Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 93 views

    Fidel Por Nestor Kohan PDF

    Uploaded by

    adefix
    Fidel Castro was born in 1926 in Birán, Cuba to a wealthy landowning family. He attended several Catholic schools as a youth, where he excelled in sports but also developed rebellious political views against imperialism. As a law student at the University of Havana in the 1940s, Fidel's anti-imperialist views strengthened as he opposed the dominance of US business interests in Cuba and was influenced by Latin American intellectuals who promoted cultural nationalism.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Fidel Por Nestor Kohan PDF

    Uploaded by

    adefix
    93 views89 pages
    Fidel Castro was born in 1926 in Birán, Cuba to a wealthy landowning family. He attended several Catholic schools as a youth, where he excelled in sports but also developed rebellious political views against imperialism. As a law student at the University of Havana in the 1940s, Fidel's anti-imperialist views strengthened as he opposed the dominance of US business interests in Cuba and was influenced by Latin American intellectuals who promoted cultural nationalism.

    Original Title

    fidel-por-nestor-kohan.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Fidel Castro was born in 1926 in Birán, Cuba to a wealthy landowning family. He attended several Catholic schools as a youth, where he excelled in sports but also developed rebellious political views against imperialism. As a law student at the University of Havana in the 1940s, Fidel's anti-imperialist views strengthened as he opposed the dominance of US business interests in Cuba and was influenced by Latin American intellectuals who promoted cultural nationalism.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    93 views89 pages

    Fidel Por Nestor Kohan PDF

    Uploaded by

    adefix
    Fidel Castro was born in 1926 in Birán, Cuba to a wealthy landowning family. He attended several Catholic schools as a youth, where he excelled in sports but also developed rebellious political views against imperialism. As a law student at the University of Havana in the 1940s, Fidel's anti-imperialist views strengthened as he opposed the dominance of US business interests in Cuba and was influenced by Latin American intellectuals who promoted cultural nationalism.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 89

    ERA NACIENTE

    'RFXPHQWDOHV,OXVWUDGRV
    Cuba, David frente a Goliat
    (VSRVLEOHUHVLVWLUDOSRGHUPiVWHUULEOHGHOD7LHUUD"3XHGHQXQSDtVSHTXH
    xR \XQSXHEORSRFRQXPHURVRSDUDUVHGLJQDPHQWHIUHQWHDXQDSRWHQFLD
    QXFOHDU"&RPRD\HUORGHPRVWUy9 LHWQDP\KR\ORVLJXHGHPRVWUDQGR&XED
    UHVLVWLUDOSRGHUHVSRVLEOHOHJtWLPR\YLDEOH/DUHEHOGtDWLHQHIXWXUR

    Fidel para Principiantes


    GHORVWH[WRV1pVWRU.RKDQ
    GHODVLOXVWUDFLRQHV1DKXHO6NHUPD
    GHODSUHVHQWHHGLFLyQ(UD1DFLHQWH65/

    'LUHFWRUGHODVHULH-XDQ&DUORV.UHLPHU

    3DUD3ULQFLSLDQWHV
    HVXQDFROHFFLyQGHOLEURVGH
    (UD1DFLHQWH65/
    )D[  
    %XHQRV$LUHV$UJHQWLQD
    (PDLONUHLPHU#FLXGDGFRPDU
    ZZZSDUDSULQFLSLDQWHVFRP

    ,6%1
    ,6%1

    .RKDQ1pVWRU%RULV
    )LGHOSDUDSULQFLSLDQWHV1pVWRU%RULV.RKDQLOXVWUDGRSRU1DKXHO
    6NHUPDDHG%XHQRV$LUHV(UD1DFLHQWH
    S[FP 3DUDSULQFLSLDQWHV

    ,6%1

    &DVWUR)LGHO%LRJUDItD,6NHUPD1DKXHOLOXV,, 7tWXOR
    &''

    4XHGDKHFKRHOGHSyVLWRTXHSUHYpOD/H\  $XQTXHHQODDFWXDOLGDG>@(VWDGRV8QLGRVFXHQWDFRQXQSRGHUPXQGLDO


    LQFOXVRPD\RUTXHHOGHO,PSHULRURPDQRHQVXDSRJHRRTXHHOGHORVQD]LV
    1LQJXQDSDUWHGHHVWHOLEURSXHGHVHUUHSURGXFLGD HQWLHPSRVGH+LWOHUODUHVLVWHQFLDGHORVSXHEORVQRKDGHVDSDUHFLGR'HVGH
    DOPDFHQDGDRWUDQVPLWLGDGHPDQHUDDOJXQD
    SRUQLQJ~QPHGLR\DVHDHOHFWUyQLFRTXtPLFR VXLQLFLRKDVWDKR\HQGtDODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDFRQWLQ~DHQIUHQWDQGRORVDWUR
    RGHIRWRFRSLDVLQSHUPLVRSUHYLRHVFULWRGHOHGLWRU  SHOORVTXHHVHGHVSLDGDGRJLJDQWHGHOQRUWH\VXHOLWHPLOLWDUHPSUHVDULDOHMHU
    FHQVREUHWRGRHOSODQHWD3RUHVRORV\DQTXLV\VXVJUDQGHVPRQRSROLRVGH
    /DSUHVHQWHHGLFLyQVHWHUPLQyGHLPSULPLU
    HQORVWDOOHUHV6HYDJUDI6$%XHQRV$LUHV OD LQ FRPXQLFDFLyQYLYHQLQVXOWDQGRD)LGHO&DVWUR3HURTXLpQHV)LGHO"
    5HS~EOLFD$UJHQWLQDHQQRYLHPEUHGH 3RUTXpVHKDEODWDQWRGHpO"

    3
    Fidel Castro en su infancia Las primeras escuelas de Fidel
    )LGHO$OHMDQGUR&DVWUR5X]QDFHHQ&XEDHODODVGRVGHODPDGUX (OMRYHQ)LGHOVHHGXFDHQ
    JDGD6XPDGUHVHOODPD/LQD5X]*RQ]iOH]6XSDGUHFDPSHVLQRGH*DOLFLD YDULDVHVFXHODV/RLQVFUL
    (VSDxD HVQJHO0DUtD%DXWLVWD&DVWUR$UJL]$XQTXHGHRUtJHQHVKXPLOGHV EHQSRUSULPHUDYH]HO
    KDEtD SDUWLFLSDGRFRPRVROGDGRFRQVFULSWRHQODJXHUUDGH HOSDSi HQOD(VFXHOD
    ORJUDDFXPXODUGLQHUR\FRPSUDUFLQFRILQFDV6XSURSLHGDGDEDUFDFDED 5XUDO0L[WD1URGH
    OOHUtDV KHFWiUHDVDSUR[LPDGDPHQWH HQODORFDOLGDGGH%LUiQRULHQWHGH %LUiQ7HQtDWHFKRGHFKD
    &XED6HGHGLFDDODFDxDGHD]~FDU\DODJDQDGHUtD$GHPiVDUULHQGDRWUDV SD\SDUHGHVGHPDGHUD
    KHFWiUHDVGHPHQRUFDOLGDG(VWDVWLHUUDVHVWiQURGHDGDVGHJUDQGHV /XHJRYDD6DQWLDJRGH
    ODWLIXQGLRVQRUWHDPHULFDQRV &XEDGRQGHYLYHHQFDVD
    GHXQDIDPLOLD&RQFLQFR
    DxRVGHHGDGSDVDKDPEUH
    \EDMDGHSHVR'HVGHLQL
    FLRVGHHVWXGLDHQHO
    &ROHJLRGHORV+HUPDQRV
    GH/D6DOOHHVSXSLORFDVL
    FXDWURDxRV0iVWDUGH
    DVLVWHDO&ROHJLR'RORUHVGHOD&RPSDxtDGH-HV~V)LQDOPHQWHYDDO&ROH
    JLRGH%HOpQGHORVMHVXLWDVHQ/D+DEDQDXQDGHODVPHMRUHVHVFXHODV
    GRQGHDVLVWtDQORVKLMRVGHOD
    EXUJXHVtD\ODDULVWRFUDFLD
    FXEDQDV

    (Q HO&ROHJLRGH%HOpQDGRQGHOOHJDFRQ
    DxRVHOMRYHQ)LGHOVHGHVWDFDHQORVGHSRUWHV
    \ HVQRPEUDGRMHIHGHORVH[SORUDGRUHVGH/D
    (QHVHPXQGRUXUDOURGHDGRGHDQLPDOHV\YHJHWDFLyQHOMRYHQ)LGHO&DVWUR +DEDQD (QFXDQGRWHUPLQDODVHJXQGD
    WHUFHUKLMRGHXQVHJXQGRPDWULPRQLRYLYHVXSULPHUDLQIDQFLDMXQWRFRQ JXHUUD PXQGLDO)LGHOFRPSOHWDVXEDFKLOOHUDWR
    VXV KHUPDQRV $QJHOD 0DUtD5DPyQ(XVHELR5D~O0RGHVWR-XDQDGHOD ,QJUHVD HQWRQFHVDOD8QLYHUVLGDGDSHQDVXQ
    &DULGDG(PPD&RQFHSFLyQ\XQDVH[WDKHUPDQD%LUiQQRHVQLVLTXLHUDXQ DxRGHVSXpVGHOWULXQIRGHOJRELHUQRFXEDQRGHO
    SXHEORVLQRXQSHTXHxRJUXSRGHFDVDV SUHVLGHQWH*UDX

    4 5
    Fidel como estudiante rebelde El antiimperialismo cultural
    (OMRYHQ)LGHOYLYHVXVSULPHUDVH[SHULHQFLDVSROtWLFDVFRPRSDUWHGHOHVWX  $ GLIHUHQFLDGHODH[SHULHQFLDHXURSHDHQ$PpULFD/DWLQDHOPRGHUQLVPRDPDO
    GLDQWDGRUHEHOGH6XLQLFLDODSUR[LPDFLyQDODVLGHDVUHYROXFLRQDULDVVHQXWUH JDPDXQDSURWHVWDHVWpWLFDIUHQWHDOPHUFDQWLOLVPRGHODYLGDFRWLGLDQDFRQXQ
    GHODUHEHOGtDHVWXGLDQWLO\GHODVLGHDVOLEHUWDULDVGHMXVWLFLDDVtFRPRGHYDOR GLVFXUVRSROtWLFRFXOWXUDOLVWDUHQRYDGRU\DQWLLPSHULDOLVWD5HFKD]DHOLPSHULDOLV
    UHV KXPDQLVWDVODGLJQLGDGHOKRQRU  ODOLEHUWDGHOGHFRURODLJXDOGDGOD PR SRUPRWLYRVHFRQyPLFRVSHURWDPELpQSRUUD]RQHVpWLFDV\FXOWXUDOHV(O
    DXWRHVWLPDODRSRVLFLyQFRQWUDWRGDKXPLOODFLyQDEXVR\GRPLQDFLyQHWF SRHWD\UHYROXFLRQDULR-RVp0DUWt>@HVXQRGHORVSULQFLSDOHVLQLFLD
    &RPRDWDQWRVRWURVOtGHUHVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVORVLGHDOHVDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDV\ GRUHV GHHVWHPRYLPLHQWRSHURQRHO~QLFR 7DQWR pOFRPRHOSRHWDQLFDUD
    ODUHEHOGtDGHOD5HIRUPD JHQVH5XEpQ'DUtR>@SUHGLFDQODGHIHQVDGHODFXOWXUDODWLQRDPH
    8QLYHUVLWDULDFRQWUDOD ULFDQDIUHQWHDODSUHSRWHQFLDHVWDGRXQLGHQVH
    VRFLHGDGRILFLDOORPDUFDQ $GHPiVGH0DUWt\'DUtR
    DIXHJRGHVGHHOLQLFLR -RVp,QJHQLHURV>
    6XSULPHUDIRUPD @HQ$UJHQWLQDHO
    FLyQLGHROyJLFDHVWi MRYHQ-RVp9DVFRQFH
    LPSUHJQDGDGHOD ORV>@HQ
    UHYXHOWDMXYHQLO 0p[LFR\-RVp(QUL
    EDVDGDHQXQD TXH5RGy>
    HVFDODGHYDORUHV @HQ8UXJXD\VH
    pWLFRVFXDOLWDWLYRV HVIXHU]DQSRUGHIHQ
    RSXHVWRVDODV GHUODFXOWXUDODWLQRD
    MHUDUTXtDVGHXQD PHULFDQDIUHQWHDOD
    VRFLHGDGFODVLVWD FLYLOL]DFLyQPHUFDQWLO
    UDFLVWD\PHU \DQTXLVXGLSORPDFLDGHO
    FDQWLOL]DGDFRPR JDUURWH\VXHFRQRPtDGHO
    OD&XEDQHRORFR GyODU/DJHQHUDFLyQGH
    ORQLDO(OMRYHQ )LGHO&DVWURUHFLEHOD
    )LGHODGTXLHUH LQIOXHQFLDGHOPRGHUQLVPRD
    FRQFLHQFLD WUDYpVGHOD5HIRUPD8QLYHU
    LQVXPLVD\UHYROXFLR VLWDULD TXHGLIXQGHODVHQVL
    QDULDQRSRUSURYH ELOLGDGPRGHUQLVWDSRUWRGRHO
    QLUGHXQDFODVH FRQWLQHQWHFRQVXVPDQLILHV
    SUROHWDULDRFDP WRV\GLVFXUVRV (OLGHDO
    SHVLQDSREUH\ DQWLLPSHULDOLVWDGHOMRYHQ
    H[SORWDGDVLQR )LGHOHVKLMRGHWRGDHVWD
    DSDUWLUGHOD FRQVWHODFLyQFXOWXUDOGHOD
    UHEHOGtDpWLFD FXDO0DUWtFRQVWLWX\HXQDGH
    FRQWUDODVRFLH VXVPi[LPDVHVWUHOODV1RHV
    GDGFDSLWDOLVWDQHR FDVXDOTXHHQ/DKLVWRULDPH
    FRORQLDO\VXV DEVROYHUi)LGHOFLWHMXQWRD
    LQMXVWLFLDV 0DUWtD-RVp,QJHQLHURV

    6 7
    La presencia de Mart en la Mart: Lucha Nacional y Social, juntas!
    generacin de Fidel /DOXFKDSRUODLQGH
    SHQGHQFLDGH&XED
    &RPR SDUWHGHHVDFRQVWHODFLyQFXOWXUDODQWLLPSHULDOLVWD0DUWtFRQWUDSRQH TXH0DUWtHQFDEH]D
    1XHVWUD$PpULFDHVGHFLU$PpULFDODWLQD FRQWUDHO QRUWHUHYXHOWR\EUXWDO DILQHVGHOVLJOR;,;
    TXHQRVGHVSUHFLD$ (VWDGRV8QLGRVSDtVGRQGHYLYLy0DUWtORGHILQHFRPR FRPELQDWDUHDVGH
    HOPRQVWUXR OLEHUDFLyQQDFLRQDO
    FRQPHGLGDVGH
    WUDQVIRUPDFLyQVRFLDO
    UDGLFDOHVSDUDVX
    pSRFD /DUHS~EOLFD
    VRxDGDSRUHOSRHWD
    FXEDQRHVLQFOXVLYD
    SRSXODU\GHPRFUiWL
    FD/RVQHJURV\ORV
    SXHEORVVRPHWLGRV
    VRQLQWHJUDGRV\D
    HPDQFLSDGRVHQSLH
    GHLJXDOGDG
    6LDOJXQDQRYHGDG
    WHyULFD\SROtWLFD
    DSRUWDHOSURFHVR
    OLGHUDGRSRU)LGHO&DVWURDOFDPSRGHODVLGHDVUHYROXFLRQDULDVHVSUHFLVD
    PHQWHODVLPELRVLVHQWUHHPDQFLSDFLyQQDFLRQDO\OLEHUDFLyQVRFLDO(VDDPDO
    JDPDGRQGHODOXFKDSRULQGHSHQGL]DUD&XEDGHODVUHGHVGHOLPSHULDOLV
    PRHOQHRFRORQLDOLVPR\ODGHSHQGHQFLDVHHQWUHWHMHFRQODHPDQFLSDFLyQGH
    ORVWUDEDMDGRUHVHQFXHQWUDHODQWHFHGHQWHREOLJDGRHQODVWUDGLFLRQHVPDU
    WLDQDV(QODVVRFLHGDGHVSHULIpULFDVVHPLFRORQLDOHV\GHSHQGLHQWHVODOLEHUD
    FLyQQDFLRQDO\ODVRFLDOQRVRQHWDSDVVHSDUDGDVHQHOWLHPSR6HFRQGLFLR
    QDQ\GHWHUPLQDQUHFtSURFDPHQWH/DUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDVHUiSRUHVRXQD
    UHYROXFLyQVRFLDOLVWDGHOLEHUDFLyQQDFLRQDO

    8 9
    Mart y la Independencia de Cuba Mart contra Espaa y EE.UU.
    &XEDVXIUHODGRPLQDFLyQFRORQLDO
    \QHRFRORQLDOSULPHUREDMR(VSD
    xD\OXHJREDMR(VWDGRV8QLGRV
    6XODUJRSURFHVRGHLQGHSHQGHQ
    FLD HVWiPDUFDGRDIXHJRSRUOD
    JXHUUD/DSULPHUDJXHUUDPDPEL
    VD QRPEUHGHODVWURSDVLQVX
    UUHFWDV HVHQWUH\/D
    VHJXQGDUHQDFHHQFXDQGR
    XQ VHFWRULQGHSHQGHQWLVWDQR
    DFHSWD ODUHQGLFLyQQLODWUHJXD
    /DWHUFHUDHVHQWUH\
    $ SDUWLUGHDOOtODJXHUUDGHLQGH
    SHQGHQFLDVHWUDQVIRUPDHQXQD
    JXHUUDGHUDSLxDLPSHULDOLVWDGRQ
    GHLQWHUYLHQH((88

    (QWUHORVSULQFLSDOHVOtGHUHVGHODLQGHSHQGHQFLDFXEDQDVHHQFXHQWUDQ D
    &DUORV0DQXHOGH&pVSHGHV>@(OLQLFLDODOXFKDDUPD
    GDHQVXLQJHQLRD]XFDUHUR/D'HPDMDJXD FRQHOJULWRGH<DUDSURFODPDOD
    LQGHSHQGHQFLD\OLEHUDDVXVHVFOD
    YRV E $QWRQLR0DFHR>
    @&RODERUDGRUGH0i[LPR
    *yPH](QUHFKD]DEDMR
    ORV0DQJRVGH%DUDJXiODFODX
    GLFDFLyQ GHOD3D]GH=DQMyQ
    IUHQWHDORVFRORQLDOLVWDV F 0i[LPR
    *yPH]\%iH]>@,QWHUQDFLRQDOLVWDGH
    RULJHQGRPLQLFDQR5HDOL]DODSULPHUDFDUJDDO
    PDFKHWHFRQWUDORVHVSDxROHV(QVHLQFRU (ODQiOLVLVGH0DUWtVREUHHOGREOHSHOLJURTXHDFHFKDEDD&XEDHOFROR 
    SRUDDOPRYLPLHQWRFXEDQR(QVHXQHD QLDOLVPR HVSDxROHOLPSHULDOLVPRHVWDGRXQLGHQVH\HOPRGRHQTXH
    0DUWt(QDEULOGHGHVHPEDUFDFRQpOHQ LQWHQWDUHVROYHUORWHQGUiDPSOLDVFRQVHFXHQFLDVGXUDQWHWRGRHOVLJOR;;
    3OD\LWDVGH&DMREDER &XED SDUDUHLQLFLDUOD (QODVOXFKDVGHOLEHUDFLyQGHO 7HUFHU0XQGRQRVHWUDWDGHHOHJLUHOPDO
    OXFKDDUPDGD/DLGHRORJtDGH)LGHO\ODUHYROX PHQRU QLGHRSWDUHQWUHXQDXRWUDGRPLQDFLyQ 7DPSRFR WLHQHVHQWLGR
    FLyQFXEDQDVRQLQFRPSUHQVLEOHVVLQHVDODUJD FRPEDWLUDXQHQHPLJRH[WHUQRGHMDQGRLQWDFWRRLQFOXVRIRUWDOHFLHQGR
    KLVWRULD3RUHMHPSOR)LGHOUHSLWHVLHPSUH HOIXWX DO HQHPLJRLQWHUQR/DVUHYROXFLRQHVVRFLDOHVFRQWHPSRUiQHDVFRPELQDQ
    URGH&XEDVHUiXQHWHUQR%DUDJXi UHILULpQGRVHDOD WDUHDV\FRPEDWHQWDQWRDORVPRQRSROLRVWUDQVQDFLRQDOHVFRPRDORVFDSL
    SURWHVWDKLVWyULFDGH0DFHR WDOLVWDVQDWLYRV

    10 11
    Cuba: La primera guerra moderna del La Cuba de la Enmienda Platt
    Imperialismo (Q /HRQDUGR: RRG MHIH\DQTXLODQ]DXQXOWLPiWXP&XEDDFHSWDOD
    HQPLHQGDFRQVWLWXFLRQDOGHOVHQDGRU2UYLOOH+LWFKFRFN3ODWWRVXVWURSDVSHU
    0DUWt PXHUHHQFRPEDWHHQ6XPXHUWH\ODGHOJHQHUDO $QWRQLR PDQHFHUiQHQODLVOD&RQYRWRVDIDYRU\HQFRQWUDOD$VDPEOHD&RQV
    0DFHRGHVFDEH]DQHOSURFHVRLQGHSHQGHQWLVWD3RFRGHVSXpVHO WLWX\HQWHDSUXHEDOD(QPLHQGD3ODWWIyUPXODMXUtGLFDLQWHUYHQFLRQLVWD\DQH
    H[SORWDHQHOSXHUWRGH/D+DEDQDHODFRUD]DGR0DLQH0XHUHQWULSXODQ [LRQLVWD$GHPiVGHDSURSLDUVHLOHJDOPHQWHGHNP GHWHUULWRULRFXEDQR
    WHV9DULRVEDUFRVHVWDGRXQLGHQVHVDJXDUGDEDQFHUFDGHODFRVWDHOSUHVL
    FRQYHUWLGRVHQODEDVHPLOLWDUGH*XDQWiQDPRKR\>@FHQWUR\DQTXLGH
    GHQWHQRUWHDPHULFDQRKDEtD WRUWXUDGHSULVLRQHURV FRQHVWDHQPLHQGD((88VHDXWRDWULEX\HHOGHUHFKR
    GHFLGLGR LQYROXFUDUDOD D LQWHUYHQLUFXDQGRVHOHDQWRMH1DFHODUHS~EOLFDEXUJXHVDQHRFRORQLDO
    SRWHQFLDGHOQRUWHHQODJXH
    PHGLDWL]DGD\FRQWURODGDSRU((88*RELHUQDXQDEXUJXHVtDORFDOTXHFRP
    UUDGH&XEDFRQWUD(VSDxD ELQDFLHUWDPRGHUQL]DFLyQHFRQyPLFD\FLHUWRGHVDUUROORFDSLWDOLVWDFRQUDFLV
    6X REMHWLYRHUDODDQH[LyQ PR \GHSHQGHQFLD,PSRWHQWH\VXERUGLQDGDDOLPSHULDOLVPR HVVXVRFLD
    FRPRHQ3XHUWR5LFR\)LOL
    PHQRU HVWDEXUJXHVtDQDWLYDFDUHFHGHDVSLUDFLRQHVSURSLDVDODUJRSOD]R\
    SLQDV HLPSHGLUXQDYLFWRULD
    SUR\HFWRVDXWyQRPRV6XSROtWLFDHVELSDUWLGLVWDFRQVHUYDGRUHV\OLEHUDOHV
    WRWDO GHORVLQGHSHQGHQWLV
    &RQYRFDGDVSRU7RPiV(VWUDGD
    WDVVREUHORVHVSDxROHV/D
    3DOPDSULPHUSUHVLGHQWHGH
    JXHUUD FRORQLDOVHWUDQVIRU
    &XED>@ODVWURSDV
    PD HQXQFRQIOLFWRHQWUH
    QRUWHDPHULFDQDVUHJUHVDQ
    SRWHQFLDV SRUHOUHSDUWR
    DODLVODHQ
    LPSHULDOLVWDGHXQDFRORQLD 3HUPDQHFHQKDVWD
    (QVXIDPRVROLEUR(OLPSH SURWHJLHQGRDXQJRELHUQR
    ULDOLVPR IDVHVXSHULRUGHO
    SURYLVLRQDOHQFDEH]DGRSRU
    FDSLWDOLVPR /HQLQ >Pi[LPR
    XQQRUWHDPHULFDQR
    OtGHUGHORVEROFKHYLTXHV\
    (VODVHJXQGDLQWHUYHQFLyQ
    GHODUHYROXFLyQUXVD@FDOLIL
    DELHUWDGH((88'HDOOtHQ
    FD HVWDFRQWLHQGDGH
    DGHODQWHORVGLYHUVRV
    FRPR ODSULPHUDJXHUUD
    SUHVLGHQWHVFXEDQRVTXH
    LPSHULDOLVWD MXQWRFRQOD
    OHVXFHGHQ JHQHUDO-RVp
    JXHUUD DQJORERHU>
    0LJXHO*yPH]>@
    @ &RQODLQWHUYHQFLyQ
    JHQHUDO0DULR*DUFtD0HQRFDO
    QRUWHDPHULFDQD HQODJXH >@$OIUHGR=D\DV
    UUD HVGLVXHOWRHO3DUWLGR >@*HUDUGR
    5HYROXFLRQDULR &XEDQR\ 0DFKDGR>@ D~Q
    OLFHQFLDGR HOHMpUFLWRPDP FRPSOHWDPHQWHVXERUGLQDGRV
    Et LQGHSHQGHQWLVWD (O
    LQWHQWDQPDQLREUDU
    DUPLVWLFLR HQWUH(VSDxD\ KDFLHQGRFRQFHVLRQHV
    ((88 VHILUPDHQ3DUtV LQLQWHUUXPSLGDVDODPRGHO
    &XED HVH[FOXLGDGHODV QRUWHSDUDHOXGLUXQDWHUFHUD
    QHJRFLDFLRQHV LQWHUYHQFLyQDELHUWD

    12 13
    Las intervenciones de EE.UU. Mella y el herico
    en Amrica Latina Primer Partido Comunista
    /D LQWHUYHQFLyQ\DQTXLHQ&XEDFXOPLQDGXUDQWHODSULPHUD (O\HOQDFHHOSULPHU3DUWLGR&RPXQLVWDGH&XEDDQWHFHGHQWH
    PLWDGGHOVLJOR;;KDVWDFRQXQDUHS~EOLFDGHSHQGLHQWH GHODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVIXQGDGDVSRU)LGHO&DVWURHQORV 0RYLPLHQWRGH
    PHGLDWL]DGD \VHPLFRORQL]DGD&RQGLVWLQWRVJUDGRVGHPDWLFHV MXOLR \ 3DUWLGR&RPXQLVWDGH&XED -XOLR $QWRQLR0HOOD>@VX
    VHJ~QHOFDVRHVHSURFHVRGHSUHSRWHQFLDLPSHULDOVHUHSLWHSRU ILJXUDPiVEULOODQWH\GHVWDFDGDSDUWLFLSDFRPRGHOHJDGRSRUOD $JUXSDFLyQ
    GRTXLHUHQ$PpULFD/DWLQDKDVWDQXHVWURVGtDV>@ &RPXQLVWDGH/D+DEDQDVHFUHWDULRGHSURSDJDQGD\PLHPEURGHVX&RPL
    Wp&HQWUDO)XQGDGRUGHOD/LJD$QWLFOHULFDOHQGHOD)HGHUDFLyQGH(VWX
    GLDQWHV 8QLYHUVLWDULRV )8& HQ\GHOD/LJD $QWLLPSHULDOLVWD HQ
    /DV LQWHUYHQFLRQHV\DQTXLV LQFOX\HQGRLQYDVLRQHVDWHQWDGRVDVHVLQDWRV 0HOOD HVXQRGHORVLQLFLDGRUHVGHOPDU[LVPRODWLQRDPHULFDQRMXQWRFRQHO
    SUHSDUDFLyQ \ILQDQFLDPLHQWRGHJROSHVGHHVWDGRLQVWDODFLyQGHEDVHV SHUXDQR-RVp&DUORV0DULiWHJXL>@
    PLOLWDUHVHWF HQQXHVWUD$PpULFDVRQWDQWDVTXHUHVXOWDLPSRVLEOHUHVXPLUODV
    HQ XQOLEUR $OJXQDV GHODVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVKDQVLGR1LFDUDJXD>
     @(O6DOYDGRU>@&XED> 3RURSRQHUVHDODWLUDQtD
     @3XHUWR GH0DFKDGR0HOODVH
    5LFR>@3DQDPi>@&RORPELD H[LOLDHQ0p[LFR'HVGHDOOt
    >@ SODQHDLJXDOTXH)LGHO
    5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQD DxRVGHVSXpVXQD
    > H[SHGLFLyQDUPDGDDODLVOD
    @*XDWHPDOD> SDUDGHUURFDUDOD
    @0p[LFR GLFWDGXUD$ GLIHUHQFLDGH
    > )LGHO0HOODQRSXHGH
    @+DLWt> FRQFUHWDUOD0DFKDGRHQYtD
    @ D0p[LFRGRVPDWRQHV/R
    +RQGXUDV> DVHVLQDQFRQGRVWLURVSRU
    @%UDVLO> ODHVSDOGDODQRFKHGHO
    @3DUDJXD\> 'HVSXpVGH
    @(FXDGRU 0HOODODFRQGXFFLyQGHO
    >@%ROLYLD>@ SULPHU3&FXEDQRSDVDD
    &KLOH>@8UXJXD\ PDQRVGH5XEpQ0DUWtQH]
    >@$UJHQWLQD> 9LOOHQD>@
     EULOODQWHSRHWDPLOLWDQWH
    @ 7DQWRHOKHURtVPRSHUVRQDO
    *UDQDGD>@ GH0HOODFRPROD
    9HQH]XHOD>@/D FRPEDWLYLGDGGHDTXHO
    GRPLQDFLyQ\ODUHVLVWHQFLD OHJHQGDULR3&GHORVDxRV
    FRQWLQ~DQHQODDFWXDOLGDGHQ VHUiQDQWHFHGHQWHV
    WRGRHOFRQWLQHQWH REOLJDGRVGHORVTXHVH
    QXWULUiHOMRYHQ)LGHO

    14 15
    La dictadura de Machado y Ral Roa y el Ala Izquierda Estudiantil
    la Revolucin de 1933 %DMRODGLFWDGXUDODMXYHQWXGFXEDQDVHUDGLFDOL]D(OHVDVHVLQDGR
    HOHVWXGLDQWH5DIDHO 7UHMR(QHQHURGHQDFHHO $OD,]TXLHUGD(VWXGLDQWLO
    *HUDUGR0DFKDGR\0RUDOHV>@FRPLHQ]DDJREHUQDUHQ\HQ $,( /DIRUPDQPXFKRVLQWHJUDQWHVGHO'(8 'LUHFWRULR(VWXGLDQWLO5HYROXFLR
    GHFODUDODSUyUURJDGHSRGHUHV $XQTXHTXHUtDTXHGDUVHKDVWD QDULRGHO /D $,(DJUXSDDORVPiVUDGLFDOHV VLJXHODSROtWLFDGHOFRPX
    VXGLFWDGXUDFDHHQ'XUDQWHOD9,&RQIHUHQFLD3DQDPHULFDQDHOSUHVL QLVPRFXEDQR\OD,QWHUQDFLRQDO&RPXQLVWD  $OJXQRVGHVXVLQWHJUDQWHVVRQ
    GHQWHGH((88YLVLWD/D+DEDQD8QVHQDGRUPDFKDGLVWDOHGHFODUD/DSDOD $XUHOLDQR6iQFKH]$UDQJR5D~O5RD*DUFtD*DEULHO%DUFHOy*RPLOD/HRQDU
    EUDLQWHUYHQFLyQHQPLSDtVKDVLGRSDODEUDGHJORULDGHKRQRU GHWULXQIR GR)HUQiQGH]6iQFKH] \3DEORGHOD7RUULHQWH%UDXWRGRVKHUHGHURVGH0HOOD
    GH OLEHUWDGKDVLGRODLQGHSHQGHQFLD  +DUWRGHVHPHMDQWHJHQXIOH[LyQHO (O UHPROLQRUHYROXFLRQDULRUH~QHGLYLGH\JHQHUDGLYHUVDVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVGH
    SXHEORFXEDQRVHUHEHOD\KDFHHQWUDUHQFULVLVDOVLVWHPD(QVHLQLFLD L]TXLHUGDDOJXQDVSURYHQLHQWHVGHOQDFLHQWH3&(QWUHRWUDV25&$ 2UJDQL]D
    ODLQVXUUHFFLyQTXHKR\VHFRQRFHFRPRODUHYROXFLyQGHO$EDUFDXQFRQ FLyQ5HYROXFLRQDULD&XEDQD$QWLLPSHULDOLVWDFODQGHVWLQDXQLWDULDHLQVXUUHFFLR
    MXQWRGHUHEHOGtDVFROHFWLYDVHQWUH\/DSURWHVWDLQWHQWDUiVHUQHX QDOLVWDFX\RVHFUHWDULRJHQHUDOHV3DEORGHOD 7RUULHQWH%UDX\GRQGHWDPELpQ
    WUDOL]DGDSRUODPHGLDFLyQQRUWHDPHULFDQD PLOLWDQ HOMRYHQ5RD\*XVWDYR $OGHUHJXtD  HO3DUWLGR%ROFKHYLTXH/HQLQLVWD
    HVFLVLyQ WURWVNLVWDGHO3& \  SURFHGHQWHGHOQDFLRQDOLVPRUDGLFDO/D-RYHQ
    &XED Q~FOHRGHL]TXLHUGDDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDOLGHUDGDSRU*XLWHUDV 

    &RPRUHVXOWDGRGH
    ODUHYROXFLyQGH
    DXQTXHIUXVWUDGD
    SUHFHGHQWHGLUHFWRGH
    ODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQD
    GH0DFKDGR
    KX\HD/DV%DKDPDV
    (OHQYLDGR\DQTXLFRORFDFRPRSUHVLGHQWHDXQPLQLVWURPDFKDGLVWD1RORJUD 6L*DEULHO%DUFHOyHVHOSULQFLSDOOtGHUHVWXGLDQWLOFRPXQLVWDGHODpSRFDSRV
    HVWDELOLGDG 6HOHYDQWDQVDUJHQWRVDSR\DGRVSRUHVWXGLDQWHV $SDUHFH HQ WHULRUDODVHVLQDWRGH0HOOD/HRQDUGR)HUQiQGH]6iQFKH]XQRGHORVPHMR
    HVFHQDXQSHUVRQDMHVLQLHVWURGHODKLVWRULDGH&XED)XOJHQFLR%DWLVWD=DOGt UHV RUDGRUHV5XEpQ0DUWtQH]9 LOOHQD HOJUDQRUJDQL]DGRU  $QWRQLR *XLWHUDV
    YDU>@$VXPHHOJRELHUQRXQDKHWHURJpQHDSHQWDUTXtD 7DPSRFR >@HOJUDQFRQVSLUDGRU3DEORGHOD7RUULHQWH%UDXHOPiVKHURLFRLQWHU
    ORJUDHVWDELOL]DUVH)LQDOPHQWH5DPyQ*UDX6DQ0DUWtQ>@HVQRP QDFLRQDOLVWDHOMRYHQ5D~O5RDFRQVWLWX\HXQRGHORVHVFULWRUHVPiVEULOODQWHV
    EUDGRSUHVLGHQWHHQFDEH]DQGRXQJRELHUQRGRQGHFRH[LVWHQWUHVWHQGHQFLDV GHDTXHOODJHQHUDFLyQ&RPR0HOODDQWHV\FRPR)LGHOGHVSXpVWRGRVLQWHQ
    OD GHUHFKLVWD )XOJHQFLR%DWLVWD HOFHQWUR HOPLVPR*UDX \ODL]TXLHUGD WDQFRQMXJDUHODQWLLPSHULDOLVPRUDGLFDOHOHVStULWXLQVXPLVRGHODKHUHQFLDGH
    $QWRQLR*XLWHUDV *XLWHUDVMXQWRFRQ0HOODFRQVWLWX\HQGRVGHORVSULQFLSD 0DUWt\HOIXHJRUHEHOGHGHODVLGHDVGH0DU[HQHO&DULEH8QRGHORVSULPHURV
    OHVDQWHFHGHQWHVGHODREUD\ODDFFLyQGH)LGHO&DVWUR OLEURVPDU[LVWDVTXHOHHHOMRYHQ)LGHO&DVWURSHUWHQHFHD5D~O5RD

    16 17
    Antonio Guiteras y la Joven Cuba El Marxismo de Fidel y sus precursores
    'XUDQWH ODGLFWDGXUDGH0DFKDGR*XLWHUDVRUJDQL]DODOXFKDDUPDGDHQHO /DUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDGHQRHVSURGXFWRGHFXDWURMyYHQHVHVWXGLDQWHV
    RULHQWHGH&XEDFRQOD8QLyQ5HYROXFLRQDULD'LULJHXQPRYLPLHQWRLQVXUUHF EDUEXGRV\ORFRVHQEXVFDGHDGUHQDOLQDFRPRODGHVFULEHQODVSHOtFXODVGH
    FLRQDOTXHHVWDOODHO*XLWHUDVFRQWLQ~DLQVXUUHFWRKDVWDODFDtGDGH +ROO\ZRRG6HQXWUHGHWRGDODUHEHOGtDDFXPXODGDSRUHOSXHEORFXEDQRDOR
    0DFKDGR>@PLHQWUDVSUHSDUDHODVDOWRDOFXDUWHOPLOLWDUGH%D\DPR ODUJRGHGpFDGDVGHOXFKDFRQWUDHOLPSHULDOLVPRQRUWHDPHULFDQR\ODVGLFWD
    /XHJR \DFRPRPLQLVWURGHOJRELHUQRGHORVGtDV>GXUDHQWUHHO GXUDVPLOLWDUHVGHORVFDSLWDOLVWDVORFDOHV$XQTXHORVELyJUDIRVFRPHUFLDOHVGH
    \HO@GHOSUHVLGHQWH*UDX *XLWHUDVSUHVHQWDSUR\HFWRV )LGHO&DVWUR\ORVJXLRQLVWDVGH+ROO\ZRRGORGHVFRQR]FDQHQHVDODUJDDFX
    FRPRODLQWHUYHQFLyQGHOD&RPSDxtDQRUWHDPHULFDQDGHHOHFWULFLGDG'XUDQ PXODFLyQ GHH[SHULHQFLDV\SHQVDPLHQWRUDGLFDOWDQWRODKHUHQFLDGH0DUWt
    WH VXDFWXDFLyQHOSXHEORVHPRYLOL]DFRQWUDODHQPLHQGD3ODWW)UDQNOLQ' FRPRODGHORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVPDU[LVWDVGHO\ 0HOOD0DUWtQH]9 LOOHQD
    5RRVHYHOW>@GHURJDODHQPLHQGD1RREVWDQWHODVREHUDQtDFXED 5RD*XLWHUDVHWF KDQVLGRIXQGDPHQWDOHVHQODIRUPDFLyQGH)LGHO'HDOOt
    QDFRQWLQ~DOLPLWDGD\VH GHULYDVXSHQVDPLHQ
    DPSOtD HOWHUULWRULR WR PDU[LVWD PX\
    GH ODEDVHGH DQWHULRU DVXDOLDQ]D
    *XDQWiQDPR GH ORVFRQOD
    0LHQWUDV %DWLVWD 8QLyQ6RYLpWLFD 
    FRQVSLUD \HQFD
    EH]D XQJROSHGH $GHPiV GH (O 0DQL
    HVWDGRHQHQHURGH ILHVWR GHO3DUWLGR&R
    LPSRQLHQGRSUHVL PXQLVWD GH 0DU[\
    GHQWHVHOHJLGRVSRUpO(OLPSXOVRGHOVHGHVLQIOD\ODUHYR (QJHOV )LGHOOROHH
    OXFLyQHVGHUURWDGD/XHJRGHSDVDUDODFODQGHVWLQLGDG\IXQGDU GXUDQWH HOWHUFHUDxR
    OD-RYHQ&XED*XLWHUDVFDHHQFRPEDWHHQ(O0RUULOOR0DWDQ GHODFDUUHUDGHGHUH
    ]DVHOMXQWRFRQ&DUORV$SRQWH FRPEDWLHQWHLQWHUQDFLR FKR GHOD+LVWRULDGH
    QDOLVWDTXHKDEtDSHOHDGRMXQWRFRQ6DQGLQR  ODOHJLVODFLyQREUHUD \
    *XLWHUDVH[SUHVDHQORVXQDYHUWLHQWHUDGLFDOGHOQDFLRQDOLV GH GLYHUVRVHQVD\RV
    PRFXEDQR$ GLIHUHQFLDGHRWURVQDFLRQDOLVPRVODWLQR VREUH KLVWRULRJUDItD
    DPHULFDQRV YiOYXODVGHHVFDSHSDUDHQFDX]DU GHODVLGHDVSROtWLFDV
    ODUHEHOGtDSRSXODUUHWyULFRVHQFHQGLGRVTXHWHU ODV SULPHUDVOHFWXUDV
    PLQDQ GHIHQGLHQGRODGRPLQDFLyQEXUJXHVD\ UDGLFDOHVGHOMRYHQ)L
    IHURFHV DQWLFRPXQLVWDV HOVX\RHQIUHQWDUHDO GHO &DVWURHVWiQLQ
    PHQWH DOLPSHULDOLVPR\DODVFODVHVGRPLQDQWHV IOXLGDVSRUODREUDGHO
    DXWyFWRQDV(O*XLWHUDVVLQWHWL]DVXLGHDULR MRYHQ5D~O5RD DGHPiVGHPLHPEURGHO$OD,]TXLHUGD(VWXGLDQWLO5RDIXHDxRV
    DVt/XFKDUpSRUHOUHHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHXQ*RELHUQR PiVWDUGHFDQFLOOHUGHODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQD\DPLJRGH)LGHO 3RUHMHPSORXQR
    GRQGH ORVGHUHFKRVGHORV2EUHURV\ORV&DPSHVLQRV GHORVOLEURVPDU[LVWDVTXHOHHHOHVWXGLDQWH)LGHOHVHOSULPHUWRPRGH +LVWRULD
    HVWpQSRUHQFLPDGHORVGHVHRVGHOXFURGHORV&DSLWD GHODVGRFWULQDVVRFLDOHV >@GH5D~O5RD(QHVRVDxRVGHVGHHQ
    OLVWDV1DFLRQDOHV\H[WUDQMHURV6XSHQVDPLHQWRUDGLFDO\ DGHODQWHHOMRYHQ)LGHOYDDGTXLULHQGRWRGDXQDVHULHGHWtWXORVPDU[LVWDVHQ
    VX DQWLLPSHULDOLVPRLQWUDQVLJHQWHORFRQGXFHQDDEUD]DU ODFDOOH&DUORV,,,GRQGHVHHQFRQWUDEDODELEOLRWHFDGHO3DUWLGR6RFLDOLVWD3RSX
    ODV LGHDVVRFLDOLVWDV\ODOXFKDDUPDGD)LGHO ODU 363 )LGHOORVDGTXLHUHHQIRUPDGHSUpVWDPRV3RUHQWRQFHVQRWHQtD
    &DVWURDGRSWDVXHMHPSOR PHGLRVSDUDSDJDUORV

    18 19
    La Reforma Universitaria Los ideales contra el Hombre Mediocre
    en tiempos de Fidel (OQH[RHQWUHORVLGHy
    ORJRV GHOD5HIRUPD
    $FRPSDxDGRSRUHOHMHPSORGHORVSUHFXUVRUHVGHO 8QLYHUVLWDULDDUJHQWL
    \HOMRYHQHVWXGLDQWH)LGHO&DVWURVHKDFH QD \ORVSUHFXUVRUHV
    UHYROXFLRQDULRHQOD8QLYHUVLGDG $OOtVHHPSDSD FXEDQRV GHORVTXH
    GHWRGRHOXQLYHUVRFXOWXUDODQWLLPSHULDOLVWDGHOD VHQXWUH)LGHOHVGLUHF
    5HIRUPD8QLYHUVLWDULD&XDQGR)LGHOIUHFXHQWDOD WR (Q,QJHQLHURVVH
    &ROLQD GHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH/D+DEDQDHO HQFXHQWUDHQ/D+DEDQDDVX
    UHFKD]RYLVFHUDOGHODLQMHUHQFLD\DQTXLJDQD UHJUHVR GH0p[LFRFRQ0HOOD
    WHUUHQRHQWUHORVHVWXGLDQWHV\HQODVFiWH 0DUWtQH]9LOOHQD\*XVWDYR$OGH
    GUDV GHDOJXQRVSURIHVRUHVFRQWHVWDWDULRV UHJXtD 0iVWDUGHDOIDOOHFHUHO
    TXHHOORVDGPLUDQ PDHVWURGHMXYHQWXGHV0DUWtQH]
    9LOOHQD HVFULEHXQDUWtFXORWLWXOD
    GR&RQPRWLYRGHODPXHUWHGH
    -RVp ,QJHQLHURVSROHPL]DQGR
    FRQ-RUJH0DxDFK,QFOXVR5D~O
    5RD VHxDODD,QJHQLHURVMXQWR
    FRQ0DULiWHJXLFRPRXQRGHVXV
    SULQFLSDOHVPDHVWURV
    $ GLIHUHQFLD GHODVLQWHUSUHWDFLR
    QHV RILFLDOHVGHOD8566\
    RWURVSDtVHVDILQHVGRQGHLGH
    ROyJLFDPHQWH SUHGRPLQDEDHO
    HFRQRPLFLVPR \ODVXEHVWLPD
    FLyQ GHODOXFKDKHJHPyQLFD
    OD UHYROXFLyQFXEDQDSURPXHYH
    GHVGHVXLQLFLRXQDFRQFHSFLyQHWLFLVWD\FXOWXUDOLVWDGHOVRFLDOLVPR 7DQWRHO
    pQIDVLVGH)LGHOHQODpWLFDUHYROXFLRQDULD\HQODFRKHUHQFLDFRQORVLGHDOHV
    FRPRODSUpGLFDGHO&KH*XHYDUDDIDYRUGHOKRPEUHQXHYR\ORVHVWtPXORV
    PRUDOHVWLHQHQXQDPDWUL]FRP~Q
    /D5HIRUPD8QLYHUVLWDULDKDEtDQDFLGRHQ /DLQIOXHQFLDGH(OKRPEUHPHGLR
    &yUGRED>$UJHQWLQD@HQEDMRLQVSLUDFLyQ FUH R/DVIXHU]DVPRUDOHVDPERV
    GH'HRGRUR5RFD>@\VXPDHVWUR OLEURV GH ,QJHQLHURV FRPRRWURV
    -RVp,QJHQLHURV'LIXQGLGDOXHJRSRUWRGRHO Q~FOHRV LGHROyJLFRVYLQFXODGRVD
    FRQWLQHQWHHQ&XEDHVDGRSWDGDGHVGHXQ OD 5HIRUPD8QLYHUVLWDULDVRQ
    iQJXORTXHSULYLOHJLDHOODWLQRDPHULFDQLVPR\ LQVRVOD\DEOHV SDUDFRPSUHQGHU
    HOSDSHOUHEHOGHGHODMXYHQWXGFRQWUDOD HVWD QXHYDOHFWXUDODWLQRDPHULFD
    GRPLQDFLyQQRUWHDPHULFDQD QDGHOPDU[LVPR

    20 21
    La tica en el ideario del joven Fidel Fidel en la Universidad
    $XQTXHHOXQLYHUVRFXOWXUDOGHOD5HIRUPD8QLYHUVLWDULDSURPXHYHHODQWLLP 
    SHULDOLVPROD8QLYHUVLGDGHQODTXHHVWXGLDHOMRYHQ)LGHOHVWiGRPLQDGDSRU
    WRGD XQDPDILDJDQVWHULO\RILFLDOLVWDDOVHUYLFLRGHORVJRELHUQRVGHWXUQR
    (VWRVJUXSRVPDQHMDQDUPDV\HMHUFHQHOFRQWUROVREUHHOHVSDFLRXQLYHUVLWD
    ULR$ SHVDUGHTXHHQHVHPRPHQWR)LGHOJR]DGHJUDQSUHGLFDPHQWRMXYHQLO
    \ HVWXGLDQWLOFDUHFHD~QGHXQDRUJDQL]DFLyQSURSLD/DPDILDOHSURKtEH
    LQJUHVDUDOD8QLYHUVLGDGeOORVHQIUHQWDSULPHURGHVDUPDGROXHJRDUPD
    GR GHVGHXQDSRVLFLyQSROtWLFDSURJUHVLVWD\DQWLLPSHULDOLVWDUDGLFDOSHUR
    WRGDYtDLQGHSHQGLHQWH

    $TXHOORV LGHDOHVpWLFRVTXHPDUFDURQDIXHJRDOMRYHQ)LGHOSHUPDQHFHQ
    LQYDULDEOHVDORODUJRGHWRGDVXWUD\HFWRULDSROtWLFD0HGLRVLJORGHVSXpVGH
    DTXHO SULPHUDSUHQGL]DMHDLQLFLRVGHOVLJOR;;,HQYDULRVGLVFXUVRV)LGHO
    YXHOYHDLQVLVWLUFRQTXHHOVXIULPLHQWRGHOSXHEOREDMRHOFDSLWDOLVPRQRVyOR
    GHEH PHGLUVHHQWpUPLQRVPDWHULDOHVSRUODVSRFDVFDORUtDVTXHLQJLHUH
    GLDULDPHQWHXQDSHUVRQDGHORVVHFWRUHVKXPLOGHVVLQRWDPELpQHQWpUPL
    QRV PRUDOHVSRUODKXPLOODFLyQHOGHVSUHFLRODEDMDDXWRHVWLPDODLQGLIH
    UHQFLDODPDUJLQDFLyQHWF/RPLVPRVXFHGHFXDQGRHQHVWRVGLVFXUVRV SRU
    HMHPSORHO )LGHOFXHVWLRQDODFRUUXSFLyQHOHQULTXHFLPLHQWROD
    GLIHUHQFLDGHFODVHVHOTXLHEUHPRUDO\HOHJRtVPRTXHJHQHUDHOPHUFDGR
    GHQWURGHOVRFLDOLVPR 5HDFWXDOL]DQGR ODWUDGLFLyQDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDGHOD5HIRUPD8QLYHUVLWDULDHO
    HVWXGLDQWH)LGHOSUHVLGHGXUDQWHHO&RPLWp3UR'HPRFUDFLD'RPLQLFDQD
    \ HO&RPLWp3UR/LEHUDFLyQGH3XHUWR5LFR PDQWLHQHUHODFLRQHVFRQHOGLUL
    JHQWHLQGHSHQGHQWLVWD3HGUR$OEL]X&DPSRV>@ &RPRSDUWHGHHVH
    LPSXOVRDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDVHDOLVWDFRPRFRPEDWLHQWHHQODH[SHGLFLyQILQDO
    PHQWHIUXVWUDGDGLULJLGDDGHUURFDUPLOLWDUPHQWHDOGLFWDGRUGRPLQLFDQR7UX
    MLOOR(VWHFRQWLQJHQWHVHHQWUHQDHQ&D\R&RQILWHVDOQRUWHGH&XED$OOt)LGHO
    SULPHURHVQRPEUDGRWHQLHQWHGHXQSHORWyQ\OXHJRMHIHGHXQDGHODVFRP
    SDxtDVGHXQEDWDOOyQ <DHQHVHPRPHQWRWLHQHHQPHQWHHOSUR
    \HFWRGHLQLFLDUODJXHUUDGHJXHUULOODVHQODVPRQWDxDVGH6DQWR'RPLQJR

    22 23
    Fidel y el Bogotazo Dos dcadas de humillaciones
    $Vt FRPRHOMRYHQ(UQHVWR*XHYDUD>@FRQRFHGHSULPHUDPDQR 'HUURWDGDHQ&XED
    DQWHVGH&XEDODUHYROXFLyQEROLYLDQDGH\HOSURFHVRJXDWHPDOWHFRGH ODUHYROXFLyQGHO
     DERUWDGRSRUODLQWHUYHQFLyQ\DQTXL HOHVWXGLDQWH)LGHO&DVWURWDPELpQ \GHVYLDGRHO
    YLYHGRVH[SHULHQFLDVSROtWLFDVODWLQRDPHULFDQDVSUHYLDVDODUHYROXFLyQFXED LPSXOVRSRSXODU
    QD/DSULPHUDHVODH[SHGLFLyQUHYROXFLRQDULDD5HS~EOLFD'RPLQLFDQDHQOD TXHODJHVWyODV
    TXH VHHQURODYROXQWDULDPHQWHFRPRFRPEDWLHQWHLQWHUQDFLRQDOLVWDGXUDQWH GRVGpFDGDV
    /DVHJXQGDHVVXSDUWLFLSDFLyQDFWLYDHQHOERJRWD]RGH 7LHQH VLJXLHQWHVVRQ
    HQWRQFHVDxRV DWUDYHVDGDVSRUOD
    9LDMDQGRSRU9HQH]XHOD3DQDPi\&RORPELD)LGHOLQWHQWDRUJDQL]DUXQFRQ FRUUXSFLyQHO
    JUHVRODWLQRDPHULFDQRGHHVWXGLDQWHVSDUDLPSXJQDUODVUHXQLRQHVGHOD2($ JDQVWHULVPR\OD
    VXERUGLQDGD D((88  GHSHQGHQFLDGHOD
    (Q&RORPELDFRQRFHSHU UHS~EOLFDEXUJXHVD
    VRQDOPHQWH D-RUJH(OLH IUHQWHD((88
    FHU*DLWiQ>@HO &RQYDLYHQHV\
    SRSXODUOtGHUTXHVHRSX WLURQHRVOD
    VRDODSROtWLFDWUDGLFLRQDO EXUJXHVtDFXEDQD
    GH FDFLTXHVeVWHFDH VLQFDSDFLGDGSDUD
    DVHVLQDGR HQ%RJRWiHO HPDQFLSDUHOSDtV
     PLQXWRVDQWHV LQWHQWDPDQWHQHU
    GH TXHYROYLHUDDHQWUH VXKHJHPRQtD\VXGRPLQDFLyQGXUDQWHFDVLDxRV%DMRXQHVTXHPDQHRFR
    YLVWDUVH SRUVHJXQGDYH] ORQLDOVHVXFHGHQGLYHUVRVJRELHUQRV&DUORV0DQXHOGH&pVSHGHV\4XHVDGD
    FRQ )LGHO&DVWUR/DH[ >@ 5DPyQ*UDX6DQ0DUWtQ>@&DUORV0HQGLHWD>@
    SORVLyQ HVSRQWiQHDGH 0LJXHO 0DULDQR*yPH]>@)HGHULFR/DUHGR%UX>@)XOJHQFLR
    PDVDVTXHSURYRFDDTXHO %DWLVWD>@5DPyQ*UDX6DQ0DUWtQ>@&DUORV3UtR6RFDUUiV
    DVHVLQDWR HOERJRWD]R >@\QXHYDPHQWHPHGLDQWHXQJROSHGHHVWDGR%DWLVWD>@
    FXOPLQD FRQXQDUUHJOR &RPRHQWRGDVRFLHGDGFRORQLDOODVWURSDVGHOLPSHULDOLVPRKXPLOODQ\GHJUD
    HQWUH ODVGLULJHQFLDVEXU GDQDOSXHEORVRPHWLGR'XUDQWHHVDVGpFDGDVHQ&XEDVXFHGHORPLVPROOH
    JXHVDV \XQDWUDLFLyQD JDQGRDOH[WUHPRHO FXDQGRYDULRVVROGDGRVHVWDGRXQLGHQVHVSUR
    ODV H[SHFWDWLYDVSRSXOD IDQDQ \XOWUDMDQXQDHVWDWXDGH-RVp0DUWt6RQDxRVGHXQDQWLFRPXQLVPR
    UHV(QPHGLRGHODVEDWD IHUR]FXDQGRODEXUJXHVtDFXEDQDHQFDUFHOD\UHSULPHDDEQHJDGRVOtGHUHV
    OODVFDOOHMHUDV)LGHOSDUWL REUHURVFRPRORVGLULJHQWHVVLQGLFDOHVFRPXQLVWDV-HV~V0HQpQGH] DVHVLQD
    FLSD LQWHJUDQGRFRPR GR HO \ $UDFHOLR ,JOHVLDV'tD] DVHVLQDGRHO (QHVH
    HVWXGLDQWH FXEDQRXQD FRQWH[WRVHSURIXQGL]DHOUHFKD]RDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDGHOSXHEORKDFLDODGRPLQD
    HVFXDGUD LQVXUUHFWDGH FLyQQRUWHDPHULFDQD(VHDxRHQODVSURWHVWDVHVWXGLDQWLOHVFRQWUDORVPDULQHV
    FRPEDWH ,QFOXVROOHJDD XQHVWXGLDQWHHVVDOYDMHPHQWHJROSHDGR(OMRYHQ)LGHO&DVWURHQWRQFHVGLUL
    VHU D\XGDQWHGHOMHIHGH JHQWHGHOD)(8 )HGHUDFLyQGH(VWXGLDQWHV8QLYHUVLWDULRV HVWHVWLJRGHOD
    OD SROLFtDVXEOHYDGDFRQ JROSL]D\GHQXQFLDORVKHFKRV/DSUHSRWHQFLD\ODKXPLOODFLyQVHUHSLWHFDGD
    WUDHOHMpUFLWR ILQGHVHPDQDFXDQGRORVPDULQHVIUHFXHQWDQ&XEDFRPRVLWLRGHGLYHUVLyQ

    24 25
    El Partido Ortodoxo y Chibas El joven Fidel y la lucha poltica
    (GXDUGR5HQp&KLEiV5LYDV>@KDEtDVLGRHQORVGLULJHQWHGHO $QWHVGHODQ]DUVHDODOXFKDDUPDGDHOMRYHQ)LGHO&DVWURWUDWDGHGHVDUUROODU
    'LUHFWRULR(VWXGLDQWLO5HYROXFLRQDULR/XFKDFRQWUDHOGLFWDGRU0DFKDGR\VX XQDSROtWLFDGHPDVDVSRUYtDOHJDO3RUHVRVHSRVWXODFRPRFDQGLGDWRDOD
    SUyUURJDGHSRGHUHV0iVWDUGHHVPLHPEURGHO3DUWLGR5HYROXFLRQDULR&XED FiPDUDGHUHSUHVHQWDQWHV1RHVFDVXDOTXHKD\DSXEOLFDGRVXVGHQXQFLDV
    QR $XWpQWLFR 'LVFRQIRUPHFRQODIUXVWUDFLyQGHOJRELHUQRGH*UDXVXOLGH FRQWUD ODFRUUXSFLyQJXEHUQDPHQWDOHQHOSHULyGLFR $OHUWD \ KD\DUHFRUULGR
    UD]JR LPSXOVDHQXQDQXHYDRUJDQL]DFLyQSROtWLFD3DUWLGRGHO3XHEOR HQWUH\NLOyPHWURVHQXQDXWRPyYLO&KHYUROHW FRPSUD
    &XEDQR 2UWRGR[RV 6yORHQ/D+DEDQDHOQDFLHQWHSDUWLGRFXHQWDFRQ GRDFUpGLWR KDFLHQGRFDPSDxDSROtWLFD
    DILOLDGRV&KLEiVHVHOHJLGRVHQDGRUHQ'HQXQFLDODFRUUXSFLyQ )LGHO KDEtDHVWXGLDGRGHVGHMRYHQKLVWRULDPLOLWDUHKLVWRULDGHODVJXHUUDV
    GHOJRELHUQRXWLOL]DQGRODUDGLRFRPRLQVWUXPHQWRGHSURSDJDQGD8QDGHVXV 3URIXQGL]DHQODKLVWRULDGHODVEDWDOODVGHODUHYROXFLyQIUDQFHVD\HQODVJXH
    FRQVLJQDVPiVIDPRVDHV9HUJHQ]DFRQWUDGLQHUR UUDVGHLQGHSHQGHQFLDGH&XEDSHURVLHPSUHWHQLHQGRHQPHQWHTXHODSROt
    WLFDPDQGDVREUHODJXHUUD\TXHWRGDJXHUUDLQFOX\HQGRODJXHUUDUHYROX
    FLRQDULDHVSROtWLFD

    3RU KDEHUDFXVDGRD $XUHOLDQR 6iQFKH]$UDQJR PLQLVWURGHHGXFDFLyQGHO


    SUHVLGHQWH3UtRGHSRVHHUSURSLHGDGHVHQ*XDWHPDOD\QRKDEHUSRGLGRSUR
    EDUOR&KLEiVVHVLHQWHDFRUUDODGRVHGHVHVSHUD\VHVXLFLGDHO6H
    SHJDXQWLURHQHODEGRPHQGXUDQWHVXWUDQVPLVLyQUDGLDOGHORVGRPLQJRVD
    ODQRFKH&XOPLQDVXGLVFXUVRGLFLHQGR3XHEORGH&XEDGHVSLHUWD(VWHHV
    PL~OWLPRDOGDERQD]R (O)LGHOVHOOHYDJUDEDGRHVWHGLVFXUVR
    FRPR HOHPHQWRGHDJLWDFLyQFXDQGRDVDOWDHOFXDUWHO0RQFDGD  7UDV VX
    PXHUWHHOSDUWLGRRUWRGR[RGHWHQGHQFLDSRSXOLVWDFRQWLQ~DLQWHQWDQGRDOFDQ
    ]DUHOSRGHUSRUYtDHOHFWRUDO6XSURJUDPDVHVLQWHWL]DHQODVFRQVLJQDVLQGH
    SHQGHQFLDHFRQyPLFDOLEHUWDGSROtWLFD\MXVWLFLDVRFLDO3RUHQWRQFHVHQ
    HOMRYHQ)LGHODFW~DGHVGHODL]TXLHUGDGHOSDUWLGRRUWRGR[R

    26 27
    El golpe de Estado de Batista Batista, un dictador populista
    (OJROSHGH(VWDGRGHOTXHGHUULEDD&DUORV3UtR6RFDUUiV> 'HRULJHQKXPLOGH%DWLVWDQDFHHQ%DQHV,QJUHVDDO(MpUFLWRHQ\HQ
    @HLPSRQHODGLFWDGXUDGH)XOJHQFLR%DWLVWDHVHOWHUUHQRVREUHHOTXH \DGLULJHXQJROSHGH(VWDGR&RQ*UDX6DQ0DUWtQVHFRQYLHUWHHQMHIHGHO
    JHUPLQDODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQD (MpUFLWR$VtPDQWLHQHHOFRQWUROGHOSDtVDWUDYpVGHYDULRVJRELHUQRV(OHJLGR
    /DHPHUJHQFLDFRQ%DWLVWDGHXQDQXHYDGLFWDGXUDHQ&XEDSRQHHQHYL SUHVLGHQWHHQDPSOtDVXPDUFRSRSXOLVWDGHDOLDQ]DVDUUDVWUDQGRLQFOXVR
    GHQFLDODFULVLVGHOHJLWLPDFLyQTXHSDGHFHHOVLVWHPDSROtWLFRGHODUHS~EOLFD DO363 \UHDOL]DQGRDOJXQDVUHIRUPDVVRFLDOHVFRPRODFRQVWLWXFLyQGH
    EXUJXHVDQHRFRORQLDO\ODLQFDSDFLGDGGHODEXUJXHVtDFXEDQDSDUDPDQWHQHU EDVWDQWHPRGHUQD(QHOFDQGLGDWRTXH%DWLVWDKDEtDHOHJLGRHVGHUURWD
    PtQLPDV OLEHUWDGHVS~EOLFDV/RVFDSLWDOLVPRVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVUHDOPHQWH GR %DWLVWDSHUPDQHFHKDVWDHQXQVHJXQGRSODQR YLYHHQOD)ORULGD
    H[LVWHQWHVFRQVWLWX\HQHOYHUGDGHURURVWURGHXQVLVWHPDTXHEDMRODEDQGHUD ((88KDVWD (QHQFDEH]DXQQXHYRJROSHGHHVWDGRFRQWUD3UtR
    GHO PXQGROLEUHODVRFLHGDGDELHUWDODGHPRFUDFLD\HOSOXUDOLVPR 6RFDUUiV 6XGLFWDGXUDFUXHO\VDQJXLQDULDFRQDSR\RGH((88GXUDVLHWH
    LPSRQHDORODUJRGHOVLJOR;;\HQWRGRHOFRQWLQHQWHUHSUHVLRQHVSHUVHFX DxRVKDVWDTXHWULXQIDODUHYROXFLyQ(OKX\HDOD5HS~EOLFD'RPLQL
    FLRQHVFHQVXUDWRUWXUD\YLRODFLRQHVVLVWHPiWLFDVGHORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRV FDQDGHOGLFWDGRU7UXMLOOR\OXHJRPXHUHHQOD(VSDxDGHOGLFWDGRU))UDQFR

    7UDVODPXHUWHGH0HOOD\0DUWtQH]
    9LOOHQDODRULHQWDFLyQGHOSULPHU3&
    FXEDQRFODVLVWDKHURLFR\DQWLLP
    SHULDOLVWDUDGLFDOHVDEDQGRQDGD
    6LJXLHQGRDOD,QWHUQDFLRQDO&RPX
    QLVWD\DO3&VRYLpWLFRHQWLHPSRVGH
    6WDOLQ>@DSDUWLUGHHO
    3&FXEDQRSDVDDODSROtWLFDGHOIUHQWH
    SRSXODUSULPHUR\OXHJRGLUHFWDPHQWHD
    ODXQLGDGQDFLRQDO6HUHEDXWL]DFRPR
    3DUWLGR6RFLDOLVWD3RSXODU 363 (Q
    HO363 WHUPLQDKDFLHQGRDOLDQ]DV
    HQQRPEUHGHHVDVXSXHVWDXQLGDG
    QDFLRQDOKDVWDFRQ%DWLVWD(QVD
    \DQGRXQEDODQFHPDGXURGHOFRPXQLV
    PRFXEDQR)LGHOSODQWHDTXH(Q&XED
    OHFRUUHVSRQGLyDXQSDUWLGRPDU[LVWD
    OHQLQLVWD>HO363@HVWDUDOLDGRDXQ
    JRELHUQRVDQJULHQWRUHSUHVLYR\FRUUXSWR
    FRPRHOGH%DWLVWD >@(VWDFRQWUDGLFFLyQ
    OOHYyOyJLFDPHQWHDTXHPXFKRVMyYH
    QHVJHQWHFRQLQFOLQDFLyQUHYROXFLRQDULD
    \JHQWHGHL]TXLHUGDGHMDUDQGHPLUDU
    FRQVLPSDWtDVDOSDUWLGRPDU[LVWDOHQLQLVWD
    FXEDQR(VDHVODUHDOLGDGKLVWyULFDREMH
    WLYD GLVFXUVRGHO 

    28 29
    Prostitucin, mafia y juego Miami, una colonia prspera
    3DUDFRQWUDUUHVWDUHOHMHPSORGHODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDGHORVFtUFXORV
    JREHUQDQWHVGH((88KDQSXHVWRD0LDPLWLHUUDGHLQPLJUDQWHVODWLQRDPH
    ULFDQRVFRPRHMHPSORDLPLWDUSDUDWRGRHOFRQWLQHQWH$ WUDYpVGH+ROO\ZR
    RG\GHODPDTXLQDULDPRQRSyOLFDGHOD LQ FRPXQLFDFLyQPXQGLDOVLJXHQSUH
    VHQWDQGR KDVWDODDFWXDOLGDGDOD)ORULGDFRPRODXWRStDGHXQDFRORQLD
    LQPLJUDQWHSUyVSHUD8QVLUYLHQWHVXPLVR\REHGLHQWHTXHKDELHQGRROYLGDGR
    VXSURSLDLGHQWLGDG\VXSURSLDFXOWXUDDVFLHQGHHQWpUPLQRVGLQHUDULRV\PHU
    FDQWLOHVSRUKDEHUDFHSWDGRDODPRLPSHULDOLPLWDQGRVX DPHULFDQZD\RIOLIH

    (QWLHPSRVGH%DWLVWD&XEDVHWUDQVIRUPDHQXQJLJDQWHVFRFDVLQR/DPDILD
    QRWLHQHOtPLWHVYLYHVXpSRFDGHRUR\JORULD3UROLIHUDQORVSURVWtEXORV\OD
    GHJUDGDFLyQ FXOWXUDO$ GLIHUHQFLD GHODVSHOtFXODVGH)UDQFLV)RUG&ySSROD
    FRPRODWULORJtD(O3DGULQR ODPDILDGH&XEDHVWiELHQOHMRVGHFXDOTXLHU
    HSRSH\D\FXDOTXLHUFyGLJRGHKRQRU
    (VDHVOD&XEDGRUDGDTXHWRGDYtDKR\DxRUDQORVH[WUHPLVWDVGHGHUHFKD
    GH0LDPL

    30 31
    Miami y la Mafia Las protestas juveniles
    /DPDILDFRQVXUHGGHFODQHVQDFHHQODV]RQDVUXUDOHVGHOVXUGH,WDOLD 3DUDHQIUHQWDUHOJROSHGH%DWLVWDGHTXHIRUWDOHFHHOSRGHUGHODPDILD
    $OJXQRVGHVXVLQWHJUDQWHVHPLJUDQD((88HQHOVLJOR;,;\GXUDQWHHOVLJOR ORVHVWXGLDQWHV\ODMXYHQWXGYXHOYHQDODVFDOOHV8QDGHODVSULPHUDVPDQL
    ;;VHDUWLFXODQFRQFtUFXORVGHSRGHUQRUWHDPHULFDQR6LHQORVVHGHGL IHVWDFLRQHVGHSRVLWDHOFDGiYHUGHODFRQVWLWXFLyQSLVRWHDGDSRUORVPLOLWD
    FDQDODVEHELGDVDOFRKyOLFDVGXUDQWHVXSURKLELFLyQPiVWDUGHH[WLHQGHQVX UHVDQWHHOEXVWRGH0DUWt2WUDVHSURGXFHHOFXDQGRODPXOWLWXG
    SRGHUDOMXHJRODSURVWLWXFLyQ\ODVGURJDV8QVHFWRULPSRUWDQWHGHODPDILD JULWD 5HYROXFLyQ (VHDxRVHFRQPHPRUDHOFHQWHQDULRGHOQDFLPLHQWRGH
    QRUWHDPHULFDQDWHQtDHQOD&XEDQHRFRORQLDOVXEDVHGHRSHUDFLRQHV,QFOX 0DUWt)LGHO&DVWURHGLWDFODQGHVWLQDPHQWHHOSHULyGLFR (O$FXVDGRU5HILULpQ
    VRGXUDQWHORVDxRVFRQVWUX\HQHQ/D+DEDQDJUDQGHVKRWHOHVGHOXMR GRVH DO3DUWLGR2UWRGR[RDOOtHVFULEH $ XQ SDUWLGRUHYROXFLRQDULRGHEH
    $QWHHOWULXQIRGHODUHYROXFLyQHQODPDILDGH&XEDHOLWHGHVXEXUJXH FRUUHVSRQGHUXQDGLULJHQFLDUHYROXFLRQDULDMRYHQ\GHRULJHQSRSXODUTXHVDO
    VtDHPLJUDD0LDPL$OOtVHDPDOJDPD\HQWUHPH]FODFRQODH[WUHPDGHUHFKD YH D&XED  &RQODD\XGDGHOD)HGHUDFLyQGH(VWXGLDQWHV8QLYHUVLWDULRV
    GHODHPLJUDFLyQFXEDQD )(8  )LGHOLQLFLDHOHQWUHQDPLHQWRFODQGHVWLQRGHMyYHQHVHQ
    FpOXODV GHFRPEDWHFRPRDSDUDWRUHYROXFLRQDULRGHOFKLEDVLVPR/RV
    PHMRUHVSDUWLFLSDUiQOXHJRGHODVDOWRDOFXDUWHO0RQFDGD

    /RVMyYHQHVTXHHQDVDOWDQHOFXDUWHO0RQFDGDPDUFDQXQDLQIOH[LyQHQ
    HOSHQVDPLHQWR\ODSROtWLFDODWLQRDPHULFDQDGHOVLJOR;;&RQHVHJHVWRTXH
    /DPDILDFXEDQDGH0LDPLQRVyORSDUWLFLSDGHODVHVLQDWRGHOSUHVLGHQWH-RKQ QR SHUVHJXtDXQWULXQIRIiFLOVLQPDVDVVLQRPRYLOL]DUDODRSLQLyQS~EOLFD
    ) .HQQHG\  7DPELpQ SUHWHQGHDVHVLQDULQQXPHUDEOHVYHFHVD GHVOHJLWLPDUORVSDFWRVFRQODGLFWDGXUDJROSHDUDOHQHPLJRFRQVHJXLUDUPDV
    )LGHO &DVWUR&RPRSDUWHGHHVDSROtWLFDGHH[WUHPDGHUHFKDDSR\DFRQ HLQLFLDUMXQWRDOSXHEORHOSURFHVRUHYROXFLRQDULRVHxDODQDODOXFKDDUPD
    DJHQWHVGHLQWHOLJHQFLD\GLQHURHOWHUURULVPRGHHVWDGRHQ$PpULFD/DWLQDSHU GDFRPRFDPLQRHVWUDWpJLFR1RVHODQ]DQDODLQVXUJHQFLDDSDUWLUGHXQDLUUD
    SHWUDGRSRUGLYHUVDVGLFWDGXUDVPLOLWDUHVDWUDYpVGHOWHQHEURVR3ODQ&yQGRU  FLRQDOE~VTXHGDGHDGUHQDOLQD3RUHOFRQWUDULRFRPLHQ]DQFRQXQDFRQIURQ
    $GHPiVPDQLSXODHOHFFLRQHVLQWHUQDVHQ((88\SHUSHWUDIUDXGHVHVFDQGD WDFLyQSROtWLFDTXHVHSURORQJDHQXQDOXFKDSROtWLFRPLOLWDU (QWUHHOJROSHGH
    ORVRVFRPRHOTXHXELFyD*HRUJH: %XVKHQODSUHVLGHQFLDGHPDQHUDLOH %DWLVWDGHO\HODWDTXHDOFXDUWHO0RQFDGDGHOWUDQVFXUUH
    JDO\FRQWUDODYROXQWDGPD\RULWDULDGHOSXHEORHVWDGRXQLGHQVH XQDxR\FXDWURPHVHVGHLQWHQVRDSUHQGL]DMHSROtWLFR

    32 33
    El liderazgo de Fidel y los jvenes El asalto al Cuartel Moncada
    del Moncada (QIRUPDFODQGHVWL
    QDMyYHQHV
    $QWHVGHSDUWLUKDFLD6DQWLDJRGH&XEDHVWRVMyYHQHVVHYLHQHQUHXQLHQGRHQ ORVPHMRUHVGHO
    HOGHSDUWDPHQWRTXHFRPSDUWHQ+D\GHp6DQWDPDUtD\VXKHUPDQR$EHO6DQ HQWUHQDPLHQWR
    WDPDUtDDPERVFRPSDxHURVGH)LGHO&DVWUR $OOtFRQVSLUDQ\KDFHQORVSUH LPSDUWLGRSRU
    SDUDWLYRV0HQRVGHGLH]FRQRFHQGHDQWHPDQRTXHHOREMHWLYRHVHO0RQFD )LGHOOOHJDQHQ
    GD(QVXPD\RUtDORVMyYHQHVTXHDVDOWDQHOFXDUWHOSURYLHQHQGHODL]TXLHUGD YDULRVJUXSRVD
    GHOSDUWLGRRUWRGR[RDXQTXHHQSURFHVRGHYHUWLJLQRVDUDGLFDOL]DFLyQSROtWLFD 6DQWLDJRGH&XED
    $GHPiVGHORVKHUPDQRV6DQWDPDUtDHVWiQ-RVp/XLV7DVHQGHGHODV0XxH HQWUHORVFRPED
    FDV 3HGUR0LUHW5HQDWR*XLWDUW5RVHOO\5D~O*yPH]*DUFtD WRGRVHOORV WLHQWHVSDUWLFLSDQ
    FDHQHQHODWDTXH -HV~V0RQWDQp5DPLUR9 DOGpV-RVp6XiUH]5D~O&DV GRVPXMHUHV
    WUR 2VFDU $OFDOGH 3HGUR0DUUHUR*XVWDYR $UFRV -RVp3RQFH $EHODUGR +D\GHp6DQWDPDUtD
    &UHVSR)LGHR/DEUDGRU\)HUQDQGR&KHQDUGHQWUHPXFKRVRWURV &XDGUDGR>
    (QVXPDGXUH])LGHO&DVWURUHFXHUGDTXHVLHQHQWLHPSRVGHOERJR @\0HOED
    WD]R WHQtDXQDFRQFLHQFLDDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDHQDxRGHODWDTXHDO +HUQiQGH]5RGUt
    0RQFDGD\DSRVHtDIXHUWHVFRQYLFFLRQHVEDVDGDVHQODVLGHDVGH0DU[\GH JXH]GHO5H\
    /HQLQ6HJ~QVXEDODQFHPDGXUR)LGHOUHFRQRFHTXHVHSXHGHGHFLUTXHWDU >@ (ODWDTXH
    Gp VHLVDxRVHQDGTXLULUXQDFRQFLHQFLDUHYROXFLRQDULD\HQHODERUDUXQD VHLQLFLDDODV
    HVWUDWHJLDUHYROXFLRQDULD $0GHO
    ,QWHQWDQFRSDUOD
    IRUWDOH]DPLOLWDUPiV
    LPSRUWDQWHGH6DQWLDJRGH&XEDODVHJXQGDGHOSDtVSDUDUHXQLUDOSXHEOR
    \FRQYRFDUDODKXHOJDJHQHUDOFRQWUDODGLFWDGXUD6HGLYLGHQODWDUHD$EHO
    6DQWDPDUtD HQFDEH]DDFRPEDWLHQWHVTXHLQWHQWDQWRPDUSRUDVDOWRHO
    KRVSLWDOFLYLO\5D~O&DVWUR>@FRQRWURVVHSURSRQHDVDOWDUHOSDOD
    FLRGH-XVWLFLD$PERVVHHQFXHQWUDQSHJDGRVDOFXDUWHO0RQFDGDDWDFDGR
    SRU)LGHOFRQKRPEUHV(ODWDTXHVHIUXVWUDDOIDOODUHOIDFWRUVRUSUHVD
    /RVPXHUWRVVRQVHJ~QDOJXQRVGLDULRVPiVGHVHJ~QRWURVLQFOX
    \HQGRORVGHO0RQFDGD\ORVGHOFXDUWHOGH%D\DPR
    7UDVXQFXDUWRGHVLJORGHKHJHPRQtDFRQWLQHQWDOVWDOLQLVWDGRQGHSUHGRPL
    QDEDQODFRQFHSFLyQGHODUHYROXFLyQSRUHWDSDVODVHSDUDFLyQHQWUHDQWLLP
    SHULDOLVPR \VRFLDOLVPR\KDVWDODLOXVLyQGHOVXSXHVWRWUiQVLWRSDFtILFRDO
    VRFLDOLVPRHODVDOWRDOFXDUWHO0RQFDGDLQLFLDHQWRGD$PpULFDXQDRIHQVL
    YDSRSXODUVLQSUHFHGHQWHV6HPRGLILFDHOPDSDSROtWLFR\FDPELDODFRUUHOD
    FLyQGHIXHU]DVFRQHOHQHPLJRGHORVSXHEORV $ SDUWLUGHHVDRIHQVLYDVH
    UHWRPDQODVWUDGLFLRQHVKHURLFDVGHOSULPHUPDU[LVPRODWLQRDPHULFDQRGHORV
    DxRV(O0RQFDGDFRQWULEX\HDOIORUHFLPLHQWRUHYROXFLRQDULRTXHYLYH$Pp
    ULFD/DWLQDGXUDQWHODGpFDGDGHO

    35
    Las torturas y los asesinatos El Che Guevara sobre el Moncada
    (QHOUHSOLHJXHGHOIUXVWUDGRDWDTXHDO0RQFDGDPXFKRVMyYHQHVVRQFDSWX 
    UDGRVWRUWXUDGRV\DVHVLQDGRV(OFXDUWHOVHFRQYLHUWHHQXQDIiEULFDGHWRU
    WXUD\PXHUWH/DGHVSURSRUFLyQGHPXHUWRVHQWUHGHIHQVRUHV\DWDFDQWHVHYL 0XFKRVDxRVGHVSXpVGHWULXQIDUODUHYROX 
    GHQFLDQ XQDPDVDFUHEUXWDOXQDSUiFWLFDKDELWXDOHQODVGLFWDGXUDV FLyQFXEDQDFRPEDWLHQGRHQ%ROLYLDSRUOD
    ODWLQRDPHULFDQDVHQODVTXHMDPiVVHUHVSHWDODYLGDQLORVGHUHFKRVGHOSUL OLEHUWDG GHWRGD $PpULFD HOHO
    VLRQHURFDSWXUDGR/DVGRVPXMHUHVFRPEDWLHQWHVVDOYDQVXYLGDDXQTXHVH &KH *XHYDUDHVFULEHHQVX 'LDULR XQ
    ODVTXHPDFRQFLJDUULOORVHQORVEUD]RVDOVHUIRWRJUDILDGDV DSUHWDGR SHURSURIXQGRDQiOLVLVGHOR
    $EHO6DQWDPDUtD&XDGUDGR>@DFRPSDxDD)LGHOHQVXVFDPSDxDV TXHVLJQLILFyHODVDOWRDOFXDUWHO0RQFDGD
    SROtWLFDV -HV~V0RQWDQp2URSHVD>@RWURPRQFDGLVWDORVKDEtD SDUDORVSXHEORVGHWRGRHOFRQWLQHQWH
    SUHVHQWDGRHO(QHODWDTXH$EHOVHJXQGRGH)LGHOFDHSULVLRQHUR
    0LQXWRVDQWHV$EHOOHVGLFHDVXVFRPSDxHURV6DOYRODVGRVPXMHUHVWRGRV
    VHUHPRVDVHVLQDGRV&RPSUHQGDPRVTXHFDGDJHVWRQXHVWURVHUiXQDFWRGH
    FDUiFWHUKLVWyULFR<RTXLVLHUDVHJXLUYLYLHQGRSHURHOGHVWLQRPHREOLJDDPRULU
    SRU&XED6HSDPRVWRGRVHVWDUDODDOWXUDGHQXHVWUDPLVLyQFDLJDPRVFRQ
    ODFRQFLHQFLDGHTXHDVtOHHVWDPRVVLHQGR~WLOHVDODKLVWRULD
    ,QGHIHQVR\GHVDUPDGRHV
    WRUWXUDGR(OVDUJHQWR
    (XODOLR*RQ]iOH]OHDUUDQ (ODVDOWRDOFXDUWHO
    FDORVRMRV\FRPRDVXV 0RQFDGDQR
    FRPSDxHURVOHWULWXUDORV FRQVWLWX\HVyORXQ
    WHVWtFXORV\ORDVHVLQD$O KHFKRSROtWLFR
    OOHJDUDODFiUFHOGH $OPLVPRWLHPSR
    PXMHUHVGH*XDQDMD\VX FRPRDSXQWDHO
    KHUPDQD+D\GpH6DQWD &KH*XHYDUDHQVX
    PDUtDOHHVFULEHDVXV 'LDULRGH%ROLYLD
    SDGUHV0DPiDKtWLHQHV WLHQHFRQVHFXHQFLDV
    D$EHO@1RWHGDVFXHQWD0DPi"$EHO WHyULFDV'HKHFKR
    QRQRVIDOWDUiMDPiV0DPiSLHQVD SRQHHQGLVFXVLyQOD
    TXH&XEDH[LVWH\)LGHOHVWiYLYR SDVLYLGDGGHODV
    SDUDKDFHUOD&XEDTXH$EHOTXH GLYHUVDVFRUULHQWHVGH
    UtD0DPiSLHQVDTXH)LGHOWDP ODL]TXLHUGDWUDGLFLRQDO
    ELpQWHTXLHUH\TXHSDUD$EHO TXHHQQRPEUHGH
    &XED\)LGHOHUDQODPLVPD ODIDOWDGHFRQGLFLRQHV
    FRVD\)LGHOWHQHFHVLWDPXFKR REMHWLYDVKDQWHUPLQDGR
    1RSHUPLWDVDQLQJXQDPDGUH VLHPSUHDGDSWiQGRVHDO
    WHKDEOHPDOGH)LGHOSLHQ RUGHQHVWDEOHFLGR
    VDTXHHVRVt$EHOQRWHOR DFHSWiQGRORFRPRDOJR
    SHUGRQDUtD IDWDOHLQPRGLILFDEOH

    36 37
    La Guerra Fra en tiempos del ataque La Izquierda Tradicional frente
    &XDQGRVHSURGXFHHODWDTXHDOFXDUWHO0RQFDGDHOPXQGRHVWiHQSOHQDJXH al Moncada
    UUDIUtD7HUPLQDGDODVHJXQGDJXHUUDPXQGLDOFRQODYLFWRULDGHORVDOLDGRV
    VREUH$OHPDQLDQD]L((88\OD8566VHHQIUHQWDQGHIHQGLHQGRVXVUHVSHF (Q ODGpFDGDGHOHQWLHPSRVGHO0RQFDGDODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVGHOD
    WLYDViUHDVGHLQIOXHQFLD(QWULXQIDODUHYROXFLyQFKLQD\HQVH L]TXLHUGDWUDGLFLRQDOVLJXHQODGRFWULQDVRYLpWLFDGHOWUDQVLWRSDFtILFRDOVRFLD
    SURGXFHODJXHUUDGH&RUHDTXHSRUODLQWHUYHQFLyQ\DQTXLGLYLGHHVHSDtVHQ OLVPR TXHFRLQFLGHFRQHOUHSDUWRGHiUHDVGHLQIOXHQFLDHQWUHOD8566\
    GRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVYHDPHQD]DGRVXSRGHUPXQGLDOSRUORFXDOVHHQGX ((88  3RUHQWRQFHVHVWDVFRUULHQWHVSURVRYLpWLFDVVRVWLHQHQTXHQRKD\
    UHFHLQWHUQDPHQWH6RQORVDxRVGHOPiVIHUR]DQWLFRPXQLVPR(OVHQDGRU FRQGLFLRQHVSDUDODOXFKDDUPDGDQLSDUDHOVRFLDOLVPRHQ $PpULFD/DWLQD(O
    -RVHSK5D\PRQG0F&DUWK\>@HQFDEH]DXQFOLPDGHGHODFLyQSHU DVDOWRDOFXDUWHO0RQFDGD\ODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDHQVXFRQMXQWRKDFHQDxLFRV
    VRQDOSHUVHFXFLyQFXOWXUDO\YLRODFLyQGHODVOLEHUWDGHVGHPRFUiWLFDV HVWRVGRJPDVUHYROXFLRQDULRVFRPRORVFDUDFWHUL]yHO&KH*XHYDUD
    (Q&XEDHO3DUWLGR6RFLDOLVWD3RSXODUSURVRYLpWLFRFRQGHQDHO0RQFDGD
    (QXQD&DUWDDORVPLOLWDQWHVODFRPLVLyQHMHFXWLYDGHO363GHQXQFLDHODVDO
    WRFRPRXQDLQLFLDWLYD SXWVFKLVWDDYHQWXUHULVWDGHVHVSHUDGDFDUDFWHUtVWLFD
    GHXQDSHTXHxREXUJXHVtDVLQSULQFLSLRV\FRPSURPHWLGDFRQHOJDQVWHULVPR
     (QVX&DUWD6HPDQDOGHOHO363 LQVLVWHFRQTXHHO
    0RQFDGDHVXQSXWVFK\XQDDFFLyQDUPDGDGHVHVSHUDGDFRQFDWHJRUtDGH
    DYHQWXUD(VWDVDFFLRQHV QRFRQGXFHQDRWUDFRVDTXHDOIUDFDVRDOGHV 
    SHUGLFLRGHIXHU]DVDODPXHUWHVLQREMHWLYRV (QMXQLRGHVHLVPHVHV
    GHVSXpVGHOGHVHPEDUFRGHO*UDQPDODUHYLVWD)XQGDPHQWRV1GHO363
    VHHPSHFLQDHQFRQGHQDUD)LGHOHVLPSRUWDQWHYROYHUDDILUPDU>@ TXHKR\
    FRPRD\HUUHFKD]D
    PRV\FRQGHQDPRV
    \VHJXLUHPRV
    FRQGHQDQGRORV
    PpWRGRVWHUURULVWDV\
    SXWVFKLVWDVFRPR
    LQHILFDFHVQRFLYRV\
    FRQWUDULRVDOLQWHUpV
    GHOSXHEOR
    6LQROYLGDUHVRV
    KHFKRVHQVX
    PDGXUH])LGHO&DV
    WURSULYLOHJLDQGROD
    (QOD8566HOIDOOHFH6WDOLQ6HLQLFLDXQSHUtRGRGHGHVKLHOR\GH XQLGDGKDVHxDODGR
    FRQQLYHQFLDFRQHOLPSHULDOLVPRQRUWHDPHULFDQR+DFtDWLHPSRTXH\D6WDOLQ FRQJHQHURVLGDGTXH$ SHVDU
    KDEtD PRGHUDGRODSROtWLFDH[WHULRUVRYLpWLFD3RUHMHPSORDEDQGRQDQGROD GHHVRHQPLMXYHQWXG
    WUDGLFLyQGH/HQLQ6WDOLQGLVXHOYHOD,QWHUQDFLRQDO&RPXQLVWDHQ(QORV \ROHtDOLEURVGHOD
    DxRVORVVRYLpWLFRVQRDSR\DQQLDOLHQWDQODVUHEHOLRQHVODWLQRDPHULFDQDV ELEOLRWHFDGHO
    0XFKRPHQRVODOXFKDDUPDGDSRUFDPELRVUDGLFDOHV6XVFRUULHQWHVSROtWLFDV 363
    HQ$PpULFD/DWLQDQRYHQFRQVLPSDWtDHODVDOWRDOFXDUWHO0RQFDGD

    38 39
    El Juicio La historia me absolver
    /DSULPHUDYLVWDGHOMXLFLRRUDOHVHO $OVHUMX]JDGRVHQODGHQRPL &RQ/DKLVWRULDPHDEVROYHUi )LGHOVHFRQYLHUWHGHDFXVDGRHQDFXVDGRU 
    QDGD&DXVDORVMyYHQHVDWDFDQWHVH[SOLFDQHODVDOWR\GHQXQFLDQHODVH 6XGLVFXUVR\VXSURVDVHLQVFULEHQHQXQDDQWLJXDWUDGLFLyQGHOSHQVDPLHQ
    VLQDWR\ODWRUWXUDGHVXVFRPSDxHURV(QVXDOHJDWRFRQRFLGRFRPR/DKLVWR WRFUtWLFRODGHQXQFLDGHOSRGHU\GHOVWDWXTXR(OJHVWRGH)LGHOUHFXSHUD
    ULDPHDEVROYHUi)LGHO&DVWURVRVWLHQH 6yOR-RVp0DUWtGHEHVHUYLQFXODGR HO DGHPiQGHQXQFLDOLVWDGHOFpOHEUH <R DFXVR GH ePLOH=ROD>@
    FRQODDFFLyQSXHVHVVXDXWRULQWHOHFWXDO DOHJDWRGHO &XDQGRHO SDUDGLJPD PRGHUQRGHOHQIUHQWDPLHQWRGHOLQWHOHFWXDOFRQWUDORVSRGHUHV
    ILVFDOPXHVWUDXQOLEURGH/HQLQSDUDLQFXOSDUOR)LGHOUHVSRQGH 6tQRVRWURV HVWDEOHFLGRV3HURDGLIHUHQFLDGHOLQWHOHFWXDOIUDQFpVTXHDUUHPHWLyFRQWUD
    OHHPRVD/HQLQ\TXLHQQROHDD/HQLQHVXQLJQRUDQWH UHFXHUGRGH)LGHOGLV ORVPLOLWDUHV\JREHUQDQWHVGHVXpSRFDHOWUDEDMRGH)LGHOQRHVVyORXQD
    FXUVRGHO )LGHO&DVWUR\FRPEDWLHQWHVPiVHQWUHHOORVVXKHU GHQXQFLD$OPLVPRWLHPSRPLHQWUDVFULWLFDORVFUtPHQHV\OHJLWLPDHOGHUH 
    PDQR5D~O\-XDQ$OPHLGDUHFLEHQFRQGHQDVGHKDVWDDxRVGHSULVLyQ FKRDODUHEHOLyQYDH[SRQLHQGRWRGRHOSURJUDPDGHO0RQFDGD FRQGHQVD
    GRHQIXWXUDVOH\HVUHYROXFLRQDULDV %DViQGRVHHQXQDQiOLVLVVRFLROyJLFR
    GH ODVRFLHGDGFXEDQDSURSRQHFDPELRVUDGLFDOHVVLQKDEODUWRGDYtDGH
    VRFLDOLVPR

    (QHVHHVFULWRGH)LGHOVREUH
    VDOH VXDQiOLVLVVRFLROyJLFRGH
    OD FDWHJRUtDSXHEOR $O DQDOL
    ]DUODGHVFRPSRQHVXVGLYHUVDV
    FODVHVVRFLDOHV6XUHIOH[LyQQR
    HVODIUtDGHVFULSFLyQGHXQFHQ
    VRVLQRXQDFRQFHSFLyQGLQiPL
    FDGHSXHEORHQOXFKDSRUHVR
    UHSLWH XQD\RWUDYH]ODH[SUH
    VLyQ VL GHOXFKDVHWUDWD  (QVX
    ySWLFD HOSXHEORGH&XEDHVWiFRQIRUPDGR>HQ
    @SRU D REUHURVLQGXVWULDOHV\EUD
    FHURV E REUHURVGHOFDPSR F 
    GHVHPSOHDGRV G SHTXHxRVDJULFXOWR
    UHV H PDHVWURV\SURIHVRUHV I 
    SHTXHxRV FRPHUFLDQWHVDEUXPDGRVSRUGHX
    /XHJRGHOMXLFLR)LGHOYDUHFRQVWUX\HQGRHQVXFHOGDVXDOHJDWRRUDOSDOPRD GDV\ J SURIHVLRQDOHVMyYHQHV
    SDOPR$LVODGR\YLJLODGRUHHVFULEHGHDSRTXLWRKRMDSRUKRMDHOWH[WRGHOD )LGHOQRLQFOX\HGHQWURGHOSXHEORDOD
    DXWRGHIHQVD8WLOL]DKRMDVGHOJDGtVLPDVGHSDSHOGHFDOFDU WDPELpQOODPDGDV EXUJXHVtDQDFLRQDOHVWRHVIXQGD
    GHSDSHOFHEROOD TXHORVIDPLOLDUHVGHVXVFRPSDxHURVSUHVRVYDQVDFDQGR PHQWDO $Vt PDUFDVXVGLVWDQFLDV
    FODQGHVWLQDPHQWHGHODFiUFHOHQHOIRQGRGHFDMLWDVGHIyVIRURV(VFULEHFRQ IUHQWHDORVHVTXHPDVGHODL]TXLHU
    OHWUDFDVLPLFURVFySLFD\FRQMXJRGHOLPyQODHVFULWXUDVyORVHYXHOYHYLVLEOH GD WUDGLFLRQDO\GHOQDFLRQDOLVPR
    FXDQGR VHFDOLHQWDHOSDSHO(QHVDVGLItFLOHVFRQGLFLRQHVWRPDQGRD-RVp SRSXOLVWD SXHVDPEDVFRUULHQWHV
    0DUWt FRPRLQVSLUDGRU QDFH /D KLVWRULDPHDEVROYHUi  WH[WRSURJUDPiWLFR\ WHUPLQDEDQ OHJLWLPDQGRODVDOLDQ
    SURSDJDQGtVWLFRGHOIXWXUR0RYLPLHQWRGHMXOLR 0  ]DVFRQHVDEXUJXHVtDQDWLYD

    40 41
    La crcel de Fidel La salida de la crcel
    7UDVODVHQWHQFLD)LGHO\VXVFRPSDxHURVVRQUHFOXLGRVHQHOSDEHOOyQTXH ,QPHGLDWDPHQWH GHVSXpVGH
    VHUYtDGHKRVSLWDOHQODSULVLyQGHODLVODGH3LQRV VDOLU)LGHO&DVWURUHRUJDQL]DVXV
    IXHU]DV \IXQGDHO0RYLPLHQWR
     GHMXOLR 0 (Q
    DQWHVGHSDUWLUDOH[LOLRGHFODUD
    (QVHUHPRVOLEUHVRVHUH 
    PRV PiUWLUHV 7RGDV ODVPLUD
    GDV GHODGLFWDGXUDVHSRVDQ
    VREUH ORVLQVXUUHFWRVDPQLVWLD
    GRV eVWRVSDUDUHRUJDQL]DUVH
    QHFHVLWDQ VDOLUGH&XED(OLJHQ
    0p[LFR$OOtGHVGHDIXHUDGHOD
    LVOD RUJDQL]DQXQPRYLPLHQWR
    SROtWLFRPLOLWDUSDUDFRQWLQXDUVX
    OXFKD 6XSULPHUPDQLILHVWRVH
    SXEOLFDHO

    $XQTXH)LGHO\VXVFRPSDxHURV
    VHLQVWDODQHQ0p[LFRXQRGHORV
    SULPHURVSDtVHVTXHYLVLWDHO
    MRYHQSROtWLFRFXEDQRHV(VWDGRV
    8QLGRV/RKDFHHQRFWXEUHGH
    $OOtDILUPD(Q&XEDHVWi
    'RVDxRVGHVSXpVODGLFWDGXUDQHFHVLWDJDQDUFRQVHQVR RFXUULHQGRH[DFWDPHQWHLJXDO
    $QWHODVSUHVLRQHVSRSXODUHVTXHFODPDQSRUODOLEHUWDGGH TXHHQ\+D\TXH
    )LGHO\VXVFRPSDxHURV%DWLVWDGHFUHWDODDPQLVWtDSDUDHVWRV HVWDUFLHJRSDUDQRYHUOR
    SULVLRQHURV/RVSUHVRVVRQH[FDUFHODGRVHO GLVFXUVRGHO 

    42 43
    El Movimiento 26 de Julio y El exilio en Mxico
    el problema del Partido (Q0p[LFR)LGHO\VXVFRPSDxHURVFRPLHQ]DQDIRUPDUFXDGURVPLOLWDQWHVSUH 
    SDUDGRVSDUDODOXFKDLQVXUUHFFLRQDO\FODQGHVWLQD$OOtUHFROHFWDQGLQHURDUPDV
    $OJXQRVLQWHOHFWXDOHVHXURSHRVDILUPDQTXHODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDVHKL]RVLQ VHHQWUHQDQ\VHSUHSDUDQSDUDHOUHJUHVRDODLVOD(QXQPRPHQWRVRQGHODWD
    SDUWLGRSROtWLFR&XULRVDPHQWHVHROYLGDQGHO06XPLOLWDQFLDVHQXWUH GRVDODVDXWRULGDGHVPLJUDWRULDV\WRGRHOJUXSRFDHGHWHQLGR6XVDUPDVVRQ
    GHORVMyYHQHVL]TXLHUGLVWDVGHOSDUWLGRRUWRGR[RGLULJLGRSRU(GXDUGR&KL UHTXLVDGDV/XHJRVRQH[FDUFHODGRVUiSLGDPHQWH HQHVDRFDVLyQHOTXHPiV
    EiV \GHOPRYLPLHQWRQDFLRQDOUHYROXFLRQDULR 015 FRQGXFLGRSRU GHPRUDHQVDOLUHV*XHYDUDSXHVDQWHODSROLFtDVHGHFODUDFRPXQLVWD 
    5DIDHO*DUFtD%iUFHQD>@&KLEiVVHVXLFLGD%iUFHQDHVDUUHVWD
    GR\WRUWXUDGR&XDQGR)LGHOIRUPDVXSURSLDRUJDQL]DFLyQXELFDDO0
    FRPRHODSDUDWRUHYROXFLRQDULRGHOFKLEDVLVPR FDUWDGH)LGHODO&RQJUHVR
    GH 0LOLWDQWHV2UWRGR[RV SHUROXHJRURPSHFRQODRUWRGR[LD
     $VtHO0DGTXLHUHDXWRQRPtDLGHROyJLFD\VHWUDQVIRUPDHQ
    XQDRUJDQL]DFLyQUHYROXFLRQDULDGHYDQJXDUGLD$XQFXDQGRDOJXQRVVHFWRUHV
    DJLWDQ HODQWLFRPXQLVPRVXVSULQFLSDOHVGLULJHQWHV)LGHO&DVWUR\(UQHVWR
    &KH*XHYDUDVLJXHQODVLGHDVGH0DU[\/HQLQ
    (Q)LGHOUHDOL]DXQEDODQFHVREUHHOSUREOHPDGHOSDUWLGRHQODUHYROX
    FLyQFXEDQD1RVRWURVQRQHJDPRVODLPSRUWDQFLDGHO3DUWLGROD2UJDQL]D 
    FLyQHO0RYLPLHQWRRFRPRVHOODPH3HURXQSDUWLGRQRHVWDOSRUOODPDUVH
    3DUWLGR 8QSDUWLGRQRHVPDU[LVWDOHQLQLVWDSRUTXHKD\DLQVFULSWRHQHO
    UHJLVWUR GHSURSLHGDGHOQRPEUHGH0DU[LVWD/HQLQLVWD3DUDKDFHUXQD
    UHYROXFLyQKDFHIDOWDXQSDUWLGRRXQDRUJDQL]DFLyQPDU[LVWDOHQLQLVWD
    XQDRUJDQL]DFLyQUHYROXFLRQDULD6HxRUHVVLKD\XQ
    3DUWLGR0DU[LVWD/HQLQLVWDTXHVHVDEHGHPHPRULD
    WRGRVORVSDVDMHVGH(O&DSLWDO\WRGRORTXH
    KDQHVFULWR0DU[
    (QJHOV\/HQLQ\
    QRGLVSDUDXQ
    FKtFKDURFRPR
    VHGLFHHQHOOHQ
    JXDMHYXOJDU\FULROOR
    ORVRWURVHVWiQREOLJDGRV (QODKLVWRULDFXEDQDH[LVWLHURQQXPHURVRVSODQHVLQVXUUHFFLRQDOHVTXHSOD
    DQRKDFHUODUHYROXFLyQ" QHDEDQXQDLQYDVLyQDUPDGDDODLVODSDUDGHUURFDUGLYHUVDVWLUDQtDV(ODQWH
    ORVTXHTXLHUHQKDFHU FHGHQWHPiVUHPRWRHVHOGH-RVp0DUWtTXLHQHQDEULOGHORJUDFRQ
    ODUHYROXFLyQQRVH FUHWDUVXSODQGHVHPEDUFDQGRHQ3OD\LWDVGH&DMREDERSDUDUHLQLFLDUODOXFKD
    SXHGHQFRQVWLWXLUHQ DUPDGDFRQWUDORVHVSDxROHV1RWLHQHp[LWRSRUTXHFDHHQFRPEDWH0iVWDU
    RUJDQL]DFLyQ GH DILQHVGHORVDxRV-XOLR $QWRQLR 0HOODH[LOLDGRHQ0p[LFRSODQHD
    HQSDUWLGR" LGpQWLFDLQYDVLyQDVSLUDQGRDGHUURFDUODGLFWDGXUDGH0DFKDGR1RORORJUD
    GLVFXUVRGHO HVDVHVLQDGRDQWHV)LQDOPHQWH)LGHO\HO0YXHOYHQDODFDUJDFRQHO
      PLVPRSODQLQYDGLUSRUPDU&XED\GHUURFDUODGLFWDGXUDPLOLWDUGH%DWLVWD
    (VWDWHUFHUDDUUHPHWLGDHVODTXHILQDOPHQWHWULXQID

    44 45
    La mirada Primer encuentro con Ernesto Guevara
    latinoamericana )LGHO&DVWUR\(UQHVWR*XHYDUDVHFRQRFHQSRUSULPHUDYH]0p[LFRDWUDYpV
    GHfLFR/ySH] PLOLWDQWHFXEDQRTXH*XHYDUDKDEtDFRQRFLGRHQ*XDWHPDOD 
    (QMXQLRGHHQ*XDWHPDOD(VWDGRV8QLGRVUHDOL]DORTXHPHMRUFRQR  )XHHQFDVDGH0DUtD$QWRQLD*RQ]iOH]XQDFXEDQDFDVDGDFRQXQPH[LFD
    FH&RQVSLUDFRQWUDXQJRELHUQRGHPRFUiWLFR\SUHSDUDXQDLQYDVLyQPHUFH QRHQFX\RGHSDUWDPHQWRFRQVSLUDQORVH[LOLDGRV*XHYDUDSULPHURFRQRFHD
    QDULDDOPDQGRGHOFRURQHO&DUORV&DVWLOOR $UPDVSDUDGHIHQGHUORVLQWH 5D~O&DVWURTXLHQSRUHQWRQFHV\DVHGHFODUDDELHUWDPHQWHPDU[LVWDOXHJRD
    UHVHVGHODVJUDQGHVFRUSRUDFLRQHVFRPRODWULVWHPHQWHFpOHEUH8QLWHG)UXLW VXKHUPDQR)LGHO)LGHO\HO&KHFHQDQDVRODVGXUDQWHKRUDV\DOWHUPLQDUOD
    HVSHFLDOL]DGDHQEDQDQDV$VtGHUURFDDOJRELHUQROHJtWLPRGH-DFRERUEHQ] UHXQLyQ)LGHOKDJDQDGRXQPpGLFRSDUDHO0
    /DLQFDSDFLGDGGHUEHQ]SDUDGHIHQGHUVHFRQODVDUPDVHQODPDQRGHOD
    &,$ \VXVPHUFHQDULRVLPSUHVLRQDDWRGDXQDJHQHUDFLyQGHMyYHQHVDQWLLP
    SHULDOLVWDVHQ$PpULFD/DWLQD(QWUHHOORV)LGHO&DVWUR

    (QXQDGHVXVFDUWDVHVFULEHHOMRYHQ(UQHVWRXQDFRQWHFLPLHQWRSROtWLFRHV
    KDEHUFRQRFLGRD)LGHO&DVWURHOUHYROXFLRQDULRFXEDQRHOPXFKDFKRMRYHQ
    *XDWHPDODQRHVXQDH[FHSFLyQ$GHPiVGHHVHFDVRODLQIOXHQFLDGH $Pp PX\ LQWHOLJHQWHPX\VHJXURGHVtPLVPR\GHH[WUDRUGLQDULDDXGDFLDFUHR
    ULFD/DWLQDHQHOSHQVDPLHQWRSROtWLFRGH)LGHOUHVXOWDLQVRVOD\DEOH3RUHMHP TXHVLPSDWL]DPRVPXWXDPHQWH/RVFXEDQRVUiSLGDPHQWHEDXWL]DQD*XH 
    SORHQ/DKLVWRULDPHDEVROYHUiWDPELpQVHHQFXHQWUDQUHIHUHQFLDVDODUHYR YDUD FRPR&KHKDFLHQGRUHIHUHQFLDDVXH[SUHVLyQDUJHQWLQD/DPLVPD
    OXFLyQEROLYLDQDGHDEULOGH$OOt)LGHOVHxDOD(VWiELHQUHFLHQWHHOFDVR QRFKHHQTXHVHLQFRUSRUDDO0*XHYDUDREOLJDD)LGHODSURPHWHUOHTXH
    GH%ROLYLDGRQGHORVPLQHURVFRQFDUWXFKRVGHGLQDPLWDGHUURWDURQ\DSODV VLWULXQIDQOHSHUPLWLUiVDOLUGH&XED\UHJUHVDUDOXFKDUDOD $UJHQWLQD)LGHO
    WDURQDORVUHJLPLHQWRVGHOHMpUFLWRUHJXODU DFHSWD

    46 47
    Fidel y el Che: El binomio Fidel-Che
    Una amistad inquebrantable /DUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDWLHQHODVXHUWHGHFRQWDUQRVyORFRQXQDVLQRFRQGRV
    JUDQGHVSHUVRQDOLGDGHVKLVWyULFDV $XQTXHDPERVFRPSDxHURVKD\DQFRP
    SDUWLGRGLYHUVDVSHULSHFLDVGHODYLGDUHYROXFLRQDULD GHVGHFRPEDWLUMXQWRVHQ
    OD 6LHUUD0DHVWUDKDVWDHVWXGLDUMXQWRV (O &DSLWDO GH 0DU[HQORVSULPHURV
    DxRVGHOWULXQIR FDGDXQRWLHQHXQPDWL]SURSLRTXHVHFRPSOHPHQWDFRQHO
    GHORWUR

    6L)LGHOFRQVWLWX\HHOSULQFLSDOOtGHU\HVWUDWHJDSROtWLFRGHODUHYROXFLyQ\XQ
    RUDGRUFDULVPiWLFRLQFRPSDUDEOHHO&KHDGHPiVGHJXHUULOOHURKHURLFR
    HV VLQGXGDVXSULQFLSDOHVFULWRUWHyULFRPDU[LVWD(QDPERVVHXQLILFDQ\
    DPDOJDPDQ HOSHQVDPLHQWRDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDUDGLFDOGHQXHVWUD $PpULFD \HO
    PDU[LVPRUHYROXFLRQDULRGRVWUDGLFLRQHVTXHQRVLHPSUHKDQHVWDGRXQLGDV
    HQRWURVSURFHVRVVRFLDOHVGHOFRQWLQHQWH

    48 49
    La tradicin internacionalista de Cuba La expedicin del Granma
    4XHHODUJHQWLQR(UQHVWR&KH*XHYDUDXQH[WUDQMHUROOHJDUDDVHUPi[LPR )LGHOHQFDEH]DODH[SHGLFLyQLQVXUJHQWHTXHHOVDOHGHOSXHUWRGH
    GLULJHQWH GHODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDMXQWRD)LGHOQRFRQVWLWX\HDOJRUDUR(Q 7X[SDQ 0p[LFR FRQGHVWLQRD&XEDFRQHOREMHWLYRGHFRQWLQXDUODOXFKDLQL
    &XED H[LVWHQPXFKRVDQWHFHGHQWHV(QWLHPSRVGH0DUWt\ODOXFKDFRQWUD FLDGDHQHODVDOWRDOFXDUWHO0RQFDGD\GHUURFDUDODGLFWDGXUDPLOLWDU 9LDMDQ
    (VSDxDXQRGHORVOtGHUHVFXEDQRVHV0i[LPR*yPH]\%iH]LQWHUQDFLRQD VLHWHGtDVHQXQSHTXHxR\DWHHO*UDQPDTXHQRHVWDEDSUHSDUDGRSDUD
    OLVWDGRPLQLFDQR0iVWDUGHHQ0p[LFRFXDQGRHO0VHSUHSDUDSDUDOD WUDVODGDUKRPEUHVSRUHOPDU/RVH[SHGLFLRQDULRVVXIUHQPDUHRVYyPLWRV
    H[SHGLFLyQ GHO*UDQPDXQRGHVXVSULQFLSDOHVLQVWUXFWRUHVHV$QJHOLWR \PLOSHULSHFLDV&XDQGROOHJDQDODLVODHO&KH*XHYDUD\5D~O&DVWURVRQ
    $OEHUWR%D\R H[FRURQHOUHSXEOLFDQRHVSDxROH[LOLDGRHQ0p[LFRPDHVWURGH ORVGRV~OWLPRVHQGHVFHQGHUGHOEDUFR
    )LGHO5D~O\HO&KH*XHYDUDHQFXHVWLRQHVGHHVWUDWHJLD\JXHUUD

    (VDWUDGLFLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDOLVWDQRTXHGDUHGXFLGDQLDODJHQHUDFLyQGH0DUWt
    QLDODGH)LGHO(QWUHDPERVVHHQFXHQWUDODJHQHUDFLyQGHORV\8QR (O  HQFDEH]DGRVSRU)UDQN3DtVORVMyYHQHVGHO0GHODV
    GHVXVSULQFLSDOHVH[SRQHQWHVHV3DEORGHOD 7RUULHQWH%UDXTXLHQPXHUHHQ ]RQDV XUEDQDVFRQRFLGDVFRPRHOOODQRSRURSRVLFLyQDO0GHODV
    (VSDxD FRPEDWLHQGRHQHOFpOHEUH95HJLPLHQWRFRQWUDORVIUDQTXLVWDV $ ]RQDVUXUDOHVTXHDGRSWDQHOQRPEUHGHODVLHUUDVHODQ]DQDODWRPDGH
    3DEORGHOD7RUULHQWHODPXHUWHORHQFXHQWUDHQWUH0DMDGDKRQGD\5RPDQL ODFLXGDGGH6DQWLDJRGH&XED(ODO]DPLHQWRGHO0XUEDQRDVSLUDDVHU
    OORVODIUtDPDxDQDGHO8QDEDODIDVFLVWDOHSHUIRUDHOSHFKR\ VLQFUyQLFRFRQHOGHVHPEDUFRGHO*UDQPDSHURpVWHOOHJDFDVLWUHVGtDVGHV
    VDOHSRUVXHVSDOGD(QWUHJDVXYLGDSRUOD5HS~EOLFDHVSDxROD\ODUHYROXFLyQ SXpVHOFXDQGRHOHMpUFLWR\DHVWiDOHUWD\VHPRYLOL]DDOD]RQD
    PXQGLDOHQODVILODVGHXQEDWDOOyQGLULJLGRSRURWURFXEDQRLQWHUQDFLRQDOLVWD GRQGHVHKDQGLVSHUVDGRORVFRPEDWLHQWHVTXHGHVHPEDUFDQHQODSOD\D
    3ROLFDUSR&DQGyQ(VHQWHUUDGRHQ%DUFHORQD $xRVPiVWDUGHFRQWLQXDQGR GHODV&RORUDGDVHQODHQVHQDGDGHOSLFR7XUTXLQR H[WUHPRVXURFFLGHQWDOGH
    HVWDODUJDWUDGLFLyQ&XEDHQYtDPLOHV\PLOHVGHLQWHUQDFLRQDOLVWDVDFRPED &XED 4XLHQHVORJUDQOOHJDUVHDGHQWUDQHQOD6LHUUD0DHVWUDOD]RQDPRQ
    WLUHQRWURVSDtVHVGH$VLDIULFD\$PpULFD/DWLQD WDxRVDPiVFHUFDQD

    50 51
    Fidel, maestro del entusiasmo La lucha poltica y la lucha armada
    $OOOHJDUDWLHUUDODVWURSDVGLULJLGDVSRU)LGHOVHGLVSHUVDQ(OHMpUFLWRGH%DWLV 'HVGH MRYHQ)LGHOOHHFOiVLFRVGHOSHQVDPLHQWRPLOLWDU  WDQWRGHODKLVWRULD
    WDHVWiDOHUWD/RVSHUVLJXHSRUORVFDxDYHUDOHV(OSULPHUFRPEDWHVHFRQR QDFLRQDOFRPRGHODKLVWRULDPXQGLDO(QODJXHUUDUHYROXFLRQDULDGH&XEDWUD
    FHFRPR$OHJUtDGH3tR$OOtPXHUHQWUHVH[SHGLFLRQDULRVGRVHQFRPEDWH\ WDGHDSOLFDUHVRVFRQRFLPLHQWRVDGTXLULGRVHQVXMXYHQWXG $ SDUWLUGHHOORV
    XQKHULGRDVHVLQDGRRWURTXHGDJUDYHPHQWHKHULGR'XUDQWHODSHUVHFXFLyQ KDFH VX\DODJUDQFRQFOXVLyQGHOWHyULFR.DUOYRQ&ODXVHZLW]>@
    HOHMpUFLWRDVHVLQDDSULVLRQHURV'HELGRDODVSURWHVWDVSRSXODUHVGHUHSX TXLHQDILUPD/DJXHUUDQRHVPiVTXHODFRQWLQXDFLyQGHODSROtWLFDSRURWURV
    GLRSRUWDOHVFUtPHQHVVDOYDQODYLGDRWURVUHYROXFLRQDULRVTXHVRQHQYLD PHGLRV/DOXFKDDUPDGDVHGHEHJXLDU\GLULJLUDSDUWLUGHXQDHVWUDWHJLDSROt
    GRVDODFiUFHO9HLQWHORJUDQHVFDSDUKDFLDODFLXGDG'HHOORVVLHWHVHUHLQ WLFDUHYROXFLRQDULD/RVSUREOHPDVWpFQLFRVPLOLWDUHVVHGHEHQDERUGDUGHVGH
    FRUSRUDQDODVPRQWDxDV/RVUHVWDQWHVHQFDEH]DGRVSRU)LGHOOOHJDQDOD ODSROtWLFD \QRDOUHYpV 
    6LHUUD0DHVWUD(QWRWDOGHORVH[SHGLFLRQDULRVTXHGDQYLYRV DXQTXH
    HOPLWRSRSXODUGLFHTXHVRQ 

    )LGHOFRQFLEHOD
    OXFKDUHYROXFLRQD
    ULDLQFOXVRHQVX
    IDVHSROtWLFRPLOLWDU
    FRPRXQDOXFKDGH
    PDVDV3RUHMHP
    SORGHVSXpVGHO
    DVDOWRDOFXDUWHO
    0RQFDGDHVWDQGR
    WRGDYtDHQSULVLyQ
    OHKDEtDHVFULWRD
    ODVGRVPXMHUHV
    PRQFDGLVWDV&RQ
    VLGHURTXHHQHVWRV
    /XHJRGHHVRVFRPEDWHV\SHUVHFXFLRQHV)LGHO\5D~OMXQWRFRQRWURVUHYROX PRPHQWRVODSURSDJDQGDHVYLWDOVLQSURSDJDQGDQRKD\PRYLPLHQWRGH
    FLRQDULRVORJUDQUHXQLUVHQXHYDPHQWH$OYHUOOHJDUD5D~O\VXVFRPSDxHURV PDVDV\VLQPRYLPLHQWRGHPDVDVQRKD\UHYROXFLyQSRVLEOH  FDUWDD0HO
    )LGHOH[FODPD$KRUDVtJDQDPRVODJXHUUD (VDH[SUHVLyQGH)LGHOHQDTXHO ED+HUQiQGH]\+D\GHp6DQWDPDUtD $OGtDVLJXLHQWHOHVUHLWHUD
    PRPHQWRWDQSDUWLFXODUKDFHTXH5D~OFRPHQWHLUyQLFDPHQWHFRQ5HQp5RGUt /DWDUHDQXHVWUDGHLQPHGLDWRHVPRYLOL]DUDQXHVWURIDYRUODRSLQLyQS~EOL 
    JXH]0HSDUHFHTXHPLKHUPDQRVHKDYXHOWRORFR (QHVDDQpFGRWDIDPRVD FD>@ WHQHPRVGHUHFKRDJDQDUQRVODIHGHOSXHEORVLQODFXDOORUHSLWRPLO
    VHUHVXPHHOHQWXVLDVPRTXH)LGHOVLHPSUHLQWHQWDLQFXOFDUHQORVUHYROXFLRQD YHFHVQRKD\UHYROXFLyQSRVLEOH &DUWDGHO *UDYHLJQRUDQFLD
    ULRVD~QHQODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVPiVGUDPiWLFDV\GHVHVSHUDGDV)LGHOVDEHTXH GHPXHVWUDQTXLHQHVDFXVDQD)LGHO\DO&KHGHVHUPLOLWDULVWDVIRTXLVWDV
    ODPRUDOGHFRPEDWHUHVXOWDIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDJDQDUFXDOTXLHUFRQIURQWDFLyQ RGHVXERUGLQDUODSROtWLFDDODJXHUUD

    52 53
    Revolucin Cubana = La Guerra Revolucionaria
    Militarismo Foquista? /XHJRGHTXHODVWURSDVGH)LGHOORJUDQDWUDYHVDUDILQHVGH\GXUDQ 
    WHWRGRODSULPHUDHWDSDGHODOXFKDIDVHGHVXSHUYLYHQFLDIUHQWHD
    $OJXQRVDxRVGHVSXpVGHOWULXQIRGH)LGHODOKDFHUODKLVWRULDGHODUHYROXFLyQ XQ HQHPLJRSRGHURVRHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGHVHFRQVROLGD\H[SDQGHHQ
    FXEDQDDOJXQRVLPSURYLVDGRVKDQSUHWHQGLGRUHGXFLUODDXQVHQFLOOR\IDOVR YDULDVFROXPQDV&RQVROLGDGRHOSULPHUIUHQWHJXHUULOOHURHOTXH
    HVTXHPDGHSL]DUUyQ/DUHYROXFLyQKDEUtDVLGRHOSURGXFWRGHFXDWURMyYHQHV GDLQVWDODGRHOVHJXQGR)UHQWHDOPDQGRGH5D~O&DVWURPLHQWUDVHO&KH
    EDUEXGRVTXHDLVODGRVGHOSXHEORVLQOXFKDSROtWLFD\H[FOXVLYDPHQWHDORV *XHYDUDFRPDQGDOD&ROXPQD&LUR5HGRQGR/DLQYDVLyQGHWRGRHOSDtV
    WLURVKDEUtDQLPSXHVWRGHVGHODVPRQWDxDVVXVLGHDVVREUHXQSXHEORLJQR TXH)LGHOOHVRUGHQDDO&KH\D&DPLORVHLQLFLDFRQDSUR[LPDGDPHQWH
    UDQWH\SDVLYR(VWHHVTXHPDVLPSOLVWDGHIRUPDGR\XQLODWHUDOQRUHVSRQGHD  UHEHOGHVXQDYH]TXHHO(MpUFLWRLQVXUUHFWRORJUDFDSWXUDUDUPDV\
    ORTXHHIHFWLYDPHQWHVXFHGLyHQODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQD PXQLFLRQHVDO(MpUFLWRRILFLDOGHODGLFWDGXUD(QORVPHVHVTXHGXUDOD
    1LQJXQDUHYROXFLyQSXHGHKDFHUVHDOPDUJHQGHODOXFKDSROtWLFDGHODVJUDQGHV JXHUUDUHYROXFLRQDULDODVOXFKDVUXUDOHVVRQDFRPSDxDGDVSRUOXFKDVXUED
    PDVDVLQFOXVRFXDQGRODYtDHVWUDWpJLFDFRQVLVWHHQWRPDUHOSRGHUSRUODOXFKD QDVHQXQDHVWUDWHJLDGRQGH)LGHOHQFDEH]DQGRXQPDQGRSROtWLFRPLOLWDU
    DUPDGD(Q&XEDDGHPiVGHIRUPDUHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGHFX\RFRPDQGDQWH XQLILFDGR FRPELQDODVOXFKDVFDPSHVLQDVODVOXFKDVREUHUDVODVOXFKDV
    HQMHIHHV)LGHO&DVWURORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVGHVSOLHJDQWRGDXQDEDWDOODSROtWL FtYLFDVGHODVFDSDVPHGLDV\ODVOXFKDVHVWXGLDQWLOHV
    FD(QHOFDPSR\HQODVFLXGDGHVHQODVLHUUD\HQHOOODQRHQODJXHUULOOD $VHQWDGRHQODPD\RUSDUWHGHOSDtVHQDEULOGHHO0FRQYRFDXQD
    HQVLQGLFDWRV\FHQWURVGHHVWXGLDQWHV(QWUH\VHFUHDHQ6DQWLDJR KXHOJDJHQHUDOTXHIUDFDVD$QWHHVWHIUDFDVRODGLFWDGXUDGH
    GH&XEDHOPRYLPLHQWRGHUHVLVWHQFLDFtYLFDGHFDUiFWHUSULQFLSDOPHQWHXUEDQR %DWLVWDODQ]DXQDRIHQVLYDFRQWUDORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVGHV
    $GHPiVODDFFLyQFODQGHVWLQDHQFDEH]DGDSRU)UDQN3DtV*DUFtDMHIHGHODV SOLHJDFLQFREDWDOORQHVSDUDGDUHOJROSHGHILQLWLYRHQOD
    PLOLFLDVXUEDQDVGHO0ODGHVXVXFHVRU5HQp5DPRV/DWRXU DOLDV'DQLHO ]RQD GH3LFR 7XUTXLQR VHGHGHODFRPDQGDQFLD
    >@ HQ2ULHQWHODGH)DXVWLQR3pUH]>@HQ/D+DEDQD\OD UHEHOGH (OHMpUFLWRRILFLDOUH~QHDSUR[LPDGD
    SDUWLFLSDFLyQGH-RVp$QWRQLR(FKHYHUUtDOtGHUHVWXGLDQWLOGHO'LUHFWRULR5HYROX PHQWHKRPEUHV'HUURWDGDHVWDRIHQ
    FLRQDULRH[SUHVDQFXDWURHMHPSORVVLJQLILFDWLYRVGHODDFWLYDOXFKDXUEDQDTXH VLYD GH%DWLVWDFRQWUDOD6LHUUD0DHVWUD
    DFRPSDxDODLQVXUJHQFLDUXUDOHQOD6LHUUD0DHVWUD VHLV PHVHVGHVSXpVORVUHEHOGHV\D
    FXHQWDQ FRQRFKRIUHQWHVJXHUULOOH
    URV\FROXPQDV(VWDIXHU]DLQL
    FLD HOVLWLRGHORVFXDUWHOHVPiV
    LPSRUWDQWHVGHOSDtV(O&KH*XHYD
    UD FRPLHQ]DSRUHMHPSORODFpOH
    EUHEDWDOODGH6DQWD&ODUDFRQ
    UHEHOGHV PLHQWUDVHO(MpUFLWRFRQ
    FHQWUD HQHVDFLXGDGDVRO
    GDGRV \DGHPiVUHFLEHUHIXHU]RV
    HQXQWUHQEOLQGDGR$ ORODUJRGHOD
    JXHUUD ORVDYLRQHVGHODIXHU]D
    DpUHDGH%DWLVWDFDUJDQPXFKDV
    YHFHV ERPEDV\PXQLFLRQHVHQOD
    EDVHQDYDOQRUWHDPHULFDQDGH&DL
    PDQHUD*XDQWiQDPR

    54 55
    El mundo en tiempos de la lucha La Revolucin Cubana de hizo
    armada cubana gracias a la U.R.S.S.?
    0LHQWUDVHQ&XEDORVUHEHOGHVGH)LGHOGHVDUUROODQODOXFKDDUPDGDHOPXQ  $XQTXH DFWXDOPHQWH>@HVWDQVyORXQUHFXHUGRGHOSDVDGRGXUDQWH
    GRYLYHODJXHUUDIUtD'HUURWDGRVQD]LV\IDVFLVWDVHQODVGRVSRWHQ PXFKRWLHPSRORVSDUWLGDULRVGHOD8QLyQ6RYLpWLFDGHFtDQTXHODUHYROXFLyQ
    FLDVTXHGLYLGHQiUHDVGHLQIOXHQFLDVRQ((88\OD8QLyQ6RYLpWLFD'XUDQWH FXEDQDVHKL]RJUDFLDVDOD8566'HVFRQRFtDQTXHHQHVDpSRFDOD8566
    HVRVDxRVVHFRQVROLGDDQLYHOPXQGLDOODGLVFLSOLQDVRFLDOGHSRVJXHUUD(Q QRDOHQWDEDODVUHYROXFLRQHVHQRFFLGHQWH\VHRSRQtDDWRGDOXFKDDUPDGD
    RFFLGHQWH GHVDUUROODGRKHJHPRQL]DGRSRU((88HOFDSLWDOLVPRIRUGLVWD GHIHQGLHQGR ODWHVLVGHXQVXSXHVWRHLQH[LVWHQWHFDPELRSDFtILFRDO
    QHXWUDOL]D ODUHEHOGtDREUHUDPHGLDQWHVLQGLFDWRVEXURFUDWL]DGRV\VDODULRV VRFLDOLVPR
    UHODWLYDPHQWHDOWRV/RVPRQRSROLRVSXHGHQSDJDUORVJUDFLDVDODH[SORWD
    FLyQGHO7HUFHU0XQGRGRQGHSUROLIHUDHOQHRFRORQLDOLVPR TXHDUWLFXODODLQGH
    SHQGHQFLDIRUPDOGHODVH[FRORQLDVFRQXQUHQRYDGR\VXWLOVDTXHRHFRQyPL
    FR  ,QWHUQDPHQWH((88DSOLFDHOPDFFDUWLVPRFRPELQDQGRUHSUHVLyQGH
    WRGDGLVLGHQFLDYLJLODQFLDFHQVXUD\RSUHVLyQGHVXVSURSLRVFLXGDGDQRV
    (VWDGLVFLSOLQDVRFLDOGHOFDSLWDOLVPRGHSRVJXHUUDWLHQHVXFRQWUDSDUWLGDHQOD
    8QLyQ 6RYLpWLFD SDtVGHVDQJUDGRTXHSHUGLyPLOORQHVGHPXHUWRVOD
    PD\RUFDQWLGDGSDUDGHUURWDUODFULPLQDOLQYDVLyQQD]L 'XUDQWHHVDSRV
    JXHUUDHQOD8566VHFRQVROLGDXQSHTXHxRVHFWRUSULYLOHJLDGRODEXURFUD
    FLDVWDOLQLVWDTXHDOHMDGRGHOSXHEORWUDEDMDGRUHMHUFHLQWHUQDPHQWHODSHU
    VHFXFLyQ \UHSUHVLyQFRQWUDORVSURSLRVUHYROXFLRQDULRV0XHUWR6WDOLQHQ
     RWURVHFWRUGHODEXURFUDFLDVRYLpWLFDWRPDHOPDQGR\SURPXHYHOD
    FRH[LVWHQFLDSDFtILFDFRQHOLPSHULDOLVPR(Q$PpULFD/DWLQDOD8566\VXV
    SDUWLGDULRVVHRSRQHQDWRGDOXFKDDUPDGD

    (O(MpUFLWR5HEHOGH\HO0QRFXHQWDQQLFRQDUPDVQLFRQGLQHURQLFRQ
    DVHVRUHVVRYLpWLFRV7ULXQIDQVREUHODGLFWDGXUDPLOLWDUGH%DWLVWD \VXVDPRV
    QRUWHDPHULFDQRV SRUVXSURSLDFXHQWD\FRQVXVSURSLDVIXHU]DV

    56 57
    Revolucin o Razn de Estado? Las enseanzas de
    1RFRQYLHQHFRQIXQGLUHOLQWHUQDFLRQDOLVPRFRQODUD]yQGH(VWDGR /RVUHYR la Revolucin Cubana
    OXFLRQDULRVGHFDGDSDtVSXHGHQPX\ELHQVROLGDUL]DUVHDFWLYDPHQWHFRQRWURV
    (VWDGRVGRQGHORVWUDEDMDGRUHVKD\DQWULXQIDGRVLQWHQHUTXHVHJXLUDO 0iVDOOiGHODVQXPHURVDVDQpFGRWDVKLVWyULFDVVLQJXODUHVHLUUHSHWLEOHVOD
    SLHGHODOHWUDVXVFRQVHMRVQLVXERUGLQDUVHDORVLQWHUHVHVFLUFXQVWDQFLDOHV UHYROXFLyQFXEDQDDSRUWDHQVHxDQ]DVGHODUJRDOLHQWR\DOFDQFHJHQHUDOSDUD
    RDODVQHFHVLGDGHVSROtWLFDVTXHSXHGDQWHQHUHVRV(VWDGRV HOPRYLPLHQWRVRFLDOODWLQRDPHULFDQR\PXQGLDOGHQXHVWURVGtDV

    $OJXQDVGHVXVHQVHxDQ]DVVRQ D ODGRPLQDFLyQGHORVSRGHURVRVLQFOXVR
    HQHOWHUUHQRPLOLWDUQXQFDHVDEVROXWD6HSXHGHYHQFHU E SDUDWULXQIDUHV
    LPSUHVFLQGLEOHODXQLGDGGHORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVUHVSHWDUVXVGLIHUHQFLDVSHUR
    SULYLOHJLDUORTXHXQH F HQORVSDtVHVSHULIpULFRV\GHSHQGLHQWHVVHFRQMXJDQ
    ODOXFKDSRUODOLEHUDFLyQQDFLRQDO\HOVRFLDOLVPR1RKD\GRVUHYROXFLRQHV
    VHSDUDGDVHQHOWLHPSRVLQRXQDVRODTXHFRPELQDDPEDVWDUHDV G HQ$Pp
    ULFD/DWLQDVHGHEHOXFKDUDOPLVPRWLHPSRFRQWUDHOLPSHULDOLVPR\VXVVRFLRV
    ORFDOHVODVEXUJXHVtDVDXWyFWRQDVRQDWLYDV H WRGRDQWLFRPXQLVPRHVUHDF
    FLRQDULR I KD\TXHSHQVDUFRQFDEH]DSURSLDSULRUL]DQGRORVSUREOHPDVLUUH
    VXHOWRVGHOSURSLRSDtV J HVQHFHVDULRSODQWHDUXQDSURSXHVWDSROtWLFDFRPR
    XQSUR\HFWRpWLFR\PRUDO6LQPRUDOQRVHSXHGHJDQDUQLQJXQDOXFKDQLQJX
    QDJXHUUD\QLQJXQDUHYROXFLyQ

    58 59
    El Che, combatiente de Fidel Camilo Cienfuegos
    <DGHVGHHOSULPHUFRPEDWHDOGHVFHQGHUGHO*UDQPD(UQHVWR*XHYDUDVH $XQTXH )LGHOHVHOSULQFLSDOGLULJHQWHGHODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDQRFRPEDWH
    YHREOLJDGRDHOHJLUHQWUHXQDFDMDGHEDODV\XQDPRFKLODFRQPHGLFDPHQ VROR/DVUHYROXFLRQHVGHYHUGDGQRWLHQHQQDGDTXHYHUFRQODVSHOtFXODVGH
    WRV6HOHSUHVHQWDODGLV\XQWLYDGHVHUPpGLFRRJXHUULOOHURGHO(MpUFLWR5HEHO +ROO\ZRRG GRQGHHOSURWDJRQLVWDVLHPSUHHVXQVXSHUKpURHVROLWDULRTXH
    GH(OLJHHVWD~OWLPDRSFLyQ'HDOOtHQPiVVHGHVWDFDFRPRFRPEDWLHQWH\ SHOHDHQIRUPDLQGLYLGXDO$GHPiVGHFRQWDUFRQHO&KH)LGHOHVDFRPSDxD
    GLULJHQWHOOHJDQGRDVHUXQRGHORVFRPDQGDQWHVSULQFLSDOHVGHODUHYROXFLyQ GRSRUJUDQGHVOXFKDGRUHVGHOSXHEOR(QWUHPXFKRVRWURVVREUHVDOHODSHU
    \VXILJXUDHPEOHPiWLFDDQLYHOPXQGLDO VRQDOLGDG GH&DPLOR&LHQIXHJRV>@H[SHGLFLRQDULRGHO*UDQPD
    LQWHJUDQWHGHODFROXPQDGHO&KH*XHYDUDOXHJRFRPDQGDQWHGHOD&ROXPQD
    $QWRQLR0DFHR\XQRGHORVSULQFLSDOHVOtGHUHVGHODUHYROXFLyQ

    /DDFFLyQHOHMHPSORPRUDO\HOSHQVDPLHQWRGHO&KH*XHYDUDWLHQHQSHVR
    HVSHFtILFR\XQDLPSRUWDQFLDDQiORJDDODGH)LGHO&DVWUR(O&KHFRQXQD
    UHIOH[LyQSURSLDGHVDUUROODXQDYLVLyQ\XQDLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHOPDU[LVPRRULJL 'HVSXpVGHOWULXQIRUHYROXFLRQDULRHOODDYLRQHWDTXHOOHYDD&DPLOR
    QDODQLYHOPXQGLDO1RREVWDQWHVLHPSUHVHSUHVHQWDFRPRXQFRPEDWLHQWH GHVGH&DPDJH\D/D+DEDQDVHSLHUGHHQHOPDU  &DPLORKDEtDLGRD&DPD
    GH)LGHO,QFOXVRHQVXVPHMRUHVWH[WRVVHUHILHUHD)LGHOFRPRHOPi[LPROtGHU JH\DVRIRFDUXQLQWHQWRFRQWUDUUHYROXFLRQDULR\DQWLFRPXQLVWDGH+XEHU0DWRV 
    GHODUHYROXFLyQ(Q(OVRFLDOLVPR\HOKRPEUHHQ&XEDVLQGXGDHOWH[WR 3RUHQWRQFHV&DPLORHUDMHIHGHOHVWDGRPD\RUGHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGH/RVDSDUD
    PiV DFDEDGRGH*XHYDUDGHVFULEHVXOLGHUD]JR\VXFDULVPDFRPRXQD WRV GHLQWHOLJHQFLDGH((88GLIXQGLHURQPLOYHUVLRQHV\FDOXPQLDVVREUHVX
    IXHU]DWHO~ULFD/RPLVPRHQVXFDUWDGHGHVSHGLGDGRQGHOHFRQILHVDTXH PXHUWH&DPLORIXHDVHVLQDGRGHVDSDUHFLySRUULYDOLGDGHVHWF/D&,$ UHSLWLy
    VLFDHOXFKDQGREDMRRWURFLHORVXV~OWLPRVSHQVDPLHQWRVVHUiQSDUDpO HVDHVWUDWHJLDFXDQGRHO&KHIXHDFRPEDWLUFODQGHVWLQRDO&RQJR IULFD 

    60 61
    Ral Castro y Barbarroja Jos Antonio Echevarra
    'HVGHPX\MRYHQpSRFDHQTXH\DVHQXWUHGHOHFWXUDVPDU[LVWDV5D~O $XQTXHHQDOJXQRVXQLYHUVLWDULRVPLUDQFRQUHFHORRGHVFRQILDQ]DORV
    &DVWUR >@FRPSDUWHPLOLWDQFLDFRQVXKHUPDQRPD\RU)LGHO3URPXHYH LPSXOVRV FODQGHVWLQRV\UHEHOGHVGHOMRYHQ)LGHO&DVWURFRQWUDODGLFWDGXUD
    SURWHVWDVHVWXGLDQWLOHVSDUWLFLSDHQHODVDOWRDOSDODFLRGH-XVWLFLD\HOFXDUWHO PLOLWDU -RVp $QWRQLR (FKHYHUUtD>@PDQWLHQHVLHPSUHXQDDFWLWXG
    0RQFDGDFDHHQSULVLyQVHH[LOLDHQ0p[LFRHVFRIXQGDGRUGHO0YLD IUDQFD\WUDQVSDUHQWH'HMDQGRDOPDUJHQPH]TXLQGDGHVSHUVRQDOHVQRVLHQ
    MD HQODH[SHGLFLyQGHO*UDQPD\  DVFHQGLGRDFRPDQGDQWHHQIHEUHURGH WHFHORVVHFRPSRUWDFRPRXQFRPSDxHUROHDO\IUDWHUQR\VHVXPDDODOXFKD
     OOHJDDGLULJLUHQPDU]RGHHVHDxRHOVHJXQGRIUHQWHRULHQWDO)UDQN 6LHQGRSUHVLGHQWHGHOD)(8GHILHQGHODDPQLVWtDSDUDORVSUHVRVGHO0RQFD
    3DtVGHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGH/XHJRGHOWULXQIR5D~OHVXQRGHORVSULQFLSDOHV GD$ ILQHV GHIRUPDHO'LUHFWRULR5HYROXFLRQDULR\HQVHSWLHPEUHGH
    MHIHVGHODV)XHU]DV$UPDGDV5HYROXFLRQDULDV )$5 TXHGHILHQGHQODUHYR ILUPDMXQWRD)LGHOHO3DFWRGH0p[LFRSULPHUJUDQSDVRGHODXQLGDG
    OXFLyQ IUHQWHDODVDPHQD]DVKRVWLOLGDGHVVDERWDMHV\DWDTXHVGHOLPSHULR GHORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVFRQWUD%DWLVWD
    PiVSRGHURVRGHODWLHUUDORV(VWDGRV8QLGRVGH $PpULFD

    (OXQJUXSRGHMyYHQHVGHO'LUHFWRULR
    5HYROXFLRQDULRHQFDEH]DGRVSRU-RVp$QWRQLR
    (FKHYHUUtDDWDFDQHOSDODFLRSUHVLGHQFLDOORJUDQGR
    SHQHWUDUHQpO(OREMHWLYR
    HVDMXVWLFLDUDOGLFWDGRU
    2WURFRPDQGRGHOPLVPR
    JUXSRWRPDODHPLVRUD
    (Q ODFROXPQDTXHGLULJH5D~OVHGHVWDFDXQMRYHQSHOLUURMR0DQXHO3LxHLUR 5DGLR5HORM\GLIXQGHOD
    /RVDGD>@DOLDVHOJDOOHJRTXLHQPiVWDUGHVHUiHOFRPDQGDQWH%DU QRWLFLDGHORVFRPEDWHV
    EDUURMD (VWHMRYHQFXEDQRKDEtDHVWXGLDGRHQOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH&ROXPELD %DWLVWDDOFDQ]DDHVFDSDU
    1XHYD<RUN ((88 'HVGHDQWHVGHODWRPDGHOSRGHU%DUEDUURMDHVHQFDUJD /DDFFLyQIUDFDVDDOQR
    GRGHODLQWHOLJHQFLDUHYROXFLRQDULD/XHJRGHOWULXQIRWLHQHDVXFDUJRODVHJXUL UHFLELUHODSR\RGHXQVHJXQGR
    GDGGHOQXHYRHVWDGRUHYROXFLRQDULRHQHO0LQLVWHULRGHO,QWHULRU 0,1,17 \HQ JUXSR(OMRYHQ(FKHYHUUtDFDHHQOD
    HO9LFH0LQLVWHULR7pFQLFR 907 DVtFRPRWDPELpQHQOD'LUHFFLyQ*HQHUDOGH DFFLyQTXHVLQHPEDUJRORJUDJHQHUDU
    /LEHUDFLyQ1DFLRQDO '*/1 \HQHO'HSDUWDPHQWR $PpULFDGHO3DUWLGR&RPX FRQFLHQFLDDQWLGLFWDWRULDOHQWRGDOD
    QLVWD WRGRVHOORVHQFDUJDGRVGHFRRUGLQDU\DSR\DUODOXFKDLQVXUUHFFLRQDO\ SREODFLyQ\IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHHQODMXYHQWXG
    FODQGHVWLQDHQGLYHUVRVSDtVHVGH$PpULFD/DWLQD\HOPXQGR6XILJXUDOHJHQ 'HVGHHQWRQFHVVXRUJDQL]DFLyQSDVDD
    GDULDIHUR]PHQWHRGLDGDSRUOD&,$HVHPEOHPiWLFD\UHSUHVHQWDHODSR\R OODPDUVH'LUHFWRULR5HYROXFLRQDULR
    LQWHUQDFLRQDOLVWDGH&XEDDWRGRVORVUHYROXFLRQDULRV\UHEHOGHVGHOPXQGR GHPDU]R '5

    62 63
    Frank Pas y la lucha urbana Mujeres revolucionarias
    3RFRWLHPSRGHVSXpVGHODPXHUWHGH-RVp $QWRQLR(FKHYHUUtDHO /D SDUWLFLSDFLyQGHODVPXMH 
    PXHUHDVHVLQDGRSRUODGLFWDGXUDRWURFXDGURMRYHQGHODUHYROXFLyQ)UDQN UHV HQODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQD
    3DtV*DUFtD DOLDV'DYLGR&DUORV>@ &DHMXQWRDVXDPLJR5D~O FRQVWLWX\H XQFDStWXORIXQGD
    3XMROV>@/DPXHUWHGH(FKHYHUUtD\3DtVFRQGHQVDQHOFRPSURPL PHQWDO QRVLHPSUHFRQRFLGR
    VRGHXQDJHQHUDFLyQMRYHQTXHGDWRGRDEVROXWDPHQWHWRGRSRUHPDQFLSDU D ODKRUDGHUHIOH[LRQDUVREUH
    D&XEDGHOGRPLQLRQRUWHDPHULFDQR\GHVXVVRFLRVORFDOHVODSURVWLWXLGDEXU OD DFWXDFLyQGH)LGHO3RU
    JXHVtDQDFLRQDOFXEDQD HMHPSORXQDYH]HQ6DQWLDJR
    &RPR PXFKRVLQWHJUDQWHVGHODOXFKDXUEDQDGHO0$UPDQGR+DUW GH&XEDHOHPEDMDGRUQRUWHD
    'iYDORV>@)DXVWLQR3pUH]5HQp5DPRV/DWRXUHWF)UDQN3DtVSUR PHULFDQR 6PLWKHVVRUSUHQGL
    YLHQHGHO0RYLPLHQWR1DFLRQDOLVWD5HYROXFLRQDULR 015 \GH $FFLyQ1DFLR GRHQVXYLVLWDDOD\XQWDPLHQ
    QDO5HYROXFLRQDULD $15 $OOtPLOLWDDQWHVGHLQJUHVDUDO0GRQGHOOHJD WR SRUODVPXMHUHVGHORV
    DVHUMHIHQDFLRQDOGHDFFLyQ\VDERWDMH(VWHMRYHQHVWXGLDQWHKDEtDFXU FRPEDWLHQWHV (OODVFRPR
    VDGROD(VFXHOD1RUPDOOOHJDQGRDSUHVLGLUVXFHQWURGHHVWXGLDQWHVFRQV PiVWDUGHKDUiQHQ $UJHQWLQD
    WLWX\HXQDGHODVPi[LPDVH[SUHVLRQHVGHXQDVSHFWRPXFKDVYHFHVVXEHVWL ODVPDGUHVGHOD3OD]DGH0D\R\PXFKDVRWUDVGH $PpULFD/DWLQDOHH[L
    PDGR GHODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDODOXFKDFODQGHVWLQDXUEDQDHQODVJUDQGHV JHQTXH((88GHMHGHD\XGDUDODGLFWDGXUDTXHORVDVHVLQRVVHPDUFKHQGH
    FLXGDGHVGHVDUUROODGDSRUODJHQWHGHOOODQR ODFLXGDG\WHUPLQHODPDWDQ]DGHVXVKLMRV(OSDSHODFWLYR\PLOLWDQWHGHODV
    PXMHUHVHQODJXHUUDUHYROXFLRQDULDQRTXHGDUHGXFLGRDODVROLGDULGDGHQWDQ
    WRPDGUHVGHRHVSRVDVGH1XPHURVDVPXMHUHVSDUWLFLSDQGLUHFWDPHQWH
    FRPRFRPEDWLHQWHV\JXHUULOOHUDV
    $GHPiV GHODVIDPRVDV+D\GHp6DQWDPDUtD&XDGUDGR0HOED+HUQiQGH]
    5RGUtJXH]GHO5H\DPEDVKHURtQDVGHODVDOWRDOFXDUWHO0RQFDGD\GH9LO
    PD /XFLOD(VStQ*XLOORLVGLULJHQWHFRQ)UDQN3DtVGHODO]DPLHQWRGHO
    HQ6DQWLDJRGH&XEDHQDSR\RDOGHVHPEDUFRGHO*UDQPD\JXH
    UULOOHUDGHOVHJXQGRIUHQWHRULHQWDOGHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGHPXFKDVUHYROXFLRQD
    ULDVFXEDQDVSDUWLFLSDQGHODYLGDFODQGHV
    WLQD LQVXUUHFFLRQDO,QFOXVRGHQWURGHOD
    JXHUULOODVHRUJDQL]DQHQHOEDWDOOyQIHPH
    QLQR 0DULDQD*UDMDOHVIXQGDGRSRU&HOLD
    6iQFKH]0DQGXOH\ TXLHQWXYRDVXFDUJR
    ODGLVWULEXFLyQGHODOHJDWRGH)LGHO /D+LV
    WRULD PHDEVROYHUi  DGHPiVGHVHUFRIXQ 
    GDGRUDGHO0SDUWLFLSDQWHGHODOXFKD
    FODQGHVWLQDXUEDQDHLQFRUSRUDGDDO(MpUFLWR
    5HEHOGHHQOD6LHUUD0DHVWUDHO 
    /XHJRGHOWULXQIRUHYROXFLRQDULRHVWDSDUWLFL
    SDFLyQJHQHUDODIRUPDFLyQGHODFRPEDWLYD
    )HGHUDFLyQGH0XMHUHV&XEDQDV )0& FX\D
    SULPHUDSUHVLGHQWDHV9LOPD(VStQ

    64 65
    Fidel y los medios de comunicacin La unidad de los
    &RQWUDGLFLHQGRODVYHUVLRQHVRILFLDOHVTXHSHULyGLFDPHQWHODQ]DODGLFWDGXUD Revolucionarios
    GH%DWLVWD GDQGRSRUPXHUWRD)LGHOSRUHMHPSOR HO7KH1HZ<RUN
    7LPHV SXEOLFDHQSULPHUDSODQDXQDQRWDFRQIRWRVGHORVUHEHOGHVDO]DGRVHQ )LGHOVDEHTXHODXQLGDGGHORV
    OD6LHUUD0DHVWUD\HO3LFR7XUTXLQR/DVIRWRVVRQWRPDGDVSRUXQDSHTXHxD UHYROXFLRQDULRV UHVXOWDVLHP
    FiPDUD GH)UDQN3DtV/DHQWUHYLVWDHVUHDOL]DGDSRUHOSHULRGLVWD+HUEHUW SUH LPSUHVFLQGLEOHHQ&XED
    0DWKHZV(VDHQWUHYLVWDHYLGHQFLDTXH\DHQDTXHOODpSRFDHQWLHPSRVGH \ HQFXDOTXLHURWUDH[SHULHQ
    FODQGHVWLQLGDG\JXHUULOOD)LGHO&DVWURWLHQHHQFODURHOSDSHOIXQGDPHQWDOTXH FLD SDUDDOFDQ]DUODYLFWRULD/RV
    ORVPHGLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQMXHJDQHQODJXHUUDGHFODVHV\HQODGLVSXWDSRU HQHPLJRVGHODUHYROXFLyQWUDWDQGH
    ODRSLQLyQS~EOLFD7UDWDQGRGHKDFHUSURSDJDQGDSDUD VHPEUDUGHVFRQILDQ]DUHFHORVHQH
    HOJUDQS~EOLFR PLVWDGHV\FRPSHWHQFLDVHQWUHTXLH
    HOHO QHV DVSLUDQDFDPELDUODVRFLHGDG
    0VHFXHVWUD 'LYLGH \YHQFHUiV  HVODFRQVLJQD
    VLPEyOLFDPHQWH GHOLPSHULDOLVPR\GHODVEXUJXHVtDV
    DOFRUUHGRU TXHDJLWDQHOPLHGRDOFRPXQLVPRDO
    DUJHQWLQRGH WHUURULVPRDODVXEYHUVLyQ\DORV
    DXWRV-XDQ LQILOWUDGRV H[WUHPLVWDVSDUDGLYLGLU
    0DQXHO)DQJLR ORVPRYLPLHQWRVSRSXODUHV
    ORTXHORJUD
    LQPHGLDWD
    UHSHUFXVLyQ (Q&XEDHO0ORJUDHODSR\RGHO'LUHFWRULR5HYROXFLRQDULR '5 OLGHUDGR
    )DQJLRUHFRQRFH SRU (FKHYHUUtDTXHILUPDMXQWRD)LGHOOD&DUWDGH0p[LFRHO
    S~EOLFDPHQWHHO FRPSURPHWLpQGRVHDDSR\DUODOXFKDLQVXUUHFFLRQDO3RFRDQWHVGHOWULXQIRHQ
    EXHQWUDWRUHFLELGR MXQLRGH&DUORV5DIDHO5RGUtJXH]VHHQWUHYLVWDHQOD6LHUUDFRQ)LGHOHO
    0ORJUDVXPDUDO3DUWLGR6RFLDOLVWD3RSXODU 363 8QDYH]HQHOSRGHU 
    ODVWUHVDJUXSDFLRQHVFRQIRUPDQEDMROLGHUD]JRGH)LGHOODV2UJDQL]DFLR
    QHV5HYROXFLRQDULDV,QWHJUDGDV 25, JHUPHQGHO3DUWLGR8QLGRGHOD5HYR
    OXFLyQ 6RFLDOLVWD 3856 HPEULyQGHOQXHYR3DUWLGR&RPXQLVWDFXEDQR
    3&&  FUHDGRHQ
    (Q WRGDVHVWDVRUJDQL]D
    FLRQHV )LGHOSUHGLFDOD
    XQLGDG +HPRV KHFKR
    3HQVDQGRHQORVPHGLRVHQ)LGHO\HO&KHEULQGDQHQWUHYLVWDVDOSHULR XQDUHYROXFLyQPiVJUDQ
    GLVWD DUJHQWLQR-RUJH5LFDUGR0DVHWWLSDUDUDGLR(O0XQGRGH $UJHQWLQD GH TXHQRVRWURV\TXH
    6LJXLHQGRHVWHSHQVDPLHQWRHO&KH*XHYDUDFUHDHQOD6LHUUD0DHVWUDyUJD FDGD XQDGHQXHVWUDV
    QRV GHGLIXVLyQSURSLRVFRPR5DGLR5HEHOGHTXHLQLFLDVXWUDQVPLVLyQHO RUJDQL]DFLRQHV'HEHPRV
    (VHPLVPRDxRFRPLHQ]DDSXEOLFDUVHHOEROHWtQ3DWULDyUJDQRGHO XQLUQRV\HVWDUDODDOWXUD
    (MpUFLWR5HEHOGHHQODV9LOODV7DPELpQQDFHQ0LOLFLDQRV GLFLHPEUHGH GH QXHVWUDUHYROXFLyQ
    \5HYROXFLyQ0iVWDUGHVHFUHD9HUGH2OLYR GLVFXUVRGHO 

    66 67
    Triunfo y llegada a La Habana Intento frustrado de cooptacin burguesa
    (OHOJHQHUDOGH%DWLVWD(XORJLR&DQWLOORVROLFLWDHQWUHYLVWDUVHFRQ &RQHOWULXQIRUHYROXFLRQDULRHOVHGHVLJQDSUHVLGHQWHDOMXH]0DQXHO
    )LGHOSDUDSRQHUILQDODVKRVWLOLGDGHV/DUHXQLyQVHUHDOL]DHOD 8UUXWLD/OHy>@\SULPHUPLQLVWURDOSROtWLFRDQWLEDWLVWLDQR-RVp0LUy
    ODV$0/RVPLOLWDUHVGHOUpJLPHQLQWHQWDQXQDUHWLUDGDRUGHQDGDSDUDHO &DUGRQD>@DXQTXHHOSRGHUHIHFWLYRHVWiHQPDQRVGH)LGHO0LUy
    GLFWDGRU)LGHOQRDFHSWD(O&DQWLOORGDXQJROSHGHHVWDGRTXH &DUGRQDHVVHSDUDGRGHVXFDUJRHO)LGHOVHFRQYLHUWHHQSULPHU
    IDFLOLWDODKXLGDGH%DWLVWDHOD6DQWR'RPLQJR 7LHQHHODSR\RGHO PLQLVWUR6HSURGXFHXQDFULVLVHQHOQDFLHQWHJDELQHWHGRQGHKD\SROtWLFRV
    HPEDMDGRUHVWDGRXQLGHQVH(DUO76PLWKTXLHQEXVFDIUXVWUDUHOWULXQIRUHYR EXUJXHVHV WUDGLFLRQDOHVDQWHHOUXPERUDGLFDOGHOQXHYRJRELHUQR)LGHO
    OXFLRQDULR/D&,$ GH$OOHQ'XOOHV\HOJHQHUDO)UDQFLVFR 7DEHUQLOODMHIHGHO UHQXQFLDDOFDUJRGHSULPHUPLQLVWURSDUDSUHVLRQDUDSHODQGRDODVPDVDV(O
    (VWDGR0D\RUGHO(MpUFLWRLQWHQWDQRWUDVPDQLREUDV SXHEORVHPRYLOL]DSDUDDSR\DUOR(O8UUXWLDDQWLFRPXQLVWD\GHV
    FRQWHQWRFRQODUHIRUPDDJUDULD\ODVPHGLGDVUDGLFDOHVUHQXQFLD\VHPDUFKD
    D((88(VVXVWLWXLGRFRPRSUHVLGHQWHSRUHOPLQLVWURGHOH\HV\HODERJDGR
    2VYDOGR'RUWLFyV7RUUDGR>@)LGHOUHJUHVDFRPRSULPHUPLQLVWUR

    0LHQWUDV )LGHOFRQWLQ~DHQODFHQWUDO $PpULFD FRRUGLQDQGRODWRPDILQDOGH


    6DQWLDJRGH&XEDGRQGHUHFLEHODQRWLFLDGHODKXLGDGH%DWLVWD'DODRUGHQ (O HMHGHODVGLVSXWDVTXHSRODUL]DQDODRSRVLFLyQWULXQIDQWHFRQWUD%DWLVWD
    GHDYDQ]DUKDFLD/D+DEDQDKDVWDWRPDUODFDSLWDO)LGHOODQ]DSRUODUDGLROD HVWiFHQWUDGRHQODVSULPHUDVPHGLGDVUHYROXFLRQDULDVLPSXOVDGDVSRU)LGHO
    FRQVLJQD5HYROXFLyQ6JROSHGH(VWDGRFRQ%DWLVWD12(OFXDUWHO0RQFD UHEDMDVGHDOTXLOHUHV DO SURJUDPDGHYLYLHQGDVUHEDMDGHSUHFLRVGH
    GDHVWRPDGRVLQXQGLVSDURGHVSXpVGHPHVHVGHJXHUUDUHYROXFLRQDULD PHGLFLQDVLQFDXWDFLyQGHELHQHVPDOYHUVDGRV\MXLFLRVFRQWUDWRUWXUDGRUHV\
    )LGHO FRQYRFDDXQDKXHOJDJHQHUDOHQWRGDODLVODSDUDDSR\DUDO(MpUFLWR UHSUHVRUHV$GHPiVHOVHSURPXOJDODSULPHUDOH\GHUHIRUPDDJUD
    5HEHOGH6HFXPSOHDUDMDWDEOD/DVFROXPQDVUHEHOGHVWRPDQ6DQWLDJRGH ULD SHUPLWHKDVWDFDEDOOHUtDVDORVSURSLHWDULRV TXHHQWUHJDWtWXORVGHSUR
    &XED\FRPEDWHQDVDQJUH\IXHJRHQ6DQWD&ODUD\/D+DEDQDKDVWDTXHHO SLHGDGDFDPSHVLQRV(UDGHPDVLDGRSDUDORVSROtWLFRVWUDGLFLRQDOHVDQWLED
     )LGHOLQJUHVDHQODFDSLWDO'HVREHGHFLHQGRDODJHRSROtWLFD TXH WLVWLDQRV$JLWDQGRHOIDQWDVPDGHOFRPXQLVPRHOORVTXHUtDQUHHPSOD]DUDXQ
    GLDJQRVWLFDEDFRPRLPSRVLEOHYHQFHUHVWDQGRWDQFHUFDGH((88 WULXQIDOD JRELHUQRSRURWURGHMDQGRWRGRFRPRDQWHVTXHFDPELHDOJRSDUDTXHQDGD
    UHYROXFLyQFXEDQD FDPELH/RTXHVLHPSUHKDFHQHQ$PpULFDODWLQD

    68 69
    Fidel viaja a EE.UU. En Harlem con Malcolm X
    $QWHODUDGLFDOL]DFLyQGHOQXHYRJRELHUQRFXEDQRHO'HSDUWDPHQWRGH(VWDGR &XDQGRODGHOHJDFLyQFXEDQDOOHJDD((88ORVJUDQGHVKRWHOHVGH1XHYD<RUN
    QRUWHDPHULFDQRLQLFLDXQDFDPSDxDGHFRQWUDLQIRUPDFLyQ3DUDFRQWUDUUHVWDU OHFLHUUDQODVSXHUWDV(QFDPELRODFRPXQLGDGQHJUDVHODVDEUHFRQDGPLUD
    ODHO)LGHOYLDMDD((88(OSUHVLGHQWHQRUWHDPHULFDQR',(LVHQ FLyQ )LGHO&DVWURVHDORMDHQWRQFHVGLH]GtDVHQHO+RWHO 7KHUHVD GHOEDUULR
    KRZHUTXHDQWHVKDEtDGLDORJDGRFRQHOGLFWDGRU)XOJHQFLR%DWLVWDVHQLHJD QHJURGH+DUOHP $OOtVHHQFXHQWUDSHUVRQDOPHQWHFRQXQRGHORVSULQFLSDOHV
    D UHFLELUOR/RSULPHURTXHGHFODUD)LGHOHV 1R YHQJRSRUGLQHUR  (O OtGHUHVGHOSXHEORWUDEDMDGRUQRUWHDPHULFDQR0DOFROP; TXLHQVHKDEtDKHFKR
     )LGHOUHDOL]DXQVHJXQGRYLDMHD((88SDUDSDUWLFLSDUGHOD;9 UHYROXFLRQDULRHQODFiUFHO 0DOFROPIRUPDSDUWHGHOFRPLWpGHELHQYHQLGDTXH
    DVDPEOHDJHQHUDOGHOD218 UHFLEHD)LGHOHQ+DUOHPJDUDQWL]iQGROHDGHPiVVXVHJXULGDG

    /RVJRELHUQRVGH((88TXHKRVWLJDQDODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDHQQRPEUHGHOD
    GHPRFUDFLD\ODVRFLHGDGDELHUWDVRQORVTXHSURWHJHQDODVHFWDUDFLVWD.X
    .OX[.ODQ\DOSDUWLGRQD]LQRUWHDPHULFDQR(QVXWULVWHKLVWRULDVREUHVDOHHOSUR
    FHVR \HMHFXFLyQGHORVREUHURV%6DFFR\19 DQ]HWWL HQ\GHORV
    HVSRVRV-XOLXV\(WKHO5RVHPEHUJHQDVtFRPRORVDxRVGHSULVLyQGHO
    SHULRGLVWD\PLOLWDQWHQHJUR0XPLD $EX-DPDO8QWRWDOLWDULVPRFX\RFHQLWHVHO )LGHO&DVWUR\ODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDDSR\DQDOPRYLPLHQWRQHJURGHSURWHVWD
    PDFFDUWLVPRPRGHORUHSUHVLYRGHODUHYROXFLyQFRQVHUYDGRUDGH5RQDOG5HD HQ((88HQFX\RVHQRH[LVWHQGLYHUVDVWHQGHQFLDVGHVGHHOSDFLILVPRGH
    JDQ HQORV\GHODDFWXDO>@JXHUUDFRQWUDHOWHUURULVPRGH*HRUJH 0DUWtQ/XWKHU.LQJKDVWDHOUDGLFDOLVPRGH0DOFRP;TXLHQGHILHQGHODOLEH
    :%XVK/DUJDVGpFDGDVGHYLJLODQFLDFRQWUROHVSLRQDMHSHUVHFXFLyQFDFHUtD UDFLyQ GHORVQHJURV SRU FXDOTXLHUPHGLRTXHVHDQHFHVDULR  'XUDQWHXQ
    GH EUXMDVHQFDUFHODPLHQWRQHXWUDOL]DFLyQDSODVWDPLHQWR\UHSUHVLyQGHWRGD WLHPSR0DOFROP;DGKLHUHDODVLGHDVGHODQDFLyQGHOLVODPDXQTXHDOILQDO
    GLVLGHQFLDUDGLFDOPDQLSXODFLyQGHOFRQVHQVRIUDXGHHQODVHOHFFLRQHV FRPRHQ GHVXYLGDDPSOLDODPLUDGDKDFLDXQDYLVLyQDQWLFDSLWDOLVWDJOREDO1RFDVXDO
    HODVFHQVRGH%XVK \SUHGRPLQLRGHXQFRPSOHMRGHJUDQGHVILUPDVDUPDPHQ PHQWHHQHOSDtVGHODOLEHUWDG\HOSOXUDOLVPRWDQWR0DUWtQ/XWKHU.LQJFRPR
    WLVWDVTXHSURPXHYHQHQWRGRHOPXQGRODDJUHVLYLGDGODDPHQD]D\ODJXHUUD 0DOFROP;WHUPLQDQDVHVLQDGRV

    70 71
    Cuba en el Movimiento Negro Fidel lector de El Capital de Marx
    Norteamericano (QHQSOHQDUDGLFDOL]DFLyQ)LGHO\ODPi[LPDGLULJHQFLDGHO&RQVHMRGH
    PLQLVWURVHVWXGLDQHQXQVHPLQDULR (O&DSLWDOGH.DUO0DU[(OSURIHVRUTXHFRRU
    /DUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDPDQWLHQH GLQDHOJUXSRHQHOSDODFLRSUHVLGHQFLDOHVHOKLVSDQRVRYLpWLFR $QDVWDVLR0DQVL
    GHVGHHOLQLFLRHVWUHFKDUHODFLyQ OOD3DUWLFLSDQ)LGHOHO&KH&DUORV5DIDHO5RGUtJXH] >@GHODQWLJXR
    FRQORVPRYLPLHQWRVUDGLFDOHV 363 5HJLQR%RWWL GHOD-XQWD&HQWUDOGH3ODQLILFDFLyQTXLHQKDEtDHVWXGLDGR
    QRUWHDPHULFDQRVVXVSULQFLSDOHV HQ+DUYDUG \WUHVPLQLVWURVPiV/HHQODWUDGXFFLyQGH (O&DSLWDOGH:HQFHVODR
    LQWHOHFWXDOHV\GLULJHQWHVSROtWLFRV 5RFHVGH)RQGRGH&XOWXUD(FRQyPLFD $XQTXH)LGHO\DKDEtDHVWXGLDGRPDU
    HVSHFLDOPHQWHORVTXHDERJDQ [LVPRHQVXMXYHQWXGHVWHVHPLQDULRVLV
    SRUHOSRGHUQHJUR WHPiWLFRGH(O&DSLWDOFRQVROLGD\UHILQD
    >EODFNSRZHU@ WRGDYtDPiVVXSHQVDPLHQWRWHyULFR

    $GHPiVGHOYtQFXORLQLFLDOFRQ0DOFROP;HQWUHRWURVJUXSRV)LGHO&DVWURDSR
    \DDODV3DQWHUDV1HJUDV3RUHMHPSORFXDQGR6WRNHO\&DUPLFKDHOXQRGH
    VXVSULQFLSDOHVGLULJHQWHVHVHOKRPEUHPiVEXVFDGRSRUHO)%,HQ((88
    YLDMDD/D+DEDQD GRQ
    GHSDUWLFLSDGHOD&RQIH
    UHQFLD GHOD2UJDQL]D 6HJ~QHOWHVWLPRQLRGH2UODQGR%RUUHJR'tD]>@FRPEDWLHQWHGHO(MpU
    FLyQ/DWLQRDPHULFDQDGH FLWR 5HEHOGHFRQHO&KH\VXSULQFLSDODVLVWHQWHHQHO0LQLVWHULRGH,QGXV
    6ROLGDULGDG2/$6 7DP WULDVHOVHPLQDULRGH(O&DSLWDO HQHOTXHSDUWLFLSD)LGHOHVPX\DQLPDGR(O
    ELpQ GHODPDQRGHORV SURIHVRU0DQVLOODUHFRQRFHTXHVXVGRVDOXPQRVPiVGLVFXWLGRUHVVRQ)LGHO
    FXEDQRV HVWHGLULJHQWH \HO&KH&RPRDQpFGRWD0DQVLOODUHFXHUGDTXHXQDYH])LGHOOHGLFH 3UR
    GH ODV3DQWHUDV1HJUDV IHVRUKD\XQHUURUHQODWUDGXFFLyQGHOVHJXQGRWRPRGH(O&DSLWDO 0DQVLOOD
    YLDMD DOIULFDDKDFHU UHVSRQGH1RFRPDQGDQWHHVWiHTXLYRFDGR/OHYRDxRVHVWXGLDQGR(O&DSL
    FRQWDFWRV SROtWLFRV $OOt WDO\OHDVHJXURTXHQRKD\HUURU )LGHOVHYD/XHJRUHJUHVDHLQVLVWH0DQ 
    VH GHWLHQHHQ*XLQHD VLOODOHUHSLWHTXHQRSHURHQVXFDVDOHH\HQFXHQWUDHOHUURUVHxDODGR0DQ
    &RQDNU\\7DQ]DQLD  VLOODUHFXHUGDTXH)LGHOFRPRDOXPQRVX\RHVWDEDGHORPiVVDWLVIHFKR

    72 73
    La democracia en Cuba La ofensiva de EE.UU. contra Fidel
    'HVDILDQGR DWRGRV)LGHO&DVWURGHFODUD $O SXHEOROH y la Revolucin
    GLPRV PiVTXHHOYRWROHVGLPRVORVIXVLOHV  GLVFXUVRGHO
      'HODOOD2UJDQL]DFLyQGH(VWDGRV (O SUHVLGHQWH',(LVHQKRZHUGH((88FRPLHQ]DVXDUUHPHWLGDFRQWUDHO
    $PHULFDQRV 2($ FRQGHQDD&XED((88LQYROXFUDDVtDO QXHYRJRELHUQRFXEDQROLPLWDQGRODFXRWDD]XFDUHUDTXHOHYHQGtD&XED(Q
    UHVWR GHORVSDtVHVFRQWUDODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQD&RPRUHV PDU]RGHHO&RQVHMRGH6HJXULGDGGH((88SURIXQGL]DODVPHGLGDV
    SXHVWDHO)LGHOOHHHQODSOD]DGHODUHYROXFLyQOD FRQXQSURJUDPDGHSUHVLRQHVHFRQyPLFDV3RFRGHVSXpVVXVSHQGHGHIL
    3ULPHUDGHFODUDFLyQGH/D+DEDQD&RQIXHUWHWRQRDQWLLP QLWLYDPHQWHODFXRWDD]XFDUHUDSUyORJRGHOEORTXHRHFRQyPLFRVREUHODLVOD
    SHULDOLVWD)LGHOSURIXQGL]DDOOtTXpHQWLHQGHSRUGHPRFUDFLD TXH FRQWLQ~DDJUDYDGR\UHIRU]DGRKDVWDHOSDUR[LVPRKDVWDQXHVWURV
    /DUHYROXFLyQQRHVVyORHOGHUURFDPLHQWRGHXQWLUDQRRXQVLPSOH GtDV((88EXVFDSURPRYHUXQDFULVLVHQHUJpWLFDRUGHQDDVXVUHILQHUtDVQR
    FDPELRGHJRELHUQR&RQODVDVDPEOHDVSRSXODUHVPDVLYDVTXHFRQ SURFHVDUHOFUXGRHQYLDGRSRUHOJRELHUQRFXEDQR HQVXPD\RUSDUWHSURYH
    WLQ~DQKDVWDHOGtDGHKR\>@VHLQDXJXUDXQQXHYRWLSRGHUHODFLyQPXFKR QLHQWHGHOD8566 
    PiVGHPRFUiWLFD\IOXLGDHQWUHJREHUQDQWHV\JREHUQDGRV /RV JUDQGHVPRQRSROLRVGH LQ FRPXQLFDFLyQQRUWHDPHULFDQRVGHQXQFLDQ
    LQGLJQDGRV ORVMXLFLRVFRQWUDWRUWXUDGRUHVGHODGLFWDGXUD&XULRVDPHQWH
    FXDQGRHVRVUHSUHVRUHVTXHGDQLPSXQHPHQWHHQOLEHUWDGFRPRVXFHGHHQ
    ODPD\RUtDGHODVGLFWDGXUDVPLOLWDUHVGH$PpULFD/DWLQDHVWRVPHGLRVQLVH
    LQGLJQDQQLVHRIHQGHQ

    (O Q~FOHRGHOD3ULPHUDGHFODUDFLyQGH/D+DEDQDGHILHQGHODVREHUDQtD
    GHPRFUiWLFDGH&XED)LGHOLGHQWLILFDVREHUDQtDGHPRFUiWLFDFRQYROXQWDG
    GHOSXHEORH[SUHVDGDHQDVDPEOHD$SHODQGRDIRUPDVGLUHFWDVGHUHSUHVHQ
    WDFLyQVRPHWHDYRWDFLyQHQODSOD]DDQWHXQPLOOyQGHSHUVRQDVODUDGLFDOL
    ]DFLyQDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDGHODUHYROXFLyQ1LQJ~QRWURJRELHUQRGHOFRQWLQHQWHVH
    DQLPDDLPLWDUOR$OOtGHILQHODQRFLyQGHSXHEORFRPRHOFRQMXQWRGHREUHURV
    FDPSHVLQRV\HVWXGLDQWHV H[FOX\HQGRODOODPDGDEXUJXHVtDQDFLRQDO\ORV
    HPSUHVDULRVQDWLYRV 3RFRGHVSXpVGHMDVHQWDGRHOQRUWHHVWUDWpJLFRGHORV
    WUDEDMDGRUHVHQODOXFKDGHFODVHV /DSULPHUDPHWDGHODFODVHREUHUDGHEH
    VHUODFRQTXLVWDGHOSRGHUSROtWLFR GLVFXUVRGHO 

    74 75
    A Miami: Primero el dinero, La Florida como smbolo continental
    despus la nacionalidad +DVWDHQOD&XEDSUHUUHYROXFLRQDULDODPD\RUSDUWHGHORVHPLJUDQ
    WHVD((88SURYLHQHGH0p[LFR(Q&XEDILJXUDHQVHJXQGROXJDU (Q
    )UHQWHDODVFHQVRUHYROXFLRQDULRODEXUJXHVtDGH&XEDSUHILHUHUHQXQFLDUDVX &XEDRFXSDHORFWDYROXJDUHQWUHORVSDtVHVTXHHPLWHQHPLJUDQWHVD
    QDFLRQDOLGDGDQWHVTXHSHUGHUVXVULTXH]DV3RUHVRDOLJXDOTXHHQHOUHVWR ((88&XDQGRORVJUDQGHVPRQRSROLRVGHOD LQ FRPXQLFDFLyQPXHVWUDQOD
    GH$PpULFDODWLQDHVWDEXUJXHVtDFXEDQDSXHGHVHUOODPDGDQDWLYDRDXWyF OOHJDGDD0LDPLGHHPLJUDQWHVFXEDQRVROYLGDQPHQFLRQDUODOH\QRUWHDPH
    WRQDSHURQXQFDQDFLRQDODXQTXHOHJXVWHMXJDUDOGRPLQyRHVFXFKDUGDQ ULFDQDGHDMXVWHFXEDQR
    ]yQ\VDOVDFRPRDOUHVWRGHORVFXEDQRV&XDQGRHVWRVEXUJXHVHVFXED (VWDOH\JDUDQWL]DDMXVWDUHOVWDWXVOHJDODWRGRFXEDQRTXHOOHJXHDOOtGHVGH
    QRV KX\HQD0LDPLVHOOHYDQLOHJDOPHQWHPiVGHPLOORQHVGHGyODUHV HODODIHFKD VLOOHJDURQDQWHVGHODUHYROXFLyQVLJXHQLOHJDOHV 
    UREDGRVDODQDFLyQ 3RUFRQWUDSRVLFLyQFRQ
    FXDOTXLHURWUDQDFLRQDOL
    GDGODWLQRDPHULFDQD
    EUDVLOHxDDUJHQWLQD
    FKLOHQDHWFLQFOX\HQGR
    DODPD\RUtDGHORV
    KDVWDKR\LQGRFX
    PHQWDGRVPH[LFDQRV\
    KDLWLDQRV ODLQPLJUDFLyQ
    FXEDQDUHFLEHWUDWRGLIH
    UHQFLDO\H[FHSFLRQDO
    ((88EXVFDIRU]DUOD
    HPLJUDFLyQGHODLVOD
    &RQHVWDOH\FXDOTXLHU
    FXEDQRHPLJUDQWHSRU
    UD]RQHVHFRQyPLFDV
    VHWUDQVIRUPDDUWLILFLDO
    PHQWHHQXQUHIXJLDGR
    SROtWLFR'HVGH
    ODVDGPLQLVWUDFLRQHV
    \DQTXLVPDQLSXODQ
    HOSUREOHPDGHODHPL
    JUDFLyQFXEDQDVLQ
    LPSRUWDUOHODJHQWHGH
    FDUQHKXHVR7RGRVH
    UHGXFHDVHJXULGDG
    QDFLRQDO OpDVH
    'HHVWDPDQHUDVHVRPHWHQGyFLOPHQWHDODFXOWXUDGHOFUXHODPRGHOQRUWH HVWUDWHJLDGHJXHUUD
    TXH QRVGHVSUHFLD\QRVKXPLOOD  (VHEUXWDOVRPHWLPLHQWRFXOWXUDOPDUFD FRQWUDODUHYROXFLyQ
    KDVWDKR\HQGtDDODFRPXQLGDGFXEDQDGH0LDPL \HOVRFLDOLVPR 

    76 77
    Tortura y derechos humanos El fin de la impunidad
    /DWRUWXUDHVXQDGHODVSHRUHVYHUJHQ]DVGHOPXQGR/HTXLWDDOVHUKXPD 
    QRVXKXPDQLGDG\ORKDFHGHVFHQGHUSRUGHEDMRGHORVDQLPDOHV TXHQRWRU
    WXUDQDORVXPRPDWDQSDUDFRPHU /DWRUWXUDQRVyORLQWHQWDGHVWUXLUDOWRU
    WXUDGR FRPRVXMHWRYLRODQGRVXVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRV $GHPiV HQVXFLDDO
    SURSLR WRUWXUDGRUFRQXQDPDQFKDLPERUUDEOH(QOD(GDG0HGLDODLPSOH
    PHQWyOD,QTXLVLFLyQGHOD,JOHVLDFDWyOLFD0iVFHUFDQXHVWURORVQD]LVODXVD
    URQFRQWUDORVSXHEORVLQIHULRUHV,QJODWHUUDODHMHUFLyHQ,UODQGD\)UDQFLDHQ
    $UJHOLD/RVQRUWHDPHULFDQRVKHUHGHURVGHQD]LVLQJOHVHV\IUDQFHVHVOD
    GHVDUUROODURQ HQ9 LHWQDP \ PHGLDQWHGLFWDGXUDVPLOLWDUHVHQWRGD $PpULFD
    /DWLQD +R\VLJXHQWRUWXUDQGRHQ,UDNHQODEDVH\DQTXLGH*XDQWiQDPR\HQ
    RWURVOXJDUHV 

    1RKD\SHRULQVXOWRSDUDODGLJQLGDGODMXVWLFLD\ORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVTXH
    ORVWRUWXUDGRUHVJRFHQGHLPSXQLGDG+DVWDKR\>@HQWRGD$PpULFD/DWL
    QD ORVWRUWXUDGRUHV PLOLWDUHV\SROLFtDVHQWUHQDGRVSRUORV\DQTXLVHQOD
    (VFXHODGHODV$PpULFDVRHQ: HVW3RLQW VHYDQDJORULDQGHVXVKD]DxDV
    YLRODFLyQGHPXMHUHVHPEDUD]DGDVWRUWXUDGHSULVLRQHURVLQGHIHQVRV\FLHQ
    WRVGHPLOHVGHGHVDSDUHFLGRV(O~QLFRSDtVGHWRGRHOFRQWLQHQWHTXHORJUD
    KDFHU MXVWLFLDFRQHVWRVYLRODGRUHVGHORVGHUHFKRVKXPDQRVHV&XED(O
    DUWtFXOR GHO5pJLPHQ3HQDOGHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGHVDQFLRQDGRHQ6LHUUD
    0DHVWUDHOHVWDEOHFH 6HUiQFDVWLJDGRVGHSHQDVGHPXHUWHORV
    GHOLWRVGHDVHVLQDWRWUDLFLyQHVSLRQDMH\YLRODFLyQ$OWULXQIDUODUHYROXFLyQHQ
    ORVWRUWXUDGRUHVVRQHQMXLFLDGRVSRUHOSXHEOR\DMXVWLFLDGRV6XVDSD
    UDWRVUHSUHVLYRVVRQGHVPDQWHODGRVHO

    78 79
    La Contraofensiva de Fidel La Reforma Agraria
    $ FDGD SUHVLyQQRUWHDPHULFDQD&XEDUHDFFLRQDSURIXQGL]DQGRVXSURFHVR &XDQGRHO)LGHOSURPXOJDODSULPHUDOH\GHUHIRUPDDJUDULDGHVGH
    SROtWLFR\UDGLFDOL]DQGRODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQVRFLDO3RUHMHPSORIUHQWHDODQHJD /D3ODWDXQUHFyQGLWROXJDUGHOD6LHUUD0DHVWUDGRQGHVHKDEtDLPSOHPHQ
    WLYDGHSURFHVDUFUXGRODUHVSXHVWDFXEDQDFRQVLVWHHQLQWHUYHQLUODVUHILQH WDGRODSULPHUDPHGLGDGHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGHHQHVRVDVXQWRVVHFKRFDFRQ
    UtDVH[WUDQMHUDV 7(;$&2(6626+(//HWF (QWUHODVFRPSDxtDVQRUWHD WRGDODRSRVLFLyQ
    PHULFDQDV QDFLRQDOL]DGDVILJXUDQ&RPSDxtD&XEDQDGH(OHFWULFLGDG EXUJXHVD3HURD
    &RPSDxtD&XEDQDGH7HOpIRQRV8QLWHG)UXLW&RPSDQ\HQWUHRWUDV GLIHUHQFLDGHORV
    SROtWLFRVWUDGLFLRQD
    OHVODWLQRDPHULFDQRV
    TXHKDELWXDOPHQWH
    GDQPDUFKDDWUiV
    FXDQGRHQFXHQWUDQ
    HVFROORV)LGHO
    DFHOHUD\VHDSR\D
    HQODVPDVDV
    (OFRQOD
    OH\GHUHIRUPDDJUD
    ULDSURPXOJDGDFRQ
    YRFDDPHGLRPLOOyQ
    GHFDPSHVLQRVD/D
    +DEDQD/D&XED
    RFXOWDGHJXDMLURV
    >FDPSHVLQRV@DQDO
    IDEHWLVPR\PLVHULD
    UXUDOLUUXPSHHQOD
    FDSLWDO(OHIHFWR
    SROtWLFRHVGHPROH
    GRU/DOXFKDGHFOD
    VHVVHHQFLHQGH\OD
    UHYROXFLyQDYDQ]D
    GHFODUDQGRHODxR
    $xRGHOD
    5HIRUPD$JUDULD
    &XDQGRHQDJRVWRGHHQODFODXVXUDGHO3ULPHU&RQJUHVR/DWLQRDPH
    ULFDQRGH(VWXGLDQWHV)LGHODQXQFLDHVWDVQDFLRQDOL]DFLRQHV\PHQFLRQDHO
    QRPEUHHQLQJOpVGHFDGDFRPSDxtDHOSXHEORFRUHDODIUDVH VHOODPDED
    &XEDRIUHFHXQDLQGHPQL]DFLyQUD]RQDEOHSRUFDGDXQDSHUR((88QRDFHS
    WD)HVWHMDQGRHOSXHEORFXEDQRRUJDQL]DHQWRQFHVHOHQWLHUURLUyQLFRGHODV
    FRPSDxtDVQRUWHDPHULFDQDV

    80 81
    La campaa de alfabetizacin La Revolucin no te dice cree,
    /DFDPSDxDGHDOIDEHWL]DFLyQVHLQDXJXUDHQDQWHXQPLOOyQGHDQDOID  te dice lee.
    EHWRVFDVLODVH[WDSDUWHGHODSREODFLyQ&RQVWLWX\HQODSHVDGDKHUHQFLDGHO
    UpJLPHQFDSLWDOLVWDGHSHQGLHQWH\QHRFRORQLDOSUHYLRD/DFDPSDxDHV (OOHPDFHQWUDOGHODFDPSDxDGHDOIDEHWL]DFLyQYLQFXODUHYROXFLyQ\OHFWXUD
    GLULJLGDSRU$UPDQGR+DUW'iYDORV>@XQRGHORVIXQGDGRUHVGHO0 VtQWHVLVGHWRGDXQDQXHYDFRQFHSFLyQGHOPXQGRFHQWUDGDHQHOSHQVDPLHQ
    \ PLQLVWURGHHGXFDFLyQHQWUH\&RPLHQ]DHQODV]RQDVPiV WRFUtWLFR\HQXQDQXHYDVXEMHWLYLGDGKLVWyULFD
    SREUHVGRQGHMyYHQHVHVWXGLDQWHVLQWHJUDQODV%ULJDGDVDOIDEHWL]D
    GRUDV&RQUDGR%HQtWH] QRPEUHGHOPDHVWURYROXQWDULRDVHVLQDGRHVHDxR
    HQHO(VFDPEUD\SRUEDQGDVFRQWUDUUHYROXFLRQDULDV 

    (Q IRUPDSDUDOHODFRPLHQ]D
    OD YDFXQDFLyQPDVLYDGHOD
    QLxH]FRQWUDODSROLRPLHOLWLVOD
    GLIWHULD HOWpWDQR\RWUDVHQ
    IHUPHGDGHVLQIHFFLRVDV
    -XQWR FRQHVDVFDPSDxDV
    (ODOFRQFOXLUODFDPSDxDGHDOIDEHWL]DFLyQGHVGHODSOD]DGHOD PDVLYDV GHHGXFDFLyQ\VD
    UHYROXFLyQ)LGHOSURFODPDD&XEDWHUULWRULROLEUHGHODQDOIDEHWLVPR(VDFDP OXGHQWDPELpQVHFUHD
    SDxDVHUiOXHJRWRPDGDFRPRHMHPSORSRUGLYHUVRVSURFHVRVDOIDEHWL]DGRUHV HQ&XEDOD8QLyQGH3LRQHURV
    GHOFRQWLQHQWHHLQIOXLUiDSHVDUGHDOJXQDVOLPLWDFLRQHVHQHOSHQVDPLHQWR RUJDQL]DFLyQ GHORVQLxRV
    GH3DXOR)UHLUH>@SDGUHGHODSHGDJRJtDGHODOLEHUDFLyQ SUHYLDDODMXYHQWXG 

    82 83
    La CIA: Poltica mundial contra La CIA y los Nazis
    los pueblos /D &,$ RUJDQL]D WRGRVORVJROSHVGHHVWDGRGHQXHVWUD $PpULFD 'HVGHOD
    LQYDVLyQGH*XDWHPDODHQKDVWDHOJROSHGHHVWDGRFRQWUD $OOHQGHHQ
    /D &,$ &HQWUDO ,QWHOOLJHQFH $JHQF\ HQ&KLOHGHVGHHOJROSHGHOJHQHUDO9LGHODHQOD$UJHQWLQDGHKDV
    VHIXQGDHQ((88HQHQJXH WDODFRQWUDUUHYROXFLyQHQ1LFDUDJXDGXUDQWHORVGHVGHORVPiVGH
    UUD IUtD/D&,$ KHUHGD GHODQWHULRU LQWHQWRVGHDVHVLQDWRFRQWUD)LGHO&DVWURHQ&XED DWUDYpVGHYHQHQRV/6'
    266 2IILFHRI6WUDWHJLF6HUYLFHV ODV WDEDFRVERPEDV\PLODUWLOXJLRVPiV KDVWDODVWHQWDWLYDVGHGHUURFDUD&Ki
    WDUHDV GHHVSLRQDMHGHVHVWDELOL]D YH]HQ9HQH]XHOD/D&,$ HGXFDHQODWRUWXUDDSROLFtDV\PLOLWDUHVODWLQRDPH
    FLyQ DFFLyQSVLFROyJLFDRSHUDFLRQHV ULFDQRVTXHVHFXHVWUDQYLRODQ\DVHVLQDQHQQRPEUHGHODVHJXULGDGQDFLR
    FODQGHVWLQDV HLQWHUYHQFLyQGHOHVWDGR QDO8VDFRPRLQVWUXFWRUHVDWRUWXUDGRUHVQD]LVGH $OHPDQLD SRUHMHPSORHO
    QRUWHDPHULFDQRHQDVXQWRVLQWHUQRVGHRWURVSDtVHV FULPLQDO.ODXV%DUELHDJHQWHGHOD&,$\DVHVRUGHOHMpUFLWREROLYLDQR \DIUDQ
    'HVGH VXFHQWURHVWiHQ/DQJOH\  9LUJLQLD FHVHVGH$UJHOLD/RVSHRUHVWRUWXUDGRUHVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVUHFRQRFHQS~EOL
    'HVGHKDVWDKR\>@QRKDGHMDGRGHFUH FDPHQWHKDEHUHVWXGLDGRVXVWpFQLFDVHQODVHVFXHODV\DQTXLV
    FHU (VWHHMpUFLWRLQFDOFXODEOHGHDJHQWHVDFW~D
    FRPRXQJLJDQWHVFRPLQLVWHULRGHSROLFtD\UHSUH
    VLyQPXQGLDOTXHJDVWDPLOHVGHPLOORQHVGHGyOD
    UHVHQHVSLDUFRQWURODUFRPSUDUFRQFLHQFLDV\SURPRYHUHOWHUURUFRQWUDWRGR
    KHUHMHRGLVLGHQWH(QSULPHUOXJDUFRQWUD)LGHO&DVWUR

    /D&,$ GH((88GHFtDSURPRYHUODOLEHUWDGGHH[SUHVLyQ3DUDHOORUHFOXWDURQ
    QD]LVPDQLSXODURQHOHFFLRQHVGHPRFUiWLFDVSURSRUFLRQDURQ/6'DLQRFHQWHV
    DEULHURQHOFRUUHRDPLOHVGHFLXGDGDQRVGHUURFDURQJRELHUQRVDSR\DURQGLF
    WDGXUDVWUDPDURQDVHVLQDWRV\FRPSUDURQFRQFLHQFLDV(QQRPEUHGHTXp" 'HVGHHOSHUtRGRLQVXUUHFFLRQDOODUHYR
    1RGHODYLUWXGFtYLFDVLQRGHOLPSHULR $VtILQDOL]DXQHVWXGLREULOODQWH /D&,$ OXFLyQFXEDQDGHEHHQIUHQWDUODDJUHVLYL
    \ODJXHUUDIUtDFXOWXUDO GH)UDQFLV6WRQRU6RXQGHUV>%DUFHORQD'HEDWH@ GDGODLQJHUHQFLDODDFFLyQSVLFROyJLFD\
    (OODGHPXHVWUDTXHOD&,$ REVHVLRQDGDFRQ&XED\)LGHOQRVyORDVHVLQD HO WHUURUGHOD&,$ GLULJLGD SRU $OOHQ
    RUJDQL]DJROSHVGHHVWD 'XOOHV \RWUDVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVUHSUHVLYDVGHO
    GRLQYDVLRQHV\GLFWDGX LPSHULDOLVPR HQ((88WLHQHDJHQFLDV
    UDV PLOLWDUHVHQWRGRHO GHLQWHOLJHQFLD (O'XOOHVSUHVHQWDHO3UR\HFWR&XEDQRDO*UXSR
    PXQGR 7DPELpQ HMHUFH (VSHFLDOGHOJRELHUQR\DQTXLTXHFRPLHQ]DDSODQHDUODFDtGD\ODHOLPLQDFLyQ
    VX GRPLQDFLyQVREUHOD ItVLFD GH)LGHO((88URPSHUHODFLRQHVGLSORPiWLFDVFRQ&XEDHO
    FXOWXUD\ODVFRQFLHQFLDV PiVGHGLSORPiWLFRVQRUWHDPHULFDQRVPXFKRVGHHOORVHVStDVSDUWHQ
    GHVGH +2//<:22' GH/D+DEDQD/DREVHVLyQHQIHUPL]DSRUHOFRQWUROPXQGLDO\KHPLVIpULFRGH
    KDVWDIXQGDFLRQHVGHHV ODVHOLWHVHPSUHVDULDV\PLOLWDUHVGH((88YHDODUHYROXFLyQVRFLDOLVWDFXEDQD
    FULWRUHV XQLYHUVLGDGHV FRPRXQDDIUHQWDHQVXVQDULFHV'XUDQWHPHGLRVLJOROD&,$ QRKDGHMDGRGH
    SHULRGLVWDV\21*V RUJDQL]DUDFWRVWHUURULVWDVVREUHODLVOD

    84 85
    El terrorismo norteamericano La respuesta latinoamericana
    contra Cuba frente a la CIA
    (Q RFWXEUHGHXQWUDLGRUGHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGHERPEDUGHD/D+DEDQD 'HVGH DQWHVGHODVIXHU]DVUHYROXFLRQDULDVIXQGDQVXVyUJDQRVGH
    GHMDQGRYtFWLPDV FRQXQDYLyQTXHSDUWHGH/D)ORULGD $ ILQHVGH VHJXULGDGHLQWHOLJHQFLD&RQHOWULXQIRpVWRVGLULJHQHO0LQLVWHULRGHO,QWHULRU
    DYLRQHWDVSURYHQLHQWHVGH((88TXHPDQFDxDYHUDOHV(OFXDQGR 0,1,17 \HO9LFH0LQLVWHULR7pFQLFR 907 DFDUJRGH0DQXHO3LxHLUR/RVD
    HUDQH[WUDtGRVH[SORVLYRVGHODERGHJDGHOEDUFRIUDQFpV/D&RXEUHWUDtD GDDOLDVHOJDOOHJRRPiVSRSXODUPHQWH%DUEDUURMD $OOtQDFHHO%XUyGH
    DUPDVSDUDHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGHGHVGH%pOJLFDVHSURGXFHXQYLROHQWRVDER DWHQWDGRV XQLGDGHVSHFLDOHQFDUJDGDGHLQYHVWLJDUFRPSORWVVDERWDMHV\
    WDMH(VHDWHQWDGRWHUURULVWDGHOD&,$GHMDPXHUWRV\PiVGHKHULGRV FRQVSLUDFLRQHVGHOD&,$ SDUDHOLPLQDUItVLFDPHQWHD)LGHO&DVWUR*XHYDUD\
    $ SDUWLUGHHVHVDERWDMHQRUWHDPHULFDQR&XEDGHFLGHFRPSUDUDUPDVDTXLHQ RWURVGLULJHQWHV$OJXQRVPLHPEURVGHO%XUyVRQ0DULR0RUDOHV0HVDDOLDV
    VHODVYHQGDVHHVWDEOHFHQUHODFLRQHVFRQOD8566\RWURVSDtVHVGHOHVWH  0LJXHOR0D[LP YHWHUDQRFRPEDWLHQWHLQWHUQDFLRQDOLVWDHQODJXHUUDFLYLO
    6HVXFHGHQHQWRQFHVODVERPEDV\DFWRVWHUURULVWDVHQOXJDUHVFLYLOHV\S~EOL HVSDxROD &DUORV(QULTXH'tD]&DPDFKRDOLDV7ULOOR-RVp9HLJD3HxDDOLDV
    FRVGH&XEDLQFOXLGDVHVFXHODV6RQSDUWHGHOOODPDGR3URJUDPDGHDFFLyQ &RFRR0RUiQ&DUORV9DOGpV3HGUR3LxHLUR\)DELiQ(VFDODQWH)RQWHQWUH
    HQFXELHUWDFRQWUDHOUpJLPHQGH&DVWURDXWpQWLFRWHUURULVPRGH(VWDGR PXFKRVRWURV
    LPSOHPHQWDGRGHVGHHO&RQVHMRGH6HJXULGDGGHORV((88

    $GHPiVGHHVWRVyUJDQRVGHLQWHOLJHQFLDGHVWLQDGRVDYLJLODU\FRQWUDUUHVWDU
    (QHOHQWLHUURGHORVPXHUWRVGHODWHQWDGRD/D&RXEUH)LGHOSURQXQFLDSRU HOWHUURULVPRGHOD&,$ HQ&XED)LGHOFUHDOD'LUHFFLyQ*HQHUDOGH/LEHUDFLyQ
    SULPHUDYH]ODFRQVLJQD 3DWULDRPXHUWH 0LHQWUDVHQODVLHUUDGHO(VFDP  1DFLRQDO '*/1 TXHDxRVGHVSXpVVHOODPDUi'HSDUWDPHQWR $PpULFD GHO
    EUD\DQWLJXRVOXJDUWHQLHQWHVGH%DWLVWDDEDVWHFLGRVGHDUPDPHQWRV\GLQHUR SDUWLGRFRPXQLVWD6XWDUHDHVFRRUGLQDU\DSR\DUODOXFKDLQVXUUHFFLRQDOHQ
    SRU((88RUJDQL]DQXQDJXHUULOODFRQWUDUUHYROXFLRQDULD5HDOL]DQVDERWDMHV $PpULFD/DWLQD\HOPXQGR/DVHFFLyQGHVWLQDGDDORVUHEHOGHVDIULFDQRVVH
    LQFHQGLRVH[SORVLRQHV\DVHVLQDWRV SRUHMHPSORDKRUFDQDOPDHVWURYROXQWD OODPy'LUHFFLyQ FLQFR \GHSHQGtDGHOD'*/1-XQWRDHVWDVRUJDQL]DFLR
    ULR&RQUDGR%HQtWH]TXHDOIDEHWL]DEDHQODVPRQWDxDV ,QWHQWDQSUHSDUDUHO QHV HQRFWXEUHGHVHIRUPDQODV0LOLFLDV1DFLRQDOHV5HYROXFLRQDULDV
    WHUUHQRSDUDXQDIXWXUDLQYDVLyQ6RQFRQRFLGRVSRSXODUPHQWHFRPREDQGL 015  7DPELpQ VHFUHDQORV&RPLWpGH'HIHQVDGHOD5HYROXFLyQ &'5 
    GRV7HUPLQDQGHUURWDGRV\GHVPDQWHODGRVSRUHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGH\ODV0LOL (QWRQFHV&DPLOR&LHQIXHJRVGHFODUD 1RVRWURVQROHWHQHPRVPLHGRDODV
    FLDV5HYROXFLRQDULDVHQODRSHUDFLyQ/LPSLDGHO(VFDPEUD\ PDVDVSRUHVRUHSDUWLPRVDUPDVHQHOSXHEOR 

    86 87
    Por la Revolucin Mundial El apoyo al Movimiento Revolucionario
    $ GLIHUHQFLD GHODPD\RUtDGHORVJRELHUQRVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVTXHKDELWXDO Latinoamericano
    PHQWHFHGHQIUHQWHDODVSUHVLRQHVGH((88HQQRPEUHGHORSRVLEOH\GHO
    UHDOLVPRODGLUHFFLyQFXEDQDUD]RQDDVt/RV\DQTXLVQRVDFRVDQ"1RVR /D GHUHFKDODWLQRDPHULFDQDUH 
    WURVORVHQIUHQWDUHPRVHQWRGRVORVULQFRQHV\FDPLQRVGHOPXQGRSULQFLSDO SLWLHQGR OLEUHWRVGH((88KD
    PHQWH$PpULFD /DWLQDIULFD\ $VLD 'HVGH HVHiQJXORIUHQWHDXQDSOD]D LQVLVWLGR FRQTXH )LGHO &DVWUR\
    UHSOHWD)LGHOSURQXQFLDXQDFRQVLJQDFpOHEUH/D&RUGLOOHUDGHORV$QGHVVHUi &XEDSUHWHQGHQH[SRUWDU ODUHYR
    OD 6LHUUD0DHVWUDGH $PpULFD OXFLyQ(VHSXQWRGHYLVWDSUHVX 
    /DWLQD GLVFXUVR HQODSOD]D SRQHTXH D ORVSXHEORVVRQSRU
    GH ODUHYROXFLyQ  QDWXUDOH]D SDVLYRV VyORVHUHEH
    (VWH SODQWHRUHVXPHDOPLV ODQVLYLHQHXQLQIOXMRGHVGHDIXH
    PRWLHPSR D ODFRQWLQXLGDG UD  \ E ODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDHV
    KLVWyULFDFRQORVSUR\HFWRVGH XQSURGXFWRH[FHSFLRQDO\DLVODGR
    LQGHSHQGHQFLD FRQWLQHQWDOGH DMHQRDODKLVWRULDGH$PpULFD6LQ
    6DQ0DUWtQ\%ROtYDU\ E HOLQWHUQDFLRQD HPEDUJRODKLVWRULDUHDOGHPXHV
    OLVPRGHODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQD WUDTXHGHVGHVXVLQLFLRVODVUHEHOLRQHVODWLQRDPHULFDQDVKDQVLGR\VRQSUR
    \HFWRVFRQWLQHQWDOHV'HVGHODUHEHOLyQLQGtJHQDGH 7~SDF$PDUXKDVWDODV
    UHYROXFLRQHVGHLQGHSHQGHQFLDGH6DQ0DUWtQ\%ROtYDU7RGDVDEDUFDQYDULRV
    SDtVHV\WHUULWRULRV)LGHODILUPD /DVUHYROXFLRQHVQRVHH[SRUWDQODVKDFHQ
    ORVSXHEORV GLVFXUVRGHO 

    &RQFLELHQGR D&XEDDSHQDVFRPR SULPHU WHUULWRULROLEUHGH $PpULFD )LGHO


    SLHQVDODUHYROXFLyQFRPRXQSUR\HFWRFRQWLQHQWDO1RH[SRUWDQQDGDH[
    FHSWRHOHMHPSOR &XEDHVVLPSOHPHQWHXQFDStWXORGHXQDOXFKDPD\RU
    TXH DEDUFDWRGDQXHVWUD $PpULFD 'HDOOtTXHWRGRVORVUHEHOGHVKD\DQ
    'HDOOtTXH)LGHOVRVWHQJD 6DEHPRVTXHQXHVWUDOLEHUWDGMDPiVVHUiFRP  HQFRQWUDGRUHIXJLRFRODERUDFLyQ\DSR\RHQODLVODHO3DUWLGR5HYROXFLR
    SOHWD\FDEDOPLHQWUDVORVGHPiVSXHEORVQRVHDQWDPELpQOLEUHVVDEHPRV QDULRGHORV7UDEDMDGRUHV(MpUFLWR5HYROXFLRQDULRGHO3XHEOR 357(53 GH
    TXHHQQXHVWUDOXFKDFRQWUDHOLPSHULDOLVPRMDPiVSRGUtDPRVVDOLUYLFWRULRVRV $UJHQWLQD0RYLPLHQWRGH,]TXLHUGD5HYROXFLRQDULD 0,5 GH&KLOH 7XSD
    VLQRQRVDSR\DPRVHQODVIXHU]DVGHWRGRVORVTXHOXFKDQFRQWUDHOLPSHULD PDURV 0/17 GH8UXJXD\\HO(/1GH%ROLYLDHO0,5\HO(/1GH3HU~
    OLVPR3RUHVRQXHVWURFDPSRGHEDWDOODDEDUFDWRGRHOPXQGR  'LVFXUVRHQ HO0,5HO359\HO)/1GH9HQH]XHODHO)0/1GH(O6DOYDGRUHO)6/1GH
    OD&HQWUDOGH7UDEDMDGRUHV&XEDQRV&7&  1LFDUDJXDHQWUHPXFKtVLPRVRWURV

    88 89
    Kennedy, la CIA y la invasin de Se incia la transicin al Socialismo
    Baha de los Cochinos $OGtDVLJXLHQWHGHOSULPHUERPEDUGHRDORVDHURSXHUWRVFXEDQRVHQHOHQWLH
    UUR GHODVYtFWLPDVGHO)LGHOGHFODUDHOFDUiFWHUVRFLDOLVWDGHOD
    3RFRGHVSXpVGHODUXSWXUDGHUHODFLRQHVGLSORPiWLFDVHQWUH((88\&XED UHYROXFLyQ6HLQLFLDODWUDQVLFLyQ
    PiVSUHFLVDPHQWHHODODV$0VRQERPEDUGHDGRVORVDHUR
    SXHUWRVGH6DQWLDJRGH&XED&LXGDG/LEHUWDG\6DQ $QWRQLRGHORV%DxRV
    (VHOSUHOXGLRGHODLQYDVLyQPHUFHQDULDGH3OD\D*LUyQ R%DKtDGH&RFKL
    QRV ODPD\RURSHUDFLyQPLOLWDURUJDQL]DGDSRUOD&,$6HKDFHGXUDQWHHO
    JRELHUQRGH.HQQHG\

    (QWRWDOODDYHQWXUDFRQWUDUUHYROXFLRQDULDGHOD&,$ GHMDPXHUWRV\PiV
    GHKHULGRV/RVDYLRQHVGHOD&,$ XWLOL]DQFRPRGLVIUD]VLJODVGHO(MpUFL
    WR FXEDQR/DLQYDVLyQTXHVHSURSRQtDPDQWHQHUXQDFDEH]DGHSOD\D
    SDUD SHUPLWLUXQDLQWHUYHQFLyQ
    GLUHFWD GH((88HVGHUUR
    /DIORWLOODGHEDUFRVGHODLQYDVLyQPHUFHQDULDSDUWHGHOD1LFDUDJXDVRPR WDGD HQPHQRVGHKRUDV
    FLVWD(OGLFWDGRU/XLV6RPR]DSHyQGHODSROtWLFDQRUWHDPHULFDQDHQ$PpUL (O ~OWLPRSXQWRPHUFHQDULR
    FDFHQWUDOJULWDDQWHORVEDUFRVDOPRPHQWRGHSDUWLU 7UiLJDQPHXQSDUGH FDH DODV30GHO
    SHORVGHODEDUEDGH&DVWUR /DEULJDGDGHDVDOWRFXHQWDFRQEDWDOORQHV (V3OD\D*LUyQOD
    TXH HQWRWDOVXPDQPiVGH SULPHUDJUDQGHUURWDGHOLPSH
    KRPEUHV FRQWUDWDGRVHQ0LDPL ULDOLVPRHQQXHVWURFRQWLQHQWH&XEDWRPDPHUFH
    DYLRQHVGHFRPEDWHWDQTXHVSHVD QDULRVSULVLRQHURV PXFKRVH[SURSLHWDULRVKLMRVGHODWLIXQ
    GRV GHJXHUUD6KHUPDQFDUURV GLVWDV PLHPEURVGHODDOWDVRFLHGDG\WRUWXUDGRUHVGH
    EOLQGDGRV\FDxRQHVVLQUHWURFHVR %DWLVWD ((88DFHSWDUHFRJHUORVPHUFHQDULRVSDJDQ
    6X SRGHUGHIXHJRHVPD\RUTXHHO GRD&XEDXQDLQGHPQL]DFLyQGHPLOORQHVGHGyOD
    TXH WXYRHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGHFXDQGR UHV/RVSULVLRQHURVVRQFDQMHDGRVSRUPHGLFLQDV\DOL
    OXFKDEDFRQWUD%DWLVWD6XVSULPHUDV PHQWRV /DQHJRFLDFLyQVHFRQRFHSRSXODUPHQWHFRPR
    YtFWLPDVVRQFLYLOHV PHUFHQDULRVSRUFRPSRWDV

    90 91
    Dos revoluciones o un mismo proceso Playa Girn y las fuerzas morales
    ininterrumpido? &yPRIXHSRVLEOHHOWULXQIRGH3OD\D*LUyQ"(QPD\RGHHO&KH*XH 
    YDUDLQWHQWDUHVSRQGHUDVt /RVQRUWHDPHULFDQRVKLFLHURQFiOFXORVPDWHPiWL
    $XQTXH ODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQD FRV FRPRVLHQIUHQWHHVWXYLHUDHO(MpUFLWRDOHPiQ\YLQLHUDQDWRPDUXQD
    QR VHGHFODUDVRFLDOLVWDGHVGH FDEH]DGHSOD\DHQ1RUPDQGtDWDQWRVDOHPDQHVWLHQHQWDOHVDUPDVQRV
    HO VLQRUHFLpQHO RWURVHFKDPRVWDQWDJHQWHWRPDPRVHVWDFDEH]DGHSOD\DSRQHPRVDTXtODV
     VXUDGLFDOL]DFLyQ PLQDVRUJDQL]DPRVHVWR\\DWHQHPRVWRGROLVWR3HUIHFWDPHQWHRUJDQL]D
    LQLQWHUUXPSLGD ODFRQGXFHD GRFRQODHIHFWLYLGDGTXHWLHQHQHQHVDVFRVDV3HUROHVIDOWyPHGLUODFRUUH
    FRQIURQWDUGHVGHHOLQLFLRFRQHO ODFLyQPRUDOGHIXHU]DV0LGLHURQPDOQXHVWUDFDSDFLGDGGHUHDFFLyQIUHQWH
    LPSHULDOLVPR \ODEXUJXHVtD DODDJUHVLyQ\DQWHXQSHOLJUR\GHPRYLOL]DUQXHVWUDVIXHU]DV\HQYLDUODVDO
    QDFLRQDO<DGHVGHHO OXJDUGHOFRPEDWH0LGLHURQPDOQXHVWUDFDSDFLGDGGHOXFKDU
    FXDQGR VHSURPXOJDODSULPHUD
    OH\ GHUHIRUPDDJUDULD)LGHOFKRFDFRQORVSURSLHWDULRV
    ORFDOHV\VXVVRFLRVQRUWHDPHULFDQRVGHVSOHJDQGRHODED
    QLFRGHFRQWUDGLFFLRQHVGHXQDVRFLHGDGFDSLWDOLVWDGHSHQGLHQ
    WHVHPLFRORQLDO\SHULIpULFD(VHFKR
    TXHFRQILUPDODLQYLDELOLGDGGHXQ
    FDSLWDOLVPR QDFLRQDOLQGHSHQ
    GLHQWH\DXWyQRPRODVEXUJXHVt
    DV DXWyFWRQDVHVWiQXQLGDVSRU
    XQFRUGyQXPELOLFDODODGRPLQDFLyQLPSHULDO \DHQORV\WRGDYtDPXFKRPiV
    KR\HQGtD>@ 

    /DUHYROXFLyQFRPLHQ]DFRQXQSURJUDPD
    VRFLDOUDGLFDOGHHPDQFLSDFLyQQDFLRQDO
    6LQGHWHQHUVHDYDQ]DDOVRFLDOLVPR
    +DFLHQGRXQEDODQFH)LGHOH[SOLFD
    +DEtDTXHKDFHUODUHYROXFLyQDQWLLP 
    SHULDOLVWD\VRFLDOLVWD/DUHYROXFLyQ &RQWLQ~DHO&KH*XHYDUD (OORVFDOFXODURQTXHPLOKRPEUHVHUDQVXILFLHQWHVSDUD
    DQWLLPSHULDOLVWD\VRFLDOLVWDVyOR UHVLVWLUSHURQHFHVLWDEDQPLOKRPEUHVTXHOXFKDUDQDKtKDVWDODPXHUWH(QWRQFHV
    WHQtDTXHVHUXQDXQDVRODUHYR QRVRWURVKXELpUDPRVHQWUDGRLJXDOSHURFRQXQFRVWRDOWtVLPRGHYLGDVSRUTXHOD
    OXFLyQSRUTXHQRKD\PiVTXH RSHUDFLyQGHVGHXQSXQWRGHYLVWDPLOLWDU HVWDEDELHQFRQFHELGD3HURQRVHOH
    XQDUHYROXFLyQ(VDHVODJUDQ SXHGHSHGLUDXQKRPEUHFX\RSDSiWHQtDPLOFDEDOOHUtDVGHWLHUUD\TXHYLHQHD
    YHUGDGGLDOpFWLFDGHODKXPDQL &XEDVLPSOHPHQWHDKDFHUDFWRGHSUHVHQFLDSDUDTXHOHGHYXHOYDQODVPLOFDED
    GDGHOLPSHULDOLVPR\IUHQWHDO OOHUtDVTXHVHYD\DDKDFHUPDWDU IUHQWHDXQJXDMLUR >FDPSHVLQR@TXHQRWHQtD
    LPSHULDOLVPRHOVRFLDOLVPR QDGD \TXHWLHQHXQDVJDQDVEiUEDUDVGHPDWDUORSRUTXHOHYDQDTXLWDUVXV
    FRPSDUHFHQFLDDQWHODWHOHYL FDEDOOHUtDV(VDSDUWHHVODTXHQRVDEHQPHGLUODVPiTXLQDVHOHFWUyQLFDV(VVX
    VLyQFXEDQD  FDSDFLGDGGHHTXLYRFDUVHWDQJUDQGHWDQIDQWiVWLFD

    92 93
    Kennedy y la CIA derrotados Segunda Declaracin de la Habana
    en Playa Girn (O&XEDHVH[SXOVDGDGHOD2($ SRU((88\VXVWtWHUHVDH[FHS
    FLyQGH0p[LFR(QDVDPEOHDHQODSOD]DGHODUHYROXFLyQ)LGHOUHVSRQGHFRQ
    /D2($ QRFRQGHQDODLQYDVLyQGH%DKtDGH&RFKLQRVSRUHVR)LGHOODOODPD OD6HJXQGD'HFODUDFLyQGH/D+DEDQDPDQLILHVWRTXHOHHODKLVWRULDGH$Pp
    PLQLVWHULRGHFRORQLDV\DQTXL\EORTXHPLOLWDUFRQWUDORVSXHEORVGH $PpULFD ULFD /DWLQDFRQODGRPLQDFLyQGHOFRORQLDOLVPRHVSDxRO\HOLPSHULDOLVPR
    /DWLQD GLVFXUVRGHO /OHJDQGRDOOtPLWHGHODGHVIDFKDWH]((88 \DQTXLGHVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDGHODFODVHWUDEDMDGRUD\ORVSXHEORVVRPHWL
    SURSRQHH[SXOVDUD&XEDGHOD2($'HVSXpVGHODGHUURWDGH*LUyQHOVHFUH GRVORVTXHDFXPXODQFRQVXWUDEDMRODVULTXH]DVFUHDQORVYDORUHVKDFHQ
    WDULRGHGHIHQVDGH((885REHUW0F1DPDUDUHSURFKDVXLQHSWLWXGDOD&,$ DQGDUODVUXHGDVGHODKLVWRULD\KR\GHVSLHUWDQGHOODUJRVXHxRHPEUXWHFHGRU
    &UHDHQWRQFHVXQVHUYLFLRGHLQWHOLJHQFLDSDUDOHORGHSHQGLHQWHGHOPLQLVWHULR DTXHORVVRPHWLHURQ GLVFXUVRGHO 
    GHGHIHQVD\DQTXLOD',$ 'HIHQVH,QWHOOLJHQFH$JHQF\ TXHVHVXPDDO%,5
    %XUHDXRI,QWHOOLJHQFHDQG5HVHDUFK GHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGHHVWDGRPXOWLSOL 
    FDQGRJHRPpWULFDPHQWHODVWDUHDVGHUHSUHVLyQ\SROLFtDPXQGLDO

    7UDV HVDGHUURWDYHUJRQ]RVDORV\DQTXLVLPSOHPHQWDQOD2SHUDFLyQ0DQ (QHVWHGLVFXUVRPDQLILHVWRHODQWLLPSHULDOLVPRVHHQWUHFUX]DFRQODLGHQWLGDG


    JRVWDTXHFRQVLVWHHQGLVSDUDUFRQWUDODVFRVWDVGH&XEDKLULHQGRRPDWDQ VRFLDOLVWDPLHQWUDVVHFXHVWLRQDDODEXUJXHVtDQDFLRQDO(QODVDFWXDOHVFRQ
    GRFLYLOHVGHVGHEDUFRVDUWLOODGRVSURYHQLHQWHVGH((885REHUW.HQQHG\  GLFLRQHVKLVWyULFDVGH$PpULFDODWLQDODEXUJXHVtDQDFLRQDOQRSXHGHHQFDEH]DU
    KHUPDQRGHOSUHVLGHQWHQRUWHDPHULFDQR\ILVFDOJHQHUDOVLQWHWL]DORVREMHWLYRV ODOXFKDDQWLIHXGDO\DQWLLPSHULDOLVWD/DH[SHULHQFLDGHPXHVWUDTXHHQQXHVWUDV
    GHOVLJXLHQWHPRGR0LLGHDHVDJXLMRQHDUVREUHODLVOD>&XED@ FRQHVSLRQDMH QDFLRQHV HVDFODVHDXQFRQFRQWUDGLFFLRQHVIUHQWHDOLPSHULDOLVPRKDVLGR
    VDERWDMHV\GHVyUGHQHVJHQHUDOHVHPSXMDQGRDORVFXEDQRV (QORV LQFDSD] GHHQIUHQWDUVHSDUDOL]DGDSRUPLHGRDODUHYROXFLyQVRFLDO\DODV
    IXQFLRQDULRV5REHUW0DFQDPDUD\ $UWKXU6FKOHVLQJHU DPERVVHFUHWDULRVGH PDVDVH[SORWDGDV )LGHOGLVFXUVRGHO (O&KHFRLQFLGHFRQ)LGHOODV
    GHIHQVDGH.HQQHG\\-RKQVRQ FRQILHVDQS~EOLFDPHQWHTXHODILQDOLGDGGH EXUJXHVtDVDXWyFWRQDVKDQSHUGLGRWRGDVXFDSDFLGDGGHRSRVLFLyQDOLPSHULD
    2SHUDFLyQ0DQJRVWDFRQVLVWtDHQ FUHDUXQDUHYXHOWDLQWHUQDHQ&XED  (Q OLVPRVLDOJXQDYH]ODWXYLHURQ\VyORIRUPDQVXIXUJyQGHFROD1RKD\PiV
    IHEUHUR GHVHGHFUHWDHOLQLFLRGHOEORTXHRHFRQyPLFRILQDQFLHUR\ FDPELRV TXHKDFHURUHYROXFLyQVRFLDOLVWDRFDULFDWXUDGHUHYROXFLyQ  &KH
    FRPHUFLDOGH(VWDGRV8QLGRVFRQWUDODLVOD *XHYDUD0HQVDMHDORVSXHEORVGHOPXQGRDWUDYpVGHOD 7ULFRQWLQHQWDO 

    94 95
    Los atentados norteamericanos La Crisis de los Misiles
    contra Cuba &RPRSURGXFWRGHODVDJUHVLRQHVSHUPDQHQWHV
    GH((88FRQWUD&XEDWDQWRHQODLQYDVLyQGH
    'XUDQWHVXVSULPHURVFXDWURDxRVGHUHYROXFLyQ&XEDVXIUHPiVGHDWHQ %DKtDGH&RFKLQRVFRPRHQORVFDxRQHRVGHOD
    WDGRV\VDERWDMHVSHUSHWUDGRVSRUOD&,$\VXVDJHQWHVGHRULJHQFXEDQR3RU 2SHUDFLyQ 0DQJRVWDVHOOHJDDODFULVLVGH
    HMHPSOR(GXDUGR)HUUHUH[SLORWRGHOD&,$UHFRQRFHS~EOLFDPHQWHTXHHQWUH ORV PLVLOHVRFULVLVGHRFWXEUH3DUDGHIHQ
    VHSWLHPEUHGH\PDU]RGHOD&,$ UHDOL]DPLVLRQHVGHVXPLQLV GHUVHGHQXHYDVDJUHVLRQHV&XEDILUPDFRQOD
    WURVDpUHRVGHDUPDV\H[SORVLYRVDODVEDQGDVFRQWUDUUHYROXFLRQDULDVGHOD 8QLyQ6RYLpWLFDXQDFXHUGRSDUDLQVWDODUHQOD
    LVOD>)HUUHU2SHUDWLRQ3XPD/DEDWDOODDpUHDGH%DKtDGH&RFKLQRV @ LVODFRKHWHVGHDOFDQFHPHGLR&XEDSURSRQH
    $XQTXH ORJUDUHFKD]DUODLQYDVLyQGH%DKtDGHORV&RFKLQRV&XEDHVEOR TXHVHKDJDS~EOLFRHODFXHUGR/RVVRYLpWLFRV
    TXHDGDHFRQyPLFDPHQWHSRU((88 QR DFHSWDQ((88DPHQD]DDODLVODFRQHO
    KRORFDXVWRQXFOHDU(OHVWDOODODFULVLV((88GHPDQGDDOD8566
    HO UHWLURGHORVPLVLOHV\EORTXHDQDYDOPHQWHD&XED3RUODPDxDQD)LGHO
    &DVWURSRQHHQDODUPDGHFRPEDWHDVXVIXHU]DV(O&XEDGHUUL
    EDXQDYLyQHVStD8TXHYXHODVREUHVXWHUULWRULR(OPXQGROOHJDDOERUGH
    GHODJXHUUDQXFOHDU

    /XHJRGHVHLV
    GtDVGHFULVLV
    H[WUHPDHO
    $xRVGHVSXpVODDFWLYLGDGGHOD&,$ SHUVLVWHHQHOWHUURULVPRFRQWUD&XED D )LGHO
    SHVDUGHTXHUHWyULFDPHQWH((88FRQGHQDHOWHUURULVPR (QOD&,$ &DVWUR\ORVGLUL
    DSDGULQDQGRD2UODQGR%RVFK/XLV3RVDGD&DUULOHV+HUQiQ5LFDUGR\)UHGG\ JHQWHVFXEDQRVVH
    /XJRHQWUHRWURVWHUURULVWDVGHXOWUDGHUHFKDGH0LDPLKDFHHVWDOODUXQDYLyQ HQWHUDQGHODUUH
    FLYLOFXEDQRHQSOHQRYXHOR HQ%DUEDGRV  $VHVLQDQDSDVDMHURV\WULSX JORHQWUH.HQQHG\
    ODQWHV(VHDxRORVWHUURULVWDVDQWLFDVWULVWDVH[SORWDQXQDERPEDHQ-DPDLFD \.UXVFKHY (QWRQFHV
    HQXQDYDOLMDGHVWLQDGDDXQDYLyQFLYLOFXEDQR 7DPELpQDWDFDQHQHOPDUD ODGLUHFFLyQFXEDQD
    HPEDUFDFLRQHV FLYLOHVFXEDQDV(VWRV\RWURVWHUURULVWDVGH0LDPL-RVp ODQ]DD((88XQDH[LJHQFLDGHFLQFRSXQWRVFHVHGHOEORTXHRFHVHGHODV
    %DVXOWR -RVp+HUQiQGH]&DOYR-RVp'LRQLVLR6XiUH](VTXLYHO*XVWDYR DJUHVLRQHVFRQLQYDVLRQHVHVStDV\VDERWDMHVILQDORVDWDTXHVSLUDWDV\FDxR
    6DPSHU\)pOL[5RGUtJXH]DVHVLQDQD2UODQGR/HWHOLHUHQ:DVKLQJWRQSDU QHRVFHVHGHODVYLRODFLRQHVGHOHVSDFLRDpUHR\GHYROXFLyQGHODEDVHQDYDO
    WLFLSDQ HQODJXHUUDVXFLDGH1LFDUDJXD\FRODERUDQHVWUHFKDPHQWHFRQODV GH*XDQWiQDPRD&XED3HURODGLUHFFLyQVRYLpWLFDHVWiPiVSUHRFXSDGDSRU
    GLFWDGXUDVPLOLWDUHVGHOFRQRVXU 9LGHOD3LQRFKHW6WURHVVQHUHWF  ORVFRKHWHVQRUWHDPHULFDQRVHQ7XUTXtDTXHSRUODVREHUDQtDGH&XED

    96 97
    El asesinato de Kennedy El complejo apoyo de la U.R.S.S.
    (O  PLHQWUDVYLDMDHQXQDXWRPyYLOGHVFDSRWDEOHSRU'DOODV (OYtQFXORHQWUH&XED\OD8566QRFRPLHQ]DFRQODFULVLVGHORVPLVLOHVVLQR
    7H[DV HOSUHVLGHQWH.HQQHG\HVDVHVLQDGRFRQYDULRVGLVSDURVHQODFDEH PXFKRDQWHV$ PHGLGDTXH((88DXPHQWDVXSUHVLyQ\DJUHVLYLGDGVREUHOD
    ]D \HQHOFXHOOR $XQTXH RILFLDOPHQWH((88FXOSDD/HH+DUYH\2VZDOG QDFLHQWHUHYROXFLyQOD8QLyQ6RYLpWLFDRIUHFHXQPD\RUDSR\RHFRQyPLFR\
    FXULRVDPHQWHDVHVLQDGRGRVGtDVGHVSXpVSRUHOSURSLHWDULRGHXQEDUQRF PLOLWDU8QRGHORVSULPHURVGLSORPiWLFRVVRYLpWLFRVTXHYLVLWD&XEDHVHOYLFH
    WXUQRGH'DOODV-DFN5XE\ GHWUiVGHODWHQWDGRFRQWUD.HQQHG\HVWiODFRQV SUHPLHUGHOD8566$QDVWDV0LNR\DQKRPEUHFODYHHQWHPDVGHUHODFLRQHV
    SLUDFLyQGHOD&,$ MXQWRFRQODPDILD\ORVH[LOLDGRVFXEDQRVGHVFRQWHQWRVSRU HFRQyPLFDV
    ODPDQREODQGDGH.HQQHG\

    'HVDILDQGRODVDPHQD]DVGH((880LNR\DQHVUHFLELGRHQ/D+DEDQDFRPR
    /D H[WUHPDGHUHFKDGH0LDPL\ORVVHFWRUHVPiVDQWLFRPXQLVWDVGH: DV KXpVSHGGHKRQRU(QWUHRWURVLQWHUFDPELRV&XEDFRPLHQ]DDYHQGHUD]~
    KLQJWRQTXLHUHQLQFXOSDUD)LGHO&DVWURSRUHODVHVLQDWRGH.HQQHG\ SHUROD FDU\QtTXHODOD8QLyQ6RYLpWLFDDFDPELRGHSHWUyOHR(VHYtQFXOREHQHILFLD
    &RPLVLyQ:DUUHQGHO&RQJUHVRHVWDGRXQLGHQVHHQFDUJDGDGHLQYHVWLJDUHO DO JRELHUQRUHYROXFLRQDULRGH/D+DEDQDTXLHQPDQWLHQHIUHQWHDOD8566
    DVHVLQDWROOHJDDODFRQFOXVLyQGHTXH)LGHO\HOJRELHUQRGH&XEDQRWLH WRWDO LQGHSHQGHQFLDHQHOWHUUHQRSROtWLFRHLGHROyJLFR&XEDUHFLpQLQJUHVD
    QHQQDGDTXHYHU0XFKRVDxRVGHVSXpVHQHOGLUHFWRUGHFLQHQRUWHD IRUPDOPHQWHDO&$0( &RQVHMRGH$\XGD0XWXD(FRQyPLFDRUJDQLVPRLQWH
    PHULFDQR2OLYHU6WRQHUHDOL]DHOFpOHEUHILOP-.) UHVSRQVDELOL]DQGRDOD&,$ \ UHVWDWDOGHORVSDtVHVGHOHVWHHXURSHRIXQGDGRHQ0RVF~HQHQHURGH 
    DODPDILDDQWLFDVWULVWDGH0LDPL DxRVGHVSXpVGHOWULXQIRUHYROXFLRQDULRRVHDHQ

    98 99
    La poltica de la U.R.S.S. en los 60 La U.R.S.S. y la revoluciones en
    7UDVODPXHUWHGH6WDOLQHQ HOPi[LPRSRGHUHQOD8566SDVDDPDQRV el Tercer Mundo
    GH 1LNLWD6HUJXpLHYLFK-UXVFKRY R.UXVFKHY>@ SULPHUVHFUHWDULR
    GHOFRPLWpFHQWUDOGHO3DUWLGR&RPXQLVWD 3&86 GHVGHKDVWD\ (QORV.UXVFKHYHVHOPi[LPRSURPRWRUGHODGRFWULQDGHOVXSXHVWR WUiQ
    MHIHGHJRELHUQRHQWUH\.UXVFKHYHQFDEH]DHQHO;;&RQ VLWRSDFtILFRDOVRFLDOLVPR HQVD\DGDLQIUXFWXRVDPHQWHHQORVSRU6DOYD 
    JUHVRGHO3&86GRQGHGHQXQFLDSRVWPRUWHPORVFUtPHQHVGH6WDOLQ6H GRU$OOHQGHHQ&KLOH\SRUHOHXURFRPXQLVPRHQ,WDOLD)UDQFLD\(VSDxD 3RU
    LQLFLDDVtXQVWDOLQLVPRVLQ6WDOLQXQDJJLRUQDPLHQWRHLQWHQWRGHPRGHUQL HVROD8566QRDOLHQWDODVLQVXUUHFFLRQHVQLODVUHYROXFLRQHVHQ$PpULFD/DWL
    ]DFLyQGHODHOLWHEXURFUiWLFDTXHJRELHUQDOD8566 QD\HO7HUFHU0XQGRSULQFLSDOPHQWHODVTXHVHGHVDUUROODQFRQOXFKDDUPD
    GD&XEDQRHVODH[FHSFLyQ

    /D8566GH.UXVFKHYDSR\DD)LGHO&DVWUR
    \VXVFRPSDxHURVXQDYH]TXHpVWRVWULXQIDQ
    \GHVSXpVGHODWRPDGHOSRGHUSULQFLSDOPHQ
    WHSRUVXHQIUHQWDPLHQWRFRQ((88\VXSRVL
    FLyQJHRHVWUDWpJLFDHQRFFLGHQWHSHUROD
    UHYROXFLyQFXEDQDHQVXIDVHLQVXUUHFFLRQDO
    QRUHFLEHD\XGDVRYLpWLFD WDPSRFROD
    VROLFLWD 'XUDQWHWRGDODGpFDGDGHO
    &XED\OD8566D~QFRODERUDQGRHQWUH
    VtPDQWLHQHQOtQHDVSROtWLFDVGLYHUJHQWHV
    0iVUDGLFDOHQHOFDVRGH&XED
    PiVPRGHUDGDHQHOFDVRGHOD
    8566\VXVSDtVHVDOLDGRVGHO
    (QODSROtWLFDLQWHUQD.UXVFKHYSURPXHYHUHIRUPDVGHPHUFDGRSULQFLSDO HVWHHXURSHR(QORVHVD
    PHQWHHQHOiUHDDJUtFROD(QORLQWHUQDFLRQDOSURSLFLDODFRH[LVWHQFLDSDFt SROtWLFDGH.UXVFKHYJHQHUD
    ILFDFRQHOLPSHULDOLVPRFDSLWDOLVWDVLHPSUHEDMRHOUHVSHWRGHODViUHDV FRQIOLFWR\UXSWXUDHQWUHOD
    GHLQIOXHQFLDIRUPXODGDVHQODSRVJXHUUD8566HQHOHVWH((88HQHO 8566\OD&KLQDGH0DR7VH
    RHVWH 7XQJ>@

    100 101
    Fidel frente a Lenin y Stalin Cuba, la U.R.S.S. y la
    /DUHYROXFLyQEROFKHYLTXHWULXQIDHQ5XVLDHQRFWXEUHGH/DGLULJH9ODGLPLU polmica ideolgica
    ,OLFK8OLDQRYDOLDV/HQLQ>@VHFXQGDGRSRUHOFUHDGRUGHOHMpUFLWRURMR
    /HyQ'DYtGRYLFK%URQVWHLQDOLDV7URWVN\>@7UDVODPXHUWHGH/HQLQHQ /DVGLYHUJHQFLDVHQWUH&XED\OD8566D~QPDQWHQLHQGRHOYtQFXORODVROL 
    FUHFHODGLVSXWDHQWUH6WDOLQ\7URWVN\(QFDEH]DQGRXQDHOLWHEXURFUiWLFD\ GDULGDG\ODFRODERUDFLyQUHFtSURFDQRVRQVyORSROtWLFDV6RQWDPELpQWHyUL
    DXWRULWDULD6WDOLQPRQRSROL]DHOSRGHUHOLPLQDQGRItVLFDPHQWHFRQMXLFLRVIUD FDVHLGHROyJLFDV/DSROpPLFDVHGDDOLQWHULRUGHOPDU[LVPR(QHOSHQVD
    JXDGRVDFDVLWRGRHOFRPLWpFHQWUDOEROFKHYLTXHGH*RELHUQDGHVGHORV PLHQWRGH)LGHO \GHORVSULQFLSDOHVGLULJHQWHVGHODUHYROXFLyQFRPRHO&KH
    KDVWD&XDQGRPXHUHHVVXFHGLGRSRU.UXVFKHY(QODSURORQJDGDUHOD *XHYDUD ODpWLFDODYROXQWDGODVXEMHWLYLGDGODKLVWRULD\ODSUD[LVDSDUHFHQ
    FLyQGH&XEDFRQOD8566)LGHOVHGHFODUDGLVFtSXORGH/HQLQSURIXQGRDGPLUD FRPR HMHVFHQWUDOHVGHOSHQVDPLHQWRUHYROX
    GRUGHODUHYROXFLyQEROFKHYLTXHSHURFUtWLFRGH6WDOLQ FLRQDULRHQRSRVLFLyQDOHFRQRPLFLVPRDOHWD
    SLVPRDOGHWHUPLQLVPR\DO
    HXURFHQWULVPR GHDTXHO
    PDU[LVPR FRQVDJUDGR
    FRPRRILFLDOHQODDQWL
    JXD8566

    /DEXURFUDFLDVWDOLQLVWDGLODSLGDHODVDOWRDOFLHORGH\HOKHURtVPRGHOSXH /DRULJLQDOLGDGGHOSHQVDPLHQWRGH)LGHOHO&KH\ODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQD
    EORVRYLpWLFRTXHVDFULILFDPLOORQHVGHSHUVRQDVSDUDGHUURWDUDORVQD]LV DSRUWDXQDQXHYDOHFWXUDQRHFRQRPLFLVWDGHOPDU[LVPR/DUHYROXFLyQ
    +DFLHQGRXQEDODQFHVREUH6WDOLQ\ODEXURFUDFLDHO)LGHOGLFH /RV QRVHEDVDVyORHQODHFRQRPtDDEDUFDWDPELpQODpWLFDODFXOWXUDODQXH
    SHRUHVHUURUHVGH6WDOLQVRQDGHPiVGHVXDEXVRGHSRGHU VXFUXHOGDGVXV YDVXEMHWLYLGDG\ORVYDORUHV(VHDSRUWHODWLQRDPHULFDQRGH&XEDDOSHQVD
    SXUJDV\ODYLRODFLyQGHODOHJDOLGDGODFROHFWLYL]DFLyQIRU]RVDGHOFDPSRHOSDF PLHQWRPXQGLDOFRQYHUJHFRQRWUDVSHUVSHFWLYDVUHYR
    WRVLQSULQFLSLRVFRQORVQD]LVHQODRFXSDFLyQGHXQDSDUWHGH3RORQLDOD OXFLRQDULDVGHRULJHQHXURSHR
    JXHUUDD)LQODQGLDHOKDEHUGHVFDEH]DGRHOHMpUFLWRVRYLpWLFRQRKDEHUPRYLOL FRPRHOPDU[LVPRFXOWXUDOLVWD
    ]DGRDWRGRHOSXHEORDQWHVGHODLQYDVLyQQD]L\VHUHDFFLyQGHPDVLDGRFDXWH GH$QWRQLR*UDPVFLRHO
    ORVDDQWHVGHHVDLQYDVLyQ(O)LGHODJUHJD +LWOHUDGTXLUtDSRGHUHQ PDU[LVPRGLDOpFWLFRGH
    (XURSDOD8566VHJXtDXQDSROtWLFDGHSXUJDVGRQGHVHFRPHWLHURQWRGRJpQH *\|UJ\/XNiFV+HQUL
    URGHDEXVRV\FUtPHQHV3UiFWLFDPHQWHGHVFDEH]DURQHOSDUWLGR\ODVIXHU]DV /HIHEYUH\.DUHO
    DUPDGDV ORGHVFDEH]DURQWRGR\FRQWULEX\HURQDFUHDUODVFRQGLFLRQHVPiV .RVLNHQWUH
    DGYHUVDVFXDQGROOHJyHOPRPHQWRGHODJXHUUD >@6LQRIXHUDSRUORVWUHPHQ PXFKRVRWURV
    GRVHUURUHVGH6WDOLQODVHJXQGDJXHUUDPXQGLDOQRWHUPLQDHQ%HUOtQVLQRHQ SHQVDGR
    3RUWXJDO(OHMpUFLWRURMRSRGUtDKDEHUWULXQIDGRHQWRGD(XURSD\QRKDEUtDKDEL UHVKHWHUR
    GRVHJXQGRIUHQWHQLGHVHPEDUFRGHQRUWHDPHULFDQRVHQ(XURSD  GR[RV

    102 103
    Fidel frente al Sectarismo y Palabras a los intelectuales
    el Burocratismo Stalinista 0LHQWUDV VHUHFKD]DQODVLQWHQWRQDVQRUWHDPHULFDQDVSRUGHVHVWDELOL]DUHO
    SURFHVRSROtWLFRGHVGHHOWHUURULVPR\ODLQYDVLyQKDVWDODDPHQD]DQXFOH
    (QIUHQWDGR FRQHOJLJDQWHQRUWHDPHULFDQR\VXSUHSRWHQFLDQXFOHDU  )LGHO DU ODUHYROXFLyQDYDQ]DHQVXWHUUHQRPiVILUPHHOGHODFXOWXUD(O
    DFHSWDHODSR\RVRYLpWLFR $XQFRQGLYHUJHQFLDVSLHQVDTXHODFRODERUDFLyQ HQOD%LEOLRWHFD1DFLRQDOGH/D+DEDQD)LGHOSURQXQFLDXQGLV
    HQWUH&XED\OD8566PLOLWDU HFRQyPLFDHQHUJpWLFDHWFHVLPSUHVFLQ FXUVRIDPRVRTXHVHFRQRFHUiFRPRSDODEUDVDORVLQWHOHFWXDOHV(VWiQSUH
    GLEOHSDUDQRVRPHWHUVHDOFUXHODPRGHOQRUWHTXHQRVGHVSUHFLD\QRVKXPL VHQWHVDOJXQRVGHORVPiVUHQRPEUDGRVLQWHOHFWXDOHV\DUWLVWDVGH&XED-RVp
    OOD6LQHPEDUJR)LGHODGYLHUWHGHVGHHOLQLFLRTXHQRDGPLWLUiGHQWURGHOD /H]DPD/LPD9LUJLOLR3LxHUD$QWyQ$UUXIDW-XOLR*DUFtD(VSLQRVD6DQWLDJR
    UHYROXFLyQ FXEDQDSRVLFLRQHVVHFWDULDVTXHLQWHQWHQWUDVODGDUDODLVODORV OYDUH]7RPiV*XWLpUUH]$OHD1LFROiV*XLOOpQ/LVDQGUR2WHUR&DUPHOR*RQ
    PpWRGRVEXURFUiWLFRVGHODGLULJHQFLDVRYLpWLFD ]iOH]5REHUWR)HUQiQGH]5HWDPDU *XLOOHUPR&DEUHUD,QIDQWH&DUORV)UDQ
    7DQWR DOJXQRVDGHPDQHVDQWLFRPXQLVWDVGHO0RGHO'5FRPRHO TXL$OHMR&DUSHQWLHU\$OIUHGR*XHYDUDHQWUHPXFKtVLPRVRWURV\RWUDV
    VHFWDULVPREXURFUiWLFRGHO363 DWHQWDQFRQWUDODXQLGDGGHORVUHYROXFLRQDULRV
    (VHFXHVWLRQDPLHQWRGH)LGHOFRQWUDHOVHFWDULVPR\HOEXURFUDWLVPRVHUHSLWH
    HQ YDULDVRSRUWXQLGDGHV3RU
    HMHPSORHQMXOLRGHFXDQ
    GR VHIRUPDQODVRUJDQL]DFLR
    QHV UHYROXFLRQDULDVLQWHJUDGDV
    25, \HO363 SUHWHQGHFDSWX
    UDU WRGRVORVFDUJRVEXURFUiWL
    FDPHQWH /XHJRHQ
    FXDQGR VHIRUPDXQDFRQVSLUD
    FLyQFRQWUD)LGHO\HO&KHGHXQ
    JUXSLWR VWDOLQLVWDTXHRSHUD
    GHVGH XQEDUFRVRYLpWLFR
    HQFDEH]DGR SRU $QtEDO (VFD
    ODQWH VHFUHWDULRGHRUJDQL]D
    FLyQGHODV25,7DPELpQHQHO
    MXLFLRGHPDU]RGHD0DU
    FRV5RGUtJXH] GHODWRU\WUDLGRU
    HQWLHPSRVGH%DWLVWDSURWHJL
    GRSRUGRVDOWRVPLHPEURVGHO
    363 $SR\DQGRODVFUtWLFDVGH
    )LGHO HO&KHHVFULEHHQ $ GLIHUHQFLDGHORTXHKDEtDVXFHGLGRHQOD8QLyQ6RYLpWLFDDSDUWLUGH
    &RQWUD HOEXURFUDWLVPR(Q pSRFDHQTXHVHFRQVROLGDSROtWLFDPHQWHHOVWDOLQLVPR\VHLPSRQHSRUOD
    VXV GLVFXUVRVGHO IXHU]DHOUHDOLVPRVRFLDOLVWDFRPRGRFWULQDRILFLDOHQODHVWpWLFDHQ&XED
     \)LGHO QRH[LVWHXQDHVWpWLFDRILFLDO3UROLIHUDQGLYHUVDVFRUULHQWHVQXPHURVDVHVFXH
    LQVLVWH FRQWUDODPHQWDOLGDG ODV\WUDGLFLRQHVDUWtVWLFDVGHVGHODVYDQJXDUGLDVKDVWDHOUHDOLVPRGHVGHOR
    VHUYLO KDFLDHOGRJPDWLVPR UHDOPDUDYLOORVRKDVWDHOIRUPDOLVPR(QVXV3DODEUDVDORVLQWHOHFWXDOHV
    VRYLpWLFR\VXPDQXDOLVPR )LGHOGHMDHQFODURTXHODUHYROXFLyQHVDELHUWD\FRQWLHQHDWRGRVVLHPSUH\
    FXDQGRQRVHDQFRQWUDUUHYROXFLRQDULRV

    104 105
    Libros para todo el mundo El Cine de la Revolucin
    8QRGHORVSULPHURVWtWXORVTXHHGLWDODUHYROXFLyQHVHO 4XLMRWH GH0LJXHOGH (Q VHFUHDOD'LUHFFLyQGH&XOWX
    &HUYDQWHV/DWLUDGDHVGHHMHPSODUHV\VHYHQGHDSUHFLRLUULVRULR(VD UD GHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGH6HILOPDQORV
    HGLFLyQPDUFDXQYLUDMHKLVWyULFRHQODSROtWLFDHGLWRULDOFXEDQD'HVGHOD GRFXPHQWDOHV (VWD WLHUUDQXHVWUD  GH
    ,PSUHQWD1DFLRQDOGH&XEDHVGLULJLGDSRUHOFpOHEUHHVFULWRU $OHMR&DUSHQWLHU 7RPiV 7LWyQ *XWLpUUH] $OHD >
    )LGHOFUHD(GLFLRQHV5>HGLFLRQHVUHYROXFLRQDULDV@\HO,QVWLWXWRGHO/LEURVXEVL @ \ /D YLYLHQGD GH -XOLR*DUFtD
    GLDGRVSRUHOHVWDGR(VWDVLQVWLWXFLRQHVIXVLODQ>FRSLDQ\HGLWDQHQIRUPDSLUD (VSLQRVD>@/RVWHUPLQDHO,QVWL
    WD@PLOHVGHWtWXORVGHWRGRHOPXQGR)LGHOGHFODUDS~EOLFDPHQWHTXH&XEDQR WXWR &XEDQRGH $UWH H,QGXVWULD&LQH
    UHFODPDGHUHFKRVGHDXWRU\WDPSRFRORVSDJD/DFXOWXUDHQUHYROXFLyQGHEH PDWRJUiILFRV ,&$,&FUHDGRHQPDU]R
    VHUJUDWXLWDGHEHHVWDUVXEVLGLDGD\QRSXHGHVXERUGLQDUVHDOPHUFDGR GH 6XSUHVLGHQWH $OIUHGR*XH
    YDUD 9DOGpV >@DQXQFLDODLQWHU
    YHQFLyQGHODVHPSUHVDV\DQTXLVGLVWUL
    EXLGRUDV GHSHOtFXODV $GHPiV GHO
    FLQH HOVpSWLPRSLVRGHO,&$,&HVHO
    OXJDUGHUHXQLyQGHPXFKRVLQVXUJHQ
    WHVODWLQRDPHULFDQRV(QVHIXQGD
    OD&LQHPDWHFD(O,&$,&SURPXHYHXQD
    FLQHPDWRJUDItD SURSLD\GHEDWHVDQWH
    XQ S~EOLFRDPSOLDGR6XVILOPHVVRQ
    SUHPLDGRV HQWRGRVORVIHVWLYDOHVGHO
    PXQGR &RQHOGLUHFWRUGHO1RWLFLHUR
    GHO ,&$,&6DQWLDJROYDUH]>
    @QDFHHOQXHYRGRFXPHQWDOFXED
    QR(QVHFUHDQORVFLQHPyYLOHV
    FRQFDPLRQHVODQFKDV\PXODV
    7LWyQ GLULJHILOPHVIRUPLGDEOHVFRPR
    0HPRULDV GHOVXEGHVDUUROOR R /D
    PXHUWH GHXQEXUyFUDWD  (O,&$,&SURPXHYHHO*UXSRGH([SHULPHQWDFLyQ
    6RQRUD\HO*UXSRGH([SHULPHQWDFLyQ*UiILFD\$XGLRYLVXDO(QVHDEUH
    ODSROpPLFD(OGLUHFWRUGHO,&$,&$*XHYDUDGLVFXWHFRQ%ODV5RFDGLULJHQ
    (VWDLQWHQVDSROtWLFDFXOWXUDO\HGLWRULDOFRQVWLWX\HODSDUWHHVHQFLDOGHWRGDXQD WHGHODQWLJXR363TXLHQVHRSRQHDH[KLELUHQ&XED /DGROFHYLWD GH))HOOL
    RIHQVLYD LGHROyJLFDTXH)LGHOLPSULPHDODUHYROXFLyQ&RPRSDUWHGHHVD QL$FFDWRQH GH333DVROLQL(OiQJHOH[WHUPLQDGRU GH/%XxXHO\$OLDV*DU
    RIHQVLYD\HVDUDGLFDOL]DFLyQODDVRFLDFLyQGHMyYHQHVUHEHOGHVVHWUDQVIRUPD GHOLWR GH/0XU~DFLQHDVWDVFXEDQRVILUPDQHOGRFXPHQWR&RQFOXVLRQHV
    HQ ODXQLyQGHMyYHQHVFRPXQLVWDV 8-& /DDGRSFLyQGHOFRPXQLVPRSRU GH XQGHEDWHHQWUHFLQHDVWDVSROHPL]DQGRFRQODVSRVLFLRQHVDILQHVDOD
    SDUWHGHODMXYHQWXGUHYROXFLRQDULDFXEDQDUHWRPDODKHUHQFLDUDGLFDOGH-XOLR 8566-XQWRFRQ&DVDGHODV $PpULFDV\HO%DOOHW1DFLRQDO GLULJLGRSRU $OL
    $QWRQLR0HOOD\HOFRPXQLVPRKHURLFRGHORVDxRV6XVVtPERORVVRQHO FLD$ORQVR HO,&$,&QRFHGHDORVFULWHULRVVRYLpWLFRV GHO&RQVHMR1DFLRQDO
    HVWXGLRHOWUDEDMR\HOIXVLO(O&KH*XHYDUDDFRPSDxDHVWDDGRSFLyQLGHROy GH&XOWXUD TXHSUROLIHUDQHQ&XEDGXUDQWHORV $GHPiVVHFUHDOD)XQ
    JLFDLQFHQWLYDGDSRU)LGHOHQXQGLVFXUVRFpOHEUHFRQRFLGRFRPR4XpGHEH GDFLyQ\HO)HVWLYDOGHO1XHYR&LQH/DWLQRDPHULFDQR\OD(VFXHOD,QWHUQDFLR
    VHUXQMRYHQFRPXQLVWD"   QDOGH&LQH\7HOHYLVLyQGH6DQ$QWRQLRGHORV%DxRV

    106 107
    Casa de las Amricas, embajadora Prensa Latina contra la incomunicacin
    cultural 3DUD FRQWUDUUHVWDUODSURSDJDQGDFRQWUDUUHYROXFLRQDULDGH8QLWHG3UHVV\
    $VVRFLDWHG3UHVV\GLVSXWDUODKHJHPRQtDHQODFRPXQLFDFLyQHOHQ
    /D &DVDGHODV $PpULFDV HVIXQGDGDHOSRU+D\GHH6DQWDPDUtD HO+RWHO1DFLRQDOGH/D+DEDQDVHFUHD3UHQVD/DWLQDODSULPHUDDJHQFLDGH
    &XDGUDGR >@KHURtQDGHO0RQFDGD $QWH HOEORTXHRFRQWLQHQWDO QRWLFLDVODWLQRDPHULFDQD6XLPSXOVRUHVHOSHULRGLVWDDUJHQWLQRDItQD)LGHO
    FXDQGRWRGRVORVJRELHUQRVGHOFRQWLQHQWHDH[FHSFLyQGH0p[LFRURP \DO&KH-RUJH5LFDUGR0DVHWWL*DUFtD0iUTXH]\3OLQLR0HQGR]DVHUiQVXV
    SHQUHODFLRQHVFRQ&XEDSRUPDQGDWRGH((88OD&DVDVHFRQYLHUWHHQOD FRUUHVSRQVDOHVHQ&RORPELD0DULR*LOHQ0p[LFR'tD]5DQJHOHQ9 HQH]XH
    HPEDMDGDFXOWXUDOGHODUHYROXFLyQ'LIXQGLHQGRODREUDSURSLDFRPRDQILWULR OD7HGG\&yUGREDHQ%ROLYLD$UROGR:DOOHQ%UDVLO*DUFtD/XSRHQ(FXDGRU
    QD OD&DVDSURSLFLDODYLVLWDD&XEDGHQXPHURVRVLQWHOHFWXDOHVFUtWLFRVGH \&KLOH2QHWWLHQ8UXJXD\\ 7UtYHULHQ((88-XQWRD0DVHWWLHQ/D+DEDQD
    $PpULFD/DWLQD\HOPXQGR-XOLR&RUWi]DU5RTXH'DOWRQ+DUROGR&RQWL-XDQ WUDEDMDRWURDUJHQWLQR5RGROIR:DOVK  -36DUWUHHQ)UDQFLD:DO
    *HOPDQ0DULR%HQHGHWWL*DEULHO*DUFtD0iUTXH]'DYLG9LxDVHOMRYHQ9DU GR)UDQN\&K:ULJKW0LOOVHQ((88VHUiQFRODERUDGRUHVKDELWXDOHV
    JDV/ORVD-XDQ5XOIRHQWUHPXFKtVLPRVRWURV

    (O SDSHOIXQGDPHQWDO
    TXHDGTXLHUH&DVDGH
    ODV $PpULFDV QRHV
    LQGHSHQGLHQWH GHOOX
    JDU TXHODFXOWXUDOD
    pWLFD\ODOXFKDSRUODKHJH
    PRQtD RFXSDQHQHOSHQVDPLHQWR
    PDU[LVWDGH)LGHOHO&KH*XHYDUD
    \ ODGLUHFFLyQUHYROXFLRQDULDSUH
    GRPLQD XQPDU[LVPRHWLFLVWD\
    FXOWXUDOLVWD/DVIXHU]DVPRUDOHV
    \ODEDWDOODFXOWXUDOQRVRQUHIOHMR
    SDVLYRGHODHFRQRPtDQLXQDGRU
    QRGHFRUDWLYRGHODSROtWLFD FRPR
    HQHOPDU[LVPRGHOD8566\SDt
    VHVDILQHV $GHPiVGHSURPRYHU
    D HVFULWRUHVDUWLVWDVSOiVWLFRV
    P~VLFRVWHDWULVWDV\HVWXGLRVRVGHODOLWHUDWXUDODVDUWHV\ODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV
    OD&DVDFRELMDDKHUHMHVHLFRQRFODVWDV+D\GHH6DQWDPDUtDSURWHJH\DOLHQWD
    DORVLQLFLDGRUHVPXFKDVYHFHVLQFRPSUHQGLGRVSRUDOJXQRVGRJPiWLFRVGH 0XFKRVDxRVGHVSXpV\DHQHOVLJOR;;,)LGHO&DVWUR\+XJR&KiYH]LQWHQ
    OD1XHYD7URYDFXEDQD6LOYLR5RGUtJXH]3DEOR0LODQpV $PDXU\3pUH]9LGDO WDQKDFHUDOJRDQiORJRD3UHQVD/DWLQDFUHDQGRXQQXHYRFDQDOODWLQRDPHUL
    1RHO,QFROD\6DUD*RQ]iOH] 7DPELpQDFXGHQHOSLQWRUGHOPHVWL]DMH:LOIUHGR FDQR7(/(685+R\>@PiVTXHQXQFDODOXFKDDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDVHGHFL
    /DP ORVSRHWDV&LQWLR9 LWLHU \3DEOR $UPDQGR )HUQiQGH]HQWUHPXFKtVLPRV GHHQHOWHUUHQRGHODVFRQFLHQFLDVODVPHQWHV\ORVFRUD]RQHV)UHQWHDOD
    RWURV'HVGHSUHVLGHOD&DVD0DULDQR5RGUtJXH]>@\GHVGH GLFWDGXUDPXQGLDOGHORVJUDQGHVPRQRSROLRVGHOD LQ FRPXQLFDFLyQVHYXHO
    HOSRHWD\HQVD\LVWD5REHUWR)HUQiQGH]5HWDPDU>@ YHYLWDOODUHVLVWHQFLDFXOWXUDO\HOSHULRGLVPRDOWHUQDWLYR

    108 109
    Los discursos pedaggicos de Fidel Ho Chi Minh y la Revolucin en Vietnam
    /RV GLVFXUVRVSROtWLFRVGH)LGHOTXHPXFKDVYHFHVGXUDQKRUDVVRQ +R &KL0LQK VHXGyQLPRGH1JX\rQ 7KDW7KDQK >@ HVHOPi[LPR
    FpOHEUHV+DVWDpOPLVPRKDFHFKLVWHVDOUHVSHFWR DOXGLHQGRDVXSURORQ OtGHUUHYROXFLRQDULRGH9 LHWQDP(QFDEH]DODOXFKDFRQWUDHOFRORQLDOLVPR\HO
    JD ORQJLWXG 6XHVWLORVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUXQDSHUPDQHQWHFRPXQLFDFLyQ LPSHULDOLVPRMDSRQpVIUDQFpV\QRUWHDPHULFDQR(QWUDEDMDFRPRFRFLQH
    FRQODVPDVDVLQFOXVRHQORVPRPHQWRVGHPD\RUWHQVLyQ FRPRODFULVLV URHQXQEDUFR/XHJRYLDMDD/RQGUHV\3DUtVGRQGHSDUWLFLSDGHODIXQGDFLyQ
    QXFOHDUGHORVPLVLOHVRODVGLYHUVDVDPHQD]DVGHLQYDVLyQQRUWHDPHULFD GHO3DUWLGR&RPXQLVWD)UDQFpV 3&) (OWtR+RDVtOROODPDQFDULxRVDPHQ
    QDDODLVOD  WHORVYLHWQDPLWDVGHVFXEUHHQ/HQLQODFRPSUHQVLyQGHODOXFKDFRORQLDO\
    DQWLLPSHULDOLVWD/DSULPHUDYH]TXHOHtD/HQLQOORUpGHODHPRFLyQ )LGHO\HO
    &KHVLHQWHQJUDQDGPLUDFLyQSRU+R&KL0LQK\DSUHQGHQGHVXHMHPSOR

    6LJXLHQGRD/HQLQ+R&KL0LQKHQFDEH]DDORVYLHWQDPLWDVFRQWUDORVLQYD
    VRUHVMDSRQHVHV>@FRQWUDORVFRORQLDOLVWDVIUDQFHVHV>@
    TXHFDHQGHUURWDGRVHQ'LHQ%LHQ3KX\FRQWUDORVLQYDVRUHV\DQTXLVYHQFL
    6LHO&KH*XHYDUDHVHOJUDQHVFULWRUWHyULFRGHODUHYROXFLyQ)LGHOHVDGH GRVGHILQLWLYDPHQWHHQ HOWtR+RPXHUHHQ+DQRLHO 9LHWQDP
    PiVGHVXSULQFLSDOHVWUDWHJDSROtWLFR\OtGHUFDULVPiWLFRIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH VHXQLILFDHQXQVRORSDtVVRFLDOLVWD/DJXHUUDGH9 LHWQDPDPSOtDODGHUURWD
    XQJUDQRUDGRU6XpQIDVLVSULRUL]DXQOHQJXDMHVHQFLOORVLHPSUHGLGiFWLFR\ \DQTXLHQ3OD\D*LUyQ(QVXJXHUUDIHUR](VWDGRV8QLGRVDVHVLQD
    SHGDJyJLFR (OSULQFLSDOSHQVDPLHQWRGH)LGHOGHEHEXVFDUVHWRGDYtDPiV FXDWURPLOORQHV GHYLHWQDPLWDVGHMDQGRGHFHQDVGHPLOHVGHTXHPDGRVFRQ
    TXHHQVXVHVFULWRVHQVXVGLVFXUVRV IyVIRUR 1$3$/0 8QYHUGDGHURJHQRFLGLR

    110 111
    Repercusin de Vietnam y Cuba El apoyo de Fidel y Cuba a Vietnam
    en Europa y EE.UU. 9LHWQDP\&XEDHVWDEOHFHQUHODFLRQHVHO 9 LHWQDPDEUHVXHPED
    MDGDHQ/D+DEDQDHQ 0LHQWUDVHO3DFWRGH9 DUVRYLD GHOD8566\
    /DJXHUUDGH9LHWQDPJHQHUDXQLPSRQHQWHPRYLPLHQWRGHSURWHVWDMXYHQLOHQ DOLDGRV QRLQFOX\HD9 LHWQDPFRPRVXWHUULWRULRLQYLRODEOH)LGHOGHFODUDHQ
    ODVJUDQGHVFDSLWDOHVGHOLPSHULDOLVPR'HVGHHOKLSSLVPRHQ(VWDGRV8QLGRV 3RU9LHWQDPHVWDPRVGLVSXHVWRVDGDUQXHVWUDSURSLDVDQJUH 7DP
    KDVWDODUHEHOLyQHVWXGLDQWLOHQ3DUtV%HUOtQ5RPD7UHQWR7RNLR\/RQGUHVGH ELpQDILUPD(VQHFHVDULRFRUWDUOHODVPDQRVDORVLPSHULDOLVWDVHQ9 LHWQDP
    HVWiQPDUFDGRVSRUODRSRVLFLyQDODJXHUUDJHQRFLGDHLPSHULDOLVWDGH R GRQGHVHD  PLHQWUDVHO&KHSODQWHD &UHDU GRVWUHVPXFKRV9 LHWQDP
    9LHWQDP6LQODOXFKDDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDGHO7HUFHU0XQGRHQFDEH]DGDHQ$VLD &XEDRIUHFHYROXQWDULRV FRPEDWLHQWHVGHDUWLOOHUtDDQWLiUHD D9 LHWQDP)LGHO
    SRU9LHWQDPHQ$PpULFD/DWLQDSRU&XED\HQIULFDSRU $UJHOLDSRFRVH YLDMDWUHVYHFHV(QYLVLWDODV]RQDVOLEHUDGDVGHOVXUGH9 LHWQDP9XHO
    FRPSUHQGHGHODVUHYXHOWDVHVWXGLDQWLOHVODVFRQWUDFXOWXUDV\ODVUHEHOLRQHV YHHQ\OD~OWLPDYH]HOVHHQWUHYLVWDFRQHOJHQHUDO9R1JX
    MXYHQLOHVGHOFDSLWDOLVPRGHVDUUROODGR \HQ*LDSPLQLVWURGH'HIHQVD>@\KpURHOHJHQGDULRHQ
    ODV YLFWRULDVYLHWQDPLWDV
    VREUH HOLPSHULDOLVPRFX\R
    OLEUR *XHUUD GHOSXHEOR
    HMpUFLWRGHOSXHEOR HVSUROR
    JDGRSRUHO&KH*XHYDUDHQ
    
    (Q VHSWLHPEUHGHVH
    FUHD HO&RPLWp&XEDQRGH
    6ROLGDULGDGFRQ9LHWQDP/R
    SUHVLGH 0HOED+HUQiQGH] 
    KHURtQD GHO0RQFDGD(O
    *XHYDUDFODXVX
    UDOD6HPDQDGHVROLGDULGDG
    FRQHOSXHEORGH9LHWQDPGHO
    6XU (O0HOED
    +HUQiQGH] HVUHFLELGDSRU
    +R &KL0LQKHQ+DQRL(Q
    /DMXYHQWXGGH((88VHQLHJDDHQURODUVHHQODVIXHU]DVDUPDGDV\DQTXLV PDU]R GHHQSOHQD
    SDUDLUDDVHVLQDUYLHWQDPLWDVDORWURODGRGHOPXQGR(VRJHQHUDLQGLVFLSOLQD JXHUUD &XEDSULPHUSDtV
    VRFLDOHQODVRFLHGDGQRUWHDPHULFDQD(Q(XURSDHVDLQGLVFLSOLQDVHSURORQ TXHHQMXOLRGHUHFRQR
    JDHQODUHEHOLyQHVWXGLDQWLO6LODPiVIDPRVDHVODGHOPD\RIUDQFpVGH FH DO9 LHWFRQJ HVWDEOHFH
    OLGHUDGDSRU'DQLHO&RKQ%HQGLW'DQ\HOURMRODPiVUDGLFDO\SURIXQGD VXHPEDMDGDHQODVHOYDDOODGRGHOJRELHUQRUHYROXFLRQDULRGH9 LHWQDPGHO
    HVODUHEHOLyQGH $OHPDQLD/DHQFDEH]D $OIUHG:LOOL5XGROI'XWVFKNH> 6XU(QOOHJDD9LHWQDPODSULPHUDEULJDGDPpGLFDFXEDQD3HUPDQHFH
    @5XGL'XWVFKNHHVWXGLDQWHPDU[LVWDTXHVLJXHODSHUVSHFWLYDGH+R XQDxRDWHQGLHQGRKHULGRVGH1$3 $/0SRUORVERPEDUGHRVQRUWHDPHULFD
    &KL0LQK)LGHO&DVWUR\&KH*XHYDUDMXQWRFRQODILORVRItDGH+HUEHUW0DUFX QRV(QHQ'RQJ+RL SURYLQFLDGH4XDQJ%LQK UHFLpQOLEHUDGR\D~Q
    VH>@'HODOHPiQWDPELpQVXUJH8OULNH0HLQKRI>@GH FRQRORUDSyOYRUDFXDQGRWRGDYtDQRKDEtDVLGROLEHUDGD6DLJyQ)LGHO
    ODL]TXLHUGDUDGLFDODOHPDQD(QWRGRHOHXURSHRODRSRVLFLyQDODJXHUUD GRQDHO+RVSLWDO$PLVWDG9LHWQDP&XEDFRQFDPDV(Q&XEDRUJD
    GH9LHWQDP\ODLQIOXHQFLDGH&XEDHVGHWHUPLQDQWH QL]DOD&DPSDxDGHD\XGDPDWHULDOD9 LHWQDP

    112 113
    Vietnam, las potencias socialistas Fidel y el Movimiento Revolucionario
    y el comercio desigual del Tercer Mundo
    /DUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDVROLGDULDFRQ9LHWQDPFXHVWLRQDODLQVXILFLHQWHD\XGDGH 'HVGHVXLQLFLR)LGHOLPSULPHDODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDXQSXQWRGHYLVWDWHU 
    OD8566\&KLQD3RUHMHPSORHO&KHVRVWLHQH (OLPSHULDOLVPRQRUWHDPHULFD FHUPXQGLVWDPXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO6XSROtWLFDKDFLDHO 7HUFHU0XQGRWLHQHWUHV
    QRHVFXOSDEOHGHDJUHVLyQ<DORVDEHPRV3HURWDPELpQVRQFXOSDEOHVORVTXH YHUWLHQWHV VLPEROL]DGDVHQHOIXVLOODPDHVWUD\HOPpGLFR&XEDHQYtD
    YDFLODURQHQKDFHUD9LHWQDPSDUWHLQYLRODEOHGHOWHUULWRULRVRFLDOLVWD < VRQFXO DUPDVDWRGRVORVUHEHOGHVTXHVHDO]DQFRQWUDODVLQMXVWLFLDVGHOFDSLWDOLV
    SDEOHVORVTXHPDQWLHQHQXQDJXHUUDGHGHQXHVWRV\]DQFDGLOODVODVGRVPiV PR ORPiVFRQRFLGRSHURWDPELpQHQYtDPLOHV\PLOHVGHPpGLFDV
    JUDQGHVSRWHQFLDVGHOFDPSRVRFLDOLVWD(VWiRQRDLVODGRHO9 LHWQDPKDFLHQ PDHVWURV\D\XGDKXPDQLWDULDDORVULQFRQHVPiVDOHMDGRVGHOPXQGRSHUL
    GRHTXLOLEULRVHQWUHODVGRVSRWHQFLDVHQSXJQD"  &KH0HQVDMHDORVSXHEORV IpULFRTXHOXFKDFRQWUDHOLPSHULDOLVPR)XQGDKRVSLWDOHVHVFXHODVGHPHGL
    GHO PXQGRDWUDYpVGHOD 7ULFRQWLQHQWDO  )LGHOH[WLHQGHHVDFUtWLFDDTXLHQHV FLQD RFHQWURVGHVDOXGHQ9 LHWQDP 5HS~EOLFD3RSXODU'HPRFUiWLFDGH
    HQYtDQDUPDVD9 LHWQDP\DO 7HUFHU0XQGRSHURODVFREUDQ 1RVRWURVQR <HPHQ5HS~EOLFDUDEH6DKDUDXt'HPRFUiWLFD5HS~EOLFDGHO1tJHU*DP
    FRQFHELPRV SDVDUOHODFXHQWDDQDGLHSRUDUPDVTXHOHGHPRVQLSDVDUOHOD ELD 6HQHJDO+RQ
    FXHQWDDQDGLHSRUD\XGDWpFQLFDQLVLTXLHUDUHFRUGiUVHOR  )LGHOGLVFXUVRGHO GXUDV 1LFDUDJXD
      9HQH]XHOD 7DQ]D
    QLDHQWUHRWURVLQQX
    PHUDEOHVSDtVHV
    $ VXYH]&XEDUHFLEH
    HQVX(VFXHOD/DWLQR
    DPHULFDQD GH&LHQ
    FLDV0pGLFDVPLOHVGH
    MyYHQHV KXPLOGHVGH
    WRGD $PpULFD /DWLQD
    TXH HVWXGLDQHQ/D
    +DEDQD JUDWXLWDPHQ
    WH-XQWRFRQHVDD\X
    GD KXPDQLWDULD)LGHO
    $XQSODQWHDQGRIUHQWHDOLPSH LQWHQWD DJUXSDU DJOX
    ULDOLVPRODXQLGDGFRQ WLQDU\XQLUXQLQPHQ
    WRGRVORVSDtVHVVRFLDOLV VR \YDULDGRDEDQLFR
    WDV)LGHO&DVWUROHV GH SDtVHVVRPHWLGRV
    FXHVWLRQDDOD8566\ DO VDTXHRGHOQHRFR
    &KLQDHOLPSRQHUOHD&XED\ ORQLDOLVPR 3RUHVR
    DORVSXHEORVGHO7HUFHU0XQGRXQLQWHUFDPELRFRPHUFLDOGHVLJXDOFDOFDGR VHUi GXUDQWHPXFKR
    GHOFRPHUFLRLQWHUQDFLRQDOFDSLWDOLVWD8QDVHULHGHFULWHULRVLGHDV\SUiFWL  WLHPSR XQRGHORV
    FDVSDUDQRVRWURVQRFRPSUHQVLEOHVTXHKDQFRQWULEXLGRDUHEODQGHFHUHO SULQFLSDOHV OtGHUHV
    HVStULWXUHYROXFLRQDULRGHORVSDtVHVVRFLDOLVWDVLJQRUDQFLDVREUHORVSUREOH PXQGLDOHV GHO0RYL
    PDVGHOPXQGRVXEGHVDUUROODGR\ODPLVHULDTXHVXEVLVWHWHQGHQFLDVD PLHQWR GHORVSDtVHV
    PDQWHQHUODVSUiFWLFDVGHFRPHUFLRGHOPXQGRFDSLWDOLVWDEXUJXpVGHVDUUR QRDOLQHDGRV 01$ 
    OODGRFRQHOPXQGRVXEGHVDUUROODGR GLVFXUVRGHO 

    114 115
    Fidel, Palestina y la Cuestin Juda Cuba y Argelia
    (QPHGLRRULHQWH)LGHODSR\DDOSXHEORSDOHVWLQR HQFDEH]DGRSRUOD2UJDQL (Q  $KPHG %HQ%HOOD>@IXQGDHO)UHQWHGH/LEHUDFLyQ1DFLRQDO
    ]DFLyQSDUDOD/LEHUDFLyQGH3DOHVWLQD2/3 $OJXQRVGHVXVFXDGURVGHLQWH )/1 GH$UJHOLDGRQGHFRQYLYHQQDFLRQDOLVWDV\PDU[LVWDV(O)/1HQFDEH]D
    OLJHQFLDSRUHMHPSOR8OLVHV(VWUDGD/DFDOOHKRPEUHGH%DUEDUURMDDSR ODLQVXUUHFFLyQFRQWUD)UDQFLDHQXQDJXHUUDGHRFKRDxRV $UJHOLDVHLQGH
    \DQDORVSDOHVWLQRVHQODJXHUULOODGHOUtR-RUGiQ$OPLVPRWLHPSR)LGHOJDQD SHQGL]DHQ /RVFRORQLDOLVWDVIUDQFHVHV\ORVFRORQRVGHOD2UJDQLVDWLRQ
    HODSR\RGHVHFWRUHVSURJUHVLVWDVMXGtRVRSXHVWRVDOVLRQLVPR$VtFRPRGLIH $UPpH6HFUqWH 2$6 DVHVLQDQXQPLOOyQGHDUJHOLQRV\XWLOL]DQODWRUWXUD \
    UHQFLDDOSXHEORQRUWHDPHULFDQRGHODHOLWHTXHJRELHUQD((88WDPELpQGLIH ODYLRODFLyQ PDVLYDPpWRGRVLPSOHPHQWDGRVSRUVXVGLVFtSXORVGH((88HQ
    UHQFLDDOSXHEORMXGtRGHORVVLRQLVWDVGHH[WUHPDGHUHFKDGH,VUDHO\((88 9LHWQDP \$PpULFD /DWLQD(OFRURQHO+XDUL%XPHGLiQ>@MHIHGHO
    (Q,VUDHOLQWHOHFWXDOHVGHO3DUWLGR&RPXQLVWDDFDEDQGHHGLWDU>@XQOLEUR (MpUFLWR GH/LEHUDFLyQ1DFLRQDODSR\DD%HQ%HOODHOHJLGRSUHVLGHQWHHQ
    VREUHHO&KH*XHYDUDHQKHEUHR  $UJHOLDVHFRQYLHUWHHQFHQWURSDUDORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVDIULFDQRV HVH
    DxR 1HOVRQ0DQGHODUHFLEHDOOtHQWUHQDPLHQWRJXHUULOOHUR 3HURHQ
    %XPHGLiQGDXQJROSHGHHVWDGRFRQWUD%HQ%HOOD

    (Q$PpULFD /DWLQDQXPHURVRVVHFWRUHVMXGtRVDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDV\VRFLDOLVWDV
    SDUWLFLSDQGHODVOXFKDVUHYROXFLRQDULDVTXHDSR\DQD&XED\DORVSDOHVWLQRV
    (QWUH PXFKRVRWURVXQRGHORVIXQGDGRUHVGHO0RYLPLHQWRGH/LEHUDFLyQ )LGHODSR\DODOXFKDGH $UJHOLD6XSULPHUDD\XGDHQIULFDHVXQEDUFRFRQ
    1DFLRQDO7XSDPDURV 0/17 HQ8UXJXD\0DXULFLR5RVHQFRI>@HVMXGtR DUPDVSDUDHO)/1TXHOOHJDHQ(OPLVPREDUFRUHJUHVDFRQKXpUIDQRV
    /RPLVPRVXFHGHHQ$UJHQWLQDFRQORVFRPEDWLHQWHV0DUFRV2VDWLQVN\>DVHVL GHJXHUUD\KHULGRVDUJHOLQRVTXHVHYDQDFXUDUD&XED(OSHUtRGRGHPD\RU
    QDGRHQ@IXQGDGRUGHODV)XHU]DV$UPDGDV5HYROXFLRQDULDV )$5 R5D\ DFHUFDPLHQWRGH&XED\$UJHOLDVHYLYHFRQ%HQ%HOODSUHVLGHQWH&RQ%XPH
    PXQGR*OH\]HU>GHVDSDUHFLGRHQ@GLULJHQWHGHO3DUWLGR5HYROXFLRQDULRGH GLiQODVUHODFLRQHVQRGHVDSDUHFHQSHURVHHQIUtDQ$GHPiVGH$UJHOLD&XED
    ORV 7UDEDMDGRUHV(MpUFLWR 5HYROXFLRQDULRGHO3XHEOR 35 7(53  7RGRV HOORV WDPELpQDSR\DDODJXHUULOODGH*XLQHDSRUWXJXHVD\GHRWUDVFRORQLDVDIULFD
    MXGtRVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDVILGHOLVWDV\JXHYDULVWDV QDVFRPR$QJRODR*XLQHD%LVVDX

    116 117
    Fidel, el Che y la Revolucin en frica Masetti y los escoltas del Che
    $XQTXHODD\XGDD$UJH en Argentina
    OLDLQDXJXUDHOYtQFXOROD
    SUHVHQFLD GHODUHYROX /DVROLGDULGDGQRVHGHWLHQHHQIULFD&XEDWDPELpQD\XGDDODUHYROXFLyQ
    FLyQFXEDQDHQIULFDVH HQ$PpULFD/DWLQD'HVGHTXHVHFRQRFHQHO&KH*XHYDUDFRPSURPHWHD
    SURORQJD KDVWDKR\ )LGHODGHMDUORFRQWLQXDUGHVSXpVGHOWULXQIRODUHYROXFLyQHQ $UJHQWLQD
    >@/RVFXEDQRVFR (OSULPHUSUR\HFWRGHHVH
    ODERUDQHQODVOXFKDVGH LPSXOVRFRQVLVWHHQHO
    $QJROD =DLUH&RQJR (MpUFLWR*XHUULOOHURGHO
    GRQGHFRPEDWHHO&KH  3XHEOR (*3 RUJDQL]D
    (WLRStD6DKDUDRFFLGHQ FLyQGLULJLGDSRUHOSHULR
    WDO *XLQHD%LVVHDX\ GLVWDFUHDGRUGH3UHQVD
    1DPLELD1RVyORHQYtDQD\XGDKXPDQLWDULDPpGLFRVPDHVWURV\WpFQLFRV /DWLQD-RUJH5LFDUGR
    VLQRDGHPiVPLOHVGHFRPEDWLHQWHV/DPD\RUFDQWLGDGYDD $QJROD 0DVHWWLTXHPXHUHFRP
    FXEDQRVHQWRWDO FRPEDWLHQWHV\FLYLOHV $ VXYH]MyYH EDWLHQGRHQODSURYLQFLDGH
    QHVDQJRODQRVHVWXGLDQHQ&XED$QJRODHQWUHQDFRQD\XGDFXEDQDD 6DOWD$UJHQWLQD(O&KH
    FRPEDWLHQWHVLQVXUJHQWHVGH1DPLELD GHOD2UJDQL]DFLyQ3RSXODUGHOIULFD *XHYDUDSHQVDEDLQWHJUDU
    6XURFFLGHQWDO6:$32QDFLGDHQ =LPEDZH\IULFDGHO6XU GHO&RQ VHDO(*3HQXQDVHJXQGD
    JUHVR1DFLRQDO$IULFDQR&1$RSRVLWRUHVDODSDUWKHLG  HWDSDSDUDOXFKDUSRUOD
    UHYROXFLyQVRFLDOLVWDHQHO
    FRQRVXUGH$PpULFDODWLQD

    $QWHVGHOOHJDUD6DOWDGRQGHWDPELpQPXHUHFRPEDWLHQGRXQRGHORVFXED
    QRVFRPSDxHURVGHO&KHVXMRYHQHVFROWD+HUPHV3HxDHOJUXSRGH0DVHW
    WLSDVDSRU$UJHOLD$OOt0DVHWWLDFRPSDxDGRGH$QJHOLWR $OEHUWR%D\RHOH[
    FRURQHO UHSXEOLFDQRHVSDxROTXH
    (QHQHOSULPHUFRQJUHVRGHO0RYLPLHQWR3RSXODUGH/LEHUDFLyQGH$QJR KDEtD HQWUHQDGRD)LGHO\DO&KH
    OD03/$5D~O&DVWURVHxDOD < FXDQGRORVFXEDQRVVHUHWLUHQGH $QJRODQR HQ 0p[LFR WRPDFRQWDFWRFRQ
    QRVSHQVDPRVOOHYDUQLHOSHWUyOHRQLORVGLDPDQWHVQLHOFDIpQLQDGD1RVOOH %XPHGLiQ MHIHGHO(MpUFLWRGH
    YDUHPRVVRODPHQWHODDPLVWDGLQGHVWUXFWLEOHGHHVWHJUDQSXHEOR\ORVUHVWRVGH /LEHUDFLyQ 1DFLRQDOGH $UJHOLD
    QXHVWURVPXHUWRV*UDFLDVDODSDUWLFLSDFLyQFXEDQDHQIULFD1DPLELDORJUDHQ /XHJRSDVDQSRU%ROLYLDD\XGD
    VXLQGHSHQGHQFLDGH6XGiIULFD\ORVEODQFRVVXGDIULFDQRVWLHQHTXHWHU GRVSRU,QWL3HUHGR\5RGROIR6DO
    PLQDUFRQVXVLVWHPDUDFLVWDGHDSDUWKHLG'HVGHHQWRQFHVHQ1DPLELD6XG GDxD TXHPXHUHQFRQHO&KHHQ
    iIULFD \=LPEDZHJRELHUQDQORVQHJURVPD\RUtDGHODSREODFLyQKDVWDHVH HLQJUHVDQDOD$UJHQWLQD(Q&XED0DVHWWLVHKDEtD
    PRPHQWR UHFOXLGRVHQJKHWWRVFRPRVHUHVLQIHULRUHV)LGHO\ODUHYROXFLyQ HQWUHQDGRPLOLWDUPHQWHHQODOXFKDFRQWUDODVEDQGDVFRQ
    FXEDQDPDQWLHQHQKDFLDIULFDXQDVROLGDULGDGWRWDOFRPRQXQFDDQWHVH[LVWLy WUDUUHYROXFLRQDULDV GHO(VFDPEUD\ +DVWDDKRUD>@VX
    GHSDUWHGHXQSDtVRFFLGHQWDOKDFLDRWURGHO 7HUFHU0XQGR FDGiYHUHVWiGHVDSDUHFLGRHQODVHOYDGH6DOWD

    118 119
    Fidel asigna al Che Comienza el debate econmico
    tareas econmicas (y poltico)
    8QDYH]GHVDUUROODGDH[LWRVDPHQWHODJXHUUDUHYROXFLRQDULD\DQWHHOWULXQIR /DREVHVLyQGH)LGHOHVODXQLGDGHQWUHORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVGHO0HO'5
    GHO(MpUFLWR5HEHOGHWRPDGHSRGHULQFOXLGDHQ&XEDVHLQLFLDODHWDSD \HODQWLJXR3630LHQWUDVQRPEUDD*XHYDUDGHO0HQHO%DQFR1DFLR
    PiVGLItFLOODFUHDFLyQGHXQDQXHYDVRFLHGDG(OSUR\HFWRHVWUDWpJLFRGHOD QDO\HO0LQLVWHULRGH,QGXVWULDVGHVLJQDD&DUORV5DIDHO5RGUtJXH]GHO363
    UHYROXFLyQVRFLDOLVWD\GHOFDPELRUDGLFDO\SHUPDQHQWHGHODVSHUVRQDVODV HQHO,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGHOD5HIRUPD $JUDULD ,15$ TXHGLULJHHQWUH\
    UHODFLRQHVVRFLDOHV\ODVLQVWLWXFLRQHV )LGHORIUHFHODFRQGXFFLyQGHODHFRQRPtDDOD&RPLVLyQ(FRQyPLFDGHOD
    'LUHFFLyQ1DFLRQDOGHODV25,LQWHJUDGDSRU5RGUtJXH]2'RUWLFyV\*XHYDUD
    $OOtSROHPL]DQ5RGUtJXH]\HO&KHVREUHORVLQFUHPHQWRVVDODULDOHV HOSDSHOGHO
    LQFHQWLYRPDWHULDO ODGLUHFFLyQGHODHFRQRPtDHOFiOFXORHFRQyPLFRODSODQLIL
    FDFLyQ \HOVLVWHPDSUHVXSXHVWDULRGHILQDQFLDPLHQWR 7DPELpQ SDUWLFLSDQORV
    FXEDQRV$OEHUWR0RUD0DUFHOR)HUQiQGH])RQW/XtVOYDUH]5RP-XDQ,QIDQ
    WH\$OH[LV&RGLQDHOIUDQFpV&KDUOHV%HWWHOKHLP\HOEHOJD(UQHVW0DQGHO

    (QVHDEUHHOGH
    EDWH S~EOLFRHQWUH
    *XHYDUD \5RGUtJXH]
    DPERVKDEtDQHVWXGLDGR (O&DSLWDOMXQWRD)LGHOFRQ$QDVWDVLR
    $QWH ODDXVHQFLDGHFXDGURVWpFQLFRVPXFKRVGHHOORVDVXVWDGRVSRUOD 0DQVLOOD /DGLVFXVLyQHFRQyPLFDSHURWDPELpQSROtWLFDFRPLHQ]DSRUSUR
    UHYROXFLyQ RGLUHFWDPHQWHFRQWUDUUHYROXFLRQDULRVTXHHVFDSDQD0LDPL EOHPDVSUiFWLFRV ODPHGLFLyQGHORVFRVWRVGHSURGXFFLyQGHORVSURGXFWRVGH
    )LGHODSHODDLPDJLQDFLyQ\YHUVDWLOLGDGGHVXVFRPSDxHURVUHYROXFLRQDULRV ODLQGXVWULD\HODJUR /XHJRVHGLVFXWHHQRWURVFDPSRVHFRQyPLFRSROtWLFR
    $VtHVFRPR(UQHVWR*XHYDUDPpGLFRGHSURIHVLyQWHUPLQDQRPEUDGRSRU HLQFOXVRILORVyILFR/DSROpPLFDHVS~EOLFD\DELHUWDWRGDVODVSRVLFLRQHVVH
    )LGHOGLUHFWRUGHO'HSDUWDPHQWRGH,QGXVWULDGHO,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGHOD5HIRU YHQWLODQ \SXEOLFDQQDGLHHVSHUVHJXLGRRSURKLELGR FRPRVXFHGtDHQOD
    PD$JUDULD ,15$ OXHJRSUHVLGHQWHGHO%DQFR1DFLRQDO\PiVWDUGH0LQLVWUR 8566  'HQWURGHODUHYROXFLyQWRGRIXHUDGHODUHYROXFLyQQDGDKDEtD
    GH,QGXVWULDV GLFKR)LGHOSDUDHODUWH(VWRVHYHULILFDWDPELpQHQODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHV

    120 121
    Las corrientes del Debate Los partidarios de la U.R.S.S.
    /DVYHUWLHQWHVSROtWLFDVFXEDQDVTXHHVWiQHQMXHJRHQHVRVGHEDWHVVRQ D dentro del Debate
    ODWUDGLFLyQSROtWLFDGH&DUORV5DIDHO5RGUtJXH]TXHGHQWURGHODUHYROXFLyQ
    FXEDQD HVDQWLLPSHULDOLVWDGHILHQGHD)LGHOFXHVWLRQDODFRQWUDUUHYROXFLyQ /RVSULQFLSDOHVSROHPLVWDVGHO&KHVRQ
    SHURSURPXHYH\YHFRQPXFKDVVLPSDWtDVHOYtQFXORHQWUH&XED\OD8QLyQ &DUORV 5DIDHO5RGUtJXH]\&KDUOHV
    6RYLpWLFD E /DSRVLFLyQTXHHQFDEH]DHO&KH*XHYDUDWDPELpQUHYROXFLR %HWWHOKHLP(Q5RGUtJXH]HVGHO
    QDULD\DQWLLPSHULDOLVWDLJXDOPHQWHDGKHUHQWHD)LGHOSHURTXHSURPXHYHXQ 'LUHFWRULR(VWXGLDQWLOPiVWDUGHGHO$OD
    JUDGRLPSRUWDQWHGHDXWRQRPtDSROtWLFDWHyULFD\FXOWXUDOIUHQWHDODVSRVLFLR ,]TXLHUGD(VWXGLDQWLO\GHVGHGHO
    QHVVRYLpWLFDV 363(QSDUWLFLSDVHLVPHVHVGHO
    JDELQHWHGH%DWLVWDVLJXLHQGRODSROtWLFDTXHOD8566LPSR
    QHDORV3&/XHJRHO363 QRDSR\DD)LGHOQLHODVDOWRDO
    0RQFDGD3HURHQPHGLRGHODJXHUUD
    XQ VHFWRUDGKLHUHDODUHYROXFLyQ(Q
    MXQLRGH&DUORV5DIDHOHVGHVLJQD
    GRSRUHO363 GHOHJDGRDQWH)LGHOHQOD
    6LHUUD0DHVWUD
    %HWWHOKHLPHVGHO3&)(QDSUHQGHUXVR\HQVHWUDVODGDDOD8566
    SDUDHVWXGLDUODHFRQRPtDGH6WDOLQ $XQTXHHQORVSDVDGHODVSRVLFLRQHV
    SURVRYLpWLFDVDODVSURFKLQDVQXQFDDEDQGRQDODDGKHVLyQD6WDOLQ
    %HWWHOKHLPHQVLQWRQtDFRQ6WDOLQFRQFLEHHOPDU[LVPRGHPDQHUDREMH
    WLYLVWD6REUHGLPHQVLRQDODVOODPDGDVOH\HVJHQHUDOHVGHODHFRQRPtD7HU
    PLQDSURSRQLHQGRUHVSHWDUDUDMDWDEODODOH\GHOYDORU DVtQRPEUD0DU[DO
    IXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOPHUFDGR 6XWHVLVFRPSDUWLGDSRU&DUORV5DIDHO5RGUt
    JXH]DILUPDTXHHQODWUDQVLFLyQDOVRFLDOLVPRHOPHUFDGRVLJXHULJLHQGRSRU
    PXFKRWLHPSR&DGDHPSUHVDDKRUDGHOSXHEORWLHQHTXHJHVWLRQDUVHFRQ
    XQFULWHULRGHDXWRJHVWLyQILQDQFLHUD\UHQWDELOLGDG1RGHSHQGHGHXQSUH
    VXSXHVWRFHQWUDOVLQRGHVXVSURSLRVUHFXUVRV 7LHQHTXHPD[LPL]DUJDQDQ
    FLDV\GLVPLQXLUSpUGLGDV&XEDQRWLHQHXQDHFRQRPtDGHVDUUROODGDHQWRQ
    FHV QRHVWiPDGXUDSDUDHOVRFLDOLVPR/DSRVLFLyQGH%HWWHOKHLP\
    5RGUtJXH]VLJXHDOSLHGHODOHWUDHOHWDSLVPRGH6WDOLQ\VX3UREOHPDVHFR
    QyPLFRV GHO VRFLD
    /RVGRVH[WUDQMHURVTXHLQWHUYLHQHQWDPELpQSHUWHQHFHQDFRUULHQWHVELHQGHIL OLVPR HQOD8566
    QLGDV&KDUOHV%HWWHOKHLPHVXQSURIHVRUGHHFRQRPtDSROtWLFDHLQYHVWLJDGRU >@ 3DUDDX 
    GHOD6RUERQDDVHVRUGHODSODQLILFDFLyQGXUDQWHORVSULPHURVDxRVGHODUHYR PHQWDUHOLQFHQWLYR
    OXFLyQFXEDQD0LOLWDHQHO3&GH)UDQFLDGHRULHQWDFLyQSURVRYLpWLFDDXQTXH HQ HOWUDEDMR HOL
    PDQWLHQHVLPSDWtDVDGHPiVSRU&KLQD(UQHVW0DQGHOHVRWURSHQVDGRU\PLOL PLQDQGR HODXVHQ
    WDQWHHXURSHRWDPELpQIDPRVR(VWHHFRQRPLVWDGHRULJHQMXGtREHOJDKDEtD WLVPR RHOGHVJD
    VLGRSULVLRQHURGHORVQD]LV\VHHVFDSyGHGRVFDPSRVGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQ(V QR KD\TXHGDU
    DXWRUGHOLEURVFOiVLFRV\FpOHEUHVGHHFRQRPtDPDU[LVWD3ROtWLFDPHQWHGLULJH SUHPLRVPDWHULDOHV
    OD,9,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHRULHQWDFLyQWURWVNLVWD

    122 123
    El Marxismo Latinoamericano Dos caminos estratgicos para la
    del Che en el Debate Revolucin Cubana
    3ROHPL]DQGRHO&KHUHDFWXDOL]DODFUtWLFDTXH0DULiWHJXLKDEtDKHFKRDOHWD  /D GLVFUHSDQFLDHQWHODVGLYHUVDV
    SLVPR HWDSLVPRVLJQLILFDSHQVDUODVRFLHGDG\ODKLVWRULDFRPRVLIXHUDQXQD FRUULHQWHV GHOGHEDWHFXEDQRQRVRQ
    HVFDOHUDGRQGHMDPiVVHSXHGHDYDQ]DUVLQVDOWDUHVFDORQHV 6HJ~Q*XHYD VyOR HFRQyPLFDV 7DPELpQ VRQSROtWL
    UDDXQTXH&XEDQRWHQJDXQDHFRQRPtDGHVDUUROODGDSXHGHPDUFKDUDOVRFLD FDV\ILORVyILFDV/DSROpPLFDSROtWLFD
    OLVPRDFHOHUDQGRHWDSDV/DOH\GHOYDORUHOPHUFDGRQRHVDEVROXWDULJH GLVFXWH HOUXPERGHODUHYROXFLyQ
    WRGDVRFLHGDGFDSLWDOLVWDSHURQRGHEHUHJLUODWUDQVLFLyQVRFLDOLVWD(O&KHDILU FXEDQDGHEHVHUVRFLDOLVWDSHURFRQ
    PD1RDOLPHQWDPRVHOPHUFDGRDOFRQWUDULRWUDWDPRVGHGHELOLWDUORSRUWRGRV XQ FULWHULRODWLQRDPHULFDQRDXWyQRPR
    ORVPHGLRVSRVLEOHV(QODWUDQVLFLyQVRFLDOLVWDFXDQGRH[LVWHXQSRGHUUHYROX  RGHEHJXLDUVHSRUODVGLUHFWLYDVGHOD
    FLRQDULRVHSXHGHLQWHUYHQLUFRQODSODQLILFDFLyQWUDWDQGRGHGHELOLWDUOR/DV 8566 \VXHOLWHEXURFUiWLFD"(VHGHEDWHWLHQHLPSOL
    HPSUHVDV VRFLDOLVWDVGHEHQJXLDUVHSRUODVQHFHVLGDGHVVRFLDOHVQRSRUOD FDQFLDVILORVyILFDV/DVGRVWUDGLFLRQHVFRPSUHQGHQGH
    JDQDQFLDQLODUHQWDELOLGDG1RWLHQHQGLQHURSURSLRVLQRXQDFXHQWDEDQFDULD PDQHUDVGLYHUVDVHOPDU[LVPR
    ~QLFDFHQWUDOL]DGD+D\TXHSURGXFLUORTXHKDFHIDOWDQRORTXHGpGLQHUR

    /DYHUWLHQWHGH&DUORV5DIDHO \&K%HWWHOKHLP SULRUL]DXQDOHFWXUDGHODKLV


    WRULDHYROXWLYD\HWDSLVWDGRQGHORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVGHEHQUHVSHWDUFDVLUHOL
    JLRVDPHQWHORVHVWDGLRVGHGHVDUUROORVL&XEDHVPHQRVGHVDUUROODGDHFR
    QyPLFDPHQWH FyPRSXHGHDGHODQWDUVHFRQVWUX\HQGRHOVRFLDOLVPR"(V
    LPSRVLEOH (QFDPELRODYLVLyQGHO&KH*XHYDUD DSR\DGDSRU(0DQGHO
    SUHVXSRQHXQDYLVLyQGHODKLVWRULDPiVGLQiPLFDPHQRVPHFiQLFDGRQGH
    OD VXEMHWLYLGDG\ODFRQFLHQFLD
    VRQDFWLYDV$GHPiVFXHVWLRQD
    HO HXURFHQWULVPRDXQTXHXQ
    SDtVSHULIpULFRVHDDWUDVDGRQR
    &yPR LQFHQWLYDUDORVWUDEDMDGRUHVVLVXHVIXHU]R\DQRGHSHQGHGHOD WLHQH TXHHVSHUDUFUX]DGRGH
    JDQDQFLDGHODHPSUHVDTXHORUHFRPSHQVDFRQSUHPLRVPDWHULDOHV"+D\TXH EUD]RV TXHORVPiVDGHODQWD
    LQFHQWLYDUORVSLHQVDHO&KHDSHODQGRDODFRQFLHQFLDVRFLDOLVWD/RVSUH GRVOROLEHUHQ ORVSXQWRVGH
    PLRV GHEHQH[LVWLU SHURGHEHQVHUSULRULWDULDPHQWHPRUDOHVQDGDPiVDOWR YLVWDGHO&KHVHFRQGHQVDQHQ
    TXHORJUDUHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODVRFLHGDGSRUKDEHUFXPSOLGRHOGHEHUVRFLDO VX OLEURLQpGLWRFUtWLFRGHO
    GHWUDEDMDUSDUDORVGHPiV(OTXHORORJUDHVSDUWHGHODYDQJXDUGLD9 DQ 0DQXDO GHHFRQRPtDSROtWLFD
    JXDUGLDHVTXLHQPiVVHHVIXHU]DHOTXHYDDGHODQWHHOTXHVREUHVDOHSRU GHOD$FDGHPLDGH&LHQFLDVGH
    KDEHUFXPSOLGRVXGHEHUGDQGRORPHMRUGHVtSDUDPHMRUDUODVRFLHGDG\D\X OD8566UHFLHQWHPHQWH>@
    GDUDORVGHPiV/DSDODQFDGHOHVWtPXORSDVDDVHUHQWRQFHVPRUDOQRGLQH SXEOLFDGRHQ&XEDFRQHOWtWXOR
    UDULDQLPDWHULDO(OWHUUHQRGHGLVSXWDVHWUDVODGDGHOPHUFDGRDOiPELWRGHOD $SXQWHVFUtWLFRVDODHFRQRPtD
    FRQFLHQFLD$KtVtVHOHSXHGHJDQDUDOFDSLWDOLVPR SROtWLFD 

    124 125
    Fidel ante el Debate Fidel y la construccin poltica
    $XQTXH)LGHOHVWXGLD(O&DSLWDOMXQWRFRQHO&KH\&DUORV5DIDHO HQHOVHPLQD  de la hegemona
    ULRGH0DQVLOOD VXDQiOLVLVGHOGHEDWHHVSROtWLFR6XREVHVLyQHVODXQLGDGGHODV
    GLYHUVDVWHQGHQFLDVSDUDJDUDQWL]DUODFRQWLQXLGDGGHODUHYROXFLyQHYLWDQGRHO (QJUDQSDUWHGHVXYLGDHOOLGHUD]JRGH)LGHOVHHQFXHQWUDDQWHHQFUXFLMDGDV
    GHVDVWUH GHOD8566WUDVODPXHUWHGH/HQLQ GRQGHXQDWHQGHQFLDDQLTXLOD VLPLODUHVDODVTXHYLYLy/HQLQ$OSULQFLSDOGLULJHQWHEROFKHYLTXHWDPELpQVHOH
    LQFOXVRItVLFDPHQWHDODRWUDKHFKRTXHQRVXFHGHQXQFDHQ&XED )LGHORSWD SUHVHQWDURQSROpPLFDVHQFHQGLGDV\PXFKDVYHFHVWXYRTXHRSWDUQRSRUVXV
    SRU XQDHVSHFLHGHVROXFLyQLQWHUPHGLDSUHVHUYDQGRHOEORTXHGHDOLDQ]DV SURSLDVSRVLFLRQHVSHUVRQDOHVODVPiVUDGLFDOHVVLQRSRUVROXFLRQHVGH
    HQWUHDPERVVHFWRUHV\WUDGLFLRQHVUHSUHVHQWDGDVSRUHO&KH\&DUORV5DIDHO FRPSURPLVRSDUDJDUDQWL]DUODDOLDQ]DGHREUHURV\FDPSHVLQRV\HOFRQVHQ
    VRGHODUHYROXFLyQ

    $ )LGHOVHOHSUHVHQWDHVHPLVPRGHVDItRDODKRUDGHPDQWHQHUYLYD\UHFUHDU
    6LQHPEDUJRKDFLHQGRXQEDODQFHPDGXUR)LGHOOHRWRUJDODUD]yQDO&KH GtDDGtDODKHJHPRQtDGHODUHYROXFLyQODXQLGDGGHODVGLYHUVDVFRUULHQWHV
    +HUHIOH[LRQDGRPXFKRHQWRUQRDO&KH >@ (O&KHHUDUDGLFDOPHQWHRSXHV UHYROXFLRQDULDVIUHQWHDOLPSHULDOLVPRVXFRQVHQVRVREUHODVRFLHGDGFLYLO\VX
    WRDXWLOL]DU\GHVDUUROODUODVOH\HV\ODVFDWHJRUtDVHFRQyPLFDVGHOFDSLWDOLVPR HMHPSORDQWHRWURVSXHEORVUHEHOGHV1RREVWDQWHSULRUL]DUHOFRQVHQVRSRUHQFL
    HQ ODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHOVRFLDOLVPR\SODQWHDEDDOJRHQTXHKHPRVLQVLVWLGR PDGHVXRSLQLyQSHUVRQDO)LGHOVHLQFOLQDHQHOGHEDWHSRUHO&KHVREUH%HW
    PXFKDVYHFHVTXHODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHOVRFLDOLVPR\GHOFRPXQLVPRQRHVVROR WHOKHLP 3RUHVRLQYLUWLHQGRORVHVTXHPDVRUWRGR[RVVHxDOD 1RVRWURV QR
    XQDFXHVWLyQGHSURGXFLU\GLVWULEXLUULTXH]DVVLQRWDPELpQXQDFXHVWLyQGH QRV RIHQGHPRVVLQRVLQFOX\HQHQWUHORVSDtVHVVXEGHVDUUROODGRV3RUTXHHO
    HGXFDFLyQ\GHFRQFLHQFLD>@1RTXLHURFRQYHUWLUPHHQMXH]GHODVGLYHUVDV GHVDUUROORGHODFRQFLHQFLDQXHVWURGHVDUUROORVRFLDO\FXOWXUDOJHQHUDOVHYD
    WHRUtDVDXQTXHWHQJRPLVWHRUtDV<RVRORSLGRPRGHVWDPHQWHTXHHOSHQVD FRQYLUWLHQGRHQXQSUHUUHTXLVLWRGHQXHVWURGHVDUUROORHFRQyPLFRHLQGXVWULDO(Q
    PLHQWRHFRQyPLFRGHO&KHVHFRQR]FD>@+D\PXFKDVLGHDVGHO&KHTXHVRQ HVWHSDtVDOLJXDOTXHFXDOTXLHURWURSDtVHQFRQGLFLRQHVVLPLODUHVHOGHVDUUR
    GHXQDYLJHQFLDDEVROXWD\WRWDOLGHDVVLQODVFXDOHVHVWR\FRQYHQFLGRGHTXH OORGHOSXHEORHQODSROtWLFD\HQODFRQFLHQFLDVHYXHOYHUHTXLVLWRVLQHTXDQRQ
    QRVHSRGUiFRQVWUXLUMDPiVHOFRPXQLVPR  GLVFXUVRGHO  SDUDJDQDUODEDWDOODGHOVXEGHVDUUROORHFRQyPLFR  GLVFXUVRGHO 

    126 127
    El Nuevo Comunismo Cubano y El Che: Delegado internacional de Fidel
    la herencia de Mella 'XUDQWHORVSULPHURVDxRVGHODUHYROXFLyQ)LGHO&DVWURHQYtDDO&KH*XHYD 
    UDDGLYHUVDVJLUDVSRUIULFD\ $VLDSDUDFRRUGLQDUGHVGH&XEDXQDSROtWLFD
    0LHQWUDV HOLPSHULDOLVPRQRUWHDPHULFDQRWUDWDGHLQFHQWLYDUODGHVXQLyQOD DQWLLPSHULDOLVWDGHDOFDQFHPXQGLDO*XHYDUDYLVLWDQXPHURVRVSDtVHV(OSUL
    GHVFRQILDQ]DPXWXD\ODGLYLVLyQ GLYLGH\UHLQDUiV GHVGHHOSULPHUPRPHQ PHU YLDMHFRPLHQ]DHO9 LVLWD 0DGULG3UDJD0RVF~ GRQGHULQGH
    WR )LGHO&DVWURDSXHVWDDODXQLGDGGHODVGLVWLQWDVFRUULHQWHV\WHQGHQFLDV KRPHQDMHD/HQLQ 3HNtQ GRQGHVHHQWUHYLVWDFRQ0DR &RUHD0RVF~5HS~
    UHYROXFLRQDULDVFXEDQDV/DSULPHUDFRRUGLQDFLyQDVXPHHQMXOLRGHHO EOLFD'HPRFUiWLFD$OHPDQD3UDJD$ LQVWDQFLDVGH)LGHOHVWDEOHFHQXPHUR
    QRPEUH GH2UJDQL]DFLRQHV5HYROXFLRQDULDV,QWHJUDGDV 25, OXHJRHO VRVDFXHUGRVFRPHUFLDOHVFRQORVSDtVHVGHOHVWH
    HVDXQLGDGVHGHVLJQD3DUWLGR8QLGRGHOD5HYROXFLyQ6RFLDOLVWD
    GH&XED 3856& KDVWDTXHILQDOPHQWHHOWRGDVODVWHQGHQFLDV
    DVXPHQXQQRPEUH~QLFRTXHORVUHSUHVHQWDDWRGRV3DVDQDOODPDUVH3DUWL
    GR&RPXQLVWDGH&XED 3&& 

    0iVDGHODQWHHQRWURGHHVRVYLDMHVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVGRQGHHO&KHDFW~DHQ
    QRPEUHGH&XEDFRPRHQYLDGRRILFLDOGH)LGHOVHHQWUHYLVWDFRQOtGHUHVDIUL
    FDQRV\DVLiWLFRV/OHYDXQPDQGDWRLQHTXtYRFRD\XGDUDWRGRVORVUHEHO
    GHVDQWLFRORQLDOLVWDV\FRRUGLQDUODFRODERUDFLyQGH&XEDHQIULFDGHVGHHO
    &RQJR KDVWD $QJROD (OYLDMHFRPLHQ]DSRU((88 GRQGHHO 
    $OHOHJLUHOQRPEUHGHFRPXQLVWDODSULPHUDRUJDQL]DFLyQTXHVHDXWRGH *XHYDUDUHSUHVHQWDD&XEDHQOD218 \VLJXHSRU$UJHOLD0DOL%UD]]DYLOOH
    QRPLQDDVtHVODMXYHQWXGUHEHOGHUHFLpQGHVSXpVHOSDUWLGR)LGHO&DVWUR VH HQWUHYLVWDFRQ $JRVWLQKR 1HWRGHO03/$ *XLQHD*KDQD'DKRPH\
    UHWRPD ODKHUHQFLDROYLGDGDGH-XOLR $QWRQLR 0HOOD\HOSDUWLGRFRPXQLVWD $UJHOLD&KLQD7DQ]DQLD DTXtVHHQWUHYLVWDFRQORVOtGHUHVDUPDGRVDIULFD
    KHURLFRGHORVDxRV$TXHOSULPHUSDUWLGRFXEDQRSUHYLRDOVWDOLQLVPR\D QRV LQFOX\HQGRORVGHO&RQJR 5HS~EOLFDUDEH8QLGD$UJHOLD\(O&DLUR
    VXVFRPSURPLVRVFRQ%DWLVWDPDQWLHQHXQSUHVWLJLRSRUVXDEQHJDFLyQ\UDGL (QWRGRVVXVRIUHFLPLHQWRV\HQSDUWLFXODUDO&RQVHMR1DFLRQDOGHOD5HYR
    FDOLGDG HQODUHVLVWHQFLDIUHQWHDODGLFWDGXUDGH0DFKDGR(OQXHYR3& OXFLyQ&RQJROHxD*XHYDUDQRDFW~DSRULQLFLDWLYDSURSLDVLQRVLJXLHQGRODV
    KHJHPRQL]DGRSRU)LGHOWUDWDGHVHJXLUVXHMHPSOR LQLFLDWLYDVGH)LGHO

    128 129
    Fidel asesin al Che? Hubo una pelea entre Fidel y el Che?
    6LJXLHQGRODSROtWLFDGH)LGHOKDFLDIULFDHOHO&KH*XHYDUDVDOHGH $OHQFDEH]DUODGHOHJDFLyQGHFRPEDWLHQWHVFXEDQRVHQHO&RQJRHO&KH*XH
    /D+DEDQDSDUDLQFRUSRUDUVHFRQLQVWUXFWRUHVFXEDQRVQHJURVDODOXFKD YDUDVHGHVSLGHHQXQDFDUWDTXH)LGHOOHHHQHOQDFLHQWH3&&HO
    GHO&RQJR/HRSROGYLOOHFRQWUDORVUDFLVWDVEODQFRVGH%pOJLFD)LGHOHQYtDMXQ
    WRDO&KHDOVHFUHWDULRGHRUJDQL]DFLyQGHO3&&\DRWURVFXDGURVFRPEDWLHQ
    WHVYROXQWDULRVGHSULPHUQLYHO&RPRHO&KHQRDSDUHFHHQS~EOLFROD&,$
    DSURYHFKDSDUDFRQIXQGLUFDOXPQLDUVHPEUDULQWULJDV\GLYLVLRQHVHQWUHORV
    UHYROXFLRQDULRV GLIXQGLHQGRHQORVPHGLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQFRPRVLHP
    SUH XQDYHUVLyQIDOVD &DVWUR DVHVLQyDO&KH  FDEOHVXSXHVWDPHQWH
    LQIRUPDWLYRGHOD8QLWHG3UHVV,QWHUQDWLRQDO 83, GHO
    /DSDUWLFLSDFLyQFXEDQDQRORJUDGHUURWDUHQIULFDDORVFRORQLDOLVWDVEHOJDVTXH
    FXHQWDQFRQGLQHURPHMRUHVDUPDV\PHUFHQDULRVHXURSHRV(O&KH\ORVFXED
    QRVGHEHQVDOLUGHO&RQJR&RQSRVWHULRULGDGDODSDUWLFLSDFLyQ IUXVWUDGD GHO&KH
    HQHO&RQJR/HRSROGYLOOH)LGHOHQYtDFRPEDWLHQWHV\PpGLFRVSDUDDSR\DUODLQGH
    SHQGHQFLDGHO&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOH\ODOLEHUDFLyQGH $QJROD\*XLQHD%LVVDX

    130 131
    La Conferencia Tricontinental Fidel en la Tricontinental
    (QHQHURGH&XEDFRQYRFDDOD3ULPHUD&RQIHUHQFLDGH6ROLGDULGDGGH 5HWRPDQGRODKHUHQFLDROYLGDGDGH/HQLQ IXQGDGRUGHOD,QWHUQDFLRQDO&RPX
    ORV3XHEORVGH$VLDIULFD\$PpULFD/DWLQD(Q/D+DEDQDVHUH~QHQGHOH QLVWDGLVXHOWDSRU6WDOLQHQ \WDPELpQODSHUVSHFWLYDOLEHUDGRUDFRQWL
    JDGRV\UHSUHVHQWDQWHVGHSXHEORVLQFOX\HQGRHVWDGRVGHVGH9 LHWQDP QHQWDOGH6DQ0DUWtQ%ROtYDU\0DUWt)LGHOFODXVXUDOD&RQIHUHQFLD 7ULFRQWL
    KDVWDOD8566\&KLQD\PRYLPLHQWRVVRFLDOHV\SROtWLFRV6HIRUPDQWUHV QHQWDODILUPDQGR1XHVWUDVDUPDVVRQGHIHQVLYDVSHURQXHVWURVKRPEUHVGH
    EORTXHVSROtWLFRVHOGHOD8566\VXVSDUWLGDULRVHOGH&KLQD\VXVVHJXLGR WRGR FRUD]yQQXHVWURVPLOLWDQWHVUHYROXFLRQDULRV\FRPEDWLHQWHVHVWiQGLV
    UHV\HOWHUFHURGH&XED9LHWQDP\ODPD\RUtDGHORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVGHO7HU SXHVWRVDOXFKDUFRQWUDORVLPSHULDOLVWDVHQFXDOTXLHUSDUWHGHOPXQGR >@ (O
    FHU0XQGR PXQGRHVJUDQGH\ORVLPSHULDOLVWDVHVWiQHQWRGDVSDUWHV3DUDORVUHYROX
    FLRQDULRVFXEDQRVHOFDPSRGHEDWDOODFRQWUDHOLPSHULDOLVPRDEDUFDWRGRHO
    PXQGR GLVFXUVRGHO 

    (QOD&RQIHUHQFLD7ULFRQWLQHQWDORFXSDQXQOXJDUIXQGDPHQWDOMXQWRD&XED
    ORVGHOHJDGRVGH9LHWQDP$QJROD&DER9HUGH $PtOFDU&DEUDO 0R]DPEL
    TXH/DRV\&DPER\D$ WRGRVHOORV\DRWURVSXHEORVDJUHGLGRVGHO 7HUFHU
    (QODFODXVXUD)LGHOH[SRQHODHVWUDWHJLDFXEDQDSDUDODUHYROXFLyQPXQGLDO 0XQGR)LGHOOHVSODQWHD&XDQGR&XEDGHVDItDHOSHOLJURQRHVXQSDtVTXH
    (QPXFKDVRWUDVSDUWHVGH $PpULFDH[LVWHQODVFRQGLFLRQHVSOHQDVSDUDOD SRVHDPLOORQHVGHKRPEUHVVREUHODVDUPDVQRHVXQSDtVTXHSRVHDDUPDV
    OXFKDDUPDGDUHYROXFLRQDULD >@ /DFRUUHODFLyQGHIXHU]DVGHOLPSHULDOLVPR WHUPRQXFOHDUHV$TXt QXHVWURVFRKHWHVVRQPRUDOHV\HOQ~PHURGHKRP
    HQ HVWHFRQWLQHQWHODSUR[LPLGDGGHVXWHUULWRULRPHWURSROLWDQRHOFHORFRQ EUHVQRHVLQILQLWRVLQRODGLJQLGDG\HOGHFRURGHHVWHSXHEOR >@ (OLPSH
    TXHWUDWDUiGHGHIHQGHUVXVGRPLQLRVHQHVWDSDUWHGHOPXQGRH[LJHQXQD ULDOLVPRVHUiGHUURWDGR4XLpQQRVKDGDGRHVDH[WUDRUGLQDULDOHFFLyQ"(O
    HVWUDWHJLDFRP~QXQDOXFKDFRP~Q\VLPXOWiQHD >@ 0iVWDUGHRPiVWHP  SXHEORGH9LHWQDP GLVFXUVRGHO (QVX0HQVDMHDORVSXHEORV
    SUDQRORVSXHEORVWRGRVRFDVLWRGRVWHQGUiQTXHWRPDUODVDUPDVSDUDOLEH GHO PXQGRDWUDYpVGHOD 7ULFRQWLQHQWDO HO&KH*XHYDUDSRUHQWRQFHV
    UDUVH1RVRWURVFUHHPRVTXHHQHVWHFRQWLQHQWH\HQWRGRVRFDVLWRGRVORV IXHUDGH&XEDDFXHUGDFRQ)LGHO\SODQWHDODFRQVLJQD &UHDUGRVWUHV
    SXHEORVODOXFKDDGTXLULUiIRUPDVYLROHQWDV GLVFXUVRGHO  PXFKRV9LHWQDP

    132 133
    Regreso del Che a Cuba y Fidel y la OLAS
    encuentro con Fidel (QOD&RQIHUHQFLD7ULFRQWLQHQWDOGHFRQYLYHQODOtQHDSURVRYLpWLFDODSUR
    FKLQD\ODYLHWQDPLWDFXEDQD(Q&XEDFRQYRFDDODSULPHUD&RQIHUHQ
    $QWHODGHUURWDHQHO&RQJR)LGHOOHUXHJDDO&KHTXHYXHOYDD&XED(QXQD FLDGHOD2UJDQL]DFLyQ/DWLQRDPHULFDQDGH6ROLGDULGDG 2/$6 6XHVWUDWHJLD
    FDUWD LQpGLWDUHFLpQSXEOLFDGDHQ )LGHOOHVXJLHUHTXHUHJUHVH\HVSH HVSUHGRPLQDQWH(QODFODXVXUDGHOD2/$6)LGHODILUPD +D\WHVLVTXHWLH
    UHXQWLHPSRDQWHVGHLQFRUSRUDUVHDRWUDVOXFKDVFRQYLVWDVDFRPEDWLUHQOD QHQ DxRVGHHGDGODIDPRVDWHVLVDFHUFDGHOSDSHOGHODVEXUJXHVtDV
    WLHUUD GH&DUOLWRV >)LGHO DOXGHD&DUORV*DUGHORVHD $UJHQWLQD@ (V TXH QDFLRQDOHV&XiQWRSDSHOFXiQWDIUDVHFXDQWDSDODEUHUtDHQHVSHUDGHXQD
    DFDVR0DU[(QJHOV/HQLQ%ROtYDU0DUWtQRWXYLHURQTXHVRPHWHUVHDHVSH EXUJXHVtDOLEHUDOSURJUHVLVWDDQWLLPSHULDOLVWD >@ /DHVHQFLDGHODFXHVWLyQ
    UDVTXHHQRFDVLRQHVGXUDURQGpFDGDV"<RQRWHSODQWHRXQDHVSHUDGHGpFD HVWiHQVLVHOHYDDKDFHUFUHHUDODVPDVDVTXHHOPRYLPLHQWRUHYROXFLRQD
    GDVQLGHDxRVVLTXLHUDVyORGHPHVHV &DUWDLQpGLWDGH)LGHODO&KHMXQLR ULRTXHHOVRFLDOLVPRYDDOOHJDUDOSRGHUVLQOXFKDSDFtILFDPHQWH< HVRHV
    GH $QWHODVXJHUHQFLD*XHYDUDUHJUHVDFODQGHVWLQDPHQWHD&XEDSDUD XQDPHQWLUD GLVFXUVRGHO 
    SUHSDUDUODOXFKDUHYROXFLRQDULDHQ%ROLYLD

    (QODGHFODUDFLyQILQDOVHIRUPXODQWHVLVHQGHIHQVDGH ODOXFKDDUPDGD\
    ODYLROHQFLDUHYROXFLRQDULDH[SUHVLyQPiVDOWDGHODOXFKDGHOSXHEORODSRVL
    (QODFODQGHVWLQLGDGSUHSDUDQGRHOVHJXQGRLQWHQWRGHLQVXUJHQFLDHQHOFRQRVXU ELOLGDGPiVFRQFUHWDGHGHUURWDUDOLPSHULDOLVPR/DVWHVLVVRVWLHQHQTXHODV
    HOSULPHURORKDEtDHQFDEH]DGRVXDPLJR0DVHWWLFRQHO(*3HO&KH*XH OODPDGDVEXUJXHVtDVQDFLRQDOHVGH$PpULFD/DWLQDWLHQHQXQDGHELOLGDGRUJi
    YDUDVHYXHOYHDHQWUHQDUHQ&XED$OOtVHWUDQVIRUPDODFDUD WHUPLQDSHODGR\FRQ QLFDHVWiQHQWUHOD]DGDVFRQORVWHUUDWHQLHQWHV FRQTXLHQHVIRUPDQODROLJDU
    DQWHRMRV SDUDTXHDOFUX]DUSRUDHURSXHUWRVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVOD&,$ QRORUHFR TXtD  \ORVHMpUFLWRVSURIHVLRQDOHVVRQLQFDSDFHV\WLHQHQXQDLPSRWHQFLD
    QR]FD6HYXHOYHDHQFRQWUDUYDULDVYHFHVFRQ)LGHO\OHSLGHRSLQLyQVREUHVXGLV DEVROXWDSDUDHQIUHQWDUDOLPSHULDOLVPRHLQGHSHQGL]DUDQXHVWURVSDtVHV >@
    IUD] 4XHGDQIRWRJUDItDVGHHVWRV~OWLPRVHQFXHQWURVHQWHDPERVDPLJRV /DLQVXUUHFFLyQDUPDGDHVHOYHUGDGHURFDPLQRGHODVHJXQGDJXHUUDGHLQGH
    VXSXHVWDPHQWHSHOHDGRV\HQHPLVWDGRVVHJ~QODVYHUVLRQHVGHOD&,$ SHQGHQFLD 'HFODUDFLyQJHQHUDOGHOD2/$6DJRVWRGH 

    134 135
    Fidel y la herencia de Fidel y la religin
    San Martn y Bolvar (QWUHORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVGHOD2/$6VHJXLGRUHVGH0DU[/HQLQ)LGHO\HO
    &KHSDUWLFLSDQFULVWLDQRV3HURHQ&XEDOD,JOHVLDFDWyOLFDUHFKD]DODUHYR
    (Q ODVJXHUUDVGHLQGHSHQGHQFLDDPHULFDQDGHVGHHQDGHODQWH6DQ OXFLyQ$ VXYH]ORVSULQFLSDOHVGLULJHQWHV DH[FHSFLyQGH-$(FKHYHUUtD
    0DUWtQHQHOVXU\6LPyQ%ROtYDUHQHOQRUWHGHVSOLHJDQXQDHVWUDWHJLDFRQWL GH IRUPDFLyQFULVWLDQD SURYLHQHQGHODQWLFOHULFDOLVPR(VRFRQGXFH
    QHQWDO/RVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVWULXQIDQIUHQWHDOFRORQLDOLVPR\ORJUDQODSULPH GXUDQWHORVSULPHURVDxRVDXQDPXWXDLQFRPSUHQVLyQ H[SUHVLyQGHHVWR
    UD LQGHSHQGHQFLDSROtWLFD3HURODVQDFLHQWHVUHS~EOLFDVKHJHPRQL]DGDV IXHURQODVXQLGDGHVPLOLWDUHVGHD\XGDDODSURGXFFLyQ>80$3@GRQGHDOJX
    SRUROLJDUTXtDV\EXUJXHVtDVQDWLYDVPDQWLHQHQODGRPLQDFLyQVRFLDOLQWHU QRV FULVWLDQRVIXHURQLQMXVWDPHQWHFDVWLJDGRV 6LQHPEDUJRGHVGHOD
    QD \ODGHSHQGHQFLDHFRQyPLFDH[WHUQD6LJOR\PHGLRGHVSXpVUHQDFHOD 2/$6&XEDVHDEUHDORVFULVWLDQRVUHYROXFLRQDULRVLQIOX\HQGRHQODUDGL
    OXFKDFRQWLQHQWDOSRUODVHJXQGDLQGHSHQGHQFLDFRQWUDWRGDVODVGRPLQDFLR FDOL]DFLyQ GHODWHRORJtDGHODOLEHUDFLyQ 8QH[FHOHQWHOLEURHV )LGHO \OD
    QHV\GHSHQGHQFLDV'HVGHVHYXHOYHDSODQWHDUXQDHVWUDWHJLDFRQWL UHOLJLyQ>@HQWUHYLVWDGHOWHyORJREUDVLOHxR)UHL%HWWR +R\ HOHMHPSOR
    QHQWDOHQFDEH]DGDDKRUDGHVGHODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDSRU)LGHO\HO&KH GH&DPLOR7RUUHV5HVWUHSRFXUDTXHPXHUHHQFRPEDWHDGPLUDGRUGH)LGHO
    \JXHUULOOHURFRORPELDQRHVUHWRPDGRSRUDPSOLRVVHFWRUHVFUH\HQWHVGHQ
    WUR\IXHUDGH&XED

    (QWRGDVODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVUHYROXFLRQDULDVODWLQRDPHULFDQDVTXHGHVGHORV
    VHLQVSLUDQHQHOSHQVDPLHQWRGH)LGHO\HO&KHDSDUHFHQUHIHUHQFLDVD 'LVWLQWDGHOFULVWLDQLVPRHVODVLWXDFLyQGHODVDQWHUtDGHRULJHQHVFODYR\
    ODV OXFKDVLQGHSHQGHQWLVWDVGH3RUHMHPSORHQ $UJHQWLQD HO(MpUFLWR DIULFDQRHQ&XED$OQRUHVSRQGHUDQLQJXQDDXWRULGDGH[WUDQMHUDFRPRHO
    5HYROXFLRQDULRGHO3XHEOR (53 DGRSWDFRPRSURSLDODEDQGHUDGHO(MpUFLWR UHDFFLRQDULR9DWLFDQRODVDQWHUtDSHUPLWHXQVLQFUHWLVPRPD\RUFRQODLGHROR
    GHORV$QGHVGH6DQ0DUWtQ TXHUHSUHVHQWDODSULPHUDLQGHSHQGHQFLD DOD JtD VRFLDOLVWDTXHDGRSWDODUHYROXFLyQGHVGHPX\WHPSUDQR/DUHYROXFLyQ
    TXHOHVXPDXQDHVWUHOODURMD UHSUHVHQWDQGRHOVRFLDOLVPR\ODOXFKDSRUOD FRQYLYHFRQHOODGHVGHHOLQLFLRKDVWDKR\ DXQTXHUHFLpQGXUDQWHORV~OWLPRV
    VHJXQGDLQGHSHQGHQFLD  DxRVDGTXLHUHFLHUWRHVSDFLRS~EOLFRGHUHFRQRFLPLHQWRVRFLDO

    136 137
    Bolivia y la estrategia continental del Che El apoyo de Fidel al Che
    7UDWDQGRGHOOHYDUDODSUiFWLFDODHVWUDWHJLDFRQWLQHQWDO\PXQGLDOGH)LGHO\ (QWUHQiQGRVHHQ&XED*XHYDUDHOLJHFRPEDWLHQWHVSDUDHOVXUGH$PpULFD
    OD UHYROXFLyQFXEDQDHO&KH*XHYDUDSODQWHDFRQWLQXDUODUHYROXFLyQHQHO /DWLQD (QWUHHOORVILJXUDQPLHPEURVGHOFRPLWpFHQWUDOGHO3DUWLGR&RPX
    FRQRVXUODWLQRDPHULFDQR6HWUDWDGH&UHDUGRVWUHVPXFKRV9LHWQDP SDUD QLVWD&XEDQR 3&& TXHORDFRPSDxDQD%ROLYLDFRQWRWDODSR\RGH)LGHO
    TXHHOLPSHULDOLVPRWHQJDTXHGLYLGLUVXVIXHU]DV6XSODQFRQVLVWHHQDEULUXQ 5D~O&DVWUR\HOFRPDQGDQWH%DUEDUURMD 0DQXHO3LxHLUR/RVDGDHQFDUJD
    IUHQWHGHOXFKD \HQWUHQDPLHQWRLQVXUUHFFLRQDO HQ%ROLYLDGHGRQGHSDUWLUtDQ GRGHFRRUGLQDUODVRSHUDFLRQHVLQVXUJHQWHVFODQGHVWLQDVHQ $PpULFD/DWL
    SRVWHULRUPHQWHFROXPQDVLQVXUJHQWHVSDUDORVGLYHUVRVSDtVHVGHOVXU3HU~ QD (QWUHORVVREUHYLYLHQWHVFXEDQRVGH%ROLYLDVHHQFXHQWUD+DUU\$QWRQLR
    %UDVLO\SULQFLSDOPHQWH$UJHQWLQDODPHWDGHO&KH 9LOOHJDV7DPD\RDOLDV3RPERTXLHQDFRPSDxDDO&KHHQOD6LHUUD0DHV
    WUD HO&RQJR%ROLYLD\  OXHJRGHODVHVLQDWRGH*XHYDUDYDDFRPEDWLUD
    $QJROD)LGHOOHHQWUHJDODPHGDOODGH+pURHGHOD5HS~EOLFDGH&XED+R\
    >@3RPERHVJHQHUDOGHODV)XHU]DV $UPDGDV5HYROXFLRQDULDV )$5
    GH&XED

    3DUDFRQFUHWDUHVDHVWUDWHJLDHO&KHILQDOPHQWHDFHSWDODSURSXHVWDGHOUHJUHVR
    D&XEDTXHOHKDFH)LGHOOXHJRGHODH[SHULHQFLDIUXVWUDGDHQHO&RQJR\VX
    SDVRFODQGHVWLQRSRU7DQ]DQLD\&KHFRVORYDTXLD(Q&XEDVHHQWUHQD\FDP
    ELD VXDSDULHQFLDItVLFD3UHYLDPHQWH*XHYDUDKDEtDHQYLDGRD%ROLYLDDXQD
    DJHQWHHQFXELHUWDSDUDUHFROHFWDULQIRUPDFLyQODDUJHQWLQD+D\GHp7DPDUD%XQ (OHMpUFLWREROLYLDQRORVUDQJHUV\OD&,$FDSWXUDQDO&KHHO\ORDVH
    NH%tGHU DOLDV7DQLDDXQTXHHQ%ROLYLDXVDHOQRPEUHGH/DXUD0DUWtQH]%DXHU  VLQDQHO8QRGHORVDJHQWHVGHOD&,$ TXHLQWHUYLHQHHQVXDVHVL
    TXLHQVHLQILOWUDHQODVDOWDVHVIHUDVGHODGLFWDGXUDPLOLWDU GRQGHOD&,$ KDEtD QDWRDVDQJUHIUtDHV)pOL[5RGUtJXH] DQWLFDVWULVWDGH0LDPLTXHSDUWLFLSDFRQ
    UHFOXWDGRDORVSULQFLSDOHVPLOLWDUHVEROLYLDQRVFRPRHOJHQHUDO%DUULHQWRV 7DQLD OD&,$HQODUHSUHVLyQGH(O6DOYDGRUHQODFRQWUDUUHYROXFLyQGH1LFDUDJXD\
    PXHUHFRPEDWLHQGRMXQWRFRQRWURVJXHUULOOHURVGHO&KHHO HQHO3ODQ&yQGRUFRQ3LQRFKHW\9 LGHOD 

    138 139
    Fidel ante el asesinato del Che El Pensamiento Revolucionario Cubano
    $QWHVXPXHUWH)LGHOGLFH (O&KH\ORVTXHFD\HURQHQVXHMpUFLWRLQWHUQD  $FRPSDxDQGRODRIHQVLYDSROtWLFDGHODV&RQIHUHQFLDV 7ULFRQWLQHQWDO\2/$6
    FLRQDOLVWDVRQKpURHV6HHTXLYRFDQORVTXHFDQWDQYLFWRULD\FUHHQTXHVX &XEDWDPELpQSURPXHYHHQHORUGHQGHOSHQVDPLHQWRVRFLDOXQDEDWDOODLGHR
    PXHUWHItVLFDHVODPXHUWHGHVXVLGHDV\VXHMHPSOR&DGDGtDTXHSDVHVH OyJLFDFRQWUDHOUHIRUPLVPR>HOUHIRUPLVPRFRQVLVWHHQSURSRQHUSDOLDWLYRV
    DJLJDQWDUi HQHOFRUD]yQGHORVSXHEORVSXHVOOHYyODVLGHDVGHOPDU[LVPR SDUFKHV\UHPLHQGRVDOFDSLWDOLVPRSDUDTXHQRVHDWDQEUXWDOSHURVLQFDP
    OHQLQLVPRDVXH[SUHVLyQPiVSXUDIUHVFD\UHYROXFLRQDULD6LQRVSUHJXQWDQ ELDUHOVLVWHPDGHIRQGR@6L &DVDGHODV$PpULFDV \ODSULPHUDpSRFDGH (O
    FyPRTXHUHPRVTXHVHDQXHVWURSXHEORQXHVWURVPLOLWDQWHVQXHVWURVFRP FDLPiQEDUEXGR FRQVWLWX\HQODVSULQFLSDOHVUHYLVWDVOLWHUDULDV\FXOWXUDOHVOD
    EDWLHQWHV QXHVWURVKLMRV\ODVJHQHUDFLRQHVIXWXUDV4XHUHPRVTXHVHDQ UHYLVWDGHFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVPiVLPSRUWDQWHTXHSURGXFHODUHYROXFLyQFXED
    FRPRHO&KH GLVFXUVRGHO  QDHV3HQVDPLHQWR&UtWLFR >VHSXEOLFDQQ~PHURVGHFDVLSiJLQDV
    FDGDXQRHQWUH\@

    5HILULpQGRVHD0DULR0RQJH\RWURVSURVRYLpWLFRVTXHWUDLFLRQDQDO&KH)LGHO
    DILUPD/RVVHXGRUUHYROXFLRQDULRVRSRUWXQLVWDV\FKDUODWDQHVTXHDXWRFRQ  3RFRGHVSXpVGHOD7ULFRQWLQHQWDO\OD2/$6)LGHOFRQYRFDDO&RQJUHVR&XO
    FHSWXiQGRVHPDU[LVWDVFRPXQLVWDV\RWURVWtWXORVQRKDQYDFLODGRHQFDOLIL WXUDOGH/D+DEDQD $QWHLQWHOHFWXDOHVGHSDtVHVDILUPD (QRFDVLRQHV
    FDUDO&KHGHHTXLYRFDGRDYHQWXUHURHLGHDOLVWDFX\DPXHUWHHVHOFDQWRGH KHPRVYLVWRVXSXHVWDVYDQJXDUGLDVHQORPiVSURIXQGRGHODUHWDJXDUGLDHQ
    FLVQH GHODOXFKDUHYROXFLRQDULDHQ $PpULFD /DWLQD >@ &XiQWRV GHHVWRV ODOXFKDFRQWUDHOLPSHULDOLVPR&XDQGRPXFKDVVXSXHVWDVYDQJXDUGLDVVH
    PLVHUDEOHVVHKDEUiQDOHJUDGRGHODPXHUWHGHO&KH6HMXVWLILFDQDVtPLV PDQWXYLHURQHQHOVLOHQFLR\QRPRYLOL]DURQDQDGLHKHPRVYLVWRDQXPHUR
    PRVRDGLULJHQWHVWUDLGRUHVTXHQRYDFLODURQHQIUHQDUODDFFLyQUHYROXFLR VRVWUDEDMDGRUHVLQWHOHFWXDOHVPRYLOL]DUVH\DO]DUVXYR]FRQWUDHOLPSHULDOLV
    QDULD SRUTXHQRTXLHUHQFRPEDWLU  QLFRPEDWLUiQMDPiVSRUHOSXHEOR\VX PRHQ9LHWQDPFRQWUDHODVHVLQDWRGHQXHVWURFRPSDxHUR&KH*XHYDUDHQ
    OLEHUDFLyQ+DQFDULFDWXUL]DGRODVLGHDVUHYROXFLRQDULDV\FRQYHUWLGRODVRUJD %ROLYLDHQGHIHQVDGHOPRYLPLHQWRQHJURHQ((883RUHVRQRVRWURVYDOR
    QL]DFLRQHV GHOXFKDHQLQVWUXPHQWRVGHFRQFLOLDFLyQFRQORVH[SORWDGRUHV UDPRVDOWDPHQWHODWDUHDGHORVWUDEDMDGRUHVLQWHOHFWXDOHVGHOWHUFHUPXQGR
    LQWHUQRV\H[WHUQRV )LGHO8QDLQWURGXFFLyQQHFHVDULDDO 'LDULRGHO&KHHQ SHURWDPELpQGH(XURSD\GHORV((88(OPDU[LVPRQHFHVLWDGHVDUUROODUVH
    %ROLYLD $ SHVDUGHHVDWUDLFLyQMyYHQHVFRPXQLVWDVFRPR/R\ROD*X] FRPRXQDIXHU]DUHYROXFLRQDULD\QRFRPRXQDLJOHVLDVHXGRUUHYROXFLRQDULD
    PiQ,QWL\&RFR3HUHGROXFKDQKDVWDHOILQDOMXQWRD*XHYDUD GLVFXUVRGHO 

    140 141
    Fidel y los intelectuales europeos Fidel y la juventud estudiantil
    $ GLIHUHQFLDGHORVSDtVHVGHOHVWH 8566\VXVDOLDGRV TXHGHVSUHFLDEDQD /DVSULPHUDVKHUUDPLHQWDVSROtWLFDVGH)LGHOVHGHVDUUROODQDILQHVGHORVDxRV
    ODLQWHOHFWXDOLGDGRFFLGHQWDO)LGHOHVWDEOHFHGHVGHHOLQLFLRGHODUHYROXFLyQ HQOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH/D+DEDQDHQODFROLQDXQLYHUVLWDULD&DVLDxRV
    WRGRXQDUFRGHDOLDQ]DVFRQWUDEDMDGRUHVLQWHOHFWXDOHVHXURSHRVHVFULWRUHV GHVSXpV\DFRPRSULQFLSDOGLULJHQWHGHODUHYROXFLyQ)LGHOYXHOYHDOD3OD]D
    SHQVDGRUHV HGLWRUHV\DUWLVWDV(Q)UDQFLD )UDQoRLV 0DVSHUR\HQ,WDOLD &DGHQDVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG\DOOtFHOHEUDQXPHURVDVDVDPEOHDV\GLVFXVLR
    *LDQJLDFRPR)HOWULQHOOLDPERVHGLWRUHVGLIXQGHQHOSHQVDPLHQWRGHODUHYR QHVFRQORVHVWXGLDQWHVFXEDQRV
    OXFLyQFXEDQDHQVXVUHVSHFWLYRVLGLRPDV

    /DUHYROXFLyQFXEDQD\VXLGHDULRGHVGH)LGHO&DVWUR\HO&KH*XHYDUDKDV
    WDHOPLQLVWURGHHGXFDFLyQ$UPDQGR+DUW'iYDORVWRGRVVDOLGRVGHODVOXFKDV
    XQLYHUVLWDULDVFRQVWLWX\HDQLYHOLQWHUQDFLRQDOHOJR]QHHQWUHGRVJUDQGHV
    $ LQLFLRVGHORVDxRV-HDQ3DXO6DUWUH>@\6LPRQHGH%HDXYRLU UHEHOLRQHVHVWXGLDQWLOHVODVGH\ODVGH/DVSULPHUDVGHRULJHQ
    >@YLVLWDQODLVOD\UHSURGXFHQHQVXUHYLVWD /HV7HPSV0RGHUQHV DPHULFDQR QDFLGDVHQ&yUGRED $UJHQWLQD \GLIXQGLGDVKDVWD0p[LFR\
    DUWtFXORV VREUHODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQD6HJ~QHOWHVWLPRQLRSRVWHULRUGHH[ &XED ODVVHJXQGDVGHIDFWXUDHXURSHD\QRUWHDPHULFDQD GHVGHHODOH
    DJHQWHVGHOD&,$ODLQWHOLJHQFLDQRUWHDPHULFDQDVLJXHGHFHUFDODUHYLVWDGH PiQHOPiVUDGLFDOKDVWDHOPiVIDPRVRPD\RIUDQFpVSDVDQGRSRUODVGH
    6DUWUHWUDWDQGRGHFRQWUDUUHVWDUHODSR\RFXOWXUDOHXURSHRD&XED+R\HQGtD ((88 &XEDDUWLFXODDPERVXQLYHUVRVFXOWXUDOHV)LGHOHVXQKLMRGHOD5HIRU
    >@)LGHOFRQWLQ~DHQODPLVPDSUpGLFDFRQUHYLVWDVFRPR/H0RQGH'LSOR PD8QLYHUVLWDULDGH&yUGREDGHODTXHVHQXWUHDWUDYpVGH0HOOD5RD\OD
    PDWLF \RWUDVSRUHOHVWLOR JHQHUDFLyQGHOFHQWHQDULR\DVXYH]LQIOX\HHQHOHXURSHR

    142 143
    La influencia de la Revolucin Cubana La Reolucin Cubana y la
    en EE.UU. Cultura Latinoamericana
    /DLQIOXHQFLDGH)LGHOHO&KH\ODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDQRVHGHWLHQHHQODLQWH  $ SDUWLUGHOWULXQIRUHYROXFLRQDULR&XEDVHYXHOYHXQIDURSDUDWRGDODFXOWXUD
    OHFWXDOLGDGHXURSHDQLHQVXHVWXGLDQWDGR 7DPELpQSHQHWUDHQODFXOWXUDGH FUtWLFDFRQWLQHQWDOORJUDQGRTXHSRUSULPHUDYH]ODVFUHDFLRQHVODWLQRDPHULFD
    ((88 )LGHO&DVWURQRVyORVHGXFHDODPLOLWDQFLDUDGLFDOGHODV3DQWHUDV QDVVHWUDGX]FDQDOUHYpVGHOHVSDxRODOLQJOpVIUDQFpVLWDOLDQRHWFLQYLU
    QHJUDVRD0DOFROP;7DPELpQVHJDQDODDGKHVLyQHQWXVLDVWDGHLQWHOHFWXD WLHQGRHORUGHQWUDGLFLRQDOGHFLUFXODFLyQGHOVDEHUHQWUHHOFHQWURLPSHULDO\
    OHVIDPRVRVFRPR3DXO%DUDQ>@3DXO06ZHH]\>@/HR ODVSHULIHULDV(VDLQIOXHQFLDFXOWXUDODWUDYLHVDWRGD $PpULFD/DWLQD'HVGHHO
    +XEHUPDQ >@ORVWUHVGHODFpOHEUH 0RQWKO\ 5HYLHZ &KDUOHV ERRP GHODQXHYDQRYHODODWLQRDPHULFDQDHQORV SUHFHGLGRSRU $OHMR
    :ULJKW 0LOOV>@\KDVWD+HUEHUW0DUFXVHTXLHQGHILHQGHODSHUV &DUSHQWLHUFRQREUDVFRPR(OUHLQRGHHVWHPXQGR >@ KDVWDODH[SDQVLyQ
    SHFWLYDGH*XHYDUDFXDQGRYLDMDD$OHPDQLDHQ GHODWHRUtDGHODGHSHQGHQFLDSDVDQGRSRUODUDGLFDOL]DFLyQGHODWHRORJtDGH
    ODOLEHUDFLyQ\GHGLYHUVDVYDQJXDUGLDVHVWpWLFDV FRPRODVPXHVWUDVGH9LHW
    QDP>@\7XFXPiQDUGH>@HQ$UJHQWLQD 

    /DPD\RUtDGHORVLQWHOHFWXDOHVQRUWHDPHULFDQRVTXHYLVLWDQ&XED\VHHQWUH
    YLVWDQFRQ)LGHOHVFULEHQOLEURVGHIHQGLHQGRODUHYROXFLyQ:ULJKW0LOOVSXEOLFD
    HOIDPRVtVLPR/LVWHQ<DQTXL 7KH5HYROXFLRQLQ&XED  >(VFXFKD\DQTXL/D
    UHYROXFLyQ HQ&XED@/HR+XEHUPDQ\3DXO6ZHH]\UHGDFWDQDG~R
    &XED DQDWRPtDGHXQDUHYROXFLyQ >@ 3DXO%DUDQHVFULEH 5HIOH[LRQHV /RPLVPRVXFHGHFRQODH[SHULHQFLD\VLVWHPDWL]DFLyQGHODHGXFDFLyQSRSX
    VREUHOD5HYROXFLyQ&XEDQD >@:DOGR)UDQN>@&XEDLVODSUR ODU\ODSHGDJRJtDGHORSULPLGRRFRQHOQXHYRFLQHODWLQRDPHULFDQR(QWRGDV
    IpWLFD >@\0DXULFH=HLWOLQOXHJRGHUHFRUUHUODLVODKDFHVXWHVLVGRFWRUDO HVWDVGLVFLSOLQDVWHQGHQFLDV\YHUWLHQWHVVHGHMDRtUHOHFRGHOWHUUHPRWRTXH
    HQ 3ULQFHWRQWLWXODGD /D SROtWLFDUHYROXFLRQDULD\ODFODVHREUHUDFXEDQD ODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDSURYRFDHQORVVDEHUHVWUDGLFLRQDOHV\HQODPRGLILFDFLyQ
    >@/RPLVPRVXFHGHFRQYDULRVGLUHFWRUHVGHFLQH HO~OWLPRHV2OLYHU6WR GHODVSDXWDVGHSURGXFFLyQLQWHUFDPELRUHFHSFLyQ\FRQVXPRFXOWXUDOHVD
    QHTXLHQILOPDHQ&RPDQGDQWHXQDODUJDHQWUHYLVWDFRQ)LGHO  HVFDODFRQWLQHQWDO

    144 145
    Auge y represin de la La guerra contrainsurgente
    insurgencia latinoamericana 3DUDWHUPLQDUFRQODLQVXUJHQFLDODVIXHU]DVDUPDGDV\DQTXLVHQWUHQDQPLOHV
    \PLOHVGHSROLFtDV\PLOLWDUHVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVHQODVWpFQLFDVGHOJROSHGH
    $ SDUWLUGHOLPSXOVRFRQWLQHQWDOTXH)LGHO\HO&KHOHGDQDODUHYROXFLyQHQ HVWDGR HOVHFXHVWURODWRUWXUD\ODGHVDSDULFLyQPDVLYDGHORVGLVLGHQWHV
    WRGDQXHVWUD$PpULFDVXUJHQRUJDQL]DFLRQHVUHYROXFLRQDULDVTXHOXFKDQFRQ +D\TXHWHUPLQDUFRQHOHMHPSORGH&XEDDVDQJUH\IXHJR HVVXFRQVLJ
    WUDODVGLFWDGXUDVPLOLWDUHV\HOLPSHULDOLVPRWUDWDQGRGHORJUDUODOLEHUDFLyQ QDGHFDEHFHUD$VtJHQHUDOL]DQODWHRUtDGHODVHJXULGDGQDFLRQDO\ODJXH
    QDFLRQDO ODGHPRFUDFLD\HOVRFLDOLVPR8QDQXHYDJHQHUDFLyQGHMyYHQHV UUD FRQWUDLQVXUJHQWHRJXHUUDFRQWUDUUHYROXFLRQDULDTXHORV\DQTXLV\VXV
    PLOLWDQWHVWUDEDMDGRUHVXUEDQRV\UXUDOHVHVWXGLDQWHVLQWHOHFWXDOHV\KDVWD DOXPQRVODWLQRDPHULFDQRVLPSRUWDQGH)UDQFLD\VXVH[WUHPLVWDVGHXOWUDGH
    VDFHUGRWHVFRPSURPHWLGRVKDFHQVX\DODEDQGHUDUHEHOGHGHODUHYROXFLyQ UHFKDHQ$UJHOLD
    FXEDQD5HVXUJHDHVFDODFRQWLQHQWDOHOHVStULWXGHRIHQVLYDSROtWLFDHLGHROy
    JLFDGHOPDU[LVPRODWLQRDPHULFDQRGHODGpFDGDGHO

    'HUURWDGDODSULPHUDROHDGDLQVXUJHQWH
    /RVFtUFXORVPiVUHDFFLRQDULRVGHODHOLWHTXHJRELHUQD((88QRSHUPDQHFHQ ODWLQRDPHULFDQDTXHQDFHFRQODUHYROXFLyQ
    SDVLYRVQLGHEUD]RVFUX]DGRVIUHQWHDHVHDXJHGHODUHEHOGtDODWLQRDPHULFDQD FXEDQDDQLTXLODGDVVXVSULQFLSDOHVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVUHYROXFLRQDULDV\H[WHUPL
    7DQWRORVILQDQFLVWDVFRPRORVPLOLWDUHVORVDJHQWHVGHLQWHOLJHQFLD\ORVHVWUD QDGRV DOPHMRUHVWLORQD]LVXVPLOLWDQWHV&XEDFXOPLQDODFUXFLDO\
    WHJDV GHOLPSHULDOLVPRLQWHUYLHQHQDFWLYDPHQWHSDUDUHSULPLUODLQVXUJHQFLD\ HPEOHPiWLFDGpFDGDGHOFRQXQIXHUWHDLVODPLHQWRIUHQWHDODJUHVLYRSRGHU
    PDQWHQHUVXGRPLQDFLyQVRFLDOPHGLDQWHXQJHQRFLGLREUXWDO\VDQJXLQDULR PLOLWDUGH(VWDGRV8QLGRV

    146 147
    Creciente aislamiento de Cuba Problemas econmicos e ingreso
    $ ILQHVGHODGpFDGDGHO((88HQGXUHFHVXUHSUHVLyQ\VXFRQWUROKHPLVIpUL en el CAME
    FR RFFLGHQWDOHVWUDQJXODQGRWRGDUHEHOGtDVRFLDOFRQJROSHVGHHVWDGRLQWHU
    YHQFLRQHVGHOD&,$ \P~OWLSOHVPDWDQ]DVTXHDKRJDQHQVDQJUHDODLQVXUJHQ 6LQPRGLILFDFLRQHVHQHOEORTXHRGH((88GHVGHHOODGLUHFFLyQ
    FLDODWLQRDPHULFDQD\VXVEDVHVGHDSR\R0LHQWUDVWDQWRDORWURODGRGHOPXQGR HFRQyPLFDFXEDQDODQ]DXQDRIHQVLYDIURQWDOHVWDWL]DFLyQDXOWUDQ]DLQFOXL
    OD8QLyQ6RYLpWLFDHQFRPSOHWDUXSWXUDFRQ&KLQDLQYDGH&KHFRVORYDTXLD GRV SHTXHxRVFRPHUFLRVJUDWXLGDGWRWDOGHORVVHUYLFLRVWHOHIyQLFRV\GHO
    DJXD JXHUUDDOEXURFUDWLVPR\YLUWXDOGHVDSDULFLyQGHOGLQHURHQHOLQWHU
    FDPELRHQWUHHPSUHVDVVRFLDOLVWDVODVWUDQVDFFLRQHVVHKDFHQVLQODLQWHU
    YHQFLyQ GHOPHUFDGR $XQTXH DSULPHUDYLVWDSDUHFHXQDDSOLFDFLyQGHO
    SHQVDPLHQWRGHO&KHHQUHDOLGDGHVHPRGHORHVGLVWLQWRDOGH*XHYDUDSXHV
    OD HVWDWL]DFLyQQRHVDFRPSDxDGDSRUXQDHVWULFWDFRQWDELOLGDGJHQHUDQGR
    GHVRUJDQL]DFLyQ\GHVSLOIDUURGHUHFXUVRV(QHVHFRQWH[WRODGLUHFFLyQHFR
    QyPLFDSODQLILFDSDUDSURGXFLUPLOORQHVGHWRQHODGDVGHD]~FDU /D
    PHWDQRVHDOFDQ]D VHSURGXFHQPLOORQHV (OIUDFDVRGHOD]DIUDGHORV
    PLOORQHVJHQHUDFDPELRVSURIXQGRVHQODSROtWLFDHFRQyPLFD

    /DFRQWLQXLGDGGHOEORTXHR\DQTXLODGHELOLGDGGHVXHFRQRPtD GRQGHFRH
    [LVWHQDQWDJyQLFDPHQWHGRVPRGHORVGHJHVWLyQHOVLVWHPDSUHVXSXHVWDULR
    GHILQDQFLDPLHQWR63)FRQHMHHQODSODQLILFDFLyQ\HOFiOFXORHFRQyPL
    FRFRQHMHHQHOPHUFDGR HOUHWUDVRHQODLQGXVWULDOL]DFLyQ\HOIUDFDVR
    GHOD]DIUDGHORVPLOORQHVREOLJDQD&XEDDLQJUHVDUHQDO&$0(
    &RQVHMR GH$\XGD 0XWXD(FRQyPLFD  7UHFH DxRVGHVSXpVGHOWULXQIROD
    3DVDGRHODXJHGHOD&RQIHUHQFLD7ULFRQWLQHQWDO\OD2/$6DQWHODPXHUWHGHO GLUHFFLyQ GHODUHYROXFLyQWLHQHTXHSRVWHUJDUHOVXHxRGHODDXWRQRPtD
    &KH*XHYDUDHQ%ROLYLD\RWURVDSODVWDPLHQWRVGHUHYROXFLRQHVHQ $PpULFD LQGXVWULDO/D8566\VXVVRFLRVVHRSRQHQDODLQGXVWULDOL]DFLyQFXEDQDSUH
    /DWLQDSDXODWLQDPHQWH&XEDVHYDTXHGDQGRVRODHQVXHQIUHQWDPLHQWRFRQ FRQL]DGDSRUHO&KH6XJLHUHQHQFDPELRXQDGLYLVLyQVRFLDOLVWDGHOWUDED
    HOJLJDQWHVDOYDMHGHOQRUWH MR GRQGH&XEDDSRUWDPDWHULDVSULPDVDFDPELRGHWHFQRORJtDVRYLpWLFD 

    148 149
    El llamado Caso Padilla y Universidad masiva e internacionalismo
    el Quinquenio Gris 'HELGRDVXDLVODPLHQWRHQ $PpULFD/DWLQDDFRPLHQ]RVGHORVHQ&XED
    VHIRUWDOHFHODLGHRORJtDVRYLpWLFD&UHFHODSUHVHQFLDGHWH[WRVVRYLpWLFRVHQ
    $LVODGD\PX\FHUFDGHOD8566HQ&XEDVHSURGXFHHOFDVR3DGLOOD(QWUH OD HGXFDFLyQ TXHSUHGRPLQDQKDVWD 6LQHPEDUJRHVDRULHQWDFLyQ
    \HOHVFULWRUFXEDQR+HEHUWR3DGLOOD>@WUDEDMDWUDQTXLOD SHGDJyJLFDWDQGLIHUHQWHGHODGpFDGDGHOFRUUHSDUHMDFRQODPDVLYL
    PHQWHHQ0LDPLDMHQRDODUHYROXFLyQ(QUHJUHVDD&XED(QWUH GDGGHODXQLYHUVLGDGeVWDGHMDGHVHUXQUHGXFWRSDUDPLQRUtDVLOXVWUDGDV
    \RFXSDFDUJRVLWLQHUDQWHVFRPRFRUUHVSRQVDOHQ/RQGUHV3UDJD\0RV FRPRHQHOFDSLWDOLVPR\VHFRQYLHUWHHQXQDSRVLELOLGDGUHDO\FRQFUHWD
    F~&RODERUDHQODUHYLVWD8QLyQ(Q3DGLOODJDQDXQSUHPLRGHOD81(  SDUD ODLQPHQVDPD\RUtDGHODSREODFLyQ(ODQDOIDEHWLVPRTXHGDFRPRXQ
    $&SRUVXREUD )XHUDGHMXHJR TXHD~QSROpPLFDHVSXEOLFDGD 7UDEDMDHQ UHFXHUGRWULVWHGHODpSRFDSUHUUHYROXFLRQDULD
    OD8QLYHUVLGDGGHVGHD(VHDxROHHVXOLEUR 3URYRFDFLRQHV HQOD
    81($&(OHVGHWHQLGR+DFHHOVLPXODFURGHDXWRFULWLFDUVH SDUR
    GLDQGRORVMXLFLRVGH0RVF~GH (VOLEHUDGR6LJXHWUDEDMDQGRHQHOUHF
    WRUDGRGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG\FRPRWUDGXFWRU (QVHYDD((88 $TXHOOD
    GHWHQFLyQ GHELOLWDHOSUHVWLJLR
    LQWHUQDFLRQDO GHODUHYROXFLyQHQWUH
    DOJXQRVLQWHOHFWXDOHVHXURSHRV HQWUH
    RWURV SURWHVWDQ6DUWUH6LPRQHGH
    %HDXYRLU\6XVDQ6RQWDJ 
    $XQTXHHOFDVR3DGLOODHVPDQLSXOD
    GR SRUORVHQHPLJRVGHODUHYROXFLyQ
    SDUDKRPRORJDUD&XEDFRQOD8566VWDOL
    QLVWDVXHQFDUFHODPLHQWRFRQVWLWX\HXQDGHFL
    VLyQSRFRIHOL]DOHQWDGDSRUXQQ~FOHRVHFWD
    ULR \EXURFUiWLFRGHO&RQVHMR1DFLRQDOGH
    &XOWXUD(QXQFRQWH[WRGHDKRJR\DLVOD
    PLHQWRODVYHUWLHQWHVFXEDQDVDILQHVDOD
    LGHRORJtD GHOD8566ORJUDQFLHUWDKHJH
    PRQtD LQWHUQD3RUHVRHQHVDpSRFDVHFLH
    UUDQ ODUHYLVWD 3HQVDPLHQWR &UtWLFR \ HO
    'HSDUWDPHQWR GH)LORVRItDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG
    GH/D+DEDQDWRWDOPHQWHGLIHUHQWHVD3DGL
    OODTXHH[SUHVDEDQORPiVRULJLQDOGHOSHQ 1RREVWDQWHVXPD\RUDFHUFDPLHQWRDOD8566ODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDORJUD
    VDPLHQWRUHYROXFLRQDULRFXEDQR $VtQDFHHQ PDQWHQHUVXYLWDOLGDG(QORV)LGHOYXHOYHDLQVLVWLUFRQHOLQWHUQDFLRQDOLV
    ODFXOWXUD\ODVFLHQFLDVVRFLDOHVHOTXLQTXHQLR PRPLOLWDQWH HQWRQFHVPXFKRPiVPDVLYRTXHHQHOSHUtRGRDQWHULRU FRPR
    JULV H[SUHVLyQGHOHVFULWRUFXEDQR $PEURVLR XQ DQWtGRWRIUHQWHDFXDOTXLHUWHQWDFLyQGHDSDJDURPRGHUDUHOLPSXOVR
    )RUQHW )UHQWHDOQXHYRFOLPDODVLQVWLWXFLRQHV DQWLLPSHULDOLVWDEXURFUDWL]DUODUHYROXFLyQVRFLDOLVWDRFRQJHODUHOSURFHVRGH
    FXOWXUDOHV TXHPDQWLHQHQODFUHDWLYLGDGGHO WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV VRFLDOHV(VDGHFLVLyQSROtWLFDGH)LGHOFHQWUDGDSULQFL
    SHUtRGRDQWHULRUVRQ&DVDGHODV $PpULFDV SDOPHQWHHQODD\XGDVROLGDULDDODVOXFKDVDQWLFRORQLDOLVWDVDIULFDQDVDXQTXH
    HO,&$,&\HO%DOOHW1DFLRQDOGH&XED WDPELpQD$PpULFD/DWLQDDSXQWDDTXHQRVHH[WLQJDODUHEHOGtD\HODQWL
    GRJPDWLVPRTXHFDUDFWHUL]DQDODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDGHVGHVXQDFLPLHQWR

    150 151
    Salvador Allende y la Fidel, Allende y Miguel Enrquez
    Va pacfica al Socialismo ,QYLWDGRSRU6DOYDGRU$OOHQGH)LGHO&DVWURYLVLWD&KLOHHQWUHHO \
    HO(QHVDODUJDHVWDGtD)LGHOVHHQWUHYLVWDFRQWUDEDMDGRUHVPLQH
    (QHOPpGLFR6DOYDGRU$OOHQGH>@OOHJDDOJRELHUQRFRQOD8QL URVHVWXGLDQWHV\FDPSHVLQRV,QFOXVRHOIXWXURUHSUHVRU\DVHVLQR $XJXVWR
    GDG 3RSXODU 83 IUHQWHHOHFWRUDOGHL]TXLHUGDTXHJDQDODVHOHFFLRQHVHQ 3LQRFKHWVXSXHVWRPLOLWDUFRQVWLWXFLRQDOLVWDWLHQHTXHUHQGLUOHKRQRUHVDO
    &KLOH /D83 DJUXSD DVRFLDOLVWDVFRPXQLVWDVUDGLFDOHV\FULVWLDQRVGH GLULJHQWHFXEDQR)LGHOVHGHVSLGHGHOSXHEORHQHO(VWDGLR1DFLRQDOGH6DQ
    L]TXLHUGD $OOHQGH SHUWHQHFHDOVHFWRULQWHUQRPiVPRGHUDGRGHO3DUWLGR WLDJRGH&KLOHHO
    6RFLDOLVWD 36 DXQTXHHVPX\DPLJRGH&XED\)LGHO3RUHMHPSORDOPRULU
    HO&KHHQ%ROLYLDWUHVFXEDQRVVREUHYLYLHQWHVORJUDQHVFDSDU\SDVDUD&KL
    OH6RQGHWHQLGRVHQ,TXLTXH$OOHQGHLQWHUFHGHSDUDTXHORVWUDVODGHQD6DQ
    WLDJR\YLDMDFRQHOORVD7DKLWtSDUDHQWUHJDUORVDOHPEDMDGRUFXEDQR0iVWDU
    GH\DFRPRSUHVLGHQWHYLDMDD&XED\HOKDEODHQOD3OD]DGHOD
    5HYROXFLyQMXQWRD)LGHO$OOtMXUDGHIHQGHUFRQVXYLGDHOSURFHVRVRFLDOLVWD
    /DHVWUDWHJLDSROtWLFDGH$OOHQGHSRSXODUL]DGDFRPRYtDFKLOHQDDOVRFLDOLV
    PRFRQVLVWHHQLUJUDGXDO\SDXODWLQDPHQWHKDFLDHOVRFLDOLVPRDWUDYpVGH
    ODYtDOHJDOSDUODPHQWDULDHLQVWLWXFLRQDOVLQOXFKDDUPDGDSRGHUSRSXODUQL
    JXHUUDFLYLO(VHSHQVDPLHQWRFRLQFLGHDQLYHOLQWHUQDFLRQDOFRQODHVWUDWHJLD
    SUHFRQL]DGDSRUOD8566GHVGH.UXVFKHYHQDGHODQWHFRQRFLGDFRPRWUDQ
    VLFLyQ SDFtILFDDOVRFLDOLVPR VDQFLRQDGDRILFLDOPHQWHSRUWRGRVORV3&GHO
    PXQGR LQFOXLGRHOFKLOHQRHQOD&RQIHUHQFLD,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHORV3DUWLGRV
    &RPXQLVWDV\REUHURVGH 

    (Q WRGDVVXVYLVLWDV\FRQIHUHQFLDV)LGHOUHSXGLDGRSRUODXOWUDGHUHFKD
    ORFDOLQWHQWDXQLUDODL]TXLHUGDFKLOHQD1RREVWDQWHHQHOVHQRGHORVUHYR
    OXFLRQDULRVFKLOHQRVH[LVWHXQDGLYHUJHQFLDHVWUDWpJLFDUHDOHQWUHORVSDUWLGD
    ULRV GHODYtDSDFtILFD PRGHUDGRVGHO36\3& \TXLHQHVSUHFRQL]DQOD
    FRQVWUXFFLyQ GHSRGHUSRSXODU L]TXLHUGDGHO36\0,5 (VWRV~OWLPRVVRQ
    HQFDEH]DGRVSRUHO0RYLPLHQWRGH,]TXLHUGD5HYROXFLRQDULD 0,5 FX\ROtGHU
    HVHOMRYHQ0tJXHO(QUtTXH]>@DPLJRSHUVRQDOGH)LGHO(O0,5VLQ
    SHUWHQHFHUDOD83DOHUWDFRQWUDHOJROSH\SDUDDSR\DUD6DOYDGRU $OOHQGH
    SURPXHYHDUPDUDORVFRUGRQHVLQGXVWULDOHVGHWUDEDMDGRUHV

    152 153
    El apoyo de Fidel a Allende Pinochet, EE.UU. y nacimiento del
    (Q &KLOH)LGHODSR\DODQDFLRQDOL]DFLyQGHOFREUH\RWUDVHPSUHVDV&XED Neoliberalismo
    GRQDXQPLOOyQGHGyODUHVSDUDODHGLFLyQGHOLEURVPDVLYRV)LGHOOHUHJDODD
    $OOHQGHXQIXVLODXWRPiWLFR $..DODVKQLNRY TXH$OOHQGHXWLOL]DHOGtDGHO (ODFRVDGRHQODVHGHSUHVLGHQFLDOSRUIXHJRGHDUWLOOHUtDWDQTXHV
    JROSH DGYLUWLpQGROHGHODSHOLJURVLGDGGHODEXUJXHVtDFKLOHQD/XHJRGHVGH \ERPEDUGHRDpUHR$OOHQGHFXPSOHVXSDODEUD5HVLVWHKHURLFDPHQWHFDVFR
    /D+DEDQD)LGHOOHHVFULEH 9HRTXHHVWiQDKRUDHQODFXHVWLyQGHOGLiORJR HQODFDEH]DIXVLOHQPDQR LQFOXVRGLVSDUDQGRXQDED]XFDFRQWUDXQWDQTXH
    FRQOD'&\ODKXHOJDGHORVGXHxRVGHFDPLRQHV,PDJLQRODWHQVLyQ\WXV JROSLVWD KDVWDTXHQRKD\VDOLGD5HWLUDDVXIDPLOLD\FRODERUDGRUHV\VH
    GHVHRVGHJDQDUWLHPSRPHMRUDUODFRUUHODFLyQGHIXHU]DVSDUDFDVRGHTXH SHJDXQWLUR1ROHVGDDORVIDVFLVWDVHOJXVWRGHUHQGLUVH6XKLMD%HDWUL]
    HVWDOOHODOXFKD>@(QFDVRGHTXHODRWUDSDUWHVHHPSHxDVHHQXQDSROtWL  UHFXHUGDTXHSHQVDQGRHQ0LJXHO(QUtTXH]$OOHQGHDILUPD<RQRPHPXH
    FDSpUILGDHLUUHVSRQVDEOHQRROYLGHVSRUXQVHJXQGRODIRUPLGDEOHIXHU]DGH YRGHDTXt>SDODFLRGHOD0RQHGD@FXPSOLUpKDVWDPLPXHUWHODUHVSRQVDELOL 
    ODFODVHREUHUDFKLOHQD\HOUHVSDOGRHQpUJLFRTXHWHKDEULQGDGRHQWRGRVORV GDG GHSUHVLGHQWHTXHHOSXHEORPHKDHQWUHJDGR $KRUD HVWXWXUQR
    PRPHQWRV GLItFLOHVHOODSXHGHDWXOODPDGRDQWHOD5HYROXFLyQHQSHOLJUR 0LJXHO $OOHQGH KDEtDRUGHQDGRDODHPEDMDGDFXEDQDURGHDGDHO
    SDUDOL]DUORVJROSLVWDVPDQWHQHUODDGKHVLyQGHORVYDFLODQWHVLPSRQHUVXV SRUORVPLOLWDUHVHQWUHJDUHOGtDGHOJROSHVXVDUPDVDO0,5
    FRQGLFLRQHV\GHFLGLUGHXQDYH]VLHVSUHFLVRHOGHVWLQRGH&KLOH &DUWDGH
    )LGHOD$OOHQGHGHO 

    &RQRFLHQGR PiVWDUGHOD
    PXHUWHGH$OOHQGH)LGHOVHxD
    OD6DOYDGRU$OOHQGHGHPRVWUy
    PiV GLJQLGDGPiVKRQRU  PiV
    YDORU\PiVKHURtVPRTXHWRGRV
    ORVPLOLWDUHVIDVFLVWDVMXQWRV/RV
    IDVFLVWDV KDQVDFDGRDUHOXFLUHO
    IXVLO FRQTXHFRPEDWLy $OOHQ
    GH HOIXVLODXWRPiWLFRTXH
    QRVRWURV OHREVHTXLDPRVWUD
    WDQGR GHKDFHUSURSDJDQGD +R\>@WRGRHOPXQGR\DVDEHTXHDOJROSHGH3LQRFKHWORRUJDQL]DOD&,$
    EXUGD\ULGtFXODFRQHVR3HUR \ORILQDQFLDOD ,QWHUQDFLRQDO7HOHSKRQHDQG7HOHJUDSK ,77 HPSUHVDGHODV
    ORVKHFKRVKDQGHPRVWUDGRTXHQLQ WHOHFRPXQLFDFLRQHV/RVSULQFLSDOHVPLOLWDUHVIDVFLVWDV\ORVJUXSRVWHUURULVWDV
    J~QREVHTXLRPHMRUDOSUHVLGHQWH $OOHQGHTXH GHH[WUHPDGHUHFKDTXHGHVHVWDELOL]DQD $OOHQGHFRPR3DWULD\/LEHUWDG
    HVH IXVLODXWRPiWLFRSDUDGHIHQGHUDOJRELHUQRGHOD VRQ HQWUHQDGRVSRUODLQWHOLJHQFLDQRUWHDPHULFDQD0XFKRVGHHVRVJUXSRV
    8QLGDG3RSXODU)XHPXFKDODUD]yQ\ODSUHPRQLFLyQ SDUWLFLSDQOXHJRHQHOSODQ&yQGRU\HQODVRSHUDFLRQHVGHFRQWUDLQVXUJHQFLD
    TXHWXYLPRVDOREVHTXLDUOHHVHIXVLODOSUHVLGHQWH< FRQWLQHQWDOHV (OILOP 0LVVLQJ >'HVDSDUHFLGR@ SURWDJRQL]DGRSRU-DFN/HP 
    VLFDGDWUDEDMDGRU\FDGDFDPSHVLQRKXELHVHQWHQLGR PRQ\GLULJLGRSRU&RVWD*DYUDVLOXVWUDELHQHOSDSHOGHOD&,$ HQ&KLOH&RQ
    XQIXVLOFRPRpVHHQVXVPDQRVQRKDEUtDKDELGRJROSH 3LQRFKHWQDFHDVDQJUHWRUWXUD\PXHUWHHOSULPHUH[SHULPHQWRGHOQHROLEH
    IDVFLVWD(VDHVODJUDQOHFFLyQTXHVHGHVSUHQGHSDUDORVUHYROXFLRQDULRVGH UDOLVPRDQLYHOPXQGLDO DQWHULRUD0DUJDUHW 7KDWFKHUHQ,QJODWHUUD
    ORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVFKLOHQRV GLVFXUVRGHO  \5RQDOG5HDJDQHQ((88 

    154 155
    La doctrina de seguridad social La victoria de Vietnam
    y el Plan Cndor (QPHGLRGHODJXHUUDGH9LHWQDP)LGHO&DVWURHVHOSULPHU\~QLFRMHIHGHHVWD
    GRGHOPXQGRTXHYLVLWDODV]RQDVOLEHUDGDVGH9LHWQDPGHO6XU$OOtURGHDGRGH
    $XQTXHORVJROSHVGHHVWDGRSRUHMHPSORHOEUDVLOHxRGHRHODUJHQWL 
    FRPEDWLHQWHV YLHWQDPLWDVDO]DODEDQGHUDGHO)UHQWHGH/LEHUDFLyQ1DFLRQDO
    QRGHVRQDQWHULRUHVODIHUR]GLFWDGXUDPLOLWDUGH3LQRFKHWLQDXJXUD
    )/1 (QHOSUHVLGHQWH2VYDOGR'RUWLFyV\HOFRPDQGDQWHGHODV)XHU]DV
    HQORVXQDQXHYDpSRFD&RQHOOD((88LQWHQWDUHWRPDUHQVXSDWLRWUD
    $UPDGDV5HYROXFLRQDULDV )$5 5D~O&DVWURYLVLWDQ+DQRLHQ9LHWQDPGHOQRU
    VHURODLQLFLDWLYDTXHFRPHQ]DEDDSHUGHUHQ $VLD\IULFD'HODPDQRGH
    WHGRQGHUHLWHUDQHODSR\RDODOLEHUDFLyQGHOVXU\ODUHXQLILFDFLyQGHOSDtV
    3LQRFKHW\OD&,$ VHJHQHUDOL]DODGRFWULQDGHVHJXULGDGQDFLRQDOODWRUWXUD
    VLVWHPiWLFD \ODJXHUUDFRQWUDLQVXUJHQWHSDUDWRGRHOFRQWLQHQWH:LOOLDP
    &ROE\GLUHFWLYRGHOD&,$HVHOLQVSLUDGRUGHO3ODQ3KRHQL[WRUWXUD\DVH
    VLQDWRGHPiVGHJXHUULOOHURVGHO9 LHWFRQJHQ9LHWQDP/RVLQVWUXF
    WRUHVGH((88DSOLFDQHVRVPpWRGRVHQWRGD $PpULFD/DWLQD
    (Q ODFRRUGLQDFLyQFRQWLQHQWDOGHODJXHUUDFRQWUDUUHYROXFLRQDULDHVIXQGD
    PHQWDOHO3ODQ&yQGRUVHFXHVWURVHLQWHUFDPELRVUHSUHVLYRVHQWUHODVGLV
    WLQWDVGLFWDGXUDVPLOLWDUHVODWLQRDPHULFDQDV(QpOMXHJDXQSDSHOGHVWDFDGR
    HOH[WUHPLVPR
    DQWLFDVWULVWD
    GH0LDPL
    EDMRyUGH
    QHVGHOD
    &,$HQFD
    EH]DGRSRU
    2UODQGR
    %RVFK/XLV
    3RVDGD
    &DUULOHV
    +HUQiQ
    5LFDUGR\
    )UHGG\/XJR
    HQWUHRWURV
    SURIHVLRQDOHV
    IXOOWLPHGHO (QDEULOGHORVFRPEDWLHQWHVGHO)/1GH9LHWQDPGHOVXUYHQFHQHQ6DL
    WHUURU3DUWH JyQ>KR\FLXGDG+R&KL0LQK@DOUpJLPHQWtWHUHGH((88 $OOtGHUULEDQODUHMD
    GHHVWHHTXL H LQJUHVDQDODHPEDMDGDQRUWHDPHULFDQDVXSXHVWDPHQWHLQH[SXJQDEOH
    SRVHUHIXJLD /RVVROGDGRV\DQTXLVTXHVHVHQWtDQPX\PDFKRVKXPLOODQGRDPXMHUHV\
    HQHO&KLOHGH QLxRV YLHWQDPLWDVKX\HQGHVSDYRULGRVFROJDGRVFREDUGHPHQWHHQVXV~OWL
    3LQRFKHWGHV PRVKHOLFySWHURV(VDVIRWRVUHFRUUHUiQHOPXQGRMXQWRFRQLPiJHQHVGHYLHW
    GHGRQGH QDPLWDVTXHPDGRVYLYRVSRUHO1$3 $/07RGDVODVSHOtFXODVGH+ROO\ZRRG
    RSHUDHQHO TXHJLUDQXQD\RWUDYH]VREUH9LHWQDPQRSXHGHQHVFRQGHUXQDYHUGDGVHQ
    FRQRVXU FLOODDOLPSHULDOLVPRVHORSXHGHYHQFHU

    156 157
    Golpe en Argentina: Desaparecidos Apoyo al frica y a la
    8QDxRGHVSXpVGHODYLFWRULDGH9 LHWQDPODV)XHU]DV $UPDGDVDUJHQWLQDV Revolucin Mundial
    GDQXQQXHYRJROSHGHHVWDGR  &RPLHQ]DXQJHQRFLGLREUXWDO/D
    LQWHOLJHQFLD GHODGLFWDGXUDPLOLWDUVDEHTXHODVSULQFLSDOHVRUJDQL]DFLRQHV $ SHVDU GHVXDLVODPLHQWRHQ $PpULFD /DWLQD)LGHOFRQWLQ~DLPSXOVDQGROD
    UHYROXFLRQDULDV UHFLEHQDSR\RFXEDQR3DUDORVPLOLWDUHVDUJHQWLQRV)LGHO UHEHOLyQGHODVFRORQLDVDIULFDQDV/DPiVLPSRUWDQWHGHWRGDVHV$QJROD EDMR
    &DVWUR VHWUDQVIRUPDHQHOGLDEOR $XQTXH VHFXHVWUDQDPDQVDOYD\KDFHQ GRPLQLRSRUWXJXpV (OWULXQIDHQ3RUWXJDOODUHYROXFLyQGHORVFOD
    GHVDSDUHFHUDSHUVRQDVODUHSUHVLyQ\HOWHUURUGHO3ODQ&yQGRUVH YHOHVLPSXOVDGDSRUHOJHQHUDOPDU[LVWD9 DVFR*RQoDOYHV\SRUHO3DUWLGR
    FRQFHQWUD SULRULWDULDPHQWHVREUHORVJUXSRVJXHYDULVWDVILGHOLVWDVGHOFRQR &RPXQLVWDHQWUHRWURV/DFDtGDGHOIDVFLVPRSRUWXJXpVSHUPLWHSURIXQGL
    VXU$OJXQRVGHHOORVYLHQHQFRRSHUDQGRGHVGHFXDQGRVHIRUPDOD-XQ ]DUODOXFKDDQWLFRORQLDOHQHOIULFD3RUWXJDOGRPLQDEDKDVWDHQWRQFHVODV
    WDGH&RRUGLQDFLyQ5HYROXFLRQDULD -&5 HQWUHHO357(53 DUJHQWLQRHO0,5 FRORQLDVGH$QJROD0R]DPELTXH&DER9HUGH\*XLQHD%LVVDX$ SDUWLUGHOD
    FKLOHQR HO0/1 7XSDPDURV XUXJXD\R\HO(/1EROLYLDQR&RQHODQLTXLOD UHYROXFLyQUHFRQRFHODLQGHSHQGHQFLDGHORVDIULFDQRV
    PLHQWRGHHVWDVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVVHSURGXFHODGHUURWDGHODVHJXQGDROHDGD (Q$QJRODKD\WUHVPRYLPLHQWRVSROtWLFRVH[WUHPDGDPHQWHRSXHVWRVHO0RYL
    UHYROXFLRQDULDODWLQRDPHULFDQD SRVWHULRUDODGHORVDxRV  PLHQWR3RSXODUGH/LEHUDFLyQGH$QJROD 03/$ OLGHUDGRSRU$JRVWLQKR1HWR
    HO )UHQWH1DFLRQDOGH/LEHUDFLyQGH $QJROD )1/$ GH+HOGHU5REHUWR\OD
    81,7$ GH-RQDV=DYLPEL0LHQWUDVHOSURJUHVLVWD03/$ HVWUHFKDYtQFXORVFRQ
    &XEDHO)1/$ \OD81,7$ ORKDFHQFRQODH[WUHPDGHUHFKDUDFLVWDGH6XG
    iIULFD GLULJLGDSRU3:%RWKD HLQFOXVRFRQOD&,$ GH((88

    $ SDUWLUGHHOHTXLSRGHXOWUDGHUHFKDDQWLFDVWULVWDGHOD&,$ 2UODQGR
    %RVFK/XLV3RVDGD&DUULOHV+HUQiQ5LFDUGR\)UHGG\/XJRUHIXJLDGRHQ
    HO &KLOHGH3LQRFKHWWDPELpQFRPLHQ]DDRSHUDUFRQHOJHQHUDO9 LGHOD (Q
    $UJHQWLQD HQWUHRWURVFDVRVHOVHFXHVWUDQWRUWXUDQ\KDFHQGHV
    DSDUHFHUDGRVLQWHJUDQWHVGHODHPEDMDGDFXEDQDHQ%XHQRV $LUHV-HV~V
    &HMDV$ULDV\&UHVFHQFLR*DODUHxD+HUQiQGH]

    158 159
    Cuba y Angola El triunfo cubano en Angola
    3RUVXLPSRUWDQFLDHVWUDWpJLFDHOWHUULWRULRGH$QJRODHVFRGLFLDGRDOQRUWHSRU 3DUDH[SXOVDUD6XGiIULFD)LGHOHQYtDDOLJXDOTXHHQVLQFRQVXOWDUD
    =DLUH GLULJLGRSRU6HVH6HNR0REXWX>@DVHVLQRGH3DWULFH OD8566RWURVFRPEDWLHQWHV)LQDOPHQWHHQHQHURPDU]RGH
    /XPXPED>@ \DOVXUSRU6XGiIULFD GLULJLGRSRUODSHTXHxDPLQRUtD ORVFXEDQRVGLULJHQOD~OWLPDEDWDOODGH&XLWR&XDQDYDOHGRQGHHVGHUURWD
    EODQFD\UDFLVWDGHOSUHVLGHQWH3:%RWKD 7UDVODUHWLUDGDSRUWXJXHVDDPERV GDODFRDOLFLyQ81,7$6XGiIULFD&XEDHO03/$ GH$QJROD\OD6:$32GH
    SDtVHVLQWHUYLHQHQHQODJXHUUDFLYLODQJRODQDDWUDYpVGHIHURFHVPHUFHQDULRV 1DPLELDJDQDQODJXHUUD*UDFLDVDHVDYLFWRULDFXEDQDVHSRQHILQDOUpJL
    EODQFRV SDWURFLQDGRVWDPELpQSRU((88\DOJXQRVSDtVHVHXURSHRV 0LHQ PHQGHDSDUWKHLGHQ6XGiIULFD\VHUHFRQRFHODLQGHSHQGHQFLDGH1DPLELD
    WUDV HQWUH\)LGHOHQYtDD $QJROD HOGHVWDFDPHQWRSHGDJyJLFR HQODVSULPHUDVHOHFFLRQHVOLEUHVJDQDQODV6: $32DOLDGDVGH&XED (Q
    &KH*XHYDUD FRQSURIHVRUHVYROXQWDULRV  GLFLHPEUHGH&XED $QJROD\6XGiIULFDILUPDQODSD]HQ1XHYD <RUN
    /RVFRPEDWLHQWHVFXEDQRVVHUHWLUDQWULXQIDQWHVHQHQHURGHFRQ
    $QJROD\1DPLELDLQGHSHQGLHQWHV\ODPD\RUtDQHJUDGH6XGiIULFDHOLJLHQGR
    SRUILQVXSULPHUSUHVLGHQWHQHJUR1HOVRQ0DQGHODGHO&RQJUHVR1DFLRQDO
    $IULFDQR &1$ 

    /DPLVLyQFXEDQDGH
    VROLGDULGDGFRQ$QJROD
    GXUDDxRV6H
    GHQRPLQD2SHUDFLyQ
    &DUORWD &DUORWDHVHO
    QRPEUHGHXQDHVFOD
    YDQHJUDDQJRODQD
    TXHYLYHHQ&XEDHQ
    HOVLJOR;,;VHVXEOH
    (QMXOLRGHHOSUHVLGHQWHGH((88*)RUG\VXDVHVRU+.LVVLQJHUDSUXHEDQ YDFRQWUDORVDPRV
    XQD RSHUDFLyQHQFXELHUWD4XLHUHQLPSHGLUFRQODLQYDVLyQGH6XGiIULFDTXH EODQFRV\PXHUHHQ
    FRPLHQ]D HO OD LQGHSHQGHQFLD GH $QJROD SODQLILFDGDSDUDHO HVDUHEHOLyQ (QWRWDO
    (VDRIHQVLYDVHJHQHUDOL]DHQRFWXEUHGH)LGHOUHVSRQGHHO SDUWLFLSDQ
    SHGLGR GHO03/$ VLQ FRQVXOWDUDORVVRYLpWLFRV\EULQGDD\XGDDOSXHEOR FXEDQRV 
    DJUHGLGR LQVWUXFWRUHVFXEDQRVOOHJDQHQRFWXEUH\HO  HQYtDXQ FRPEDWLHQWHV
    EDWDOOyQGHWURSDVUHJXODUHVFRQDUPDVDQWLWDQTXHVYLFWRULDDQJRODQD)LGHOSODQ FRODERUDGRUHVFLYLOHV 
    WHD (VWD YLFWRULDGH $QJROD HVKHUPDQDJHPHODGH*LUyQ $QJROD FRQVWLWX\H 8QDGHODVPD\RUHV
    SDUDORVLPSHULDOLVWDV\DQNLVXQ*LUyQDIULFDQR GLVFXUVRGHO (QMXQLR KD]DxDVLQWHUQDFLRQD
    GHVHUHEHODQORVQHJURVGH6RZHWR>-RKDQQHVEXUJR6XGiIULFD@GLULJLGRV OLVWDVGHODKLVWRULD
    SRUHO&RQJUHVR1DFLRQDO$IULFDQR &1$FX\ROtGHUQHJUR1HOVRQ0DQGHODVXIUH PXQGLDOMXQWRFRQODV
    SULVLyQ GHD (OORVVXGDIULFDQRVEODQFRVPDVDFUDQ %ULJDGDV,QWHUQDFLRQD
    UHIXJLDGRVQDPLELRVHQ&DVLQJD(QRFWXEUHGHHOHMpUFLWRVXGDIULFDQRYXHO OHVHQ(VSDxD\OD
    YHDLQYDGLU $QJRODFRQVROGDGRV(QWUHORVFXEDQRV\ORVDVHVRUHV JXHUUDGHOLEHUDFLyQ
    VRYLpWLFRVGH$QJRODVHSURGXFHXQFRQIOLFWRVREUHFyPRUHVSRQGHUODDJUHVLyQ FRQWUDORVQD]LV

    160 161
    Fidel y Mandela contra el racismo Fidel, la Revolucin Sandinista
    y el Apartheid y Granada
    (OVLVWHPDGHODSDUWKHLGHQ6XGiIULFDFRPELQDGLYHUVDVGRPLQDFLRQHVDOPLVPR 'HVGHODUHEHOLyQGH $XJXVWR&pVDU6DQGLQR>@FRQWUDODLQYDVLyQ
    WLHPSR'HVGHHOUDFLVPRQHRQD]LGHVXPLQRUtDEODQFDGHIHQGLGDSRUORVDJHQ \DQTXL1LFDUDJXDVXIUHDxRVGHGLFWDGXUDGHODIDPLOLD6RPR]D(Q
    WHVGHO%XUHDXRI6WDWH6HFXULW\%266KDVWDODH[SORWDFLyQVDOYDMHGHODFODVH &DUORV)RQVHFD$PDGRU>@FRPSDxHURGH)LGHO\HO&KHIXQGDHO
    WUDEDMDGRUDVXGDIULFDQDSDVDQGRSRUHOQHRFRORQLDOLVPRVREUHRWURVSDtVHVDIUL )UHQWH6DQGLQLVWDGH/LEHUDFLyQ1DFLRQDO )6/1 )RQVHFDPXHUHFRPEDWLHQ
    FDQRV(OSUR\HFWRPXOWLUUDFLDOGHO&RQJUHVR1DFLRQDO $IULFDQRLQWHQWDFRQIURQWDU GRHQQRYLHPEUHGH(O)6/1VHGLYLGHHQWUHVWHQGHQFLDVHO)6/1SUR
    HQWRGRVORVWHUUHQRVFRQWUDHODSDUWKHLG*UDFLDVDODYLFWRULDFXEDQDVREUHODV OHWDULRHO)6/1JXHUUDSRSXODUSURORQJDGD\HO)6/1LQVXUUHFFLRQDO(QPDU
    WURSDVVXGDIULFDQDVODPLQRUtDEODQFDGHEHDFHSWDUSRQHUILQDODSDUWKHLG ]R GH)LGHOFRQWULEX\HDUHXQLILFDUORV/XHJRGHODVGHUURWDVGHOD
    LQVXUJHQFLD \ODUHYROXFLyQVDQGLQLVWDWULXQIDFRQWUD6RPR]DHO
    (VHPLVPRDxRHOWULXQIDODUHYROXFLyQHQODLVODFDUL
    EHxDGH*UDQDGDGRQGHHO0RYLPLHQWRGHOD1XHYD-R\D 01- IRUPDGRHO
     SRU0DXULFH%LVKRS>@GHUURFDXQDGLFWDGXUDGH
    DxRV/RV\DQTXLVLQYDGHQ*UDQDGDHQ\DKRJDQHQVDQJUHDODUHYROX
    FLyQ$GHPiVGH%LVKRS)LGHOWDPELpQHVDOLDGRGH0LFKDHO0DQOH\>
    @SULPHUPLQLVWURGH-DPDLFDHQ\

    +DFLHQGRXQEDODQFHGHODLPSUHVLRQDQWHD\XGDFXEDQDHQHOIULFD)LGHOUHIOH 'XUDQWHORVRQFHDxRVTXHJRELHUQDHOVDQGLQLVPR>@ODUHYROXFLyQ
    [LRQD 6HU LQWHUQDFLRQDOLVWDHVVDOGDUQXHVWUDSURSLDGHXGDFRQODKXPDQLGDG FXEDQDDSRUWDD1LFDUDJXDPLOHVGHPDHVWURV\PpGLFRV/D&,$ FRQGLQH
    4XLHQQRVHDFDSD]GHOXFKDUSRURWURVQRVHUiQXQFDVXILFLHQWHPHQWHFDSD]GH UR GHO DIIDLUH ,UiQFRQWUDV RUJDQL]DEDQGDVFRQWUDUUHYROXFLRQDULDVTXH
    OXFKDUSRUVtPLVPR GLVFXUVRGHO (QODLVODGHODMXYHQWXGDOVXU GHMDQPXHUWRV$VHVLQDQGRGHVGH+RQGXUDVREOLJDQDO)6/1DHVWD
    GH/D+DEDQDUHFLEHDPLOHVGHEHFDGRVDIULFDQRV SURYHQLHQWHVGHODVH[FROR EOHFHUHOVHUYLFLRPLOLWDUREOLJDWRULR(VDJXHUUDGHEDMDLQWHQVLGDGLPSXHVWD
    QLDVUHFLpQOLEHUDGDVHLQGHSHQGL]DGDV \RWURVMyYHQHVSREUHVGHO7HUFHU0XQGR SRU((88GHVJDVWDD1LFDUDJXD(VDFLUFXQVWDQFLD VXPDGDDODFRUUXSFLyQ
    TXHYLDMDQD&XEDDHVWXGLDUJUDWXLWDPHQWH'HVGHPR]DPELTXHxRVQDPLELRV\ GHDOJXQRVGLULJHQWHVGHO)6/1 KDFHHQWUDUHQFULVLVDODUHYROXFLyQTXHSLHU
    DQJRODQRVKDVWDQLFDUDJHQVHV\VDOYDGRUHxRVHQWUHPXFKtVLPRVRWURV GHHQODVHOHFFLRQHVGHO

    162 163
    Fidel y la Revolucin Salvadorea Fidel y la Crisis de la Deuda Externa
    &RQHOWULXQIRVDQGLQLVWDHQ1LFDUDJXDVHIRUWDOHFHODOXFKDUHYROXFLRQDULDHQ (QORVDXPHQWDHOSUHFLRPXQGLDOGHOSHWUyOHR/RVH[SRUWDGRUHVSHWUROH 
    (O 6DOYDGRU $OOt HO VH XQLILFDQEDMRLQVSLUDFLyQFXEDQDFLQFR URVGHSRVLWDQVXVDEXOWDGDVJDQDQFLDVHQEDQFRVGH((88\(XURSD(VWRV
    FRUULHQWHVUHYROXFLRQDULDV )XHU]DV3RSXODUHVGH/LEHUDFLyQ)DUDEXQGR0DU EDQFRVSUHGRPLQDQWHVHQHO)RQGR0RQHWDULR,QWHUQDFLRQDO )0, \HO%DQFR
    Wt)3/ (MpUFLWR5HYROXFLRQDULRGHO3XHEOR(535HVLVWHQFLD1DFLRQDO51 0XQGLDO %0 SUHVWDQHOGLQHURDSDtVHVGHSHQGLHQWHVSULQFLSDOPHQWHDGLF
    3DUWLGR5HYROXFLRQDULRGHORV 7UDEDMDGRUHV&HQWURDPHULFDQRV357&\3DUWL WDGXUDVPLOLWDUHVFRPRODDUJHQWLQDODFKLOHQD\ODXUXJXD\DTXHHQGHX
    GR&RPXQLVWD3& )RUPDQHOIUHQWH)DEDUXQGR0DUWtSDUDODOLEHUDFLyQQDFLR GiQGRVHUHDOL]DQIUDXGHVILQDQFLHURV0LHQWUDVFRQWLQ~DODIXJDGHFDSLWDOHV
    QDO)0/1$GRSWDQVXQRPEUHGH$JXVWtQ)DUDEXQGR0DUWt>@FROD GHO7HUFHU0XQGR\VHSURIXQGL]DHOLQWHUFDPELRGHVLJXDOHQHOFRPHUFLRLQWHU
    ERUDGRUGH6DQGLQRHQ1LFDUDJXDVHFUHWDULRJHQHUDOGHO3DUWLGR&RPXQLVWD QDFLRQDOHQORVORVEDQFRV\DQTXLVVXEHQHOLQWHUpVGHDTXHOORVSUpVWD
    GH(O6DOYDGRU\OtGHUGHODUHEHOLyQFDPSHVLQDGH FXDQGRODROLJDUTXtD PRV\VREUHYDO~DQHOGyODU/DGHXGDVHYXHOYHLPSDJDEOH
    \VXHMpUFLWRDVHVLQDQHQHVHSDtVDSHUVRQDV 

    (Q YDULRVHQFXHQWURVGH
    )LGHOFRQYRFDDFUHDU
    XQ FOXEGHSDtVHVGHXGR
    UHV \UHFODPDXQQXHYR
    RUGHQ HFRQyPLFRLQWHUQD
    FLRQDOTXHFDQFHOHODGHX
    GDH[WHUQDGHO7HUFHU0XQGR(Q&KLOHVHDSOLFDURQORVSULQFLSLRVHFRQyPLFRV
    GH OD(VFXHODGH&KLFDJR/RPLVPRKLFLHURQODVGLFWDGXUDVPLOLWDUHVGH
    8QDGHODVILJXUDVHPEOHPiWLFDVGHOPRYLPLHQWRUHYROXFLRQDULRVDOYDGRUHxR $UJHQWLQD\8UXJXD\>@0XFKRGHHVHGLQHURVHUREy\VHIXJyDOH[WHULRU>@
    HVHOPLOLWDQWH\SRHWD5RTXH'DOWRQ>@TXLHQYLYHYDULRVDxRVHQ 6HSUHVWyGLQHURDXQLQWHUpVPiVEDMR\VHFREUDDKRUDDXQRPiVDOWRFRQ
    &XED)LGHO\ODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDDSR\DQDODUHYROXFLyQVDOYDGRUHxD\DO DOWDVWDVDVGHLQWHUpV\GyODUVREUHYDOXDGR(VMXVWD\OHJtWLPDHVWDSROtWLFD
    )0/13DUDFRQWUDSHVDUORGXUDQWHODJXHUUDFLYLO>@((88LQYLHUWH GHO GyODUVREUHYDOXDGRLQWHUHVHVVREUHGLPHQVLRQDGRVLQWHUFDPELRLQMXVWR
    PLOHVGHPLOORQHVGHGyODUHVFUHDQGRHVFXDGURQHVGHODPXHUWH8QRGHORV SURPRFLyQ\DSR\RDJRELHUQRVUHSUHVLYRVVDQJXLQDULRVUHFHWDVPRQHWDULV
    WHUURULVWDV TXHHQYtDOD&,$ D FRPEDWLUFRQWUDHO)0/1HV)pOL[5RGUtJXH] WDVDFRQVHMDGDVDHVRVSDtVHVSUHVWDUOHVIDEXORVDVVXPDVVLQFRQVLGHUDUHQ
    DVHVLQR GHO&KH*XHYDUDHQ%ROLYLD(QYDULRVYLGHRVHVWHPHUFHQDULRVH TXpVHXVDEDHVHGLQHUR"6HSXHGHVRVWHQHUPRUDOPHQWH">@ 1XHVWUDWHVLV
    YDQDJORULDGHGLVSDUDUGHVGHKHOLFySWHURVQRUWHDPHULFDQRVHQODVHOYDVDOYD HVTXHVHUHVXHOYHHOSUREOHPDGHODGHXGDRQLQJ~QSURFHVRGHPRFUiWLFRVH
    GRUHxD(/ )0/1QRORJUDWRPDUHOSRGHUSHURWDPSRFRHVGHUURWDGR+R\ FRQVROLGDUi \VHSURGXFLUiXQHVWDOOLGRVRFLDO HQWUHYLVWDOLEUR GHOSHULyGLFR
    >@HVODSULQFLSDOIXHU]DSROtWLFDGH(O6DOYDGRU  ([FHOVLRU GH0p[LFR 

    164 165
    Volver a empezar Hay que volver al Che!
    (QHQXQFRQWH[WRLQWHUQDFLRQDOGRQGHODRIHQVLYDLGHROyJLFDQHROLEHUDO (QPHGLRGHODFULVLVWHUPLQDOGHOOODPDGRVRFLDOLVPRUHDOGHOHVWHHXURSHR
    TXHHVWDPELpQHFRQyPLFD\PLOLWDUFRPLHQ]DDTXHEUDUSRUGHQWURDOD )LGHOUHFODPDHVWXGLDU\UHFXSHUDUDO&KH+RPHQDMHiQGRORDYHLQWHDxRVGHVX
    8QLyQ 6RYLpWLFD)LGHO&DVWURDGYLHUWHTXHVL&XEDFRQWLQ~DWUDVSODQWDQGR DVHVLQDWR)LGHOUHIOH[LRQD +DEUtDXQPRPHQWRPiVRSRUWXQRSDUDUHFRUGDU
    PpWRGRV VRYLpWLFRVGHRUJDQL]DFLyQVRFLDOFRUUHUiJUDYHVULHVJRVHQVX DO&KHTXHpVWHHQSOHQRSURFHVRGHUHFWLILFDFLyQ"(VWDPRVUHFWLILFDQGRWRGDV
    HQIUHQWDPLHQWRFRQ((88 $GHODQWiQGRVHDODIDPRVD3HUHVWURLNDSURSXO DTXHOODVFRVDVTXHVHDSDUWDURQGHOHVStULWXUHYROXFLRQDULRGHODFUHDFLyQUHYR
    VDGDSRUHOOtGHUVRYLpWLFR0LMDtO*RUQDFKRY)LGHOSURPXHYHHQ&XEDHOGHQR OXFLRQDULDGHODYLUWXGUHYROXFLRQDULDGHOHVIXHU]RUHYROXFLRQDULRGHODUHVSRQ
    PLQDGR3URFHVRGHUHFWLILFDFLyQGHHUURUHV\WHQGHQFLDVQHJDWLYDV  VDELOLGDGUHYROXFLRQDULDGHOHVStULWXGHVROLGDULGDGHQWUHORVKRPEUHV(VWDPRV
    UHFWLILFDQGRWRGRWLSRGHFKDSXFHUDV\PHGLRFULGDGHVTXHHUDQODQHJDFLyQGH
    ODVLGHDVGHO&KHGHOSHQVDPLHQWRUHYROXFLRQDULRGHO&KHGHOHVWLORGHO&KH
    GHOHVStULWXGHO&KH\GHOHMHPSORGHO&KH GLVFXUVRGHO 

    6LHQOD8566ODUHQRYDFLyQSHUHVWURLNDGH*RUEDFKRYFULWLFDDOVWDOLQLVPR &RQWLQ~D)LGHO6LHO&KHHVWXYLHUDVHQWDGRDTXtVHVHQWLUtDMXELORVR\IHOL]
    SRUGHUHFKD KRPRORJDQGRPHUFDGRFRQGHPRFUDFLD\H[DOWDQGRHOHQWHQGL GHORTXHHVWDPRVKDFLHQGRFRPRVHKDEUtDVHQWLGRGHVJUDFLDGRHQHVHSHUt
    PLHQWRFRQ5RQDOG5HDJDQ\ORVFRQVHUYDGRUHVQRUWHDPHULFDQRV HQ&XED RGRERFKRUQRVRHQTXHDTXtHPSH]DURQDSUHYDOHFHUXQDVHULHGHFULWHULRV
    ODLQLFLDWLYDGH)LGHOORFXHVWLRQDSRUL]TXLHUGD\DTXHLGHQWLILFDSRUHOFRQWUD PHFDQLVPRV\YLFLRVHQODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHOVRFLDOLVPRTXHKDEUtDQFRQVWLWXL
    ULR PHUFDGRFRQEXURFUDFLD\VRFLDOLVPRFRQDQWLLPSHULDOLVPR1RUHVXOWD GR PRWLYRGHSURIXQGDGHWHUULEOHDPDUJXUDSDUDHO&KH <R ORTXHSLGR
    FDVXDOTXHHQPHGLRGHHVDUHFWLILFDFLyQGRQGH)LGHOUHYLVDQRVyORHOTXLQ PRGHVWDPHQWHHQHVWH;;$QLYHUVDULRHVTXHHOSHQVDPLHQWRHFRQyPLFRGHO
    TXHQLRJULV  VLQRTXLQFHDxRVGHSUHGRPLQLRLGHROyJLFRGHODYHU &KHVHFRQR]FDDTXtHQ $PpULFD/DWLQDHQHOPXQGRFDSLWDOLVWDGHVDUUROOD
    WLHQWHSURVRYLpWLFDHQ&XED GHD YXHOYHDLQVLVWLUFRQODXUJHQWH GRHQHO7HUFHU0XQGR\HQHOPXQGRVRFLDOLVWDTXHWDPELpQVHFRQR]FDDOOt
    DFWXDOLGDGGHOPDU[LVPRUHYROXFLRQDULRGHO&KH*XHYDUD 4XHVHFRQR]FD GLVFXUVRGHO 

    166 167
    tica e internacionalismo contra La crisis moral de la Burocracia Sovitica
    mercado y burocracia 'HVGHODGpFDGDGHOFXDQGRWUDVODPXHUWHGH/HQLQVHFRQVROLGDHO
    VWDOLQLVPRKDVWDHQOD8QLyQ6RYLpWLFDVHYDQVXFHGLHQGRGLYHUVRV
    $ ILQHVGHODGpFDGDGHOHQSOHQRDXJHPXQGLDOGHODFRQWUDUUHYROXFLyQ SUR\HFWRVGLVFXUVRVLGHRORJtDV\HTXLSRVGLULJHQWHV3URJUHVLYDPHQWHOD
    QHROLEHUDOHQOD8566\VXVSDtVHVDOLDGRVHPSLH]DDJDQDUWHUUHQRODLGH JUDQSRWHQFLDVHYDDGDSWDQGRDORUGHQHVWDEOHFLGR'HVSXpVGHTXHVX
    RORJtD PRQHWDULVWD$EDQGRQDQGR ORSRFRGHPDU[LVPRTXHFRQVHUYDEDOD SXHEOR KHURLFR\DSHVDUGHORVHUURUHVGH6WDOLQGHUURWyODIHURFLGDG
    EXURFUDFLDVRYLpWLFDFRQVWUX\HDOWDUHVDOPHUFDGR(Q&XEDDOJXQRVVHFWRUHV KRPLFLGDGHOQD]LVPR DSRUWDQGRPLOORQHVGHPXHUWRV KDVWDVX~OWLPD
    VHVLHQWHQDWUDtGRVSRUHVHPHQVDMH$SHODQGRDOHMHPSORFRPXQLVWDGHO&KH UHQGLFLyQIUHQWHD((88SDVDQGRSRU6WDOLQ.UXVFKHY%UH]KQHY\*RUED
    *XHYDUD)LGHOSROHPL]DFRQWUDHVDUHQGLFLyQGHOVRFLDOLVPRDQWHHOQHROLEH FKRYOD8566FXOPLQDDGYLUWLHQGRD&XEDTXHQRLQWHUFHGHUiVL((88OD
    UDOLVPR6XSUpGLFDLQVLVWHXQDYH]PiVHQODLPSRUWDQFLDGHORVYDORUHV\OD DWDFDPLOLWDUPHQWH
    pWLFDVRFLDOLVWDIUHQWHDOFUHFLHQWHSRGHUGHOPHUFDGR8QDFRQVWDQWHTXHVH
    UHSLWHGHVGHVXSULPHUDIRUPDFLyQLGHROyJLFDMXYHQLOKDVWDHQODPDGXUH]

    (VH~OWLPRDEDQGRQRGH
    ODVQRUPDVPtQLPDVGHO
    LQWHUQDFLRQDOLVPRIUHQWHD&XED
    FRUUHSDUHMRFRQWRGRXQGHVDUPH
    PRUDO\XQDSRGUHGXPEUHpWLFD
    GHODEXURFUDFLDVRYLpWLFD
    -XVWRFXDQGROD8566YLYHVX~OWLPDDJRQtDHQGLFLHPEUHGHODUHYROX PXFKRPiVSUHRFXSDGDHQ
    FLyQFXEDQDULQGHWULEXWR\VHSXOWXUDHQXQKRPHQDMHFROHFWLYRDWRGDV\WRGRV DVHJXUDUVXIXWXURHFRQyPLFR
    ORVLQWHUQDFLRQDOLVWDVFXEDQRVFLYLOHVRPLOLWDUHVTXHFD\HURQFRPEDWLHQ HQODLQPLQHQWHUHVWDXUDFLyQ
    GRHQRWURVSDtVHVGHOPXQGRHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQIULFD(VHDFWRHVWiSUHVL FDSLWDOLVWD\HQOD
    GLGRSRU)LGHO&DVWUR\-RVp(GXDUGRGRV6DQWRVSUHVLGHQWHGH$QJROD)UHQ SULYDWL]DFLyQGHHVHJLJDQWHVFR
    WHDOPXQGRTXHPXHUHHQHOHVWHHXURSHR&XEDPDQWLHQHHQDOWRODEDQGHUD SDtVTXHHQOXFKDUSRUODV
    GHOLQWHUQDFLRQDOLVPR QREOHVLGHDVGHOVRFLDOLVPR

    168 169
    Cada del Muro de Berln y Fidel frente al Derrotismo
    Perodo Especial (QORVDxRVDOJXQRVGLVFXUVRVGHUURWLVWDVVXSXHVWDPHQWHRUWRGR[RV\
    FLHQWtILFRVVRVWHQtDQTXHFRPR&XEDWHQtDXQGpELOGHVDUUROORGHVXVIXHU
    (QORVWUDVODPXHUWHGH6WDOLQODEXURFUDFLDVRYLpWLFDSURPXHYHODFRH[LV  ]DVSURGXFWLYDVQRHUDYLDEOHXQDUHYROXFLyQVRFLDOUDGLFDO/XHJRGXUDQWHORV
    WHQFLDSDFtILFDFRQHOLPSHULDOLVPR\FRPLHQ]DDDEULUVHSURJUHVLYDPHQWHDOPHU HVRVPLVPRVGLVFXUVRVFUtWLFRVGHO&KH\GH)LGHODUJXPHQWDEDQTXH
    FDGR'HHVDDSHUWXUDGHORV\SDVDDOHVWDQFDPLHQWRGHORV\\ &XEDQRHVWDEDPDGXUDSDUDHOVRFLDOLVPR0iVWDUGHHQORVHVRVPLV
    GHDOOtDODUHQGLFLyQKXPLOODQWHVLQGHFRURSHQDQLJORULDIUHQWHDOFDSLWDOLVPR PRVGLVFXUVRVDILUPDQTXH D OD8566FDHQRSRUVXEXURFUDFLDVLQRSRUHO
    PXQGLDO(QHVHPLVPRVHFWRUVRFLDOFRUUXSWREXURFUiWLFR\FUXHOPHQWH GpELO GHVDUUROORGHODVIXHU]DVSURGXFWLYDV\ E QRWLHQHVHQWLGRVHJXLU
    UHSUHVLYRGHVLQWHJUDOD8566\VHWUDQVIRUPDHQXQDEUXWDOPDILDFDSLWDOLVWD UHVLVWLHQGRHQ&XED\DTXHVXHFRQRPtDHVPX\GpELO\QRVHGHVDUUROODQODV
    IXHU]DVSURGXFWLYDV

    &RQODFDtGDGHOPXURGH%HUOtQ\ODGHVWUXFFLyQGHOD8566ODSHTXHxDUHYR
    OXFLyQFXEDQDTXHGDVRODIUHQWHDOJLJDQWHVFR\GHVERFDGRSRGHUPXQGLDOGH
    ((88$QWHHOGHUUXPEHGHOHVWHHXURSHR&XEDSLHUGHHOGHVXVPHUFD
    GRV6XFRPHUFLRH[WHULRUVHGHVSORPDDEUXSWDPHQWH)LGHOGHVLJQDSHUtRGR
    HVSHFLDODHVRVDxRVFXDQGRODFRQWLQXLGDGGHODUHYROXFLyQFRUUHPi[L 7DQWR HQORVHQORVFRPRHQORV)LGHO&DVWURSROHPL]DiFLGD
    PRSHOLJUR HQHVHFRQWH[WRHFRQyPLFR&XEDVHDEUHSDUFLDOPHQWHDOPHUFD PHQWHFRQWUDHVHGHUURWLVPR/DUHYROXFLyQHOVRFLDOLVPR\ODUHVLVWHQFLDVt
    GR\ODLQYHUVLyQH[WUDQMHUDFRQWURODGDSRUHO(VWDGR1RSRUTXHVHDHO VRQ SRVLEOHVUHDOLVWDV\YLDEOHV/DFODYHGHODUHVLVWHQFLD\HOUHFKD]RGH
    FDPLQRHVWUDWpJLFRVLQRSRUXQDHVWULFWDFXHVWLyQGHFR\XQWXUDQHFHVLGDG\ WRGDUHQGLFLyQD~QVLQHOFRPHUFLRFRQOD8566VLQSHWUyOHR\VLQULTXH
    VXSHUYLYHQFLD 0LHQWUDVWDQWRERUUDFKRVGHHXIRULDORVLGHyORJRVGHO'HSDU ]DVHVWiHQODVXEMHWLYLGDGSRSXODU HQODFUHDFLyQGHOKRPEUHQXHYR\OD
    WDPHQWRGH(VWDGRQRUWHDPHULFDQRSURFODPDQ(OILQGHODKLVWRULD WtWXORGH PXMHUQXHYDHQODQXHYDFXOWXUD\HQORVYDORUHVGHODVROLGDULGDGODDXWRHV
    XQHQVD\RIDPRVRGHOILOyVRIRIXQFLRQDULR\DQTXL)UDQFLV)XNX\DPD  WLPDSRSXODUHOSDWULRWLVPRDODQWLPSHULDOLVPR\ODpWLFDVRFLDOLVWD

    170 171
    Chvez y Fidel Rebeldas y resistencias contra
    $ SHVDUGHTXHODUHYROXFLyQVDQGLQLVWDHVWUHFKDPHQWHOLJDGDD&XEDHVYHQ la globalizacin capitalista
    FLGDHQODVHOHFFLRQHVGH\*UDQDGDHVLQYDGLGDSRU((88)LGHOJDQD
    XQQXHYRHLQHVSHUDGRDOLDGRODWLQRDPHULFDQRSDUDHQIUHQWDUODSUHSRWHQFLD $XQTXH ODHXIRULDFDSLWDOLVWDGH)XNX\DPD\ODVREHUELDGHOLPSHULDOLVPR
    QRUWHDPHULFDQD6HWUDWDGH+XJR&KiYH]DQWLPSHULDOLVWD\EROLYDULDQR8Q QRUWHDPHULFDQRSURPHWHQUHLQDUPLODxRVHOVXHxRGH+LWOHUHOQHROLEH
    PLOLWDUVXLJHQHULVTXHOHHD(GXDUGR*DOHDQR\FLWDIDPLOLDUPHQWHD $QWRQLR UDOLVPR HQWUDHQFULVLVUiSLGDPHQWH $SUHQGLHQGR GHDQWLJXRVHUURUHV\
    *UDPVFL/HyQ7URWVN\5RVD/X[HPEXUJ\DO&KH*XHYDUD&KiYH]VHFRQ GHUURWDVFRQWLQ~DQODVUHVLVWHQFLDV\DSDUHFHQQXHYDVUHEHOLRQHV $XQHQ
    YLHUWH HQXQHVWUHFKRDOLDGRGH)LGHO&DVWURDOSXQWRGHGHFODUDUS~EOLFD PHGLRGHODSHRUDJUHVLYLGDGQHROLEHUDOODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDVLJXHUHFUH
    PHQWH)LGHOHVFRPRPLSDGUH DQGRVXDWUDFWLYR

    6LHQORV)LGHO\ODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDVHTXHGDQVRORVIUHQWHDXQJLJDQ
    WHGHVERFDGRDFRPLHQ]RVGHOVLJOR;;,ODVLWXDFLyQHVGLVWLQWD6HJHQHUDOL
    $OLJXDOTXHFRQODSULPHUDIDVHGHODUHYROXFLyQFXEDQDRODVDQGLQLVWD(VWD ]D DHVFDODSODQHWDULDHOPRYLPLHQWRFUtWLFRGHODJOREDOL]DFLyQFDSLWDOLVWD
    GRV8QLGRVKRVWLJDYLROHQWDPHQWHHOSURFHVREROLYDULDQRGH9HQH]XHOD,QFOX (PHUJH DQLYHOJOREDOXQDQXHYDDUWLFXODFLyQGHTXLHQHVVHRSRQHQDODV
    VRHOOD&,$ \RWUDVDJHQFLDVGHHVSLRQDMHQRUWHDPHULFDQDVOOHJDQ LQMXVWLFLDVGHOVLVWHPDFDSLWDOLVWD\HOLPSHULDOLVPR&RQRWUROHQJXDMHORVQXH
    DDUPDUXQJROSHGHHVWDGRFRQWUD&KiYH]TXHIUDFDVDSRUHODSODVWDQWHDSR YRVPRYLPLHQWRVVRFLDOHVUHWRPDQHOHVStULWXLQWHUQDFLRQDOLVWDTXHSURPXHYH
    \RSRSXODUKDFLDHOSUHVLGHQWHGHPRFUiWLFDPHQWHHOHJLGR(QHVHPRPHQWR OD UHYROXFLyQFXEDQD'HVGH&XED)LGHOFRQYRFDDGLYHUVRVHYHQWRVSDUD
    FXDQGR&KiYH]KDEODWHOHIyQLFDPHQWHFRQ)LGHOHVWH~OWLPROHVXJLHUHTXHQR DWUDHUUHIOH[LRQDURUJDQL]DU\FRRUGLQDUHVDSURWHVWDPXQGLDO'HVGHORVIRURV
    VLJDHOFDPLQRGH $OOHQGH\QRVHVXLFLGH $FWXDOPHQWH>@GHVDILDQGRD DQXDOHVGHSHGDJRJtD\GHOXFKDFRQWUDODJOREDOL]DFLyQKDVWDODFRRUGLQDFLyQ
    ((88&KiYH]GHILHQGHORTXHGHQRPLQD HOVRFLDOLVPRGHOVLJOR;;, GH,QWHOHFWXDOHV\DUWLVWDVHQGHIHQVDGHODKXPDQLGDG

    172 173
    Frente a la Antiutopa capitalista:
    El Socialismo
    $VtFRPRHQODSROtWLFDLQWHUQDGH((88UHFUXGHFHHOPDFFDUWLVPRHOPRQR 
    SROLRDEVROXWRGHORVPHGLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQODYLJLODQFLDGHODVSHUVRQDV
    ODDSHUWXUDGHODFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDSULYDGDODVHVFXFKDVWHOHIyQLFDVHOFRQWURO
    GHORVHPDLOV\GHORVOLEURVTXHVHUHWLUDQGHODVELEOLRWHFDV\FXDOTXLHUFLX
    GDGDQRFRP~QVHFRQYLHUWHHQXQVRVSHFKRVRKDFLDHOH[WHULRUVHIRUWDOHFH
    HOLQWHUYHQFLRQLVPRGHVFDUDGRGHORVPLOLWDUHV\DQTXLV\OD27$1(QQRPEUH
    GH ODJOREDOL]DFLyQVHPXOWLSOLFDQJXHUUDVSRUHOSHWUyOHREDVHVPLOLWDUHV
    FDPSRVGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQ\WRUWXUDHQYDULRVSDtVHV

    (QIUHQWDQGR HVWDVRPEUtDDQWLXWRStDFDSLWDOLVWDGHQXHVWURVGtDVTXHKDUtD
    SDOLGHFHUHO0XQGRIHOL] GH+X[OH\HO)DKUHQKHLW GH%UDGEXU\RHO  GH
    2UZHOODLQLFLRVGHOVLJOR;;,)LGHO&DVWURKDFHHQWRQFHVXQOODPDGRDODOXFKD
    PXQGLDOFRQWUDHOQHROLEHUDOLVPRODJXHUUD\ODVLQFOLQDFLRQHVQHRIDVFLVWDVGHO
    LPSHULDOLVPRFRQWHPSRUiQHR

    174 175
    El autor
    1pVWRU .RKDQ %XHQRV $LUHV  HV
    GRFHQWH HLQYHVWLJDGRUGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG
    GH%XHQRV$LUHV 8%$ &RRUGLQDGRUGHOD
    &iWHGUD&KH*XHYDUD\GHO6HPLQDULR(O
    &DSLWDO HQOD8QLYHUVLGDG3RSXODU
    0DGUHVGH3OD]DGH0D\R\GHOD(VFXHOD
    SLTXHWHUD  GH)RUPDFLyQ3ROtWLFDGH
    DJRVWRHQ)ORUHQFLR9DUHOD
    ,QVSLUDGR HQHOPDU[LVPRKDGHVFXELHUWR
    XQ WUDWDPLHQWRVHQFLOOR\EDUDWRFRQWUDHO
    VWUHVVFRQWHPSRUiQHRTXHFRQVLVWHVLPSOHPHQWHHQQRUHDOL]DUJHQXIOH[LRQHVQLLQJH
    ULUPDWHULDIHFDO3RUSUDFWLFDUHVDWHUDSLDIXHHFKDGRGHYDULDVLQVWLWXFLRQHV\SHUGLy
    DOJXQRV HPSOHRV1RREVWDQWHIXHMXUDGRHQ&DVDGHODV $PpULFDV HQ3HQVDUD
    FRQWUDFRUULHQWH\HQHO'RFWRUDGRGHOD8%$ 7XWRUPHWRGROyJLFRHQ&/$&62(Q
    HVWDFROHFFLyQHVDXWRUGH *UDPVFLSDUDSULQFLSLDQWHV \0DU[LVPRSDUDSULQFLSLDQWHV
    $GHPiVSXEOLFy0DU[HQVX 7HUFHU PXQGR'H,QJHQLHURVDO&KHHQVD\RVVREUHHO
    PDU[LVPRDUJHQWLQR\ODWLQRDPHULFDQR(UQHVWR&KH*XHYDUDHOVXMHWR\HOSRGHU7RQL
    1HJUL\ORVGHVDItRVGH,PSHULR (O&DSLWDOKLVWRULD\PpWRGR 'HRGRUR5RFDHO
    KHUHMH/D5RVD%OLQGDGDXQDSDVLyQGHORVDxRV ,GHDULRVRFLDOLVWDHQWUHRWURV
    3URORJyD0DU[/XNiFV5RVD/X[HPEXUJ/HQLQ*UDPVFL$GROIR6iQFKH]9i]TXH]
    &DUORV 7DEODGD \$UPDQGR +DUW'iYDORV5HWRPDQGRODKHUHQFLDROYLGDGDGH3DXO
    /DIDUJXHDVSLUDDHVFULELUDOJ~QGtD &RPRYLYLUVLQWUDEDMDUSDUDSULQFLSLDQWHV SHUR
    SRUDKRUDQROHTXHGDPiVUHPHGLR
    'HGLFRPLSDUWHGHHVWHOLEURDODPHPRULDHQWUDxDEOHGH0DULR5REHUWR6DQ 
    WXFKR \DWRGRVORVSXHEORVGHOPXQGRTXHPDQWLHQHQHQFHQGLGRHOIXHJR
    VDJUDGRGHODUHEHOLyQ1.

    El ilustrador
    1DKXHO6NHUPD %XHQRV$LUHV HVWpFQLFRHQ
    GLVHxR SXEOLFLWDULRHVWDQGDUWHTXHHQ $UJHQWLQD OR
    DFUHGLWDFRPRFUHDWLYR(VWXGLyUHDOL]DFLyQDXGLR
    YLVXDOHQOD8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH/D3ODWD\PRQ
    WDMH HQOD(VFXHOD1DFLRQDOGH([SHULPHQWDFLyQ\
    5HDOL]DFLyQ&LQHPiWRJUiILFD'HVGHHODxRHV
    LQWHJUDQWHGHOJUXSRGH&LQHLQVXUJHQWH$OOtUHDOL
    ]y GLYHUVRVGRFXPHQWDOHVHQIRUPDFROHFWLYD\VH
    GHVHPSHxyFRPRGRFHQWHGHUHDOL]DFLyQGRFXPHQ
    WDO HQODFDUUHUDGHFRPXQLFDFLyQGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG3RSXODU0DGUHVGH3OD]DGH
    0D\R GRQGHWDPELpQIXHPLHPEURIXQGDGRUGHODYLGHRWHFD 7UDEDMy GHIRWyJUDIR
    FDPDUyJUDIRPRQWDMLVWDLOXVWUDGRUGHVWRU\ERDUGV\HVFODYRHQGLVWLQWDVSURGXFWRUDV
    GHSUHVWLJLR(QUHDOL]yHOFRUWRPHWUDMH$EULOSULPHUDSDUWHTXHSDUWLFLSyHQPiV
    GHWUHLQWDIHVWLYDOHV\FRQFXUVRVQDFLRQDOHVHLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV)LGHOSDUDSULQFLSLDQWHV
    HVVXSULPHUOLEURGHGLEXMRV
    0LVDJUDGHFLPLHQWRV
    $ 1pVWRU\D-XDQ&DUORVSRUODRSRUWXQLGDG\ODFRQILDQ]D
    $ OD$EXHOD&RQFH\DOWtR-RVp
    $ OD$EXHOD1pOLGD\DOWtR5~EHQ
    16

    You might also like