Hydrocarbon Liquid

Transmission Pipeline
and Storage Systems
Design and Operation

M. Mohitpour
M.S. Yoon
J.H. Russell

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 2012, ASME, 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA (www.asme.org)

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the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced
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its authors and editors shall be responsible for any errors,
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and its authors and editors are supplying information but
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Mohitpour, Mo
Hydrocarbon liquid transmission pipeline and storage systems : design and operation / M. Mohitpour, M.S. Yoon, J.H. Russell.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7918-6000-7 (alk. paper)
1. Petroleum pipelinesDesign and construction. 2.Liquefied natural gas
pipelinesDesign and construction. 3. PipelinesDesign and construction. I. Yoon,
Mike II. Russell, J. H. (James Hooper), 1947- III. Title.
TN879.53.M64 2012
665.544dc23
2012016731

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DEDICATIONS
This book is dedicated to the Pipeline Industry whose prime objective has been, and
continues to be, transporting hydrocarbon energy efficiently but with utmost safety
and reliability. It is dedicated to the experts and professionals in the industry whose
breadth of expertise and continued effort has led to advancements that have been the
cornerstone of integrity and safety in pipeline energy transportation.
To our wives Carol, Julie, and Fern whose patience, unyielding support, and love
allowed us to complete this book. They made us to wonder in our dreams to achieve
our aspiration. THANK YOU.

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DEDICATIONS
This book is dedicated to the Pipeline Industry whose prime objective has been, and
continues to be, transporting hydrocarbon energy efficiently but with utmost safety
and reliability. It is dedicated to the experts and professionals in the industry whose
breadth of expertise and continued effort has led to advancements that have been the
cornerstone of integrity and safety in pipeline energy transportation.
To our wives Carol, Julie, and Fern whose patience, unyielding support, and love
allowed us to complete this book. They made us to wonder in our dreams to achieve
our aspiration. THANK YOU.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface

xvii

Acknowledgments

xix

Accreditation

xxi

Forewords

xxii

Metric Conversion of Some Common Units

xxv

Chapter 1Introduction to Hydrocarbon Liquid Pipelines

1.1 Liquid Hydrocarbon Transportation System Scope
1.2 Hydrocarbon Liquid Pipelines
1.3 Liquid Pipeline Transportation Systems
1.4 Types of Transmission Pipelines
1.5 Liquid Petroleum Pipeline Networks
1.6 Single Versus Multiple Products Pipeline

1.6.1 Refined Petroleum Products
1.7 Liquid Pipeline Development History/Chronology

1.7.1 Historical Overview

1.7.2 Codes, Standards and Regulations (Addressing Liquid

Pipeline Design, Construction and Operation)

1.7.3 Codes

1.7.4 Regulations
1.8 Major Pipeline Facilities Layout

1.8.1 Pump Station

1.8.2 Metering/Measurement

1.8.3 Valve and Manifolds

1.8.3.1Valves

1.8.3.2 Manifolds
1.9 General Pipeline Operations
References

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vi n Table of Contents
Chapter 2 Hydrocarbon Liquid Properties
2.1 Hydrocarbon Liquids
2.2 Hydrocarbon Liquids Phase Behavior

2.2.1 Phase Diagram Determination
2.3 Properties of Petroleum Liquids

2.3.1 Mass, Volume, and Density

2.3.2 Density and Thermal Expansion

2.3.3 Compressibility, Bulk Modulus, and Thermal Expansion

2.3.3.1 Compressibility

2.3.3.2Bulk Modulus K

2.3.3.3Thermal Expansion

2.3.3.4 Calculating Bulk Modulus for Various Fluids

2.3.3.5Other Techniques for Calculating Bulk Modulus
2.4 Specific Gravity and API Gravity

2.4.1 Specific Gravities of Blended Products
2.5 Viscosity, Newtonian Versus Non-Newtonian

2.5.1 Viscosity and Density Relationship

2.5.2 Viscosity of Blended/Diluted Liquids

2.5.2.1(A) New Volume from Current Volume,
Current SG, and Target SG

2.5.2.2 (B) Viscosity Blending Calculation

2.5.3 Hydrocarbon Liquids Blending and Volume Shrinkage

2.5.4 Viscosity Determination
2.6 Pour Point and Viscosity Relationship

2.6.1 Reasons for Pour Point Determination
2.7 Vapor Pressure

2.7.1 True Vapor Pressure
2.8 Flash Point
2.9 Hydrocarbon Liquid Specific Heat Capacity
2.10 Thermal Conductivity
2.11 Effect of Hydrocarbon Liquid Properties on Measurement Systems

2.11.1 (a)Base Conditions

2.11.2 (b) Impact of Phase Change

2.11.3 Properties Important to Measurement Systems

2.11.4Factors Affecting Measurement Accuracy
References

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Chapter 3System Hydraulics and Design

3.1 Fundamentals of Liquid Pipeline Hydraulics

3.1.1 Pipeline Flow Equations

3.1.1.1 Continuity or Mass Conservation Equation

3.1.1.2 Momentum Equation

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Table of Contents n vii

3.1.2




3.1.3

3.1.1.3 Energy Equation

3.1.1.4 Equation of State
Solution Methods
3.1.2.1 Method of Characteristics
3.1.2.2 Explicit Methods
3.1.2.3 Implicit Methods
Steady-State Solutions and Design Equations
3.1.3.1Solution of Continuity Equation and
Volume Correction

3.1.3.2Solution of Momentum Equation and Pressure
Profile Calculation

3.1.3.3Solution of Energy Equation and Temperature
Profile Calculation
3.2 Design Process

3.2.1 Codes and Standards

3.2.2 Design Factors

3.2.2.1 Supply and Demand

3.2.2.2 Pipeline Route and Environmental Issues

3.2.2.3Operating Parameters

3.2.2.4 Pipe Parameters

3.2.2.5 Pumping Parameters

3.2.2.6 Economic Factors

3.2.3 Hydraulic Design Procedure
3.3 Liquid Pipeline Design

3.3.1 Crude Oil Pipeline System Isothermal Flow

3.3.2 Pipeline Configurations

3.3.2.1 Side Stream Delivery

3.3.2.2 Side Stream Injection

3.3.2.3 Pipeline in Series

3.3.2.4 Pipelines in Parallel

3.3.3 Severe Elevation Change Slack Flow

3.3.4 Severe Weather Conditions

3.3.4.1 Pipeline in a Hot Environment

3.3.4.2 Pipeline in a Cold Environment

3.3.5 Batch Pipeline Hydraulics Design

3.3.6 High Vapor Pressure (HVP) Pipeline Design

3.3.7 Heavy Crude Pipeline Hydraulic Design

3.3.7.1 Determine the Physical Properties under
Pipeline Conditions

3.3.7.2 Determine the Pressure and Temperature throughout
the Pipeline for the Anticipated Flow Rates

3.3.7.3 Review the Restart after Shutdown

3.3.7.4 Design Facilities
3.4 Locating Pump Stations

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Addenda to Chapter 3

A3.1 Temperature Calculation

A3.2 Erosional Velocity of Fluid

A3.3 Minor Pressure Losses

A3.4 Effect of Pressure and Temperature on Pipe Volume
References

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Chapter 4 Pumps and Pump Stations

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4.1 Introduction
159
4.2 Centrifugal Pumps
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4.3 Centrifugal Pump Types
161

4.3.1 End Suction Single Stage Pumps
161

4.3.2 Vertical In-Line Single Stage Pumps
161

4.3.3 Horizontal Axially Split Between-Bearing Single-Stage Pumps 161

4.3.4 Horizontal Axially Split Between-Bearing Multi-Stage Pumps 161

4.3.5 DoubleCase (Can) Vertically Suspended Volute Pumps
162
4.4 Pump Selection and Sizing
164

4.4.1 Pump Performance
164

4.4.1.1 Pump Performance Curves
165

4.4.2 Service Conditions
165

4.4.3 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
167

4.4.3.1 Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR)
167

4.4.3.2 Net Positive Suction Head Available (NPSHA)
168

4.4.4 Specific Speed
169

4.4.5 Suction Specific Speed
170

4.4.6 Pump Performance Curve Characteristics
171

4.4.7 Centrifugal Pump Power and Efficiency
172

4.4.8 Performance Modifications for Varying Pipeline Applications
172

4.4.9 Cavitation
176

4.4.10Viscous Hydrocarbon Behavior in Pumps
180

4.4.11Temperature Rise
181

4.4.12 Minimum Flow
182
4.5 Pump Specification and Purchase
182

4.5.1 Pump Data Sheets
182
4.6 Retrofitting Centrifugal Pumps for Changing Service Conditions
183

4.6.1 Reduced Pipeline Throughput
183

4.6.2 Increased Pipeline Throughput
183

4.6.3 Affinity Laws
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4.7 Pipeline Hydraulic Requirements
185

4.7.1 System Head Curves and Pump Operating Points
185

4.7.2 Hydraulic Performance in Batched Pipeline
Systems with Constant Speed Pumps
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Table of Contents n ix

4.7.3Hydraulic Performance in Batched Pipeline Systems

with Variable Speed Pumps

4.7.4 Pump Configurations

4.7.4.1 Parallel Operation

4.7.4.2 Series Operation
4.8 Pump Drivers
4.9 Pump Station Design

4.9.1 Pump Station Diagram

4.9.2 Pump Station Piping

4.9.3 Control Valve and Sizing

4.9.4 Station Flow Recirculation

4.9.5 Pig Launcher and Receiver

4.9.6 Pump Station at a Tank Farm

4.9.7 Pump Station Heater
4.10 Pipeline System Control

4.10.1 Pump Station Operation

4.10.2 Pump Control Strategy

4.10.3 Station Control

4.10.3.1 Pump Station Valve Control

4.10.4 Injection/Delivery Station Control

4.10.5 Pump Unit Control

4.10.6 Throttling vs. Speed Controls

4.10.6.1Throttling for Fixed Speed Pumps

4.10.6.2 Speed Control for Variable Speed Pumps
4.11 Station Electrical Control

4.11.1 Station Auxiliary Systems

4.11.2 Shutdown Modes

4.11.2.1 Emergency Shutdown System
4.12 Applicable Codes and Standards
References

Chapter 5 Pipeline Operation and Batching

5.1 Pipeline Operation

5.1.1 Pipeline System Operation

5.1.2 Concepts of Pipeline Transient Flow

5.1.3 Surge Control

5.1.3.1 Control Devices

5.1.3.2 Pump Unit and Pump Station Operations

5.1.3.3 Special Surge Relief Devices

5.1.4 Example of Pipeline Operation and Surge Control

5.1.4.1 Scheduled Pipeline System Start-Up

5.1.4.2 Scheduled Pipeline System Shutdown

5.1.4.3 Emergency Shutdown of the Pipeline System

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5.1.4.4 Batch Operation

5.1.5 Transient or Surge Analysis
5.2 Liquid Batching Transportation

5.2.1 Types of Liquid Pipelines

5.2.2 Liquid Hydrocarbon Batching

5.2.3 Batched Product Pipeline Growth and Technique

5.2.4 Products Batching Definitions and Terms

5.2.4.1 Batch Sequencing

5.2.4.2 Batch Cycle/Slug

5.2.4.3 Buffers

5.2.4.4 Batching Travel Time

5.2.4.5 Batch Interface Marking and Detection

5.2.4.6 Batch Injection, Transportation, and Delivery

5.2.4.7 Batch Reporting

5.2.5 Minimum Batch Size

5.2.6 Crude Oil Contamination

5.2.6.1 Natural Crude

5.2.6.2 Synthetic Crude

5.2.6.3 Contamination Level

5.2.7 Interface-Volume Estimations

5.2.7.1 Batch Calculation and Tracking Example

5.2.7.2 Results

5.2.8 Batched Products Pipeline Design and Operational Issues

5.2.8.1 Design and Operational Issues

5.2.8.2 Operation and Control

5.2.8.3 Pipeline System Operation/Control

5.2.9 Practical Batch Operation in Real-Time

5.2.9.1 Batch Launch and Delivery

5.2.9.2 Launching and Delivery Operation

5.2.9.3 Batch Tracking

5.2.10 Multiproduct Pipeline Batch Optimization
Addendum to Chapter 5

Pipeline System Surge Mitigation Equipment

A5.1 Flow Control Valves

A5.2 Check Valves

A5.3 Relief Valves

A5.4 Bursting/Rupture Disc

A5.5 Surge Diversion Valve

A5.6 Increasing Pipeline Diameter and/or Wall Thickness

A5.7 Variable Speed Drives and Soft Starters

A5.8 Valve Opening and Closure Times

A5.9 Surge Tanks

A5.10 Pump Bypass Check Valves

A5.11 Applications
References

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Table of Contents n xi
Chapter 6Non-Conventional Hydrocarbon Liquids, Production,
and Transportation
6.1 Heavy Oil Technology and Transportation

6.1.1 Background
6.2 Heavy Oil Types and Global Distribution
6.3 Heavy Oil Properties and Type

6.3.1 Types/Grouping

6.3.2 Oil Viscosity Prediction
6.4 Heavy Oils Transportation Technologies

6.4.1 Dilution

6.4.2 Upgrading/Partial Upgrading

6.4.3 Heating/Thermal Upgrading

6.4.4 Water Emulsion

6.4.5 Core Annular Flow (CAF)

6.4.6 Surfactant/Flow Improvers

6.4.7 Slurry Transportation

6.4.8 Comparison of Transportation Techniques
6.5 Heavy Crudes Properties for Pipeline Transportation

6.5.1 Grouping of Crudes and Designations

6.5.2 Typical Properties
6.6 Heavy Oil Pipeline Transportation ExampleRole of
Design for Operational Control

6.6.1 Summary on Role of Design

6.6.2 Need for Transient Analysis

6.6.2.1 Information Required for Pipeline Dynamic Assessment

6.6.3 Surge Mitigation Methods

6.6.4 Code Requirement

6.6.5 Case StudyApplication to a Heavy Oil Pipeline Projects

6.6.5.1Fluid Properties

6.6.5.2 Simulation Model and Data

6.6.6 Batch Movement/Transient Simulation Time

6.6.7 Simulations Scenarios and Techniques

6.6.7.1Time Steps and Pipe Segment Knot Spacing

6.6.7.2Valve Closure and Station Shutdown Timing Sequence

6.6.8 Simulation Results

6.6.8.1 Effect of Valve Closures

6.6.8.2 Effects Due to Pump Stations Shutdown

6.6.8.3Delivery Restriction (Zero Delivery)

6.6.8.4Terminal PCV Closure

6.6.8.5Effect of Minimum Flow Delivery at Maximum Pump
Stations Discharge PressureLine Packing Conditions

6.6.9 Conclusion
Addendum to Chapter 6
Heavy Oil Resources and Recovery Techniques

A6.1 Heavy Oil Resource Base

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A6.2 Bitumen and Heavy Oils Recovery/Extraction Techniques

A6.2.1 Extraction/Recovery Techniques

A6.2.2 Production Techniques Scope

A6.2.3 Recovery Techniques Summary

A6.2.4 Oil Reservoir Classifications
References

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Chapter 7 Liquid Measurement

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Static Measurement

7.2.1 Tank Calibration

7.2.1.1 Manual Tank Strapping Method (MTSM)

7.2.1.2Optical Reference Line Method (ORLM)

7.2.1.3Optical Triangulation Method (OTM)

7.2.1.4 Electro-Optical Distance Ranging Method (EODRM)

7.2.2 Tank Capacity Tables

7.2.3 Liquid Calibration of Tanks
7.3 Tank Gauging

7.3.1 Manual Tank Gauging

7.3.2 Servo Tank Gauge

7.3.3 Radar Tank Gauge

7.3.4 Hybrid Tank Measurement Systems

7.3.5 Calculation of Tankage Volumes
7.4 Dynamic Measurement

7.4.1 Measurement Systems and Characteristics

7.4.2 Measurement Uncertainty

7.4.2.1 Quality of Liquids

7.4.2.2 Device Degradation

7.4.2.3 Operational Problems

7.4.2.4 Calibration

7.4.2.5 Transducer/Transmitter

7.4.3 Custody Transfer Requirements

7.4.4 Types of Meters

7.4.4.1 Positive Displacement Meters

7.4.4.2Turbine Meters

7.4.4.3 Ultrasonic Meters

7.4.4.4 Coriolis Meters

7.4.5 Meter Selection

7.4.5.1 Meter Sizing

7.4.5.2 Instrumentation and Accessories

7.4.5.3Flow Computers

7.4.6 Meter Station Design

7.4.6.1 Meter Station Components

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Table of Contents n xiii

7.4.6.2 Meter Run

7.4.6.3 Meter Provers

7.4.7 Prover Types

7.4.7.1Tank Provers

7.4.7.2 Conventional Pipe Provers

7.4.8 Prover Calibration
7.5 Volume Accounting System

7.5.1 Ticketing Functions

7.5.2 Meter Ticket

7.5.3 Tank Ticket

7.5.4 Volume Tracking

7.5.5 Volume Calculation and Balancing

7.5.5.1Volume Calculation

7.5.5.2 Meter Factor and Calibration

7.5.6 Determination of Liquid Volume

7.5.7 General Equations for Determining Liquid Volumes at
Base Conditions

7.5.8 Volume Balancing
Addendum: Standards Relevant to Liquid Petroleum Measurement

A7.1 American Petroleum Institute (API)www.api.org

A7.2 ASTM International (American Standard for
Testing Materials)http://www.astm.org

A7.3 American National Standards Institute/
American Society of Mechanical Engineers

A7.4 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
www.iso.org
References

Chapter 8 Hydrocarbon Petroleum Tankage and Terminal Design

8.1 Introduction and Overview
8.2 History and Reasons for Use
8.3 Products Stored and Properties
8.4 Types of Petroleum Storage Tanks

8.4.1 Definition and Classifications

8.4.2 Types

8.4.2.1Fixed Roof Tanks

8.4.2.2Floating Roof Tanks

8.4.3 Emission Control in Storage Tanks

8.4.3.1Tank Rim Sealing Systems: Floating Roof Tanks

8.4.4 Tank Fittings and Appurtenances
8.5 Petroleum Storage Tanks Standards (For Design,
Operation, and Protection)
8.6 Regulations Affecting Terminal and Storage Facilities

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8.7 Petroleum Storage/Terminal Design

8.7.1 Typical Layout and Spacing

8.7.2 Tank Design (Including Sizing, Materials, and Construction)

8.7.2.1Design Data

8.7.2.2Design Calculations

8.7.2.3Tank Material

8.7.3 Civil Design

8.7.3.1Tank Foundation

8.7.3.2Types of Foundations

8.7.3.3Bund Walls/Dikes

8.7.4 Fabrication and Welding

8.7.4.1Tank ConstructionFabrication and Welding

8.7.4.2Welding Techniques

8.7.4.3 Post Weld Heat Treatment of Welded Tanks Structures

8.7.4.4 Construction of Spheres

8.7.5 Mechanical/Piping Components and Instrumentation

8.7.5.1 Mechanical Appurtenances

8.7.5.2 Instrumentation and Controls

8.7.6 Tank Venting Emission Calculations

8.7.6.1Total Losses from Fixed Roof Storage Tanks

8.7.6.2Total Losses from Floating Roof Tanks

8.7.7 Operational Issues

8.7.8 Cathodic Protection of Above Ground Hydrocarbon
Storage Tanks

8.7.8.1Definition of Corrosion

8.7.8.2 Corrosive Environment

8.7.8.3 Consequences of Corrosion

8.7.8.4Types of Corrosion

8.7.8.5 Storage Tank Cathodic Protection

8.7.8.6 Above Ground Storage Tank CP System
8.7.8.7Typical CP Installation for Above Ground
Storage Tanks

8.7.8.8 Applicable CP Standards
8.8 Tank Failures and Emergency Response

8.8.1 Tank Failures

8.8.1.1 Past Accidents

8.8.1.2 Causes of Tank Failure Hazards

8.8.2 Designing Tankage Systems to Minimize Hazards

8.8.2.1 Effective Steps

8.8.3 Design of a Foam System for Fire Protection of Storage Tanks

8.8.3.1 Identifying Flammable Liquid

8.8.3.2Types of Foam Discharge Outlets

8.8.3.3Foam System for Fire Protection of Storage Tanks

8.8.3.4Foam Dam Design for Tanks
8.9 Emergency Response Planning and Facilities

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Table of Contents n xv

8.9.1 Planning for the Emergency

8.9.2 Responding to Oil Spill Emergencies

8.9.3 Tactical Priorities

8.9.4 Foam Application

8.9.4.1Foam Supply

8.9.4.2Water Supply

8.9.4.3 Exposure Protection
References

Chapter 9 Liquid Pipeline Operation

9.1 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)

9.1.1 Introduction

9.1.2 Pipeline System Monitoring and Control

9.1.3 Control Center and SCADA System

9.1.4 Data Communications

9.1.5 Data Management

9.1.6 Alarms

9.1.7 Human Machine Interface (HMI) and Reporting

9.1.8 Security
9.2 Overview of Pipeline Leak Detection System

9.2.1 Introduction

9.2.2 Overview of Leak Detection Techniques

9.2.2.1 Inspection Methods

9.2.2.2 Sensor Methods

9.2.2.3 Computational Pipeline Monitoring (CPM) Methods

9.2.3 Implementation and Operation

9.2.4 Leakage Response

9.2.5 Summary
9.3 Drag Reducing Agent (DRA)

9.3.1 Introduction

9.3.1.1 Drag Reduction Mechanism

9.3.1.2 Benefits of Using a DRA

9.3.2 DRA Characteristics and Performance

9.3.3 DRA Operations

9.3.3.1 DRA Facilities

9.3.3.2 DRA Injection

9.3.3.3 DRA Concentration Tracking

9.3.3.4 DRA Limitations on Operation and Design

9.3.4 DRA Correlations
9.4 Tank Farm Operation and Volume Measurement

9.4.1 Tank Farm Operation

9.4.1.1Normal Batch Lifting Sequence at a Product
Lifting Tank Farm

9.4.1.2Operation at the Delivery Terminal

544
544
545
545
546
547
547
548

551
551
551
554
554
559
562
564
566
571
572
572
576
576
577
579
584
587
587
587
587
588
589
590
590
590
591
593
593
594
596
597
597
598

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xvi n Table of Contents

9.4.1.3 Side-Stream Injection

9.4.1.4 Side-Stream Delivery

9.4.1.5Break-Out Operation

9.4.1.6 Sump System

9.4.2 Tank Control

9.4.3 Tank Volume Measurement

9.4.4 Tank Inventory
9.5 Power Cost Control

9.5.1 Power Demand Control

9.5.2 Pump Unit Operating Statistics

9.5.3 Pump Station Monitoring

9.5.4 Power Optimization
References

598
599
599
600
600
602
602
603
604
604
605
606
608

Appendix Glossary of Terms and Acronyms

References

611
644

Index

645

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Preface
This book is a sequel to and augments the series of ASME-initiated pipeline books and
monograms, documents published since year 2000. The following include a partial list of
such publications:
Pipeline Design and Construction A Practical Approach, 3rd Edition 2007,
M.Mohitpour, H. Golshan and A. Murray
Pipeline Operation and Maintenance A Practical Approach, 2nd Edition 2010,
M. Mohitpour, T. Van Hardeveld, B. Peterson and J. Szabo
Energy Supply and Pipeline Transportation Challenges and Opportunities, 2008,
M. Mohitpour
Pipeline Pumping and Compression Systems A Practical Approach, 2008,
M.Mohitpour, K.K. Botros and T. Van Hardeveld
Pipeline Integrity Assurance A Practical Approach, 2010, M. Mohitpour,
A.Murray, I. Colquhoun and M. McManus
Pipeline Transportation of Carbon Dioxide containing Impurities, M. Mohitpour,
P.Seevam, K.K. Botros, B. Rothwell and C. Ennis, 2011
Pipeline System Automation and Control, M. Yoon, C. Warren and S. Adam,2007
Pipeline Geo-Environmental Design and Geohazard Management, edited by
M.Rizkalla, 2008
Pipeline Geomatics, edited by S. Adam and K. Davis, 2009
This book brings together the entire spectrum of hydraulics, design, and operating requirements for pipeline transportation and storage of hydrocarbon liquids, the essence of our
energy supply. It is a professional reference, training tool, or comprehensive text for specialized university courses. The contents cover a broad range of subjects essential in knowing
the elements making up hydrocarbon liquid pipeline and storage systems and how to most
reliably design and operate such facilities with the least environmental impact and energy
transportation disruption.
Chapters of the book have been written based on the collective experience of the authors and research of appertaining published materials available from the pipeline industry
journals and documents published by individual professionals, experts, operators, educators, and scientific research works. Each chapter has been written with the intent that it
would stand alone as far as possible without referencing other chapters. In this way, professionals can source their search topic of interest more conveniently without recourse to other
parts of the book. However, where appropriate, referencing has been alluded to.
In this book, mostly metric units have been used. However in some chapters both imperial and metric units are referred to. This was justified because the industry continues to use
the unit systems interchangeably. A conversion table is provided within this section.
xvii

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xviii n Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems

The authors have exercised care to ensure correctness of the content, acknowledgement
of other publications, copyright permissions, and referencing documents and names. It is
not intended that specific techniques, examples, or applications be applied or copied for
turnkey use. Readers are very much encouraged to check and assess all details before use
and application. The authors and ASME welcome notification of corrections, omissions,
and attributions. These will be attended to in the next edition and contributors acknowledged as such.
Mo Mohitpour, White Rock, British Columbia, Canada
Mike S. Yoon, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Jim H. Russell, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
2012

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Acknowledgments
Writing this book was a tremendous enjoyment for the authors. The concept of writing this
book rekindled the authors long time association of over 30 years (going back to 1982
1983 with Canuck Engineering, in Calgary, Alberta, Canada) and, most of all, reconnected
us with leaders and colleagues throughout the pipeline industry. The encouragement and
enthusiasm from the industry and the continued support of our publisher; ASME Press was
indeed the backbone of our interest and commitment to bring to fruition this document.
The authors connection with the pipeline industry goes as far back as mid 1970s when
as junior engineers entering the industry we were mentored by professionals in the industry,
gained knowledge by hands-on work, field assignments, and direct involvement with leading edge pipeline technology projects globally. For example, while the use of X100 pipe is
development of the past decade, its deployment and application goes as far back as 1975
when API X110 was contemplated for transportation of large quantities (6650 MMSCFD)
of high-pressure dense phase natural gas to 3500 psig. Exxon-Mobil and Nippon Steel Corporation developed API X120 and now-a-days the use of high strength steel (API X80 and
over) is common place in our industry (for both oil and gas pipeline use).
It is the unyielding support of our mentors and associates in the industry that led us to
initiate and contribute to the series of pipeline books published by ASME Press since 2000.
Thanks are due to our colleagues in the industry who, in many ways, encouraged and
contributed to the review of preparatory manuscripts, updating, corrections, additions,
andthe supply of materials for this book. The authors wish to express sincere thanks to and
acknowledge the valuable contribution of all of the following colleagues for their intensive
reviews of various chapters, verification of content, and suggestions;
Dr. Alan Murray, P.Eng, Principia Consultant
John Kazakoff, P.Eng, Silver Fox Engineering Consultants
Hal Oliver, PE
John A. Jacobson PE, CB&I, Texas
Ed Seiders, PE, Willbros Engineering, Tulsa
Mike McManus, P.Eng, Enbridge
Andres Mendizbal, President, OCP Ecuador
Wagner Carrera, Operation Supervisor, OCP Ecuador
Dr. John M. Shaw, P.Eng University of Alberta
Ms. Nafiseh Dodgostar, University of Alberta
Jakob Buchert, Sr. Engineer, Energy Solutions International
Dick Spiers, Sr. Consultant, Energy Solutions International
Scott Lauchlan, Solution Team Leader, Telvent North America
Dave Jardine, President and Chairman, Telvent North America
Mike Doxey, Executive Vice President, HMT Inc
Jim Enarson, Consultant
Mike Fillipof, Actenum Corp

xix

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xxvi nMetric conversion of some common units

inch2

square centimeter

cm2

6.451 600

inch

cubic centimeter

cm

16.387 064

kilowatt-hour (kWh)

megajoule

MJ

3.6

mile per hour

kilometer per hour

km/h

1.609 344

pound

kilogram

Kg

0.453 592 37

newton

pound force
3

4.448
3

pound mass/foot (lbm/ft )

kilogram per cubic meter

kg/m

pound mass/gallon

kilogram per liter

kg/L

0.119 826

pound mass/hour

kilogram per hour

kg/h

0.453 592

psi

kiloPascal

kPa

6.894 757

psi/foot

kiloPascal per meter

kPa/m

22.620 59

psi/mile

Pascal per meter

Pa/m

4.284 203

Watt-hour

kilojoule

kJ

3.6

yard

square meter

16.018 463

0.836 127

0.764 555

yard

cubic meter

acre

square meter

m2

4046.856

atmosphere (std)

kilopascal

kPa

101.325

barrel (42 US gal)

cubic meter

0.158 987

Btu (International Table)

kilojoule

kJ

1.055 056

calorie (Thermochemical)

joule

4.184

degree F

degree Celsius

5/9 (F-32)

degree R

degree Kelvin

5/9

foot

meter

0.3048

gallon (US liquid)

liter

3.785 412

horsepower (US)

kilowatt

kW

0.7457

inch (US)

millimeter

mm

25.4

inch of mercury (60F)

kilopascal

kPa

3.376 85

inch of water (60F)

kilopascal

kPa

0.248 843

mil

micrometer

25.4

mile (US Statute)

kilometer

km

1.609 344

ounce (US fluid)

milliliter

mL

29.573 53

poise

Pascal-second

Pa.s

0.1

SSU

Saybolt-Universal-Seconds

cSt

See graph on
next page

stokes

square centimeter per second

cm2/s

ton, long (2240 lbm)

ton

1.016 047

ton, short (2000 lbm)

ton

0.907 184 74

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Accreditation
American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the authors would like to hereby accredit
all organizations and individuals for the use and/or granting their kind permission to reprint
or reproduce illustrations, photos, and other materials in this book. Where contacts were not
possible, such organization or individuals are referenced and accredited in each chapter, as
appropriate, and are included herein.
American Petroleum Institute (API)
ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) 2008
Buckeye Equipment
CEPA (Canadian Energy Pipeline Association)
CB&I
Corrpro Canada
Daniel Meters
Enbridge
Endress+ Hauser
Energy Solutions International
Flowserve
FMC Technologies
GPSA
HMT Inc. www.hmttank.com
Hydraulics Institute
ITA
Kobe Steel Ltd. (KOBELCO)
Micro Motion
Pembina Pipeline Corporation
OCP Ecuador, Ecuador
OTEC, Singapore
Resource Protection International, Dr. Niall Ramsden
Smith Meters
Telvent North America, a Schneider Electric company
TransCanada Corporation

xxi

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FOREWORDS
Foreword From TransCanada
The use of pipe for petroleum transportation was conceptualized in 1863 by Dmitri Mendelev. The development of hydrocarbon liquid pipeline transportation over long distances
goes back to the late1800s when oil was exploited in large quantities first in the USA and
in the Persian Gulf area and Baku, Azerbaijan. Pipelines have since proven to be the safest,
the most reliable and economical means for transporting such oil and petroleum products
from sources of supply to market areas.
The series of pipeline books commenced with the authors training courses delivered
for the industry and those held at the University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, since mid1980s.
We at TransCanada supported the authors and ASME Press with the publication of
the series of books in pipeline development that commenced in 2000 with the publication
of Pipeline Design and Construction A Practical Approach, Mohitpour, Golshan, and
Murray. The book is now in its 3rd edition and the authors and colleagues have now seven
such publications by ASME Press, New York.
This book Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems
Designand Operation is a culmination of the series. This book is a comprehensive resource
that marks a significant contribution for the pipeline industry. The book brings together the
entire spectrum of liquid pipeline transportation including pumping, storage, measurement,
automation, design, and operation from supply to delivery points.
TransCanada is very pleased to provide our support for the series of pipeline books
published by ASME Press. This is a significant achievement by the authors to bring together
the knowledge and expertise and condenses this important information in a single reference
guide.
Andrew Jenkins, P.Eng
Vice President TransCanada

xxii

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Forewords n xxiii

Foreword From Enbridge Inc.

The business of transporting a wide variety of hydrocarbon liquids by pipeline is multifaceted, technically intensive and continually evolving. Liquid pipelines are absolutely
vital to the support and growth of our society, and they represent the safest and most
efficient means of transport, particularly over long distances, for crude oils, refined
products, and a host of other energy commodities.
To undertake the writing of a comprehensive book on liquid pipelines is a monumental task. Hydrocarbon Liquid Pipelines and Storage Systems Design and
Operation is equal to that task. The authors have explained the history and purpose
of pipelines; the origin and characteristics of the fluids they transport; the technical
design philosophy and features of pipelines; the purpose and design of ancillary tanks
and equipment; pipeline operations; batching and safety considerations, including the
detection of leaks from the system. This book will well serve the need for a single
source of learning for new entrants to the business and industry veterans alike, and I
can envision the book becoming a vital teaching tool in pipeline company engineering
departments, University programs, pipeline regulators offices and anywhere that a
deeper understanding of how pipelines really work is sought.
It has been my privilege to have known and worked with Messrs. Mohitpour, Yoon
and Russell. They represent many decades of theoretical and practical experience in the
pipeline industry and have condensed their broad and deep knowledge into a logically
organized book. It is my honor to recommend it to you.
Stephen J. Wuori
President, Liquids Pipelines
Enbridge Inc.

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xxiv n Forewords

Foreword From Willbros Engineering

I feel honored to have been asked to prepare the foreword for Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems Design and Operation. This is the latest in a
noteworthy series of technical books which have added immensely to the available literature on what is perhaps the most important bulk transportation technology in the world today. Indeed, todays pipelines move almost anything imaginable from crude oils to refined
products, from natural gas to carbon dioxide, from coal slurry to drinking water in a safe,
efficient, reliable, and quiet way.
In 2000, when this series was originally begun, there was little organized information
available for the practicing pipeline professional, and what was available was mostly out
dated and in sore need of bringing up to speed with todays needs. I, like most other pipeline engineers, had amassed a collection of technical papers, vendors catalogs, engineering
handbooks, magazine articles and such that I had found to contain the information that was
needed in my work. Shortly after the ASME Pipeline Systems Division was organized in
2000, we began hearing from academic institutions that wanted to include some aspect of
pipeline engineering in their curricula and asking where they could find suitable texts. The
answer at the time was that there were very few.
Pipeline Design and Construction a Practical Approach by Mohitpour, Golshan
and Murray was first published in 2000, with a second, updated edition published in 2003,
followed by a third edition in 2009. It is a true pipeline engineers text, which includes not
only detailed technical explanations for the theories and equations that are needed to design
safe, efficient and reliable pipeline systems, but also has many practical examples for analyzing, planning and constructing those systems. It has undoubtedly resulted in better pipeline transportation systems around the world. This text has been followed on a regular basis
by others, each of which delves into more detail on specialized aspects of pipeline technology: pipeline construction and maintenance, pipeline integrity management, pumping
and compression systems, pipeline transportation of carbon dioxide, pipeline automation
and control, and pipeline geomatics. The result is that today we have a well-documented,
well-indexed collection of reference materials for the pipeline specialist, of which Hydrocarbon Liquid Transmission Pipeline and Storage Systems Design and Operation is an
invaluable addition.
Ed Seiders
Senior Technical Advisor

Tulsa, Oklahoma

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Metric conversion of
some common units
To Convert
From Customary Unit

barrel per hour

To Define Unit As

Multiply By

L/s

0.044 163

cubic meters per day

m /d

0.158 987

MMBOD

cubic meters per day

m /d

0.158 987 106

Btu/second

kilowatt

kW

1.055 056

Btu/hour

watt

0.293 071

Btu/lbm

kilojoule per kilogram

kJ/kg

2.326

Btu/lbm-F

kilojoule per kilogramKelvin

kJ (kg K)

4.1868

Btu/lbm-mole-R

joule per mole-Kelvin

J/(mol K)

4.1868

Btu/R

kilojoule per Kelvin

kJ/K

1.8991

Btu/ft2-hr.

joule per sq. meter-second

J/(m2 s)

3.154 591

Btu/ft-hr-F

joule per meter-secondKelvin

J/(m/s K)

1.730 735

Btu/ft -hr-F

joule per square metersecond Kelvin

J/(m2 s K)

5.678 263

Centipoise

milliPascal-second

cP

Centistoke

square millimeter per second

cSt

Foot

meter

0.3048

foot-pound force (ft. lbf)

joule

barrel per day

foot

liters per second

Symbol

square meter

1.355 818

0.092 903

0.028 316 85

cubic meter

foot /minute

liter per second

L/s

0.471 947

foot3/hour

cubic meter per day

m3/d

0.679 604

foot

MMSCFD

cubic meter per second

m /s

0.327 774

gallon/minute (GPM)

liter per second

L/s

0.063 090
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xxvi nMetric conversion of some common units

inch2

square centimeter

cm2

6.451 600

inch

cubic centimeter

cm

16.387 064

kilowatt-hour (kWh)

megajoule

MJ

3.6

mile per hour

kilometer per hour

km/h

1.609 344

pound

kilogram

Kg

0.453 592 37

newton

pound force
3

4.448
3

pound mass/foot (lbm/ft )

kilogram per cubic meter

kg/m

pound mass/gallon

kilogram per liter

kg/L

0.119 826

pound mass/hour

kilogram per hour

kg/h

0.453 592

psi

kiloPascal

kPa

6.894 757

psi/foot

kiloPascal per meter

kPa/m

22.620 59

psi/mile

Pascal per meter

Pa/m

4.284 203

Watt-hour

kilojoule

kJ

3.6

yard

square meter

16.018 463

0.836 127

0.764 555

yard

cubic meter

acre

square meter

m2

4046.856

atmosphere (std)

kilopascal

kPa

101.325

barrel (42 US gal)

cubic meter

0.158 987

Btu (International Table)

kilojoule

kJ

1.055 056

calorie (Thermochemical)

joule

4.184

degree F

degree Celsius

5/9 (F-32)

degree R

degree Kelvin

5/9

foot

meter

0.3048

gallon (US liquid)

liter

3.785 412

horsepower (US)

kilowatt

kW

0.7457

inch (US)

millimeter

mm

25.4

inch of mercury (60F)

kilopascal

kPa

3.376 85

inch of water (60F)

kilopascal

kPa

0.248 843

mil

micrometer

25.4

mile (US Statute)

kilometer

km

1.609 344

ounce (US fluid)

milliliter

mL

29.573 53

poise

Pascal-second

Pa.s

0.1

SSU

Saybolt-Universal-Seconds

cSt

See graph on
next page

stokes

square centimeter per second

cm2/s

ton, long (2240 lbm)

ton

1.016 047

ton, short (2000 lbm)

ton

0.907 184 74

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Metric conversion of some common units n xxvii

ton of refrigeration

kilowatt

kW

3.516 853

yard (US)

meter

0.9144

Relationship between SSU and cSt

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