160

52

2019

85

31

128

43

32

12

48

16

117

43

176

59

2020

91

36

140

49

34

13

53

18

126

49

193

67

2021

98

41

154

56

37

15

58

21

135

56

212

77

2022

106

47

169

63

40

18

64

24

146

65

233

87

10

2023

114

54

186

72

43

21

71

27

157

75

256

100

11

2024

119

60

198

79

46

23

76

30

165

82

274

109

12

2025

125

66

212

87

48

25

82

33

173

91

294

120

13

2026

131

72

227

95

51

28

88

37

182

100

315

132

14

2027

138

79

242

104

54

31

95

41

192

110

337

145

15

2028

145

87

259

115

57

34

102

45

202

122

362

160

16

2029

148

96

274

126

59

38

109

50

208

134

10

10

383

176

17

2030

152

106

290

138

61

43

117

56

214

148

11

11

407

193

18

2031

156

116

307

151

64

47

125

62

220

164

13

13

432

213

19

2032

160

128

10

10

326

166

66

53

134

68

226

181

14

14

460

234

20

2033

164

141

11

11

346

182

68

59

144

76

232

199

15

15

490

258

Feasibility Report

Kai Watu Kmanek-Consultant Lda

Chapter 10: Traffic: 2013 Traffic Surveys and Assessment Page 10-27

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

1
Year

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

C-15 Traffic , by VehicleType : Normal, Generated, Induced and Total, 2014-2033

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

ADB LOAN NOS : 2857-TIM

CHAPTER 11:
11.1

Feasibility Report

ECONOMIC EVALUATION

Introduction
The economic analysis reported here, utilizes the "Roads Economic Decision Model" (RED)
computer program developed by the World Bank. RED is a derivative of the Highway Development
and Management Model (HDM-4), using some simplified procedures applicable for low volume
roads. The Vehicle Operating Cost (VOC) in RED (for three terrain and three road types) are
derived from and computed by an HDM-4 VOC module, using HDM-4 equations and procedures.
Subsequently, these data are input into an economic evaluation module (Maim/Program) which
executes the economic analyses.
Most of the input for this RED model analysis, reported here, is derived from the Road Engineering
Surveys, Analysis and Assessment, reported in Chapter 4; and from Transport/Traffic Surveys,
Analysis and Assessment, reported in Chapter 10.
Other inputs to RED, such as vehicle characteristics, cost and utilization (by vehicle type), as well as
vehicle occupancy and Value of Time (VOT) for work and leisure, were prepared by the Consultant,
mainly as a 2013 update to 2009 values reported in TA 7100.
The basic unit of analysis, in RED, is the Road Link. Five road links were analyzes:
A09-01 (22.8 km)
A09-02 (11.5 km)
A09-03 (33.5 km)
A09-04 (11.7 km)
C-15 (10.3 km)
They were later combined into various aggregated road sections, using distance (km) as a base for
estimating weighted average values.
Note, road characteristics may vary over each link (particularly when the link is long and runs over
none-uniform terrain). Nevertheless the Road Link remains the basic unit of analysis, and uses
average values to describe its characteristics (say IRI) and estimated costs. Estimated costs, for
construction and for maintenance, are given in 1000s US$ per-km.
The economic analysis is based on analyzing streams of cost and benefits over a 20 year period,
"without" and "with" project, discounted at interest rate of 12%.
The economic analysis is based on three proposed scenarios with project (described below). The
analysis evaluates each of the three alternative scenarios with project against the without project
scenario. The following sections describe the attributes and estimated costs of each of the scenarios.
Assessment of each road link (basic analytical unit in RED) is largely based on the economic indices
of Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net Present Value (NPV), Financial Cost of Investment, and PV
Agency Economic Cost.

11.2

Analytical Scenarios/Alternatives
The economic analysis evaluates three alternative Scenarios/Treatments for each of the five road
links in the Study Area, against without Project Scenario 0, as follows:
Scenario 0 - Essential Maintenance" ("Without 0")
Scenario 1 - Rehab & Reconstruct 4.5m TST Surface (With 1)
Scenario 2 - Reconstruct 4.5m TST Surface (With 2)
Scenario 3 - Reconstruct 6.0m Asphalt-Concrete Surface (With 3)
The alternatives are listed in terms of increasing quality and cost per km: Scenario 0 provides the
lowest level of service at the lowest cost per- km, and Scenario 3 provides the highest quality and
highest cost per- km.
Whereas Scenario 0 leaves the road just passable, Scenario 3 is the quality road desired by the
GoTL. Scenario 2 and Scenario 3 were added by the Consultant, to assess feasibility of
narrower and less costly surfaced road, in lieu of the existing (and projected) low traffic and low axle
load.
Detailed description of each alternative is provided in Chapter 4 "Engineering above. This section
provides a summary description of each scenario
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11.2.1 Essential Maintenance ("Without 0")

This scenario means continue the existing maintenance program and practice as it had ought to have
been. Provide proper maintenance to the road according to defined guidelines and expected
professional judgment. Because most length of the five road sections on the Manatuto-Natarbora
road have not received (and do not receive) proper maintenance for many years (due to lack of
resources and other reasons), this scenario implies in practice, a significant increase in maintenance
cost, compared to current expenditure. The significant maintenance budget is needed allow the road
to be passable, including (but not limited to) maintenance work to fill the endless pot-holes,
maintain and clear drainage, and prevent further deterioration of the roads foundations and surface.
Note, sometimes this scenario is designated as "Do Nothing," however in fact it means "Do
Something".
11.2.2 Reconstruct & Rehab 4.5m TST Surface ("With 1")
The basic concept of this Scenario is either complete reconstruction, when a sector of a road has
fallen into a complete state of disrepair; or repair and overly of a paved road which is in a
reasonable conditions, but which could provide better service (lower roughness) if improved and
resealed.
In both cases the resulting upgraded road is 4.5 meter (m) wide surfaced carriageway, with 1.0 m
shoulder on each side. The entire road is surfaced with about 30 mm Triple Surface Treatment
(TST).
This Scenario is similar to the following Scenario 2, Reconstruct 4.5 m TST Surface. However, to
save costs it takes advantage of the fact that some portions (not all) of the road links in the flat areas,
near the northern or southern coasts, are still in reasonable conditions; and thus can be rehabilitated,
rather than reconstructed entirely.
The specific portions which will be rehabilitated are:
A09-1b, a 6.0 km section, from km 82.0 to km 88.0 (the other 16.8 km of A09-01 will be
reconstructed).
A09-4b, a 4.2 km section, from km 140.5 to km 144.7 (the other 7.5 km will be
reconstructed).
All other links (and sub-links) of the Manatuto-Natarbora road will be reconstructed.
11.2.3 Reconstruct 4.5m TST Surface (With 2")
This Scenario envisions complete reconstruction (only; no rehabilitation) of all five links of the
Manatuto-Natarbora road, to bring all of them into a new common state of reconstruction, from subsurface to surface. This is because most of the links sectors are in a state of disrepair.
This Scenario plans a 4.5 m surfaced carriageway, with 1.0 m shoulder on each side of the road. The
entire road is surfaced with about 30 mm Triple Surface Treatment (TST).
This scenario, provides a less expensive solution (compared to Scenario 3) for a rebuilt surfaced road
between Manatuto and Natarbora, given the existing and the expected low traffic volumes and low
axle loads.
11.2.4 Reconstruct 6.0m Asphalt-Concrete Surface (With 3")
This scenario is the GoTL wish list. This Scenario envisions complete reconstruction (only; no
rehabilitation) of the entire Manatuto-Natarbora road (including the Laclubar braanch) into a 6.0 m
wide, asphalt-concrete carriageway, with 1.0 m shoulder on each side of the road. The entire road is
surfaced with 50 mm of Asphalt-Concrete.
However, in order to save on cost (in the short run), some existing 4.5 m wide bridges, which are in
good conditions; as well as critical mountainous sites which require significant investment to widen
them into 6.0 m, are retained as is (4.5 m).
Nevertheless, the road will adhere to international design standards, and will be able, among others,
to handle, comfortably, trucks with one TEU.
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11.3

Feasibility Report

Road Characteristics & Cost Estimates of Alternative Scenarios

11.3.1 General
Table 11.1 shows engineering characteristics and cost estimates (in 1000s US$) per-km, for
construction and for maintenance, for each road-link, as required by RED.
The values for RED for links A09-1 and A09-4, is a weighted average for the entire link, based on
the relative length of each sub-section.
Table 11.1 is divided into three parts:
A. Road characteristics, and estimates for reconstruction (and/or rehabilitation), and annual
maintenance costs, per-km (input to RED costs)
B. Estimated Costs of road construction per-km, divided among:
Road works per-km
Bridges and special culvert works per-km
Total prer-km (sum of the two parts above)
C. Total estimates for reconstruction (and/or rehabilitation), and annual maintenance costs,
per road-link and per total Project
Total road costs are divided because bridges and special culvert works are expected to last more
than 20 years, and are counted also as residual benefits (in year 20).
11.3.2 Road width and Shoulders
For the most parts, existing road width is 4.5 m, with shoulders of 0.5 m. In Laclubar branch the
road width is 3.5 m , and shoulders of 0.5 m.
For Scenario 1 and 2 (Reconstruct and/or Rehab 4.5 m TST Surface), the proposed road width
with project is 4.5 m, with shoulders of 1.0 m on each side.
For Scenario 3 (Reconstruct 6.0 m asphalt-concrete), the proposed road width with project is 6.0
m, with shoulders of 1.0 m on each side.
11.3.3 Road Roughness
Existing International Roughness Index (IRI) is an average for each link, derived from machinesurvey, conducted in early February 2013. Existing IRI varies between 10.8 on A09-01 to 22.3 on
A09-4, to 22.0 and over on the other links.
Projected road roughness without project (but with doing some essential maintenance to make it
passable), is projected to be 85% of the existing IRI (somewhat, but not significantly better). It
varies between 10.8 on A09-01, to 22.3 or more on all the other links*1.
Projected road roughness with project, is based on best estimates by the Consultant. It varies
between 3.5 scenarios 1 and 2, and 2.5 in scenario 3.
11.3.4 Annual Maintenance Costs Per Km
Annual Maintenance costs, without and with project, are based on estimated cost in 2009,
reported in TA 7100, and inflated here to 2013. Note, in TA 7100 these cost vary according to the
Geo-Technical Stability Zone, and to maintenance type essential maintenance (without
project), or normal maintenance (with project) *2.
For without project (Scenario 0), average annual maintenance cost per-km, varies between US$
11,541
on
link
A09-01,
to
US$
23,730
in
link
C-15.
For with project (Scenarios 1-3), average annual maintenance cost per-km, varies between US$
4,200 and US$ 5,140, on all links.
*1

RED does not allow IRI over 25.0, even though some of the existing measures show IRI values over 30.0.
See: ADB TA 7100 Final Report, Chapter 4, Engineering; Table 4-6 Normal Maintenance Unit Costs; Table 4-7
Essential Maintenance Unit Costs.

*2

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The significantly higher cost for without project (Scenario 0), reflect the costs as as they had ought
to have been to keep the road passable at its present poor conditions.
11.3.5 Road Works Costs Per KM
Road woks, with project, are the sum of road works, excluding bridges and special culverts,
estimated by the Project Engineers for each with scenario.
They vary, in each road-link, across with scenarios; largely as a function of the road width (4.5 m
or 6 m and surface material); and in A09-1 and A09-4 between Rehabilitation and Reconstruction.
The average road works (only) per-km varies between about US$ 390,000 (just rehabilitation of 4.5
m STS surfaced road) to over US$ 800,000 (reconstruct A09-2 and A09-3, as well as Laclobar
branch to 6.0 m asphalt- concrete.
11.3.6 Bridges and Special Culverts Costs Per Km
Road woks, with project, are the sum of bridges and special culverts, excluding road works
(above), estimated by the Project Engineers for each with scenario.
They vary, in each road-link, across with scenarios; largely as a function of: (i) the road width -4.5 m in scenario 1 & 2, or 6.0 min scenario 3; and (ii) the terrain -- significantly more structures
(cost per-km) are needed in the steep mountainous links A09-2 and A09-03.
It should be noted that retaining the 4.5 m. road width (scenarios 1 & 2) implies significant saving on
bridge work, compared to scenario 3, which designs a 6.0 wide road, as well as 6.0 m wide new
bridges (where a 4.5m. wide bridge exits now) *3.
Thus
for
example,
under
scenario
3
(6m,
Asphalt-concrete)
sub-link
A09-2 requires construction of a new 6.0 m wide bridge, costing about US$ 225,000. In contrast,
scenarios 1 & 2 (4.5m, TST) construct a 4.5 m bridge, and reducing the cost to about US$ 175,000.
11.3.7 Total Construction Costs Per KM
Total construction costs are the sum of Road Works and Bridges and special culverts, discussed
above. These estimated cost, shown below, are quite high, running between about US$ 0.5 million
and over US$1.0 million per km.
Total construction cost per-km (in US$) are approximately:
Link A09-01: 445,000 (scenario 1), 525,000 (scenario 2), and 715,000 (scenario 3).
Link A09-02: 715,000 (scenario 1 & 2), and 985,000 (scenario 3).
Link A09-03: 675,000 (scenario 1 & 2), and 930,000 (scenario 3).
Link A09-04: 405,000 (scenario 1), 510,000 (scenario 2), and 710,000 (scenario 3).
Link C-15: 635,000 (scenario 1 & 2), and 875,000 (scenario 3).
11.3.8 Total Costs Per Link, and for the Entire Project
Table 11.1-C shows the total cost per link and for the entire project, by scenario. It shows total
construction cost (in year 1 and 2), and annual maintenance cost during each of the 20 years of the
project.
The totals are derived from multiplication of the estimated cost per-km by the
corresponding road length (in km).
The list below shows summary for the entire project, by scenario. For specific costs per link, consult
the table, part C.
Total construction costs (road works and bridges) for the entire project (89.8 km) are:
Scenario 1: about US$ 52.3 million
Scenario 2: about US$ 55.4 million
Scenario 3: about US$ 76.2 million

*3

In the short-run, in some cases, as a short-run cost saving measure, 4.5 m bridges in good condition, are not
replaced by 6.0 m bridges
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Scenario 1 and 2 cost about US$ 55.0 million, while Scenario 3 about US$ 75.0 million. The
difference of about US$ 20.0 million is attributed to wider road-way (6.0 m vs 4.5m), additional
bridge/culvert work, and more expensive pavement (TST vs. asphalt-concrete)
Total annual maintenance costs for the entire project (89.8 km) are:
Scenario 0: about US$ 1.50 million per annum
Scenario 1: about US$ 0.43 million per annum
Scenario 2: about US$ 0.42 million per annum
Scenario 3: about US$ 0.37 million per annum
Scenario 1 (without project) requires about US$ 1.5 per annum to keep the road passable, still
under harsh conditions (IRRs only slightly better that the existing ones).
In contrast, the other Scenarios (with Project) require only about US$ 0.40 per annum (less than a
third of Scenario 1), to maintain a reconstructed, high-quality, well surfaced road.

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Chapter 11: Economic Evaluation - Page 11-5

Road Name
Road ID No.
Road Section Name

Manatuto to Cribas

Road Section ID No

A09-1

Road Sub-Section

A09-1a

A09-1b

Cribas to Jct
Laclubar
A09-2

Wt Avg.

A09
Jct Laclubar to
Mane Hat
A09-3

C15
Jct Laclubar
to Laclubar
C15

Mane Hat to Natarbora

A09-4
A09-4a

A09-4b

Wt Avg.

82.0

65.2

88.0

99.5

133.0

140.5

133.0

0.0

To (km)
Length (km)

82.0
16.8

88.0
6.0

88.0
22.8

99.5
11.5

133.0
33.5

140.5
7.5

144.7
4.2

144.7
11.7

10.3
10.3

Existing
Alt 0

4.5

4.5

4.5

3.5 to 4.0

3.0 to 3.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

3.0 to 3.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

3.5 to 4

3 to 3.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

3 to 3.5

Alt 1

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

Alt 2

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.5

Alt 3

6.0
0.5 to1.0

6.0
1.0

6.0
1.0

6.0
0.5

6.0
0.5

6.0
0.5

6.0
0.5

6.0
0.5

6.0
0 to 0.5

Alt 0

0.5 to 1.0

1.0

1.0

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0 to 0.5

Alt 1

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

Alt 2

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

Alt 3

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.5 to 1.0

0.5 to 1.0

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.5 to 1.0

Proposed

65.2

Rd Width (m)

Shoulder
Width (m)

Proposed

Existing

Annual Maint.
Cost/km
(1000$)

11.0

10.0

10.8

27.4

31.4

29.0

10.4

22.3

34.0

Alt 0

9.4

8.5

9.2

23.3

26.7

24.7

8.8

19.0

28.9

Alt 1

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

Alt 2

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

3.5

Alt 3

A09 + C15

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

Alt 0

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Alt 1

528.80

199.06

442.03

714.01

677.67

515.37

208.41

405.18

633.91

Alt 2

528.80

512.73

524.57

714.01

677.67

515.37

502.97

510.92

633.91

Alt 3

719.13

705.17

715.45

982.89

931.20

716.66

701.78

711.32

876.29

Alt 0 (Essential)

12.66

8.31

11.51

14.17

19.12

19.12

9.76

15.76

23.73

Alt 1 (Normal)

4.22

5.14

4.46

4.22

5.14

4.22

5.14

4.55

5.14

Alt 2 (Normal)

4.22

4.22

4.22

4.22

5.14

4.22

4.22

4.22

5.14

Alt 3 (Normal)

3.69

3.69

3.69

3.69

4.48

3.69

3.69

3.69

4.48

89.8

Feasibility Report

Road Works
Cost/km
(1000$)

Post-work

Road
Roughness
(IRI Value)

Total

From (km)

Existing

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Table 11.1-A Engineering Input Data for Economic Analysis Road Characteristics & Costs Per Km (1000$)

Road Name

A09

Road Section Name

Manatuto to Cribas

Road Section ID No

A09-1
A09-1a

A09-1b

Wt Avg.

Cribas to Jct
Laclubar
A09-2

Jct Laclubar to
Mane Hat
A09-3

C15
Jct Laclubar
to Laclubar
C15

Mane Hat to Natarbora

A09-4
A09-4a

A09-4b

Wt Avg.

From (km)

65.2

82.0

65.2

88.0

99.5

133.0

140.5

133.0

0.0

To (km)

82.0

88.0

88.0

99.5

133.0

140.5

144.7

144.7

10.3

Length (km)

16.8

6.0

22.8

11.5

33.5

7.5

4.2

11.7

10.3

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Alt 0
Road Works
Cost/km
(1000$)
Bridge &
Special
Culvert Works
Cost/km
(1000$)
Total Works
Cost/km
(1000$)

Alt 1

467.25

175.73

688.26

539.66

577.52

502.70

207.82

722.24

571.39

Alt 2

467.25

466.06

1053.41

539.66

577.52

502.70

501.78

1032.78

571.39

Alt 3

650.20

649.17

1466.63

755.94

813.35

701.46

700.35

1441.30

802.70

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Alt 0

0.00

0.00

Alt 1

61.55

23.33

90.89

174.35

100.15

12.67

0.60

13.30

62.52

Alt 2

61.55

46.67

120.24

174.35

100.15

12.67

1.19

13.92

62.52

Alt 3

68.93

56.00

139.36

226.96

117.85

15.20

1.43

16.71

73.59

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Alt 0

0.00

0.00

Alt 1

528.80

199.06

779.15

714.01

677.67

515.37

208.41

735.53

633.91

Alt 2

528.80

512.73

1173.65

714.01

677.67

515.37

502.97

1046.71

633.91

Alt 3

719.13

705.17

1605.99

982.89

931.20

716.66

701.78

1458.01

876.29

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Table 11.1-B Engineering Input Data for Economic Analysis Road Works & Bridges/Culverts Costs Per Km (1000$)

Road Name

A09

Road Section Name

Manatuto to Cribas

Cribas to Jct
Laclubar

Road Section ID No

A09-1

A09-2

A09-3

A09-1a

A09-1b

Wt Avg.

Jct Laclubar to
Mane Hat

Mane Hat to Natarbora

A09-4
A09-4a

A09-4b

C15
Jct Laclubar
to Laclubar
C15

Wt Avg.

Total
A09 + C15

From (km)

65.2

82.0

65.2

88.0

99.5

133.0

140.5

133.0

0.0

To (km)
Length (km)

82.0
16.8

88.0
6.0

88.0
22.8

99.5
11.5

133.0
33.5

140.5
7.5

144.7
4.2

144.7
11.7

10.3
10.3

89.8

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00
63,812.93

Alt 0 (Essential)
Total Works
Cost (1000$)

Tot Annual
Maint. Cost
(1000$)

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Alt 1 (Normal)

8,883.87

1,194.37

17,764.72

8,211.09

22,702.07

3,865.27

875.32

8,605.73

6,529.31

Alt 2 (Normal)

8,883.87

3,076.38

26,759.15

8,211.09

22,702.07

3,865.27

2,112.49

12,246.48

6,529.31

76,448.10

Alt 3 (Normal)

12,081.36

4,230.99

36,616.64

11,303.28

31,195.15

5,374.92

2,947.49

17,058.76

9,025.80

105,199.63

Alt 0 (Essential)

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Alt 1 (Normal)

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Alt 2 (Normal)

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Alt 3 (Normal)

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

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Road Sub-Section

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Table 11.1-C Engineering Input Data for Economic Analysis Total Construction and Maintenance Cost (1000$)

Timor Leste Road Network Upgrading Project (RNUP)

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11.4

Feasibility Report

Unit Costs and Operating Data, by Vehicle Type - Input to RED

Vehicle Types
The Consultants defined 9 types of vehicles as follows:
Code
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Description
Motorcycle
Car Medium
Four-Wheel Drive
Delivery Vehicle
Bus mini
Bus Medium
Truck Light
Truck Medium
Truck Heavy

Number of
Wheels
2
4
4
4
4
6
4
6
10

Number of
Axles
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3

Table 11.2 shows unit cost and operating data, by vehicle type, used as input to RED. The values
shown here are updates of the 2009 data, reported by TA 7100 in 2009*4.
The main update features include (but are not necessarily limited to):
Retail (financial) purchase price of new vehicles. Retail costs were obtained from two
dealerships (Indo Mobil, Indonesia; and Toyota, Dili, Timor Leste), and were averaged.
Retail (financial) pump price of petrol and diesel, US$ 1.4 and 1.2, respectively.
Average number of passengers per vehicles, from the 2013 Road Survey on A01-01, on 1 March
2013*5.
Updated cost of labor and Value of Time (VOT), marked in **, at the table. The 2009 prices
were inflated to current prices, using the report CPI rates (by IMF).
Economic prices of vehicles, tires. Import tax on vehicles and tires is 5%. Thus the economic
price used as input to RED, is 95% of the financial cost.*6

*4

As indicated before, the TL/ Transport Economic for this Feasibility Study, ADB Loan No. 2857-TIM, and
for TA 8146-TIM were also the TL/Transport Economist for TA7100, and thus they updated their 2009 data.
*5
For example, Light Truck has an average of 6.1 passengers; not only goods. Observation indicated that
about of the Light Trucks on Manatuto-Natarbora road, operate as buses. Thus this value seems to
represent accurately the average number of passengers on Light Truck.
*6
Note Table 11.2 shows the price of new vehicle, tires and fuel as financial and/or economic. For other
items, unless otherwise mentioned, the price shown is economic.
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Car/
Taxi

Jeep/
4WD

Pick-up/
Van

MiniBus

LargeBus

Light
Truck

Med.
Truck

Heavy
Truck

Honda
Supra X

Toyota
Corolla

Mitsubishi
Pajero

Toyota
Hilux

Dyna
12 seat

Dyna
23 seat

Dyna
4 tonnes

Mitsubishi
Colt 135 PS

Mitsubishi
Fuso 220PS

0.5

1.4

1.5

1.3

1.4

1.6

2
2
Bias-ply
1.3
15%
12,000
600
10
100%
1.3
49%
0
0.2

4
2
Radial-ply
1.3
15%
30,000
1,000
12
53%
3.9
47%
0.01
1.2

4
2
Radial-ply
1.3
15%
35,000
1,000
12
32%
3.7
68%
0.02
1.8

4
2
Bias-ply
1.3
15%
35,000
1,000
10
22%
3.4
78%
0.02
1.5

4
2
Radial-ply
1.3
15%
60,000
2,500
10
0%
10.9
80%
0.03
2.0

6
2
Bias-ply
1.3
15%
60,000
2,500
10
0%
26.5
90%
0.4
4.0

4
2
Radial-ply
1.3
15%
35,000
2,500
8
0%
6.1
80%
0.2
3.5

6
2
Bias-ply
1.3
15%
50,000
2,500
12
0%
2.8
80%
1.25
7.5

10
3
Bias-ply
1.3
15%
50,000
2,500
14
0%
2.5
80%
2.28
13.5

Financial & Economic Costs *

New vehicle cost (US$) Financial
New vehicle cost (US$) Economic (x 0.95)
Replacement tyre (US$) Financial
Replacement tyre (US$) Economic (x 0.95)
Petrol/diesel cost (US$/litre) Financial
Petrol/diesel cost (US$/litre) Economic (X 0.9
Lubricating oil (US$/litre) **

1,600
1,520
25
24
1.4
1.21
5.30

20,250
19,238
52
49
1.4
1.21
5.30

32,000
30,400
140
133
1.4
1.21
5.30

38,900
36,955
140
133
1.4
1.21
5.30

32,000
30,400
115
109
1.4
1.21
5.30

42,000
39,900
128
122
1.20
1.24
5.30

30,000
28,500
128
122
1.20
1.24
5.30

33,000
31,350
128
122
1.20
1.24
5.30

64,000
60,800
315
299
1.20
1.24
5.30

Maintenance labour (US$/hr)(3) *

Crew wages (US$/hr) **
Overheads (US$/year)(4)
Annual interest (%)(5)
Passenger working time (US$/hr) (6) **
Passenger non-working time (US$/hr)(7) **

6.50
0
50
6%
1.29
0.32

27.00
0.65
100
6%
1.29
0.3225

33.00
1.30
100
6%
1.29
0.3225

20.00
1.05
100
6%
1.29
0.3225

20.00
0.65
200
6%
1.29
0.3225

20.00
2.70
200
6%
1.29
0.3225

20.00
1.05
200
6%
1.29
0.3225

27.00
1.30
200
6%
1.29
0.3225

34.00
2.40
200
6%
1.29
0.3225

Representative
vehicle
Operating characteristsics
Pass-Car Space
Equivalent
No of wheels
No of axles
Tyre type
Base no of retreads
Retread cost (% of new tyre price)
Annual km travel
Working hours per year
Average life (years)
Private use (%)(1)
Average no of pass.(2)
Work-related pass trips (1)
Equivalent Standard Axles
Operating weight (tonnes)

Source: Consultants', Consultants' O/D Surveys, ADB TA 71000, Year 2009

Note: (1) source: O/D surveys.
(2) Derived from the Consultants' O/D Surveys - and assuming that 100% of drivers of motorcycles are "passengers" and 50%, 30% and 20% of drivers of private cars, jeeps/4WDs and pick-ups/vans etc are respectively
the same - the term "passenger" is used here in the sense that these can be drivers if they are not professional/paid employees driving for others - for the latter three modes the percentages asumed are the percentage
of leisure trips recorded in the O/D surveys.
(3) These data was artificially inflated to reflect the fact that RED/HDM assume that vehicles are brought into the country new. In fact, almost all imports are of vehicles which are five or more years old and which
have annual maintenance costs that much higher than associated with vehicles that would be brought in new. A similar approach was used by the Consultants to TA 7100, TA 3731 and other sources referred to.
(4) Not relevant in that, except in the case of generated traffic, this cost is equal in both the "base (do nothing)" and "with project" circumstances - assumed as a nominal US$ 50, 100 and 200 depending on vehicle size.
(5) Lending rates in Timor were at the time of publication 11% pa (Bank Mandiri); 14% pa (BNU) and 11% pa (ANZ)- deposit rates were less than 1% pa - loans can only be obtained for a proportion of the value and
not frequently taken The appropriate interest is consequently that which is mid-way between that for lending and deposits.
(6) Population = 1,066,000, "non-oil" GDP= US$ 1,487 million, 53.9% of population in labour force (2010 census); 2000 working hours per year - hence value of working time = US$ 1.29/hour
(7) By convention, 25% of value of working time.

* Economic Cost, unless mentioned otherwise

** 2009 data inflated by CPI rates

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Motor
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Table 11.2 Unit Cost & Operating Data, for Representative Vehicles Input to RED
Unit

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11.5

Feasibility Report

Other Input to RED

11.5.1 Road Agency Economic Cost Factor

The Consultant used an Economic Cost Factor of 0.85, adopted from TA 7100, and before from TA
3731.
11.5.2 Terrain and Road Type
Terrain
The terrain type (RED allows three) was derived from the engineering assessment, as follows:

Code
A
B
C

Description
Flat
Hilly
Mountain

Rise &
Fall
(m/km)
12
35
70

Horizontal
Curvature
(deg/km)
70
225
350

Number of
Rises & Falls
(#)
2
2
2

Super_
elevation
(%)
3
3
3

Road Type
The road type (RED allows three) was derived from the engineering assessment, as follows:

Code
X
Y
Z

Surface Type
Speed
1-Bituminous Carriageway Speed
Limit
Roadside
NMT
2-Concrete
Width
Limit
Enforcement Friction Friction
Description
3-Unsealed
(m)
(km/hour)
(#)
(#)
(#)
Gravel
3
4.5
50.0
1.1
1.2
1.0
Paved Unsealed
3
4.5
50.0
1.1
1.2
1.0
Paved Sealed
1
6.0
50.0
1.1
1.2
1.0

Note, the actual width of the road varies between 3.5 and 5.5 meters. As input we used an average
value of 5.0 m. This is after testing the effects of various road widths; we show insignificant
variation in VOC.
11.5.3 Note: Insignificant Impact Of Various Variables
Final note: the VOC computed by HDM-4 are mostly affected by the IRI. The RED manual
indicates that:
The HDM-4 equations are not very sensitive to the following inputs: altitude, percent of
time driven on snow, percent of time driven on water, paved roads texture depth, number of
rise and falls, super-elevation, speed limit enforcement and roadside and NMT factors;
therefore, you can use the supplied values if you dont have country specific values.

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11.6

Feasibility Report

Traffic

11.6.1 Base-Line and Normal Traffic

The baseline traffic is updated traffic for 2013, by each of the nine vehicle type, on each of the five
road links of the Manatuto-Natarbora road. The resulting AADT is shown in Table 11.3.
The 2013 traffic count provided a two-day actual count on each of these five links. This is in
contrast to the 2009 count, which had actual count only on link A09-01. Traffic on the other four
links, in 2009, was estimated, based on some national averages.
The most important finding is that the base line traffic on the Manatuto-Natarbora Study Area roads
is very low; and moreover, even the low traffic is composed largely of motorcycles. In 2013 (and
2014) the non-motorcycle rate is only about 40% or less of the total traffic.
For example:
Link A09-01: Total 148 AADT, of which only 59 (39.8%) are non-motorcycles
Link A09-02: Total 117 AADT, of which only 40 (34.6%) are non-motorcycles
Link A09-03: Total 82 AADT, of which only 28 (34.1%) are non-motorcycles
Link C-15: Total 148 AADT, of which only 59 (39.8%) are non-motorcycles
Link A09-04 is a (temporary) exception. This links showed 65 AADT, of which 41(62.8%) are
non-motorcycles. In fact, this is due to current Road Work in the Natarbora area, which resulted in
non-typical large movement of 33 trucks (14 Light, and 19 Medium), hauling building material to
the work sites. Without them, the traffic characteristics in A09-4 would have been similar to those in
the other links.
For RED input, this Study adopted traffic from A09-03, as a substitute for the non-typical (truck)
traffic observed during the traffic count in February 2013. Link A09-3 is situated just north of A-0904 and probably represents the accurate volume of traffic which would have been observed on A0904, without the current Road Works.
Another change as input to RED, wherever no vehicle type was counted in a given vehicle category
(count=0), the Consultant inserted instead one vehicle (1), to allow for some traffic growth in that
category, even if minimal, in the future*7.
This low base-line traffic presents a fundamental problem: The low base- line traffic, composed
largely of motorcycle, cannot produce significant traffic volume in the future, to generate sufficient
road-based benefits (savings on Vehicle Operating Cost and Value of Time).
This is true, even if estimated traffic growth in the future is large. The simple truth is that when the
base is small (as it is here) the future projections, associated with normal traffic will be small as
well.
11.6.2 Average Annual Growth Rates
Table 11.4 shows average annual traffic growth rates, by vehicle type. Rationale behind these
growth rates is discussed in Chapter 10, Traffic Surveys- Analysis & Assessment.
11.6.3 Generated and Induced Traffic
Generated Traffic - RED produced internally, automatically, Generated Traffic. That is new
traffic which is generated due to reduced travel cost on the improved road.
The elasticity of
demand used here is "1" (as the default in RED). Namely, for each X percent decrease in transport
cost (of normal traffic), there is X percent increase in demand.
Because the reduction in travel cost by Motorcycles is relatively small, Generated traffic produces
more of non-motorcycle traffic (which generates higher road benefits).
Induced Traffic - This study estimated two types of Induced Traffic from/to the South Coast,
along the Manatuto-Natarbora road:

*7

Otherwise, multiplication of base-line zero (0) would have resulted also in zero in the future.
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1. General Traffic. This traffic estimates potential traffic between The South Coast and Dili, where
population sizes act as proxies for the strength of the linkages between them. It includes a mix
of traffic vehicles (excluding motorcycles), derived from the Road Side Survey. The general
traffic includes both people and goods movements, and is expected to grow at the same annual
rates as normal traffic.
2. Fuel Hauling Traffic. This traffic is based on estimates of fuel hauling traffic, by road, between
the Refineries in Betano and the North Coast. All of this traffic is by heavy (3 axle) tankertrucks. It remains constant from the year 2017 onwards, as it depends on a fixed production
capacity of the refineries in the foreseeable future.
Growth Rates - The Growth rates for Normal Traffic are applied also to Generated Traffic (by
RED), and to the Induced General Traffic (by the Consultant).
Overall impact From the year 2017, onwards, Generated and Induced traffic more than double the
volume of base-line traffic derived solely from the traffic counts. They also contribute to increase
share of non-motorcycle traffic (which generates higher road benefits).
11.6.4 Total Traffic, 2014-2033
Table 11.5 shows summary traffic in each of the years 2014-2033, in each of the five links of the
Study Area, as calculated or inputted to RED.
The table is divided into four types of traffic categories:
1. Normal Traffic
2. Generated Traffic
3. Induced Traffic
4. Total Traffic (sum of the three above)
Within each traffic category, there is a further division into:
1. Total Traffic, including Motorcycle (Inc-MC)
2. Traffic excluding Motorcycle (Exc-MC)
Appendix 10.2 (Chapter 10) shows the detailed traffic data: traffic by vehicle category in each of the
years, for the four type of traffic categories listed above.

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Motorcycle

Private
car/Taxi

Jeep/4WD

Picup/Van

Micro/Minibus
(up to 20
seats)

Medium and
large bus
(>20 seats)

Light Truck
(<5 tonnes)

Total

Avg Annual Growth

2009-2013 (%)
Medium truck Heavy, oil and
Inc.
Exc
(>5<10
Art Truck
Inc.
Exc
M-Cycle M-Cycle
tonnes)
(3 axle)
M-Cycle M-Cycle

A09-01
AADT 2013
Share 2013 (%)

89

30

25

148

59

60.2%

0.0%

20.2%

0.0%

1.1%

0.0%

16.9%

1.6%

0.0%

100.0%

39.8%

37.8%

101.6%

5.8%

-16.0%

A09-02
AADT 2013
Share 2013 (%)

76

24

16

117

40

65.4%

0.0%

20.6%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

14.0%

0.0%

0.0%

100.0%

34.6%

A09-03
AADT 2013
Share 2013 (%)

54

17

10

82

28

65.9%

0.0%

20.9%

0.0%

0.0%

0.9%

12.3%

0.0%

0.0%

100.0%

34.1%

103.4% NA

A09-04 (1)
AADT 2013
Share 2013 (%)

24

14

19

65

41

37.2%

0.0%

12.7%

0.0%

0.0%

0.0%

21.2%

28.9%

0.0%

100.0%

62.8%

11.4%

19.7%

C-15
AADT 2013
Share 2013 (%)

54

13

75

71.5%

0.0%

10.9%

0.0%

0.0%

1.0%

16.6%

0.0%

0.0%

100.0%

22 NA

NA

28.5%

A09-04, Revised for RED (2)

AADT 2013
Notes

54

17

10

82

28

65.9%

0.0%

20.9%

0.0%

0.0%

0.9%

12.3%

0.0%

0.0%

100.0%

34.1%

103.4% NA

(1) Including non-typical large truck traffic, curently hauling material for Road Works near Natarbora
(2) Revised figure fror RED, using same traffic as A09-03

Table 11.4 Average Annual Growth Rates, by Vehicle Type, Up to 2034

2014-2018

2019-2023

2024-2028

2029-2033

10.0%

7.5%

5.0%

2.5%

Cars, 4WD, Pickup/Van

7.5%

7.5%

7.5%

7.5%

Buses

7.5%

7.5%

7.5%

7.5%

Trucks

20.0%

15.0%

10.0%

10.0%

Motorcycle

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Vehicle Type

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Table 11.3 Base-Line AADT, Manatuto Natarbora Road Links, 2013, by Vehicle Type

A09-01
Genert Induced

All Traff

Normal

A09-03

Genert Induced

All Traff

Normal

A09-04

Genert Induced

All Traff

Normal

C-15

Genert Induced

All Traff

Normal

Genert Induced

All Traff

Year
Inc Exc Inc Exc Inc Exc
MC MC MC MC MC MC

Inc

Exc

Inc Exc Inc Exc Inc Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc Exc Inc Exc Inc Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc Exc Inc Exc Inc Exc

Inc

Exc

Inc Exc Inc Exc Inc Exc

Inc

Exc

MC

MC

MC MC MC MC MC MC

MC

MC

MC MC MC MC MC MC

MC

MC

MC MC MC MC MC MC

MC

MC

MC MC MC MC MC MC

MC

MC

2014 152 63

152

63

122 46

122

46

87

33

87

33

87

33

87

33

74

20

74

20

2015 169 71

169

71

135 52

135

52

96

37

96

37

96

37

96

37

83

23

83

23

2016 188 81

34

15

223

95

150 58

34

13

185

72

107 42

34

13

141

55

107 42

34

13

141

55

93

27

34

10

127

38

2017 210 92

39

17 193 193 442

302 167 66

39

15 193 193 399

274 119 47

39

15 193 193 350

255 119 47

39

15 193 193 350

255 104 32

39

12

143

44

2018 235 105 43

19 202 202 480

326 186 75

43

17 202 202 431

294 132 53

43

17 202 202 377

272 132 53

43

17 202 202 377

272 117 38

43

14

160

52

2019 257 117 48

22 211 211 516

350 203 83

48

20 211 211 462

314 144 59

48

20 211 211 403

289 144 59

48

20 211 211 403

289 128 43

48

16

176

59

53

18

193

67
77
87

2020 281 131 53

24 221 221 555

377 221 93

53

22 221 221 495

336 157 65

53

22 221 221 431

309 157 65

53

22 221 221 431

309 140 49

2021 308 146 58

28 232 232 599

406 241 103 58

25 232 232 532

360 171 73

58

25 232 232 461

330 171 73

58

25 232 232 461

330 154 56

58

21

212

2022 338 164 64

31 244 244 646

439 264 115 64

28 244 244 572

388 187 81

64

28 244 244 495

353 187 81

64

28 244 244 495

353 169 63

64

24

233

10 2023 371 184 71

35 257 257 699

476 289 129 71

32 257 257 617

418 204 90

71

31 257 257 532

379 204 90

71

31 257 257 532

379 186 72

71

27

256

100

11 2024 397 201 76

38 272 272 745

511 308 140 76

35 272 272 656

446 218 98

76

34 272 272 565

404 218 98

76

34 272 272 565

404 198 79

76

30

274

109

82

33

294

120
132
145

12 2025 425 219 82

42 287 287 794

548 329 153 82

38 287 287 698

478 232 107 82

38 287 287 601

432 232 107 82

38 287 287 601

432 212 87

13 2026 455 239 88

46 304 304 847

589 352 167 88

42 304 304 743

512 248 117 88

41 304 304 640

462 248 117 88

41 304 304 640

462 227 95

88

37

315

14 2027 488 261 95

51 322 322 904

633 376 182 95

46 322 322 792

549 265 127 95

45 322 322 681

494 265 127 95

45 322 322 681

494 242 104 95

41

337

15 2028 523 284 102 56 341 341 967

681 402 198 102 50 341 341 845

590 283 138 102 50 341 341 727

530 283 138 102 50 341 341 727

530 259 115 102 45

362

160

16 2029 555 310 109 61 362 362 1027

734 425 216 109 55 362 362 897

634 299 151 109 55 362 362 771

568 299 151 109 55 362 362 771

568 274 126 109 50

383

176

17 2030 590 339 117 67 386 386 1092

792 450 235 117 61 386 386 952

682 317 164 117 61 386 386 819

611 317 164 117 61 386 386 819

611 290 138 117 56

407

193

18 2031 627 370 125 74 411 411 1163

854 476 257 125 67 411 411 1012

735 335 179 125 67 411 411 871

657 335 179 125 67 411 411 871

657 307 151 125 62

432

213

19 2032 668 404 134 81 438 438 1240

923 505 280 134 74 438 438 1077

792 355 195 134 74 438 438 927

707 355 195 134 74 438 438 927

707 326 166 134 68

460

234

20 2033 711 441 144 89 467 467 1323

998 536 305 144 82 467 467 1147

855 377 213 144 81 467 467 988

761 377 213 144 81 467 467 988

761 346 182 144 76

490

258

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Normal

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Table 11.5 Traffic by Year, 2013 2034 by Link; Normal and Generated & Induces; Include/Exclude Motorcycle

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11.7

Feasibility Report

Quantifiable Benefits

11.7.1 Road User's Benefits

Road User's quantifiable benefits, calculated by RED, include:
1. Savings on Vehicle Operating Costs (VOC). The difference in VOC due to improved road
conditions (lower IRI), "with" vs. "without" project. This difference is calculated by RED.
2. Saving on Passengers Value of Time (VOT). The difference in VOT due to improved road
conditions (shorter travel time), "with" vs. "without" project (passengers VOT = US$ 1.29
for work-hr, and US$ 0.32 leisure-hr)
The road user's benefits are derived from three type of traffic:
1. Normal Traffic Base-line 2013 traffic (see Table 11.3), increases annually according to
estimated average annual traffic growth rate (see Table 11.4, and Table 11.5).
2. Generated Traffic The decrease in travel cost leads to increase in demand for travel. The
elasticity of demand used here is "1" (as the default in RED). Namely, for each X percent
decrease in transport cost (normal traffic), there is X percent increase in demand (see Table
11.5)
3. Induced Traffic The additional amount of traffic, attributed to economic development in or
around the Study Area. In this case, induced traffic by the Petroleum Industry in the South
Coast (see Table 11.5)
11.7.2 . Other Quantifiable Benefits
1. Share of local labour/local economy in road investment costs (5% of investment costs spent
locally, compounded by multiplier factor of 1.2).
2. Share of local labour/local economy in road maintenance costs (30% of maintenance costs
"with" project are spent on local labour intensive maintenance, compounded by the 1.2
multiplier factor).
3. Proxy for "social benefits" - To account for better access to markets, education, health
commercial and administrative facilities (assume US$ 15.0, per person per year, in the
affected area).
4. Residual value of bridges and special culverts . Economic life of new bridges and special
culvert is more than 20 years (at least 40 years). Thus, their residual value in current prices
is a benefit in year 20.
11.8

Estimating Multiplier & Retainer Local Share of Investment / Maintenance Costs

11.8.1 Income Multiplier

Income Multiplier assess the broader macro-economic impacts of funds spent directly by the Project
on local labour, as well as material and services purchased locally, as they circulate within the local
District/Sub-District/Suco economy.
This WB Project adopted an Income Multiplier for direct investment in transport project, reported by
a 2005 study in Indonesia, commissioned by the Government of Indonesia (GOI) and the World
Bank (WB)*8 . The 2005 Indonesian WB Study, reported Income Multipliers for Water Supply,
Road/Bridges, and Irrigation, within the Kelamatan Study Area, as well as elsewhere in Indonesia.
The average Income Multiplier for Road/Transport projects, which was adopted here, is 1.2, an
average throughout Indonesia. This 1.2 multiplier means that for every 1.0 dollar spent directly on
local labour (material and services), 1.2 dollars are eventually generated, as benefits, throughout the
community. Given that the study was conducted relatively recently (2005), within the same
geographical region (Indonesia), and by reputable source (WB/GOI) it seems to be an appropriate
adaptation source.
*8

"Economic Impact Analysis of Development Program (KDP) Infrastructure Projects,: 2005; Commissioned
by the Government of Indonesia and the World Bank; Prepared by Antony Torrens (toro@pacific.net.id)
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Feasibility Report

11.8.2 Share of Investment/Maintenance Costs

Construction - A conservative estimate assigned 5.0% of total investment costs to local labour
(material and services).
Maintenance Similar to other road projects in recent years, it was assumed that 30% of
maintenance cost "with" project will go directly to local labor.
In both cases, the base amount (5% of construction, and 30% of maintenance) is multiplied by the
1.2 Income Multiplier, discussed above.

11.9

Proxy for Social Benefits and Affected Population

It is quite obvious that improved roads provide better access to markets, education, health
commercial and administrative facilities, and this has value. However, standard literature on road
economics does not provide a dollar value to those benefits.
This Study proposes a method to provide a Proxy dollar value for these benefits, based on
definitions of upper poverty income level in Timor Leste, by the World Bank.
In 2008, a World Bank/TL Ministry of Finance Study estimated that the upper poverty line for the
nation, in 2007, was US$ 0.88 per person per-day*9. Accounting for inflation*10, this figure translates
to approximately US$ 1.50 per-day in 2013.
We assumed that the Proxy for social benefits to be equal to 10 days (2.7% of days in a year) of the
minimum upper level of poverty per-person per-day, or about US$ 15/person/yr. This seems to be a
conservative estimate to account for better access to markets, education, health, commercial,
administrative facilities, etc.
The Study assigned the benefits to each road link, according to the number of people living in the
Sub-District, adjacent to that link. For population size in each sub-District see Chapter 2, Table 2.2,
Population and Land area.
Overall, the benefits were assigned to all of the Districts population, other than those living in Laclo
and Laleie Sub-District (7,939, and 3,470 people respectively) located far away from Road A-09.

11.10

Residual Share of Bridges and Special Culverts

Economic life of new bridges and special culvert is more than 20 years (at least 40 years). Thus,
their residual value, in current prices, is a benefit in year 20.
To estimate their value, the Engineering Chapter distinguished between pure Road Works, and Cost
for Bridges and Special Culverts. This is in spite of the fact that RED requires just one cost input -Total Cost Per-km of all construction.

11.11 Environmental/Road Safety Impacts

Similar to 2009 TA 7100, other benefits, such as environmental benefits; and improved road safety,
were not quantified, due to lack of specific data.
11.12

Standard Economic Analysis, 12% Discount Rate - Summary Results

Table 11.6 shows summery results of the economic analysis, following the standard ADB guidelines
for economic analysis (NPV>0, EIRR>12.0%).
The summary shows:
(i)
Net Present Value (NPV), discounted at 12%, in million US$
(ii)
Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR), in percent (%)
Results are shown, first, for each of the five links; and later (bottom of table) for the entire Project.
They are calculated as follows:
The Total NPV is an arithmetic sum of the results for each link

*9

TL Ministry of Finance/ The World Bank, "Timor Leste: Poverty in Young Nation," November 2008, pp 2.
IMF Report, 2013. See Chapter 2, Table 2.1 National Accounts, CPI.

*10

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Feasibility Report

The average EIRR is a weighted average of the EIRRs for each link, where the distance (km) is
the weighting factor.
Note, the analysis is carried out for the entire road section A-09 and C-15, between Manatuto and
Natarbora, including the Laclubar branch. An initial idea (in the TOR) was to evaluate two separate
sections: (i) Manatito-Laclubar, and (ii) Laclubar-Natarbora. However traffic analysis indicates that
it is neither applicable, nor meaningful, for the following reason:
Recall, traffic on the entire A-09 road, beyond the natural growth of low base-line traffic, was
reinforced by the Consultant, through the introduction of Induced Traffic from the South cost, which
more than doubled non-motorcycle traffic on A-09 from the year 2017, onwards.
This traffic is applicable only if the entire length of the road is open for travel, eventually connecting
Dili with Liqueque and Betano. Otherwise, the justification for this projected Induced Traffic does
not hold. The connectivity of the entire A-09 road is required here to achieve even the modest
economic statistics show here.
If the road is cut into two individual self containing sections, the projected traffic, based solely on
base-line traffic will not be sufficient to produce even such modest results.
11.12.1

Highlights
Scenario 2 Scenario 3, based on 4.5m road-way and TST pavement passed the standard
economic threshold; and the less expensive Scenario 1, did better than Scenario 2 (the more
expensive between them).
In contract, Scenario 3, based on 6.0m road-way and asphalt-concrete pavement, did not pass the
standard economic threshold; its total cost is too high with respect to the benefits that the road
can produce.
All in all, given the relatively low volume of projected traffic and associated road benefits on the
Manatuto-Natarbora road, the least expensive scenario, Scenario 1, produces the best results, as
discussed below.
Scenario 1 produces the highest EIRR of 15.6% and a positive NPV of US$ 9.678 million. It
passes the ADBs required threshold of 12.0% EIRR.
Scenario 2 produces the second level EIRR, of 13.7%, and NPV of US$ 6.246 million.
Scenario 3 produces an EIRR of just 8.8%, and has a negative NPV of about US$ 10.9 million.
Using standard ADB guidelines (positive NPV and EIRR>12%), Scenario 3 does not pass the
economic analysis.

Table 11.6 Standard Economic Analysis (12% Discount Rate) Summary Results
Link

A09-01
A09-02
A09-03
A09-04
C-15
Total
All Links

From
To
Mantuto
Cribas
Cribas
Laclubar
Laclubar
Mane Hat
Mane Hat
Natarbora
Junc
Laclubar

Distance
(km)
22.8
11.5
33.5
11.7
10.3

Economic Index
NPV - (million $) at 12%
EIRR - (%)
NPV - (million $) at 12%
EIRR - (%)
NPV - (million $) at 12%
EIRR - (%)
NPV - (million $) at 12%
EIRR - (%)
NPV - (million $) at 12%
EIRR - (%)

Senario
1
4.5 m
TST
-0.810
10.2%
2.224
16.8%
4.144
15.4%
2.481
22.4%
1.638
19.0%

Senario
2
4.5 m
TST
-2.293
7.7%
2.224
16.8%
4.144
15.4%
1.507
16.9%
0.664
14.2%

Senario
3
6.0m
Asph-Conc
-5.365
4.6%
-0.055
11.9%
-4.169
9.3%
-0.203
11.5%
-1.088
9.4%

9.678

6.246

-10.880

15.6%

13.7%

8.8%

89.8
NPV - (million $) at 12%
Total -All 5 Links
EIRR - (%)
Weigted Avg (by km) - All 5 Links

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11.13

Feasibility Report

Alternative Economic Analysis - at 5% Discount Rate

The analysis above (section 11.12) used a discount rate of 12%, as dictated by the ADB guidelines.
However, as indicated in Chapter 2, Socio-Economic Review, there is room to review the project
also in terms of Opportunity Cost of Capital to the GoTL, which seems to be significantly lower
than the 12% dictated by the ADB.
Currently the Petroleum Fund, the main source of internal investment funds for Timor Leste is
invested largely in US Government Bonds (or other countries bonds). The return on these bonds is
approximately 2.5%. This rate is actually lower (or about equal) than the US inflation rate *11. This
means that at the most the Petroleum Fund is breaking even (if not losing its real value). Thus,
any direct investment by the GoTL in infrastructure (or human resources), which provide a
significant return above 2.5% is preferable.
To test this hypothesis, with respect to the Manatuto-Natarbora road, this Study also estimated the
NPV and EIRR under an alternative 5.0% discount rate (instead of 12.0%). The 5.0% discount rate
was selected because it is about twice as large as the prevailing return rate on the Petroleum Fund.
Table 11.7 shows the results of this alternative economic evaluation, as well as a comparison with
the results obtained by the standard economic analysis at 12% discount rate.
The general structure of the table is identical to the one shown above in Figure 11.6 (discounting at
12%). Table 11.7 has three main parts:
A. Summary results at 12% discount rate
B. Summary results at 5% discount rate
C. Difference between the two (B-A)

11.13.1

Highlights
NPVs at 5.0% are (as expected) significantly higher than those at 12%.
All NPVs at 5.0% are positive (and much large), in contrast to NPVs at 12.0%, where only
Scenario 1 & 2 were positive.
EIRRs remain (as expected) identical*12, for all three scenarios.
The most significant change is with respect to Scenario 3:
o The NPV (at 5.0%) is positive, valued over US$ 25.0 million, Vs. a negative NPV of
about US$ -10.8 million (at 12.0%).
o The IRR remains identical, 8.8%; however it is now larger than the (revised)
threshold of 5.0%.
The combination of these two indices implies that if the GoTL decides to invest directly,
only out of its own Petroleum Fund, in the Manatuto-Natarbora road, it should do so
because:
o The project provides positive economic NPV of about US$ 25.0 million, for a
financial investment of about US$ 75.0 million.
o The EIRR generated by the road, 8.8%, is larger than the threshold of 5.0%
(proposed by the Consultant). Moreover, it is significantly larger than the
prevailing return on US bonds by the Petroleum Fun, at about 2.5% -- the
Opportunity Cost of Capital for the GoTL.
Obviously, the results are also significantly better for Scenario 1 and Scenario 2. As
indicated above, the EIRRs remain identical to those at 12% discount rate; however, both
NPVs are now significantly large, valuesd at about US$ 47.2. and 43.7 million,
respectively.

*11

The inflation rate in Timor Leste is about twice or three times as large.
IRR is the discount rate which equalizes the total (discounted) streams of benefits and costs. It remains identical in
both cases, so long as the two steams remain identical; which they are here.
*12

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Chapter 11: Economic Evaluation - Page 11-19

Link

From
To

Distance
(km)

Mantuto
A09-01
Cribas
Cribas
A09-02

C. Difference (B-A)

Senario

Senario

Senario

Senario

Senario

Senario

Senario

Senario

Senario

4.5 m

4.5 m

6.0m

4.5 m

4.5 m

6.0m

4.5 m

4.5 m

6.0m

TST

TST

Asph-Conc

TST

TST

Asph-Conc

TST

TST

Asph-Conc

NPV - (million $) at 12%

-0.810

-2.293

-5.365

3.858

2.348

-0.431

4.668

4.642

4.934

EIRR - (%)

10.2%

7.7%

4.6%

10.2%

7.7%

4.6%

NPV - (million $) at 12%

2.224

2.224

-0.055

9.169

9.169

7.005

EIRR - (%)

16.8%

16.8%

11.9%

16.8%

16.8%

11.9%

NPV - (million $) at 12%

4.144

4.144

-4.169

21.121

21.121

10.716

EIRR - (%)

15.4%

15.4%

9.3%

15.4%

15.4%

9.3%

NPV - (million $) at 12%

2.481

1.507

-0.203

7.292

6.302

4.694

EIRR - (%)

22.4%

16.9%

11.5%

22.4%

16.9%

11.5%

NPV - (million $) at 12%

1.638

0.664

-1.088

5.777

4.787

3.103

EIRR - (%)

19.0%

14.2%

9.4%

19.0%

14.2%

9.4%

9.678

6.246

-10.880

47.217

43.728

25.087

15.6%

13.7%

8.8%

15.6%

13.7%

8.8%

Economic Index

Same

6.945

6.945

7.060

11.5
Laclubar
Laclubar

A09-03

Same

16.976

16.976

14.885

33.5
Mane Hat
Mane Hat

A09-04

Same

4.811

4.795

4.897

11.7
Natarbora
Junc

Same

4.139

4.123

4.191

10.3
Laclubar

Total

B. Discount Rate 5%

22.8

C-15

Same

89.8
NPV - (million $) at 12%
37.540

37.482

35.967

Total -All 5 Links

All Links
EIRR - (%)
Same

Weigted Avg (by km) - All 5 Links

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Table 11.7 Economic Analysis Comparison 5% Vs. 12% Discount Rate

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11.14

Feasibility Report

Sensitivity Analysis
Table 11.7 shows results of the Sensitivity Analysis (for the standard analysis at 12% discount rate).
The Sensitivity Analysis compares the basic results (of NPV and EIRR), shown in Table 11.6 above,
against the possibility of three what if situations:
Agency Costs increase by 20% (+20%)
User Benefits decrease by 20% (-20%)
Combination of both (+20% costs & -20% benefits)
The structure of the Sensitivity Analysis table (Table 11.8) is similar to those of the Summary
Results (11.6): First, showing NPV and EIRR for each link, and later (bottom) sum of NPV and
weighted average of EIRR for the entire Project.

11.14.1

Highlights
Only for Scenario 1, under only one what if situation (increasing agency cost by 20%, and
retaining benefits as is), the scenario continues to pass the ADB threshold: NPV = US$ 0.785
million, and IRR= 12.0%.
In all other what if situations (+20% agency costs, -20% benefits, or both), none of the
scenarios pass the threshold.
Even the least expensive Scenario 1 (Rehab & Reconstruct 4.5m TST), falls below the threshold
set by ADBs guidelines, if just benefits are reduced by 20%, and obviously when both what if
occur at the same time.
The situation is more severe for the Scenario 2 which passed the threshold under basic results
(almost 13.7% EIRR, and US$ 6.246 million NPV). Under the sensitivity tests it falls to
negative NPVs, and below 12% IRR in all what if situations.
As for Scenario 3, which produced an IRR of 8.8% under basic results (though NPV was
negative), it falls to 6.5%, 6.1% and 4.4%, respectively, under each of the what if situations.
Scenario 1 , the best performing scenario, has falls in terms of EIRR from 15.6 %, under basic
results to:
o 12.0% where agency costs are +20%
o 11.4% where user benefits are -20%
o 9.2% where both occur (+20% and -20%)
Scenario 1, falls, in terms of NPV, from positive US$ 9.678 million, under basic results to:
o US$ 0.785 million where agency costs are +20%
o Negative US$ -0.819 million where user benefits are -20%
o Negative US$ -8.055 million where both occur (+20% and -20%)
Scenario 2, the second performing scenario, falls, in terms of EIRR from 13.7%, under basic
results to:
o 10.9% where agency costs are +20%
o 10.4% where user benefits are -20%
o 8.2% where both occur (+20% and -20%)
Scenario 2, has falls, in terms of NPV, from US$ 6.246 million, under basic results to negative
values of:
o US$ -2.165 million where agency costs are +20%
o US$ -3.277 million where user benefits are -20%
o US$ -11.004 million where both occur (+20% and -20%)
Scenario 3, falls, in terms of EIRR, from 8.8 %, under basic results to:
o 6.5% where agency costs are +20%
o 6.1% where user benefits are -20%
o 4.4% where both occur (+20% and -20%)
Scenario 3, falls, in terms of NPV from negative US$ -10.880 million, under basic results to
much further negative values of:
o US$ -22.736million where agency costs are +20%
o US$ -20.391 million where user benefits are -20%
o US$ -31.402 million where both occur (+20% and -20%)

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Chapter 11: Economic Evaluation - Page 11-21

Link

From
To

Distance
(km)

Mantuto
A09-01

Senario 2 (Reconstruct 4.5m TST)

Senario 3 (Reconstruct 6.0m Asph-Conc)

Basic

Agency

User

Both

Basic

Agency

User

Both

Basic

Agency

User

Both

Results

Cost

Benefits

Cost +20%

Results

Cost

Benefits

Cost +20%

Results

Cost

Benefits

Cost +20%

,+ 20%

-20%

& Ben -20%

,+ 20%

-20%

& Ben -20%

,+ 20%

-20%

& Ben -20%

Economic Index

NPV - (million $) at 12%

-0.810

-2.254

-2.092

-3.537

-2.293

-4.035

-3.576

-5.318

-5.365

-7.794

-6.720

-9.149

EIRR - (%)

10.2%

7.8%

7.4%

5.4%

7.7%

5.7%

5.2%

3.5%

4.6%

2.9%

2.5%

1.0%

NPV - (million $) at 12%

2.224

1.029

0.584

-0.611

2.224

1.029

0.584

-0.611

-0.055

-1.741

-1.730

-3.416

EIRR - (%)

16.8%

13.9%

13.3%

10.8%

16.8%

13.9%

13.3%

10.8%

11.9%

9.6%

9.1%

7.1%

NPV - (million $) at 12%

4.144

1.007

0.178

-2.959

4.144

1.007

0.178

-2.959

-4.169

-8.649

-7.815

-12.294

EIRR - (%)

15.4%

12.7%

12.1%

9.9%

15.4%

12.7%

12.1%

9.9%

9.3%

7.2%

6.8%

5.0%

NPV - (million $) at 12%

2.481

1.862

1.366

0.748

1.507

0.694

0.392

-0.421

-0.203

-1.386

-1.346

-2.529

EIRR - (%)

22.4%

18.3%

17.6%

14.5%

16.9%

13.9%

13.3%

10.9%

11.5%

9.3%

8.8%

6.9%

NPV - (million $) at 12%

1.638

-0.859

-0.855

-1.695

0.664

-0.859

-0.855

-1.695

-1.088

-3.166

-2.779

-4.013

EIRR - (%)

19.0%

9.7%

9.2%

7.3%

14.2%

9.7%

9.2%

7.3%

9.4%

5.6%

5.2%

3.7%

9.678

0.785

-0.819

-8.055

6.246

-2.165

-3.277

-11.004

-10.880

-22.736

-20.391

-31.402

15.6%

12.0%

11.4%

9.2%

13.7%

10.9%

10.4%

8.2%

8.8%

6.5%

6.1%

4.4%

22.8
Cribas
Cribas

A09-02

11.5
Laclubar
Laclubar

A09-03

33.5
Mane Hat
Mane Hat

A09-04

11.7
Natarbora
Junc

C-15

10.3
Laclubar

Total

89.8
NPV - (million $) at 12%
Total -All 5 Links

All Links
EIRR - (%)
Weigted Avg (by km) - All 5 Links

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Chapter 11: Economic Evaluation - Page 11-22

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Table 11.8 Sensitivity Analysis (+/- 20%)

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11.15

Feasibility Report

Distribution of Benefits
Table 11.7 shows distribution of benefits by Road Link, and Table 11.8 by Scenario; in million US$
and in percent (%) of Total. Benefits are divided among:
Normal Traffic (VOC & Time Savings)
Generated Traffic (VOC & Time Savings)
Other All other benefits including Induced traffic

11.15.1

Highlights By Link

Assessing each link (with 3 scenarios within each link) indicates that:
There is variation among links with respect to traffic-based (normal & generated) benefits
and other benefits (including induced traffic). Nevertheless, the share of non-traffic based
benefits is significant.
For example, on Link A09-01 about 40% are attributed to trafficbased benefits (normal &
generated) and 60% to other benefits (including induced traffic), in all three scenarios.
On the opposite side, on links A09-03 and A09-04 about 60-70% of benefits are attributed to
trafficbased benefits (normal & generated) and 30-40% to other benefits (including induced
traffic), in all three scenarios.
Within the traffic-based benefits, the majority is attributed (as expected in developing
countries, such as Timor Leste) to Savings on Vehicle Operating Costs (VOC) and a smaller
share to savings on Value of Time (VOT).
For example, in Link A09-01, VOC (of normal and generated traffic combined) contributes
about 35% of total benefits, while VOT (normal plus generated) only about 2% of total.
Similar results, concerning the division between VOC and VOT are found also in other
links. This is because the value of time for passengers in Timor Leste is low.
11.15.2

Highlights By Scenario

Assessing the entire Project (all 5 links combined) indicates that:

Overall, traffic-based benefits (normal & generated) accounts for about 60% of total
benefits, while other benefits (including induced traffic) account for about 40%.
For example, Scenario 1, the best performing alternative, economic-wise, produces a total of
US$ 44.196 million benefits (100%), of which US$ 26.598 million (60%) are traffic-based
benefits, and US$ 17.599 million (40%) are other benefits.
Similar (order of magnitude) benefits and percent distribution also occurs in Scenario 2 and
3.

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Table 11.9 Distribution of Benefits by Road Link

Scen
1
2
3
Scen
1
2
3
Scen
1
2
3
Scen
1
2
3
Scen
1
2
3

User Benefits ($ million) (%), by Link

Normal Traffic
Generated Traffic
Other (inc.
Induced
T)
VOC
Time
VOC
Time
A09-01
1.157
0.089
1.092
0.070
4.005
18%
1%
17%
1%
62%
1.157
0.089
1.092
0.070
4.005
18%
1%
17%
1%
62%
1.350
0.070
1.294
0.057
4.005
20%
1%
19%
1%
59%
A09-02
1.617
0.545
2.448
0.644
2.946
20%
7%
30%
8%
36%
1.617
0.545
2.448
0.644
2.946
20%
7%
30%
8%
36%
1.687
0.538
2.565
0.640
2.946
20%
6%
31%
8%
35%
A09-03
3.620
1.249
7.322
1.914
5.726
18%
6%
37%
10%
29%
3.620
1.249
7.322
1.914
5.726
18%
6%
37%
10%
29%
3.763
1.233
6.273
1.233
5.726
21%
7%
34%
7%
31%
A09-04
0.837
0.255
1.632
0.384
2.466
15%
5%
29%
7%
44%
0.837
0.255
1.632
0.384
2.466
15%
5%
29%
7%
44%
0.886
0.250
1.735
0.379
2.466
16%
4%
30%
7%
43%
C-15
0.947
0.355
0.308
0.114
2.456
23%
8%
7%
3%
59%
0.947
0.355
0.308
0.114
2.456
23%
8%
7%
3%
59%
0.986
0.351
0.330
0.115
2.456
23%
8%
8%
3%
58%

Katahira & Engineers International in association with

Total
Benefits
6.414
100%
6.414
100%
6.776
100%
8.200
100%
8.200
100%
8.375
100%
19.831
100%
19.831
100%
18.228
100%
5.573
100%
5.573
100%
5.716
100%
4.179
100%
4.179
100%
4.238
100%

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Table 11.10 Distribution of Benefits by Scenario

11.16

User Benefit ($ million) (%), by Scenario

Scenario 1
Link
N/G Traffic
Other
A09-01
2.408
4.005
A09-02
5.254
2.946
A09-03
14.105
5.726
A09-04
3.107
2.466
C15
1.723
2.456
Totlal $
26.598
17.599
Total %
60%
40%

Total
6.414
8.200
19.831
5.573
4.179
44.196
100%

User Benefit ($ million) (%), by Scenario

Scenario 2
Link
N/G Traffic
Other
A09-01
2.408
4.005
A09-02
5.254
2.946
A09-03
14.105
5.726
A09-04
3.107
2.466
C15
1.723
2.456
Totlal $
26.598
17.599
Total %
60%
40%

Total
6.414
8.200
19.831
5.573
4.179
44.196
100%

User Benefit ($ million) (%), by Scenario

Scenario 3
Link
N/G Traffic
Other
A09-01
2.771
4.005
A09-02
5.429
2.946
A09-03
12.502
5.726
A09-04
3.250
2.466
C15
1.782
2.456
Totlal $
25.734
17.599
Total %
59%
41%

Total
6.776
8.375
18.228
5.716
4.238
43.332
100%

Risk Analysis

11.16.1

The Risk Analysis Module - General

The Risk Analysis Module in RED performs a risk analysis, based on triangular probability
distributions, for (up to) the main twenty input parameters. With the risk analysis module, one can
explicitly include the uncertainty present in the estimates of the input parameters to generate results
that show all possible outcomes. The user defines the estimate of an input variable and some
measure of the likelihood of occurrence for that estimate, taking the forms of a triangular probability
distribution.
The risk analysis module then uses this information to analyze every possible outcome, executing
hundreds of what-if scenarios. In each scenario, random inputs following the defined input
probability distribution are generated, and the resulting frequency distributions presented in numbs
and in graphical form.
11.16.2

Selected Input Variables

The Consultant performed risk analysis, on eleven (11) input variables (for which there is
uncertainty about their input value). He set for each of these 11variables a minimum possible value
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of 0.70, and maximum possible value of 1.3 (default values for RED) which define the triangular
probability distribution.
The input variables include:
Normal Traffic (vpd)
Normal Traffic Growth Rate (%)
Generated Traffic (vpd)
Induced Traffic (vpd)
Passenger Time Costs ($/hr)
Alternative 1, 2 & 3 Investment Costs (000$/km)
Alternative 1, 2 & 3 Maintenance Costs (000/km/yr)
11.16.3

Selected Results

Table 11.11 shows results for IRR (5% and 12%), for two selected links: A09-01 (with relatively
high traffic within the Study Area, located in a in a hilly area), and A09-03 (with relatively lower
traffic within the Study Area, located in a in a mountainous area).
In general, the risk analysis shows that the IRR point estimate results (with input variables having +/30% variability), is quite reliable.
Results for other links (not shown here) are quite similar.
Table 11.11 Selected Risk Analysis Results for IRR, Links A09-01 & 03
Link A-09-01
Scenario 1, IRR point estimate
10.2%
Probability that IRR is less than
5% is 0% and more than 5% is 100%
Probability that IRR is greater than 12% is 23% and less than 12% is 77%
Scenario 2, IRR point estimate
7.7%
Probability that IRR is less than
5% is 2% and more than 5% is 98%
Probability that IRR is greater than 12% is 2% and less than 12% is 98%
Scenario 3, IRR point estimate
4.6%
Probability that IRR is less than
5% is
and more than 5% is
Probability that IRR is greater than 12% is
and less than 17% is

Link A-09-03
Scenario 1, IRR point estimate
15.4%
Probability that IRR is less than
5% is 0% and more than 5%
Probability that IRR is greater than 12% is 96% and less than 12%
Scenario 2, IRR point estimate
15.4%
Probability that IRR is less than
5% is 0% and more than 5%
Probability that IRR is greater than 12% is 96% and less than 12%
Scenario 3, IRR point estimate
9.3%
Probability that IRR is less than
5% is 52% and more than 5%
Probability that IRR is greater than 12% is 0% and less than 12%
11.17

is 100%
is
4%
is 100%
is
4%
is 48%
is 100%

Conclusion and Recommendations

11.17.1

Assessment - Based on ADB Guidelines

Based on the standard ADB guidelines (NPV>0, EIIR>12%), only the two scenarios based on 4.5m
road-way width and TST paving, Scenario 1 and Scenario 2 pass the threshold of economic analysis.
Both produce positive NPVs of US$ 9.687 and US$ 6.246, respectively; and EIRRs of 15.6 % and
13.7% respectively.

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Scenario 3 (6.0m Asphalt-Concrete), the alternative which was originally proposed by the GoTL,
does not meet the economic threshold set by the ADB (NPV>0.0 and EIRR> 12%). It produces a
negative NPV of US$ -10.880 million, and EIRR of only 8.8 %.
The assessment becomes even more sever, when taking into consideration the Sensitivity Analysis.
Allowing for +/- 20% change in costs and benefits (respectively), only Scenario 1 (and perhaps also
2) remains close to the desirable threshold. Scenario 1 produces EIRRs of about 12% when only one
variable is changed (9.2% when both variables change together). In contrast, Scenario 3 drops to
EIRRs of about 6.0% when one variable is changed (4.6% when both variables change together).
And the NPV drops much further, from about US$ 11 million under the base case, to US$ 20 to US$
31 million
From economic view-point the NPV is the prime economic index: it shows the actual amount of
dollar benefits (or losses) produced by a Project. The EIRR is a simple to use comparative index;
however it does not show dollar value which is produces by the Project (actually, the EIRR is the
interest rate(s) which equalizes the present values of cost and benefit streams). In summary, from
economic view-point a project which produces negative NPV, such as Scenario 3, should not be
considered for investment (regardless of the EIRR which is lower than the desired 12%).
Scenario 1 and 2 were developed and proposed by the Consultant as a viable alternative to Scenario
3, given the low traffic on the Manatuto-Natarbora road -- at present; and in the future, in spite of
relatively large growth rates and induced traffic from the South Coast, employed by the Consultant.
Both alternatives are very close in concept. They both propose a 4.5m sealed road-way, instead of
the 6.0m in Scenario 3, originally proposed by the GoTL. And they both propose surfacing the road
with TST instead of asphalt-concrete, a material which is sufficient to carry the volumes of projected
traffic within the next 20 years. Scenario 1 is slightly cheaper than 2, as it proposes to rehabilitate
the short sections in the flat land areas, instead of reconstructing the entire road length.
The combination of 4.5 m road-way and TST provides for significant savings in construction costs.
First and foremost, the 4.5m avoid expensive construction of additional new 6.0m wide bridges and
special culverts. It uses instead the existing structures of 4.5m wide, and only rehabilitating and restrengthening them, if necessary. And second, TST is less expensive than asphalt concrete.
All in all, the 4.5m reconstructed sealed road will offer a significantly upgraded high-standard crosscountry quality road between Manatuto and Natarbora, in line with the projected traffic for the next
20 years.
If so desired, assuming a significant larger traffic in the longer term, the design can reserve a rightof-way of 6.0m plus 2.0 m for shoulders now; while constructing a 4.5m road now.
11.17.2

Assessment - Based on Opportunity Cost of Capital

However, as indicated above, there is room to review the project also in terms of Opportunity Cost
of Capital to the GoTL. The Petroleum Fund, the main source of internal investment funds for
Timor Leste, is invested largely in US Government Bonds (or similar). The return on these bonds is
approximately 2.5%. This is the Opportunity Cost of Capital for GoTL.
The Study also estimated the NPV and EIRR under an alternative 5.0% discount rate (instead of
12.0%). The 5.0% discount rate was selected because it is about twice as large as the prevailing
return rate on the Petroleum Fund.
The most significant change under this scheme, particularly with respect to Scenario 3 (6.0m
Asphalt-Concrete) is that the latter becomes an attractive investment because:
(i)
The NPV (at 5.0%) is positive, valued at over US$ 25.0 million (versus a negative NPV of
about US$-19.9 million, at 12.0%).
(ii)
The IRR remains identical, 8.8% (as under the 12% scheme). However, it is now larger than
the (proposed) threshold of 5.0%; and definitely larger than the Opportunity Cost of
Capital for the GoTL, of 2.5%.
The combination of these two facts implies that if the GoTL decides to invest directly, only out of its
own Petroleum Fund in the Manatuto-Natarbora road, it should do so.
In this case the 6.0m reconstructed asphalt-concrete sealed road will offer a significantly higher
engineering standard for a cross-country road between Manatuto and Natarbora, compared to the
4.5m Scenarios; truly in line with International Standard for National Roads.

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Feasibility Report

Recommendations

The recommendations are divided into two:

1. For an ADB Loan - The Consultant recommends adopting Scenario 1 or Scenario 2. These
scenarios include a 4.5m reconstructed road sealed with TST, with 1.0 m shoulder on each side.
This is because, under ADB guidelines, in the foreseeable future a 6.0m asphalt-concrete road is
not economically feasible, and because a 4.5m road will be able to serve efficiently (though as
second best) the projected traffic demand within the next 20 years.
2. For Direct Financing Solely by The GoTL (with no ADB loan) - The Consultant recommends
adopting Scenario 3. This scenario includes a 6.0m reconstructed asphalt-concrete sealed road,
with 1.0 m shoulder on each side.
Unquestionably, this type of road provides superior engineering standards, adhering to
International Standards, and in line with TL vision for a long-tem National Road Network.
The only limitation is that this recommendation requires an investment solely by the GoTL (or
by an alternative loaning institution which will accept a discount rate of about 5.0%).
In addition, given the difficulties between qualifying for an ADB loan only for a 4.5m road, on
one hand, and the true desire of the GoTL for a 6.0m road, on the other; the Consultant also
recommends the following step in the short-run:
3. Either Way: Reserve Now a 6.0m+ Right-of-Way. - A corollary recommendation is to reserve
now a right-of-way for a 6.0m road plus 2.0 m shoulders, to allow for easier widening of the
road into a 6.0m road-way, in the future, if the ADB loan for 4.5m is selected now.

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