Analogue and Digital Communication Lab

(EL-323)

LABORATORY MANUAL

ENGR. IHTISHAM KHALID & ENGR. MUHAMMAD ASIM

IMPLEMENTATION OF AMPLITUDE MODULATOR

(LAB # 04)
Student Name: ______________________________________________

Roll No: ________________ Section: ____

Date performed: _____________, 2016

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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER AND EMERGING SCIENCES, ISLAMABAD

Prepared by: Engr. M. Asim, Engr. Ihtisham Khalid Version: 2.01

Last Edited by: Engr. M. Asim, Engr. Ihtisham Khalid
Verified by: Dr. Shahzad Saleem Updated: Fall 2016
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
04
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Lab # 04: IMPLEMENTATION OF AMPLITUDE MODULATOR
Learning Objectives:
1. To understand the waveform of Amplitude modulated signal
2. To understand frequency spectrum of Amplitude modulated signal
3. Analyzing modulation percentage
Equipment Required:
1. ETEK Function Generator Board
2. ETEK DA-2000-02

Amplitude Modulation
In amplitude modulation (AM), we utilize the amplitude of audio signal to modulate the amplitude
of carrier signal, which means that the amplitude of carrier signal will be varied with amplitude of
audio signal.

Let the audio signal be Amcos(2*pi*fm*t) and carrier signal be Accos(2*pi*fc*t), then the amplitude
modulated signal can be expressed as
XAM(t) = [ ADC + Amcos(2*pi*fm*t) ] Accos(2*pi*fc*t)

XAM(t) = ADCAC[ 1 + mcos(2*pi*fm*t) ] cos(2*pi*fc*t)

Signal waveform of Amplitude Modulation

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 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
04
____________________________________________________________________________________
Where
a = Am / ADC
ADC: DC signal magnitude
Am: Audio signal amplitude
Ac: Carrier signal amplitude
fm: Audio signal frequency
fc: Carrier signal frequency
a: Modulation index or depth of modulation

There is an important parameter “a”. Normally it is represented in percentage so we also call

modulation percentage. The definition is as follows:

a = (Audio signal amplitude / DC signal magnitude) x 100%

a = Am / ADC x 100%

Frequency Spectrum of Amplitude Modulated Signal

Generally the magnitude of DC signal is not easy to measure, therefore we express the modulation
index in another form

Emax −Emin
a= x 100 %
Emax+ Emin

where
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 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
04
____________________________________________________________________________________
Emax = AC + Am
Emin = AC - Am

We know that at amplitude modulation, the audio signal is hidden in the double sidebands, so if the
double sideband signals are getting stronger, the transmission efficiency is getting better. Double
sideband signals are proportional to modulation index. Thus the larger modulation index, the better
the transmission efficiency. Normally the modulation index is smaller or equal to 1. If greater than
1, we call it over modulation.

In this experiment, we utilize the balanced modulator MC1496 to implement amplitude modulator.
Follow the variation of input signal frequency, the balanced modulator (MC1496) can become a
frequency multiplier, amplitude modulator or double sidebands suppressed carrier modulator (DSB-
SC Modulator).

Figure below is the internal circuit of MC1496, where D1, R1, R2, R3, Q6 and Q8 comprise an
electric current source, which can supply DC bias current for Q5 and Q6. They both comprise a
differential combination to drive the dual differential amplifiers constructed by Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4.
Pin 1 and 4 are thus the inputs of audio signal; pin 8 and 10 are the inputs of carrier signal. Resistor
between pin 2 and 3 controls the gain of the balances modulator; the resistor on pin 5 determines the
magnitude of bias current for amplifier.

Internal circuit diagram of MC1496

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Page 4 of 10
 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
04
____________________________________________________________________________________
Figure below is the circuit diagram of amplitude modulation. We can see the carrier signal and
audio signal belong to single ended point. The carrier signal input form pin 20 and the audio signal
input from pin 1. Therefore R8 determines the gain of overall circuit and R9 determine the
magnitude of bias current. If we adjust the variable resistor VR1 or change the amplitude of audio
signal, then we can control the percentage modulation of amplitude modulation.

Circuit diagram of Amplitude Modulation

TASK 01:
1. Refer to ETEK DA-2000-02 module, let J1 and J3 short circuit, J2 and J4 open circuit.
2. At audio signal input port (I/P2), input 3V amplitude , 1 KHz sine wave frequency; at carrier signal
input port (I/P1), input 3V , 500 KHz sine wave frequency.
3. By using oscilloscope, observe on output signal waveform at amplitude modulation signal output
port (O/P).
4. Adjut VR1, until the modulation index reaches 50% , record the measured results of output signal
waveform in table 1.
5. Change the amplitude of audio signals to 2V and 1V. The other remain the same. Observe on output
signal waveform and record the measured results in table 1.

Vc = 3V , fc = 500 KHz , fm = 1KHz , Vary Vm

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 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
04
____________________________________________________________________________________
Audio Signal Output Signal Waveform Modulation
Amplitude Percentage
3V

Emax =
Emin =

2V

Emax =
Emin =

1V

Emax =
Emin =

TASK 02:

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 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
04
____________________________________________________________________________________
Vm = 3V , fc = 500 KHz , fm = 1KHz , Vary Vc
Carrier Output Signal Waveform Modulation
Signal Percentage
Amplitude
3V

Emax =
Emin =

2V

Emax =
Emin =

1V

Emax =
Emin =

TASK 03:
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 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
04
____________________________________________________________________________________
Vm = 3V , Vc = 2V , fc = 500 KHz , fm vary
Audio Signal Output Signal Waveform Modulation
Frequency Percentage
2 KHz

Emax =
Emin =

1 KHz

Emax =
Emin =

800 Hz

Emax =
Emin =

TASK 04:

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 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
04
____________________________________________________________________________________
Vm = 3V , Vc = 2V , fm = 2 KHz , fc vary
Carrier Output Signal Waveform Modulation
Signal Percentage
Frequency
500 KHz

Emax =
Emin =

700 KHz

Emax =
Emin =

900 KHz

Emax =
Emin =

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 Lab #
Analogue and Digital National University Roll No: __________
Communication Lab
(EL323)
of Computer and Emerging Sciences
Islamabad Fall 2016
04
____________________________________________________________________________________
Student's feedback (Try giving useful feedback, e.g. did this lab session help you in learning, how to
improve student's learning experience, was the staff helpful, etc):
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Student's Signature: _________________________________

Correctness of

TOTAL
AWARDED

Attitude

Neatness

Conclusion
Originality
Initiative
MARKS

TOTAL 10 10 10 20 20 30 100

EARNED

Lab Instructor's Comments:_______________________________________________________

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Lab Instructor's Signature: _________________________________

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