TITLE

LINEAR MEASUREMENTS AND ANGLE

MEASUREMENT

OBJECTIVE
At the end of this lab, my friend and I able to use common measuring tools for linear
measurements and angle measurement. Use appropriate measuring tools for linear
dimensions and angle measurement. Also able to apply basic calibration method for
vernier caliper and micrometer using gage block application. Other than that, identify the
measuring error from measuring equipment and identify the source of error from the use
measuring tools.

INTRODUCTION
Metrology is definite by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) as "the

science of measurement, embracing both experimental and theatrical determination at any

level of uncertainty in any field of science and technology. The ontology and international
vocabulary of metrology (VIM) is keep by the Joint Committee for Guides in
Metrology (JCGM),

group

made

up

of

eight

international

organizations

BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO , IUPAC , IUPAP, OIML and ILAC.

Metrology is a scientific study of measurement. Metrology is there to ensure that
measurements work. Measurement is part of the real world. It is performed with manmade
instruments. It is not perfect and shares the limitations of other human activities. Metrology
is a very broad field and may be divided into three subfields:
Scientific or fundamental metrology concerns the establishment of measurement units, unit
systems, and the development of new measurement methods, realization of
measurement standards and the transfer of traceability from these standards to users
in industry.
Applied or industrial metrology concerns the application of measurement science to
manufacturing and other processes and their use in society, ensuring the suitability of
measurement instruments, their calibration and quality control of measurements.
Legal metrology concerns regulatory requirements of measurements and measuring
instruments for the protection of health, public safety, the environment, enabling
taxation, protection of consumers and fair trade.

Calibration is a relationship between measurements one of known magnitude or

precision made or set with one tool and another measurement made in as similar a way as
likely with a second device. The formal definition of calibration by the International Bureau
of Weights and Measures is the following: "Operation that, under specified conditions, in a
first step, establishes a relation between the quantity values with measurement
uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications with
associated measurement uncertainties (of the calibrated instrument or secondary
standard) and, in a second step, uses this information to establish a relation for obtaining a
measurement result from an indication.

In geometry, an angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the sides of the angle,
sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle. Angles are usually presumed to
be in a Euclidean plane or in the Euclidean space, but are also defined in non-Euclidean

geometries. In particular, in spherical, the spherical angles are defined, using arcs of great
circles instead of rays. Angle is also used to designate the measure of an angle or of
a rotation. This measure is the ratio of the length of a circular arc to its radius.

EQUIPMENT
NAME

FUNCTION

RANGE

Engineering Steel Ruler

To measure a

The range can be in

micrometer (mm),

distance/diameter.

centimeter (cm) or inch.

The range in millimeter
(mm).

Vernier caliper

To measure a
depth/diameter/length and
width

Dial Vernier caliper

To measure a
depth/diameter/length and
width.

The range in millimeter

To measure a
diameter/length

The range in millimeter

Micrometer

Dial indicator

To measure thickness.

(mm).

(mm).
Range in millimeter (mm).

Horizontal/Vertical profile
projector

To measure
thickness/length/width

Range in millimeter (mm).

Height gauge

To measure

Range in millimeter (mm).

thickness/width/length.

PROCEDURE
1. List down the numbers of required dimensions (refer to attached Drawing).
2. Decide the appropriate measuring tools that can be used to measure the required
dimensions accordingly.
3. Draft the data recording format.
4. Assign personnel to do the measurements.
Note :Data for each dimension shall be taken based on below conditions;
a. Each dimension should be taken 3 times to ensure accuracy
b. Each dimension must be taken using all the measuring tool stated in the job sheet

c. Each measurement must be listed in a form created by your group

d. Each students must able to handle each measuring tools on their own after briefing and
introduction from lecturer
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The assigned person has to do the calibration/verification before taking data.

Record the calibration result on the provided calibration forms.
Do the measurement for the required dimensions.
Record the data.
For angle measurements, calculate the angle by using the trigonometry formula according
to given dimension
Note ; Tolerance for each dimension is +/- 0.50mm
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Calibrate the instrument periodically before you use it.

Do not use the instruments as a tool.
Protect the instrument from dust, rust, shock and wear.
Store the instruments in a proper place.
Do not store the instruments with other tools.
Avoid rough handling and dropping the instruments.

DISSCUSSION
1. Define :
Average for each dimension according to above conditions.
For each measurement tools, it has different result. Each measurement tools has
their own accuracy and precision. It has state that horizontal/vertical optical
comparator is the most precise compare to the other measurement tools and the
most accurate measurement tools is vernier caliper for linear measurement and
bevel protractor for angle measurement.

MEASUREMENT TOOL
Engineering Steel Ruler

AVERAGE READING
20.00

Vernier Caliper
Dial Caliper
Micrometer
Dial Indicator
Horizontal/Vertical Optical Comparator
Height Gauge

20.04
20.01
20.05
0
20.0
20.0

Maximum and minimum value according to above conditions.

For this condition, we used 20.00 mm size of gauge block.
MEASUREMENT
TOOL
Engineering
Steel
Ruler
Vernier Caliper
Dial Caliper
Micrometer
Dial Indicator
Horizontal/Vertical
Optical Comparator
Height Gauge

MAXIMUM VALUE
(mm)

MINIMUM VALUE
(mm)

20.0

20.0

20.04
20.01
20.05
0

20.02
20.0
20.4
0

20.0

20.0

20.0

20.0

2. Based on the control charts, give comments on below subjects;

Source of errors.
For the linear measurement, the source of error comes from the human itself. It is
also known as random errors. The eyes are not perpendicularly to the scale
reading. Systematic errors are also one of them. The measurement tool comes
with different result when taken a more than one reading.

Factors effecting measurements.

The factors that affect the measurement result is condition of work piece itself, the
work piece are corrode. Unable to read the scale is also one of the factors that
might affect the measurement result. The eyes are not perpendicularly to the
reading scale. The gauge block is measure by various measurement tools, and
then it has a different result of each measurement reading.

Variations in measurements
The variation in measurement is very important because it could cause a big
effect to the measurement calculation. As the result, it can cause an error for the
average measurement results.

3. Give comments in terms of accuracy and precision of the used measuring tools by
comparing to the required standard value.
Note: The standard dimensions are referring to dimensions in the drawing.
In this lab experiment, each measuring tool that we used has its own precision and
accuracy. By using the vernier caliper and micrometer would be a better choice
because these tools gave us the nearest value from its actual value of the work piece
so that we can gain an accurate reading. For precision, we can use the profile projector
because it can read with a scale of 0.001mm. Although it is precision equipment, it also
not an accurate measuring tool to be used.
4. What are the best measuring tools for each dimension? Why?
For linear measurement experiment, the best tool to be used would be the dial gauge
vernier caliper. Because it has a flexible function so that we can use it to measure each
dimension easily. In angle measurement, the best tool or equipment to be use is the
combination set. This is because of its shape can be used in many area and give a
good reading.

CONCLUSION
As conclusion, Ill able to use common measuring tools for linear measurements and
angle measurement. Ill also able to use appropriate measuring tools for linear dimensions
and angle measurement and apply basic calibration methods for vernier caliper and
micrometer using gauge block application. Next, identify the measuring errors from
measuring equipment and the source of errors from the used measuring tools.
1. What are the MOST factors that effected to the measurement results? Why?
The most factors that effect the measurement result is condition of work piece itself, the
work piece are corrode. Unable to read the scale is also one of the factors that might
affect the measurement result.
2. How to reduce/eliminate the measurement errors?

The way to reduce error is take the measurement reading simultaneously. Usually, the
measurement reading is taken three times in row to get average reading. Clean the
work piece before taken the measurement. Make sure the main scale and vernier scale
at zero before measurement process.
3. Which measuring tool is the MOST accurate? Why?
The most accurate measurement tools are profile projector. It is because profile
projector used a light reflection to enlarge the size of the gauge block/angle block. It
also can avoid parallax an error which is usually the eyes is not perpendicularly to the
reading scale.

RECOMMENDATION
There are several recommendations to avoid error in the measurement result. Firstly, we
need to make sure all of the measuring equipment and work piece are in clean condition
before we taking the reading in any measurement because if the surface have dirt, so that
it also could affect the result obtained and could not get the absolute value.
Besides, we are also need to make sure our eyes perpendicular to the reading
scale or measurement equipment to avoid the parallax error during taking the reading.
Therefore, we need to make sure all of the scale equipment is calibrate with good
condition to avoid zero error before we make any measurement because it always happen
before this.
Then, the important things in measurement is we are also need to ensure that all of
the measuring tool are in good condition and not broken, because if we using without
checking it first logically we could not get the result as we want.
Last but not least, to get the absolute value of reading on the measuring tool is we

need to know how to assembly it first and as we know if we have some knowledge
automatically everything going to be easily although it was your first experience.

REFERENCES
1. Module metrology KKTM Kuantan, DMC 3113.
2. Lecturer Metrology of KKTM Kuantan, En. Hasani Bin Zaid.
3. Harlow, R.H., Dodson,C. and Thompson R., 2002, Fundamental to Dimensional
Metrology, 4th Edition, Thompson Delmar Learning.
4. Scholle, J.V., 1993 Metrology, Addison Wesley Longman Inc.
5. Farago, F.T and Curtis,M.A., 1994, Handbook of Dimensional Metrology, 3rd Edition,
Industrial Press.