XS-NANO FUEL SAVING ADDITIVE

1. Review of gasoline and gasoline additives

1.1 gasoline composition and main features:
Gasoline is mainly in the 80 ~ 200oC boiling point between the composition of the
mixture of light hydrocarbons, containing alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, etc...
Processing methods have a direct gasoline fractionation, catalytic cracking, catalytic
reforming; alkylation, isomerization and other techniques, using oil from different
areas and different processing methods to produce gasoline components will be
different. Regardless of the manner in which derives from petroleum is gasoline
without any additives, but such properties are generally not good gasoline.

As for the use of gasoline engines, anti-knock resistance is the most important
indicator of antiknock octane number is used to indirectly reflect the performance of
a parameter, a characterization of gasoline label. Selected iso-octane and heptane
as the standard material, respectively, the octane number of 100 and 0, gasoline
antiknock with different mixture ratio of the two substances compared, including
antiknock mixture of equal differences The volume percentage of octane content of
gasoline is the octane number. Octane gasoline just generally derives only 50 to 60,
only the comparison of early automobile engine compression (less than 6:1) can be
used directly. Now car engine 8:1 compression ratio were more than required
octane fuel is generally used for more than 90, it must be through a variety of ways
to improve the gasoline octane number.

In general, obtained by catalytic cracking of gasoline contains more branched as

hydrocarbons, higher octane, but to improve the octane number of straight-run
gasoline, a way of industrial chemical reforming of gasoline so that more of the
hydrocarbon molecules in the catalyst structure of molecular rearrangement,
resulting in more branched-chain hydrocarbons, cycloalkanes, further
dehydrogenation into aromatics, such as the octane level of gasoline up to 88 ~
100. Although the method is the large one-time investment, but the technology is
mature and has become the standard technology.

Another way to add the main cloud of some additives in gasoline to increase octane
number of gasoline. The most widely used in the past, the effect is quite good
additive tetraethyl lead, had been referred to as "refined gasoline", added 0.1%
tetraethyl lead to gasoline octane number can be increased by 10 to 30. But then
people found that combustion of leaded gasoline exhaust will produce large
amounts of lead, the role of the tremendous harm on the human body, a greater
impact on children's health. Therefore, countries in the world from the middle of last
century (from 90 years in China) to have legislation expressly prohibiting add
tetraethyl lead in gasoline lead compounds, and strict testing control the content of
lead in gasoline.

Tetraethyl lead as an alternative to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), represented

by high octane ether oxygen, alcohols have been widely used in the production of
higher octane gasoline to reconcile. China currently sell 90 octane #, 93 # and 97 #
unleaded gasoline to reconcile the widespread use of the agent, since they are all
oxygenated compounds, the oxygen in gasoline so often as a gasoline octane
number component size of 100 a measure. However, these compounds in gasoline
blends as high as 3 to 15%, has become one of the components of gasoline
products, which fall outside the scope of additives, and, because of its added, an
increase of nitrogen oxide emissions, but also other hazardous environmental
issues in western countries is the adoption of legislation to restrict their use

1.2 Gasoline Additives and classification

1.2.1 octane enhancer
Described above lead tetraethyl lead, the metal organic compounds, mainly used to
increase the gasoline octane number, often referred to as octane enhancer.
Although the lead tetraethyl lead, a metal organic has been banned, but people are
still in-depth study of other types of strong symplectic agents, such as: organic iron
compounds (ferrocene), organic manganese compounds (cyclopentadienyl
manganese, such as Methyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl MMT), rare
earth compounds (such as: - ketone - enol of rare earth compounds), organic amine
- phenol lithium and sodium are all see reported in the literature.

However, many are studying the non-lead octane enhancer during use but often find
there are other issues, such as: Most blends of organic iron compounds will cause
increased wear of internal combustion engines: the organic manganese
compounds, blends, often make gasoline to reduce emissions of other additives on
the catalytic modification of air pollution, and so on. To this end, there are still many
countries to find other effective during non-lead octane enhancer work.

1.2.2 Fuel Detergent

Detergent of the fuel is a long history of very successful promotion. Currently on the
market are mostly belong to detergent additive gasoline additive category.
Detergent added to gasoline in the carburetor main role is to prevent the attachment
within the sediments, and can be removed has been attached to the combustion
chamber, oil line in the sediment, as well as some of the corrosion effect. But in
theory, the fuel-efficient detergent effect is not obvious, just to maintain normal
engine operating point, to avoid carbon deposition due to changes caused by the
compression ratio, increased fuel consumption.
The role of detergent and surface chemistry principles related commonly used
surfactants for detergents. The development of detergent has gone through four
generations. Now a new generation of products in addition to maintaining the purity
of inhalation systems, most varieties can effectively prevent carburetor icing and
fuel system corrosion, and therefore, these additives are sometimes referred to as
multi-functional additives, or more than additive effect.

1.2.3 Anti-ice agent aviation gasoline

At low temperatures, the engine fuel system of water ice will often cause failure. In
gasoline engines, the temperature inside the carburetor when the moisture in the air
inhaled, because of gasoline associated with the cooling effect of vaporization and
condensation freezing, thus blocking the passages, often leading to the engine
stopping.
Anti-icing agent is to prevent freezing of water caused by the use of additives such
failure. There are two types of anti-ice agent, one is the freezing point lowering
agent, that additive is dissolved in water to lower the freezing point; the other is
surfactant formulations, that is additive in the metal surface adsorption of
hydrophobic membrane to prevent water droplets and ice crystals attached to the
metal surface. The function of the additive has the following main compounds:
Lower the freezing point type: alcohol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol and
acrylamide, diethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, glycol ether, dimethyl formamide,
etc..
Surface Active: Acid phosphate amine salt, alkyl salt, fatty acid, organic salts,
such as alkenyl succinimide. Reported freezing point lower dosage of alcohol-
based low-carbon of 0.5 to 2.0% (volume), ethylene glycol and acrylamide of
0.02 to 0.2% surfactant formulation of dosage of 0.002 to 0.01%. Provisions of
the last U.S. military aviation fuel additive to use anti-icing glycol ether.

1.2.4 Other ancillary uses additive

According to the different gasoline use and storage and transport requirements, it
has developed many special purpose additives.

1.2.4.1 metal passivation

In general, the hydrocarbon auto-oxidation is carried out by free radical-mediated
chain reaction. In the intermediate free radical hydrogen peroxide decomposition
process, the metal ions (especially copper ions) from a strong catalyst for long-term
storage of gasoline in the process of failure. To improve the gasoline and aviation
turbine engine fuel stability, while adding antioxidants, often also the use of metal
passivation agents
The most common such as: water, diamine aldehyde derivatives, such as metal
passivation materials into the above, can help fuel long-term preservation.

CH

CH = N-CH-CH-N = CH
Cu

o o

1.2.4.2 Anti-static agent

When the fuel pipeline to transport or by the rapid filtration, the oil will produce static
electricity. Because the conductivity of oil low, often savings into a very high
electrostatic voltage, may penetrate the gas part of such penalty in the tank wall
forming spark discharge hazard. Expected to fuel anti-static agent for a variety of
anionic, cationic and amphoteric surfactants, especially alkyl salicylic acid chromium
is recognized as an excellent anti-static agent.

1.2.4.3 Lubricity Improver

Improved lubricity agent is an under lubrication in the interface can reduce the
friction, wear additives, many of the United States to add lubricity improver effective
ingredient is CFCs.

1.2.4.4 Dye
Gasoline for the difference or improve the color, often add dye. Such as alkyl
containing toxic lead in leaded gasoline requires dye to identify. Used mainly oil-
soluble azo dye and anthraquinone dyes, such as yellow dye for the purpose of
dimethyl benzene, ammonia or dual-diethylamino-azobenzene, a red dye
azobenzene -4 - azo -2 - naphthyl azo phenol or toluene -4 - azo - 2 - naphthol, etc..

1.2.4.5 Combustion
Used to improve gasoline combustion and ash, often by adding oil-soluble organic
acid salts, when they burn into the metal oxide, plays an oxidation catalyst to
promote the role of burning. Magnesium, calcium, barium, chromium, manganese,
iron, cobalt, nickel, copper naphthenate and sulfonate, etc. can promote the burning
effect is remarkable. As a smoke suppressant, barium salt is the most effective. By
adding a small amount of the chemical composition of the gasoline additive used to
change and improve the overall performance of gasoline, is considered a better
way.

However, to achieve higher combustion efficiency, to consider not only chemical but
also people from physical considerations. For example: To improve the fuel
atomization, and now gasoline EFI devices are used to study also found oil in the
nozzle and the street with the magnetic field can improve combustion efficiency. For
this reason, some scientists are working on gasoline by adding soluble substances
(mostly transition metal family), which can reduce fuel consumption results.

1.2.4.6 Blend Gasoline

Gasoline mixed with alcohol is currently the subject of more research. But many
alcohol does not dissolve in gasoline, or solubility limited. The good results of
methanol gasoline blends, but because of the toxicity of methanol make it difficult to
promote. Ethanol blended petrol would cost a substantial increase. In addition,
gasoline mixed with alcohol will NOX exhaust emissions from motor vehicles
increased, and this is a difficult problem. Currently, natural gas as a safe, clean and
economic fuel to natural gas, gasoline dual-fuel vehicles are valued and developed.
But there is still time to promote comprehensive and technical problems.
2. The summary of diesel and diesel additives

2.1 Diesel Performance

Light diesel oil is a variety of high-speed, medium speed diesel engine (diesel) fuel.
Not by the spark plug ignition diesel combustion engines, but diesel fuel through the
nozzle atomization, and air mixture, compression spontaneous ignition, and
therefore also known as compression ignition engines. Because diesel engines
have high thermal efficiency, fuel consumption and fuel the fire danger low and
small, which is widely used in automobiles, ships, tractors, tanks and other large
shipping equipment.
Typically, the grade is based on light diesel oil solidifying point to differentiate
between high and low. For example, the -35 number of light diesel oil, said its
freezing point not higher than-35oC, 0 light diesel oil and table number is not higher
than its freezing point 0oC, now 20, said the freezing point of diesel oil for no more
than +20 . To ensure that diesel fuel in diesel normal combustion engine can
require diesel fuel with high cetane number and the appropriate fraction
composition, suitable for low-temperature fluidity and viscosity, evaporation and
oxidation stability, while parts cannot have corrosion.

2.1.1 Performance of diesel combustion

Diesel fuel in diesel engine combustion is normal with many factors, the nature of
diesel is a very important aspect, which cetane number is one of the main
parameters. Spontaneous combustion of diesel fuel cetane number worse with that.
Cetane number is issued and the ignition of diesel fuel by the same standards as
the percentage of hexadecane volume is in the provision of single-cylinder diesel
engine (cetane number of machines) in the determination.

Standard fuel is a different size and different hexadecane volume of hexadecane

and a-methyl naphthalene mixture. Hexadecane in the ignition is very good,
provided it hexadecane as 100; a-methyl naphthalene is a poor hair to provide its
cetane number is 0. To hexadecane and a-methyl naphthalene dubbed by different
standards in different sizes of fuel, each with standard fuel in the volume fraction of
hexadecane shall be the standard fuel cetane number. For example, the ignition of
a diesel fuel containing exactly 45% with hexadecane and 55% of the a-methyl
naphthalene fuel the same standard, then the diesel cetane number is 45.

Diesel combustion of good and bad points, mainly to see the level of spontaneous
combustion. Spontaneous combustion is the role of fire in the absence of the other,
the fuel burn on their own when the minimum temperature. The lowest point of
spontaneous combustion of alkanes, aromatics highest cycloalkane center.
Aromatics and more diesel because of the higher combustion point, injected into the
cylinder after the high temperature needed to spontaneous combustion, cetane
number lower. Diesel fuel containing hydrocarbons more the opposite. High cetane
diesel fuel, due to low light, low in the cylinder where the temperature can be
spontaneous combustion, so start the better performance. According to experiment,
use the 53 cetane diesel, diesel engines can start in 3 seconds, while the cetane
number of diesel are needed for the 38 and 45 seconds to start. Cetane number is
also not too high, when the cetane number higher than 60 to 80 hours, will be
injected into the diesel cracking due to rapid, will form a large amount of carbon,
such as no time to burn, time will run in the exhaust smoke, thereby increasing fuel
consumption, reduce engine power.

2.1.2 diesel spray

In the diesel engine, the diesel can be a variety of conditions, uninterrupted fuel
supply and atomization in order to provide good conditions for normal combustion.
And the nature of this performance are mainly related to the viscosity of diesel.
Affect the viscosity of diesel oil flow, lubrication and spraying conditions. The
atomization of diesel fuel: diesel through fuel injectors, high-speed jet into the
cylinder, compressed air as the cylinder diesel flows through the nozzle resistance
and its disturbance during the formation of small oil droplets dispersed particles
break. Good diesel spray fire both reduce the time, but also burn completely; the
other hand, the ignition delay would seriously, and even exhaust smoke.
Diesel oil viscosity, oil droplets emitted large diameter, longer range, a small cone
angle, droplet size to reduce evaporation, evaporation rate slows down, and the
mixture uneven, incomplete combustion, increased fuel consumption. Diesel oil
viscosity and the relationship between the diameter of aerosol particles speeding
shown in Figure 1. Diesel oil viscosity is too small, too close a range of emission of
oil droplets, a large cone angle, and combustion chamber shape suited, bad burn.
In short, the viscosity of diesel is too large, too small to have adverse spray.

2.1.3 Other properties of diesel

Sulfur content in diesel oil, said the amount of sulfide. Sulfide produced by
combustion SO2, SO3, corrosive gas will cause the exhaust system. Contact with
water generates sulfurous acid, sulfuric acid, and other parts attached to the
exhaust pipe, the liquid metal produced a strong corrosion. And the exhaust of SO2,
SO3 smell, affecting human health, pollute the environment. Sulfur content of diesel
fuel must not exceed 0.2%.
2.2 Classification of diesel fuel additives
- Detergent: primarily PEG basic nitrogen compounds, can prevent precipitation
nozzles, extending its life, and can be removed has been attached to the gas
chamber, no way in the sediment, as well as the role of certain corrosion;
- Dispersing agent: mainly basic nitrogen-containing surfactant, a dispersion of
fuel oxidation products, increasing the role of filter life;
- Metal passivation agents: the main component of metal passivation agents are
chelating compounds, the main role is to inhibit the formation of fuel gum;
- Rust and corrosion inhibitors: mainly a variety of amine and phosphate, to
prevent corrosion of the fuel supply system and corrosion;
- Cetane number improver: The main component is nitric acid resin, used for
catalytic cracking diesel. FCC diesel aromatics content as a high cetane
number lower than the straight-run diesel oil was used alone, up to less than
diesel cetane index specification. Adding nitric acid lipid compounds, can
improve the combustion delay period, and increase the cetane number of
diesel.
- And smoke: smoke suppressant is mainly organic barium compounds can
reduce the engine's gas emissions, reduce environmental pollution;
- Flow Improver: flow improver main ingredient is ethylene - vinyl acetate
polymer; to reduce diesel pour point and cold filter plugging point, to improve
the flow of diesel.

2.3 The catalytic role of metal ions on the nature of diesel combustion
Fuel combustion process in the oil tend to produce CO, CO2, NO2, SO2,
hydrocarbons, which cause air pollution, destruction of the human environment. For
NO, CO, and hydrocarbons, catalytic combustion technology used to make harmful
gas or fuel conversion in the catalyst surface. When the fuel in the absence of
catalyst under homogeneous oxidation, the activation energy for the 100Kjmo1-1 ~
200 Kjmo1-1; if there exists a catalyst, the activation energy for the 40 Kjmo1-1 ~
80Kjmo1-1. Therefore, low temperature catalytic combustion can be carried out in
response, NOx is decomposed into N2, CO and hydrocarbons into CO2 and water.
Therefore, catalytic combustion on the energy saving and environmental protection
important actually have meaning.
Commonly used catalysts are:
- Metal oxides: CO oxidation activity of these oxides in the order: CO3O4>
Cu2O> Fe3O4> MnO> Pt> NiO> Cr2O3
- Precious metal catalyst: commonly used are Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, and Pt. They
can be catalyzed H2, O2, C-H, O-H bond;
- Perovskite oxide catalysts: metal oxide than the low activity precious metal,
heat is bad, it does not separate the practical use of metal oxide catalysts.
Represented by ABO3 structure of perovskite-type mixed oxides with high
oxidation activity, and because they have high stability. A for the La and other
rare earth elements, B is Co, Mn and other transition metals.
- In addition, there PrC03, and permanganate La0.7Pb0.3Mn03 and the A bit is
Pr, Nd, Ba, Sr homologue, close to its performance and Pt catalysts.

3. Oil micro emulsions Overview

3.1 Preparation of water dispersion fuel the theoretical basis and application
Usually form stable water dispersion, in addition to the need for mechanical mixing,
but also need to add the appropriate emulsifier. Emulsifier molecule is a molecular
structure of gender-based groups, in the oil / water interface adsorption orientation,
reduce interfacial tension and improve the stability of the dispersed phase.
Emulsified oil burner is usually that there are physical aspects of combustion and
chemical combustion, combustion in two areas of water play an important role in
both.

3.1.1 Combustion Physics

"Microburst" theory that emulsified oil at a high temperature, small droplets rapidly
"microburst" of the secondary reaction, so that secondary aerosol droplets into
smaller droplets, increasing the surface area in contact with air will help under the
low volume in complete combustion. Oil droplet particles in the water also produces
hundreds of millions of times a mini-explosion, the surface will cause the engine
combustion chamber to maintain the role of fine surface, so that no precipitate
surface of the combustion chamber to ensure the engine has been working in the
design point, and effective Clear the original sediments (coke, gum, etc.). Therefore,
the fuel emulsion is considered clean fuel.

3.1.2 Chemical burn

Water in the combustion reaction, will also become free radicals chain reaction.
High temperature, some water molecules and the incomplete combustion of carbon
particles heated water gas reaction occurs to form a combustible gas, the reaction
is as following:
- C + H2O CO + H2
- C +2 H2O CO2 +2 H2
- CO + H2O CO2 + H2
- 2H2 + O2 2H2O
The reaction flame temperature increases, improved combustion conditions,
resulting in improved combustion efficiency. In practice, commonly used surfactants
as the main emulsifier, which can increase the emulsion stability in addition, there
are some catalytic and catalytic assistance. To avoid anion and cation surface
active agent on the environment, pollution, often to the actual agent-based non-ionic
surfactants, and increased activity through the compound.
3.2 Micro emulsion fuel theoretical basis
Depth research of emulsified oil, continue to reduce its radius of dispersed particles,
the stability is also rising, although made with 30% water, 20% fuel saving results.
However, the thermodynamic instability in oil emulsion, long-term placement will
appear layered, seriously hampered the promotion and application of emulsified oil.
Especially for internal combustion engines, the fuel's stability is very important,
otherwise the consequences will be serious.
Micro emulsion fuel can be said to completely avoid the instability of emulsified oil
storage time of serious flaws, but there is still instability of the chemical composition.
Interface from the dispersion around the power to analyze, generally do not have
the presence of surfactant, water interfacial tension 3010-3 ~ 5010-3N / m, with
the presence of surfactant decreased to 410-3 ~ 1010-3N / m. When the
surfactant and cosurfactant interfacial film between oil and water formed to fuel a
micro-emulsion, the interfacial tension between oil and water decreased to
immeasurable levels, then, oil-water interfacial tension system may temporarily
become less than zero negative.

It is this office of the interfacial tension to promote the system to increase the
dispersion of the dispersed phase, the expansion interface, the final formation of
uniform, stable and transparent micro-emulsion fuel. But this component is still
micro-emulsion fuel instability, cannot mix with ordinary fuel. As the micro-emulsion
fuel is formed by interfacial surfactant film, and such materials are both soluble in
water they dissolve in oil, which makes such a micro-emulsion water only in specific
ratios exist when any one When the ratio of increase will make the thin layer of the
interface or produce instability, resulting in emulsion breaking. This micro-emulsified
oil cannot be mixed with ordinary fuel.
Since 1943, Schulman and others on the micro-emulsion system, in-depth studies,
the micro-emulsion is different from another of the solution and colloidal stability of
the dispersion of time, has been extensive research scientists around the world. In
each of the research has achieved great success. Oil micro-emulsion has been a
hot national scientific research. Micro-emulsion fuel in appearance there is no
difference with ordinary fuel, are clear, transparent, stable liquid, and combustion,
fuel oil micro-emulsion has many excellent special nature.

4. Detailed analysis of XS-NANO Fuel Saving Additive

Nano-fuel additive is the use of modern nano-science and technology research and
development of high-tech fuel additive, and its micro-added (1:10000) could fuel as
thermodynamic (time and ingredients) a stable micro-emulsion. As the composition
of material oil-water interfacial film is not a surfactant, interfacial film is neither
soluble in water, not soluble in oil, chemical stability, making the fuel by adding
nano-fuel additive can be mixed with ordinary fuel, but a real fourth-generation fuel
additives, can be widely used in gasoline, diesel and all fuels.
Nano-fuel additive is a kind of mechanism is completely different from other fuel
additives on the high-tech products. It is a completely new concept of acting on the
fuel combustion, not only can fully activate the fuel burn, so to be completely
thorough, you can also control the combustion process, completely eliminating the
"knock" and so affect the normal operation of the fuel engine instability. It also can
clear the combustion process (including the previously left) of the sediment, thus
substantially reduce fuel consumption and increased power (increased power),
maintain (or restore) the design of the engine operating point, and can improve
engine performance. Can also significantly reduce emissions.
Nano-fuel additive is the use of nano science and technology students of high-tech
products, is a fuel used in a multi-purpose industrial and commercial fuel additive,
octane enhancer can be a comprehensive solution, detergent and fuel additives are
separate issues, You can also improve overall engine performance, and applies to
all new and old vehicles. Nano-fuel additive will not cause corrosion, products and
raw materials add no harmful substances to the environment does not produce any
adverse effects.
Easy to use nano-fuel additive. Either every time the driver directly to the fuel tank
when refueling to add, you can join the bulk oil at the refinery in the direct sales at
gas stations.

Nano-fuel additive is the use of the thermodynamic stability of nano-technology to

produce fuel additives, fuel oil after it has spread rapidly in the fuel into the liquid
water content of nano-scale particles, the formation of the thermodynamic stability
of the dispersed phase. In the combustion chamber, atomized by the carburetor into
the combustion chamber after the fuel droplets in the engine's compression stroke
period (deflagration front) temperature than the boiling point of water, so that the
water droplet particles in the steam explosion occurred, and then to split into oil
scale than the original scale fractional times of the oil and gas particles (molecules),
fuel is vaporized, so that in the deflagration combustion process.

( P1 . Without Nano Fuel Saving Additive )

 ( P2 . With Nano Fuel Saving Additive )

Also, according to micro-liquid theory, this process will increase the mix of air and
fuel additives, the instability, so that the fuel activity increased, thereby improving
the combustion properties of fuel (octane). The combined result of these two effects
to a significant reduction in fuel consumption, engine power performance will be
improved.
Nano-fuel additive is a surfactant with a strong physical fuel additive. Each work in
the engine cycle, fuel oil droplet particles in the water will have hundreds of millions
of times a miniature steam explosion. The new engine, which play a minor role in
maintaining the role of the surface, so that the surface of the combustion chamber
without sediment generation, to ensure the engine has been working on the design
point. On the old engine, this process will decompose the original sediments, in
particular, to have been deposited in the upper piston and valve Department of
sediment decomposition, and with the exhaust emissions, so that the engine design
point to recover and restore engine power .
Stable nano-fuel additive. It added fuel to form the mixture is thermodynamically
stable, nano-technology is changing the characteristics of the surface tension of
water, so that nano-scale particles in the oil water interface in the negative energy
state, the smaller the particle the lower the energy. The longer the mixture placed in
the water the smaller the particle size, the more evenly. Never at room temperature,
condensation and stratification.
Nano-fuel additive for diesel and petrol also add the role of differences:

4.1 Diesel combustion

Diesel engine work, the diesel droplet and air mixture at the end of the compression
stroke, the piston of the mixture to mechanical work by the pressure rise, it is also
translated into most of the thermal motion of the mixture can be so mixed sharp rise
in air temperature when the temperature exceeds the diesel fuel under pressure in
the ignition point, as long as the mixture temperature and pressure evenly, will the
entire space within the cylinder while the spontaneous combustion, resulting in
deflagration, volume expansion, and promote acting piston . The mixture
temperature and pressure to ensure a uniform oil droplet by increasing the surface
area of contact with air to achieve, which requires the full detailed droplet, that is by
reducing the fuel droplet size to increase its surface area. Full spray droplet
combustion and fuel to be doing work order key. Diesel engine cylinder diesel high-
pressure nozzle atomization is provided by the pressure difference caused by the
high-speed flow through the spray nozzle structural design to completion.
The early seventies, diesel injection pressure has only 2000 to 3000 Pa, the ideal
case, the atomization of the diesel fuel droplet size should be 50 to 100 microns,
can in fact, due to unavoidable reasons, such as oil well or nozzle wear and other
reasons, diesel fuel droplet size is generally 200 to 300 microns. Diesel oil droplet is
too large at high speeds will not have enough time to burn, this became an early
diesel vehicles towing the main reason for the black tail.
After the nineties, although the diesel injection system to improve the design of a
breakthrough, injection pressure increased to more than 20000 Pa, but the fuel
droplet size can only be reduced to 20 to 50 microns, because the interface can be
too much oil and gas, Injection pressure has not been orders of magnitude increase
in droplet size by orders of magnitude lower earnings. But the growing confidence of
fuel combustion will mainly depend on whether the adequacy of fuel atomization.
The birth of nanotechnology fuel additive benefit from the fuel emulsion technology
research and development, can significantly reduce the interfacial tension of the
next-generation high oil additives and composition of deionized water. When it is
added to diesel, which makes the role of additives with a rapid decentralization of
water and generate nano-scale spherical water particles, each particle were very
high elasticity and strength additives are surrounded by thin films. When the fuel is
atomized into droplets, and when mixed with air entering the combustion chamber,
the equivalent of hundreds of millions of each droplet in a preset time bomb. Late in
the compression stroke, as the mixture temperature increases, the water
temperature exceeds the boiling point under pressure, under the micro-explosion
theory, these bombs will be simultaneous explosion, thus shattering the fuel droplet,
making nano- particles, in the full atomization purposes.
In addition, since the water only 6 nano-scale particles and good interfacial film
strength was also surrounded by steam explosion is in fact the normal temperature
is higher than the boiling point of water occurs when, accompanied by "rapid phase
transition" phenomenon to more violent explosion of steam, so that the water
particles in the second moment of volume increased by three orders of magnitude.
This phenomenon will change the chemical stability of fuel, resulting in higher
chemical activity to burn more completely.
When the "microburst" occurring in the combustion chamber of coke out seam and
surface will make coke loose decomposition and water gas reaction occurs, the
coke oxidation into CO and combustible gases H2, then burn into CO2 and H2O,
gradually to make the combustion chamber clean. As the intensity of each water
particles were coated by a high interfacial film, which cut off the water layer film
grain and fuel, also cut off the water particles and the cylinder surface, so that nano-
fuel additive does not contain "free" water, and not corrosion occurs and lubrication
problems. Gasoline and diesel fuel is inevitable with 100 ~ 200ppm of dissolved
water, as impurities, the product also by design learned from this part of the harmful
"free" water to be used, but also reduces the water hazards.
4.2 Gasoline combustion
As the gasoline engine combustion, "a cyclical differences", will do work for each
cylinder when the power output of the expansion of different sizes, making the
engine work rude. Although usually not feel the expansion of our force size change
and difference, in fact, gasoline engine between the cylinder and the cylinder or
between the expansion and the next expansion, expansion of power is unstable,
uneven, and differences up to 25% . This difference is due to the occurrence of
spark plug ignition, the fuel combustion with the spark plug ignition in the vicinity of
the oil and gas atomization mixing, ignition timing and spark intensity close to the
moment difference, allowing expansion of the size of the force, duration, different
and these differences are the engine designer cannot fully control.
Differences in the ignition and combustion will lead to different combustion
processes. Deflagration process in a different, sometimes strong and the shape of
the flame center rules, sometimes weak and discrete. Resulting deflagration speed
difference, that some period of "slow burn", some period of "fast burn." "Slow burn"
very slowly, until the exhaust valve is open, the combustion process is not yet
complete, in order to cause no burning of oil and gas discharged from the exhaust
system, resulting in higher HC and CO in the exhaust. "Fast burn" occurs, the flame
height with extension, the outer edge of the flame will not ignite the mixture gas
compression, fast, sharp rise in temperature will exceed the ignition mixture, as well
as automatic fire, build a second fire zone cause engine knock, also produced a
higher NOX emissions.
Nano-fuel additive significantly increased the role of micro-explosion fuel
atomization and mixture uniformity, but it can lower the temperature, automatic fire
suppression phenomenon, thereby reducing or eliminating the "slow burn" and "fast
burn" in the frequency of . In addition to these reasons, the causes of detonation,
but also with the production of coke combustion chamber caused by changes in the
cylinder compression ratio. For example, when the engine is new, of the octane
number requirement is 90. However, as the coke formation and thickening,
compression ratio changes, when the mileage up from 20,000 to 30,000 km when
stabilized, then the engine of the octane number requirement was to achieve 93 to
97.
Using nano-fuel additive to immediately reduce the octane requirements of the
engine on 4 points, and with coke combustion chamber clean, the engine can
reduce the octane requirements of 2. In general, use the nano fuel additive after the
three kilometers of driving, coke combustion chamber can be cleaned, would rule
out the possibility of detonation caused by carbon deposition.

5, Xunsn brand fuel additive

Xunsn (XS-NANO) gasoline and diesel fuel additive is the use of innovative nano-
technology and advanced production technology of production of a new generation
of multi-effectiveness of fuel additives. It will water with nano-particles dispersed in
the fuel in the state, through the role of micro-explosion of water particles so that
secondary atomization of fuel mixed with air more evenly and fully, to burn more
completely. Currently on the market of various fuel additives are a particular aspect
of the problem for the design, and Xunsn (XS-NANO) fuel additive symptoms, root,
can be fully resolved octane enhancer, exhaust and fuel detergent additives
separate issues, but also improve the overall performance of the engine is a new
concept performance with comprehensive energy-saving environmentally friendly
fuel additive.
5.1 Xunsn (XS-NANO) gasoline and diesel additive effect
5.1.1 Improve the dynamic performance
Xunsn (XS-NANO) fuel in the fuel additive will be spread quickly and automatically
generate nanoscale spherical water particles. According to micro-explosion theory,
the water particles in the engine work for simultaneous burst of steam to fuel droplet
shattering, a nano-second spray of oil droplets, so completely mixed with air,
combustion is more complete, heat release more into the mechanical function of
more, resulting in improved dynamic performance.
5.1.2 Remove coke, blast out to improve performance
Xunsn (XS-NANO) fuel additive can effectively remove the engine into the (row)
valve, spark plugs, fuel injectors, combustion chamber, piston top, etc. of coke, to
restore and maintain the design of the engine compression ratio and the air-fuel
ratio to reduce the burst earthquake tendency. Practical application shows that
petrol vehicles Xunsn (XS-NANO) gasoline additive to reduce the octane
requirements for gasoline engines from 2 to 6 points, so that the lower grade of
gasoline with high-grade fuel the same or better performance.
5.1.3 Save fuel
As the full atomization of fuel caused by increase in physical activity, a substantial
increase in combustion efficiency, from fuel per unit of energy released increases
the throttle at low engine power can provide the same. Xunsn (XS-NANO) gasoline
and diesel additive in Dalian Petrochemical, Hafei Group, Taiyuan Iron and Steel
(Group) Co., Ltd., Beijing Beiqi Taxi Group Co., Ltd., Liaoning Province, several
energy-saving Monitoring Center and other units, dozens of models, hundreds of
motor vehicles, diesel vehicles and other working conditions in the comparative test
showed that the average fuel savings of up to 10%.
5.1.4 The reduction of sewage
Environmental test specifications based on national standards for testing, for
dozens of models, can significantly reduce emissions. Gasoline vehicle exhaust
emissions of harmful pollutants include: hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO)
and nitrogen oxides (NOX); diesel exhaust emissions of harmful pollution include:
Smoke (FSN), particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides. This product not only
reduces hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, smoke, particulate matter emissions of
these harmful substances, but also become the focus of environmental
management of nitrogen oxides have a unique effect. Cylinder exploding in a
"cyclical differences" arising from the local heat and oxygen, oxides of nitrogen, the
main causes. Xunsn (XS-NANO) fuel additive to the fuel mixture more uniform,
burning more balanced. Complete elimination of the burning "cyclical differences",
thus substantially reducing NOx.
5.1.5 Clean circuit, to maintain smooth asphalt
Unique pure ingredients to clean tanks, oil line, carburetor, fuel injectors, etc.
attached to the gum and impurities, to maintain smooth asphalt.
5.1.6 Improve the vehicle state
Since the elimination of combustion products with the unique features of cyclical
differences, can greatly eliminate engine knock, which reduces jitter and noise of
vehicles. Burning occurs prior to the microburst can shock loose and crushed coke
combustion chamber, and then under the action of the water gas reaction to its
further combustion to produce carbon dioxide and water discharge to the engine in
good condition, thus extending engine life, reduce maintenance times and costs.
5.2 The action principle
Xunsn (XS-NANO) fuel additive in the fuel oil, will quickly spread into nanoscale
spherical water particles, water particles are very high levels of each of the binary
collaboration surrounded Nanostructures Materials. This meso-scale water particles
that can provide energy at room temperature obtained ten meters per second
thermal velocity, so that the fuel additive effect of Brownian motion in the form
thermodynamically stable oil dispersed phase. In the combustion chamber, the fuel
droplets into the combustion chamber (30 micron scale, some with tens of
thousands of water particles) the role of mechanical work in compression, its
temperature late in the compression stroke than the boiling point of water so that oil
mist drops of water in the steam explosion occurred particles, thereby enabling the
fuel to split into oil and gas nano-scale particles, completely vaporized by the
combustion process in the deflagration. This process is also the matter of fuel
increased activity, thereby improving fuel combustion. The combined result of these
two effects to a significant reduction in fuel consumption, engine power performance
greatly improved.
Meanwhile, each work in the engine cycle, fuel oil droplet particles in the water will
have hundreds of millions of times a miniature steam explosion. The new engine,
this effect prevents the formation of coke combustion chamber surface played any
role in conservation. On the old engine, this process will decompose the original
coke, and with the exhaust emissions, so that the engine design point to resume.
5.3 Scope
Xunsn (XS-NANO) a wide range of fuel additives, the use of 2-stroke or 4-stroke
engine vehicles, including cars, trucks, buses, tractors, motorcycles, trains, ships
and generators and other equipment can be applied.
5.4 Certification test
Xunsn fuel additive is not only the customers of the practical effectiveness of
certification, and received numerous national authorities of inspection and
certification. Since the 2000 launch of the product, the Chinese Environmental
Protection Industry Association, China's high-tech business development
assessment centers, the identification of national certification authorities, and
through more than 20 national and local inspection agencies function tests, which
are representative of several more and authoritative body. In addition to the testing
and certification authorities, the Burson-Marsteller will be products in the
petrochemical, transportation and hotels and other industries for customer trials.
Customers reports over 20 were given full recognition for results. In addition,
Burson-Marsteller and its agent's efforts, there are more than ten provincial and
municipal government agencies issued a circular file Burson-Marsteller
recommended products. (See Appendix 2: Test certification report; see Appendix 3:
Customer probation report; see Appendix 4: Product liability insurance policy)
5.5.1 for gasoline and diesel vehicles
Xunsn (XS-NANO) gasoline and diesel oil ratio was added to 1:10000. Its use is
very simple, just prior to the additives in the fuel directly into the tank without any
adjustment of the engine, you can easily enjoy Xunsn (XS-NANO) bring plenty of
fuel additive power, for you to share fuel prices, the troubles caused by exhaust
emissions. Add the specific ways:
5 Ml against 50 liters of oil can packaging;
12.5 Ml against the 125 liters of oil can packaging;
25 Ml against the 250 liters of oil can packaging;
5.5.2 Adding in the tank
Add a proportion of 1:10000 (by weight). First additive in the tank, and then
unloaded into the fuel, advanced nanotechnology to ensure the additives quickly,
evenly spread to gas, diesel. Due to mixing or circulation, standing 5 to 24 hours a
better effect.
5.6 Use proposal
This product is a strong pure effect, if the oil line polluting cars, washing down the
gum additives and impurities the fuel filter or carburetor plug, it is recommended to
use additives in the fuel supply if they appear poor, unstable idle speed conditions,
please change the fuel filter or carburetor can be cleaned. After using this product,
the engine idle speed may be improved, the proposed original nominal idle speed or
lower back to idle flat at Criterion; do not have the learning and memory functions of
EFI System can be initialized.