Amplitude Modulation With No Carrier: Objectives
Amplitude Modulation With No Carrier: Objectives
Amplitude Modulation With No Carrier: Objectives
WITH NO CARRIER
Objectives:
Practicals:
Workboard Required:
1. Signal Generation
2. Modulation
3. Filters
4. Demodulation
Theory
ECOMLA1 Page 1 of 26
EXPERIMENT 3
eAM(t) = Ec sin c t + Em sin c t * sin m t
The two cosine terms represent the lower and upper sidebands respectively.
This practical introduces the idea of AM with suppressed carrier. After it you
will understand the following ideas:
Carrier Unbalance
The ratio of the actual carrier to that which would be there in a simple AM
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ECOMLA1
EXPERIMENT 3
system is called the carrier suppression ratio and is an important parameter in
such systems. Normally the ratio is expressed in decibels (dB) to make the
numbers manageable; 30 dB would be a typical value.
To calculate the carrier suppression ratio, you need to know what amplitude
of the carrier would have been present, if not suppressed. This is the carrier,
which would give 100% modulation by the maximum signal level for which the
system is designed.
Since 100% modulation produces side frequencies of half the carrier
amplitude, the unsuppressed carrier amplitude may be taken as twice the
allowable amplitude of either sideband.
PROCEDURES:
Use the oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer to examine the signals at 4 and
5. Examine at 6 and note the waveshape. Use the spectrum analyzer to observe
that there are two sidebands but no carrier. Adjust the carrier balance; note the
effect on carrier amplitude.
1. Set the carrier level to mid scale and the modulation level to minimum .
2. Sketch the output signal from all monitoring points (4, 5, 6, 13, 14 & 16) both
in the time and frequency domain.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for:
a. modulation level equals carrier level
b. modulation level less than the carrier level
c. modulation level greater than the carrier level
d. modulation level equals zero
Note that the output from the envelope detector is not the same as the
ECOMLA1 Page 3 of 26
EXPERIMENT 3
modulating signal. Monitor at 13 and adjust the BFO frequency for a stable trace,
so that the BFO is in phase with Emthe =original
Ec carrier. Observe that the product
detector output is the same as the modulating signal. Unlock the BFO and observe
the result.
DATA AND RESULTS:
OSCILLOSCOPE: SPECTRUM ANALYZER:
Carrier Signal Carrier Signal
ECOMLA1
EXPERIMENT 3
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
Modulating
Frequency:Signal
__________________
Modulating Signal
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
AM Signal AM Signal
Frequency: __________________
Em = Ec
E(fc): ____________________
E(fc-fm): ____________________ E(fc+fm): ___________________
DATA AND RESULTS:
OSCILLOSCOPE: SPECTRUM ANALYZER:
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BFO BFO
ECOMLA1 Page 5 of 26
EXPERIMENT 3
Em < Ec
Frequency: __________________
DATA AND RESULTS:
OSCILLOSCOPE: SPECTRUM ANALYZER:
Carrier Signal Carrier Signal
Amplitude: __________________
Amplitude: __________________ Frequency: __________________
Period: __________________
Modulating Signal
Modulating Signal
Amplitude: __________________
Amplitude: __________________ Frequency: __________________
Period: __________________
AM Signal AM Signal
E(fc-fm): ____________________
E(fc): ____________________
E(fc+fm): ___________________Em < Ec
DATA AND RESULTS:
OSCILLOSCOPE:SPECTRUM ANALYZER:
ECOMLA1
EXPERIMENT 3 Page 6 of 26
BFO
BFO
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
Product Detector
Product Detector
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________ DATA AND RESULTS:
OSCILLOSCOPE:
SPECTRUM ANALYZER:
ECOMLA1
Carrier Signal Carrier
EXPERIMENT 3
Signal
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Modulating Signal
Em > Ec
AM Signal AM Signal
E(fc-fm): ____________________
E(fc): ____________________
E(fc+fm): ___________________Em >Ec
DATA AND RESULTS:
OSCILLOSCOPE:SPECTRUM ANALYZER:
ECOMLA1
EXPERIMENT 3
BFO
BFO
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Product Detector
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
Product Detector
Period: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
Envelope Detector Envelope
Period: Detector
__________________
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
Carrier Signal
Carrier Signal
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Modulating Signal
Em = 0
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
Modulating Signal
Amplitude: __________________
Frequency: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
AM Signal AM Signal
Amplitude: __________________
Frequency: __________________
E(fc-fm): ____________________
ECOMLA1 E(fc): ____________________
EXPERIMENT 3 E(fc+fm): ___________________Em = 0
DATA AND RESULTS:
OSCILLOSCOPE: SPECTRUM ANALYZER:
BFO
BFO
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
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Product Detector
Product Detector
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
ECOMLA1
EXPERIMENT 3
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
QUESTIONS:
1. Why does AM have a low efficiency when the full carrier is transmitted ?
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How high is the maximum efficiency in DSB? How can the efficiency be
increased?
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3. Measure the carrier suppression ratio for the system in Practical 1 when set
for maximum modulation and minimum carrier amplitude.
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5. In DSB the carrier's peak values are affected by the instantaneous value of
the message signal, but the spectrum shows that the carrier amplitude
remains constant! How do you explain the apparent contradiction?
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It is obvious that as both sidebands are generated from the same carrier and
modulation, they must contain the same information, and therefore the
modulating frequency could be recovered from only one sideband. This saves
further transmitter power. Another very important advantage is that the
bandwidth is half that of simple AM or DSB.
Generating SSB
There are other methods but this filter method is the simplest to understand
and is in very common usage in communication systems. It may be necessary for
bandpass filter to have a very good shape factor because, at normal carrier and
audio frequencies, the upper and lower sidebands are quite close in frequency.
In the practical, we use a high modulating frequency so you can see clearly
the relationship between the various frequency components. This means that the
filter specification can be relaxed and here a single tuned circuit is used. Separate
filters are provided for upper and lower sidebands.
You might be surprised that the output from the SSB filters is simply a
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sinusoidal signal but, since we use sinusoidal carrier and modulating frequencies,
the sum or difference of the two must be a single frequency.
There is no reason why one sideband gives better results than the other, but
general practice seems to be favoring the upper sideband.
One convention is that with carrier frequencies below 10 MHz the lower
sideband should be used, but this is not always the case. The result of this is that
many pieces of communication equipment have to be able to deal with both.
PROCEDURES:
ECOMLA1
Use the spectrum analyzer and oscilloscope
EXPERIMENT 3 to observe at 6 . Note that the
signal is DSB. Adjust the carrier balance as before.
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Figure 2 Balanced Modulator Using Filter System
5. Use the oscilloscope to observe that the SSB output is a sinusoidal signal.
Use the spectrum analyzer to note that the upper sideband frequency is the
sum of the carrier and modulation frequencies and the lower sideband is the
difference. Sketch the corresponding output waveform and indicate their
respective frequencies.
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Upper Sideband
Em = Ec
Modulating Signal
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________ Amplitude: __________________
Frequency: __________________
Upper Sideband
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________ Amplitude: __________________
Frequency: __________________
Lower Sideband Lower Sideband
Amplitude: __________________
Frequency: __________________ Amplitude: __________________
Frequency: __________________
DATA AND RESULTS:
OSCILLOSCOPE: SPECTRUM ANALYZER:
ECOMLA1 Modulating Signal
Modulating Signal EXPERIMENT 3
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Em < Ec
Amplitude: __________________
Frequency: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
Upper Sideband Upper Sideband
Amplitude: __________________
Frequency: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
Frequency: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
ECOMLA1
EXPERIMENT 3
Em > Ec
QUESTIONS:
ECOMLA1 Page 18 of 26
EXPERIMENT 3
1. Why is the balance of the modulator less important in a filter method SSB
generator than for a DSB generator ?
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2. How is the bandwidth of the SSB filter related to the maximum and
minimum
modulating frequencies ?
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4. Can an information signal have a higher frequency than that of the carrier
signal?
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This means that in non-critical applications, such as speech, a small overall
frequency error does not make the ECOMLA1
system useless. The effect on speech is to
raise or EXPERIMENT 3
lower the tone of the voice, which within limits does not reduce intelligibility.
The fact that the BFO need not be locked, greatly simplifies the design of the
receiver, and makes SSB one of the most powerful techniques for transmitting
audio frequencies over radio links with its narrow bandwidth and efficient use of
available transmitter power.
In the practical you can use both upper and lower sidebands and see that
with the BFO set correctly, near to the original carrier frequency, even though the
two sidebands are at different frequencies the demodulated output is the same.
You can also see that changing the BFO frequency causes the demodulated output
to change in frequency by a similar amount.
PROCEDURES:
2. Change to lower sideband (by pressing the button) and repeat. Now monitor
at point 14 and compare the output with the modulation input. Use either
the oscilloscope or analyzer to set the BFO frequency to that of the carrier,
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by monitoring at point 13 . Note that both sidebands give the same output
frequency.
ECOMLA1
EXPERIMENT 3
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________ Amplitude: __________________
Frequency: __________________
Upper Sideband Upper Sideband
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________ Amplitude: __________________
Frequency: __________________
Lower Sideband Lower Sideband
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________ Amplitude: __________________
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Em < Ec
Frequency: __________________
DATA AND RESULTS:
OSCILLOSCOPE: SPECTRUM ANALYZER:
Modulating Signal Modulating Signal
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
Upper Sideband Upper Sideband
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
ECOMLA1
EXPERIMENT 3
Amplitude: __________________
Frequency: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
Frequency: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
Frequency: __________________
Modulating Signal
Modulating Signal
Em > Ec
Amplitude: __________________
Frequency: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
Upper Sideband Upper Sideband
Amplitude: __________________
Frequency: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
Period: __________________
Amplitude: __________________
Frequency: __________________
ECOMLA1
EXPERIMENT 3
QUESTIONS:
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a. simple AM
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b. DSB
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c. SSB
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ECOMLA1 Page 26 of 27
EXPERIMENT 3
6. Which demodulation method is used for AM with suppressed carrier?
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CONCLUSION:
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ECOMLA1 Page 26 of 26
EXPERIMENT 3
Point 16 Point 16