The document discusses CMOS and TTL logic families. It provides details on CMOS inverters, NAND and NOR gates, and transmission gates. It explains that CMOS uses negligible power, making it suitable for battery-powered devices. TTL uses transistor-transistor logic and the basic TTL gate is the NAND gate. The document compares characteristics of CMOS and TTL such as power consumption, noise margins, and unconnected inputs. It also discusses commonly used CMOS and TTL series such as 54C00/74C00 and 5400/7400.
The document discusses CMOS and TTL logic families. It provides details on CMOS inverters, NAND and NOR gates, and transmission gates. It explains that CMOS uses negligible power, making it suitable for battery-powered devices. TTL uses transistor-transistor logic and the basic TTL gate is the NAND gate. The document compares characteristics of CMOS and TTL such as power consumption, noise margins, and unconnected inputs. It also discusses commonly used CMOS and TTL series such as 54C00/74C00 and 5400/7400.
The document discusses CMOS and TTL logic families. It provides details on CMOS inverters, NAND and NOR gates, and transmission gates. It explains that CMOS uses negligible power, making it suitable for battery-powered devices. TTL uses transistor-transistor logic and the basic TTL gate is the NAND gate. The document compares characteristics of CMOS and TTL such as power consumption, noise margins, and unconnected inputs. It also discusses commonly used CMOS and TTL series such as 54C00/74C00 and 5400/7400.
The document discusses CMOS and TTL logic families. It provides details on CMOS inverters, NAND and NOR gates, and transmission gates. It explains that CMOS uses negligible power, making it suitable for battery-powered devices. TTL uses transistor-transistor logic and the basic TTL gate is the NAND gate. The document compares characteristics of CMOS and TTL such as power consumption, noise margins, and unconnected inputs. It also discusses commonly used CMOS and TTL series such as 54C00/74C00 and 5400/7400.
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CMOS Logic family
A complementary MOSFET (CMOS) is obtained by connecting a P-channel and N-
channel MOSFET in series with drains tied together and the output is taken at the common drain. Input is applied at the common gate formed by connecting the tow gates together. In a CMOS, P-channel and N-channel enhancement MOS devices are fabricated on the same chip which means its fabrication more complicated and reduces the packing density. But because of negligibly small powder consumption, CMOS is ideally suited for battery operated system.
Its speed is limited by substrate capacitances. To reduce the effect of these substrate capacitances the latest technology known as silicon on sapphire (SOS) is used in microprocessor fabrication which employs an insulating substance(sapphire). CMOS has become the most popular in MSI and LSI area and is the only possible logic for the fabrication of VLSI devices.
A CMOS switch.
CMOS inverter The basic CMOS logic circuit is the invertor shown in the CMOS switch. For the circuit is an invertor shown in the CMOS switch. For the circuit the logic levels are 0V (logic 0) and Vcc (logic 1). When V1=Vcc, T1 turns ON and T2 turns OFF. Therefore V0~0V, and since the transistor are connected in series the current I0 is very small. In either logic state, T1 or T2 is off and the quiescent power dissipation which is the product of the OFF leakage current and Vcc is very low. More complex function can be realized by combinations of invertors.
CMOS NAND and NOR Gates
A 2-input CMOS NAND gate is shown. In the NAND gate the PMOS loads are connected in series,where ad the PMOS loads are connected in parallel. On the other hand, The CMOS NOR gates is obtained by connecting the NMOS drivers in parallel and PMOS loads in series. Operations of CMOS NAND gate
Inputs State of MOS devices Output
A B T1 T2 T3 T4 Y 0 0 OFF OFF ON ON Vcc 0 Vcc ON OFF ON OFF Vcc Vcc 0 OFF ON OFF ON Vcc Vcc Vcc ON OFF OFF ON 0
CMOS transmission gate
A CMOS transmission gate controlled by gate voltages c and c` is shown above.
Assume c=1, if A-V(1) then T1, is off and T2 conducts in the ohmic region because there is no voltage applied at the drain. Therefore T2 behaves as a small resistance connecting the output to the input and B=A=V (1). Similarly, if A=v(0) the T2 is off and T1 conducts connecting the output to the input and B=A=V (0). This means the signal is transmitted from A to B when C=1.
In similar manner it can be shown that if c=0, transmission is not possible. In this gate the control c is binary; whereas the input at A may be either digital or analog. [The instantaneous value must be between v (0) and V (1)]
Noise Margin Noise margin of CMOS logic is considerably higher than that of TTL and ICs. CMOS devices have wide supply voltage. Vcc typically it is .45 Vcc Unconnected inputs The unconnected CMOS ICs input behave in a way similar to MOS devices. Therefore the unused inputs must be connected to either the supply voltage terminal or one of the used inputs provided that the fan out of the signal source is not exceeded. This is highly unlinked for CMOS circuit because of their high fan out. Some CMOS ICs have zener diodes connected at the input for protection against high input voltages.
54C00/74C00 CMOS devices
These are two commonly used CMOS series ICs. These are the 4000 series and 54c/74c series. These are the 4000 series and 54c/74c series. 54c/74c CMOS series is PIN for PIN function for function equivalent to then 54/74 TTL family and has therefore become very popular. The temperature range for 54 c series is 55 C to 125 degree Celsius and for 74c series is 40 to 55 degree Celsius. It has a wide supply voltage range, 3V to 15V. A person can take full advantage of his knowledge of his knowledge of the 54/74 TTL series for the effective use of 54C/74C series.
Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL)
Because of its speed limitation, DTL has become outdated and is completely replaced by another logic family referred to as transistor-transistor logic (TTL). TTL family is so called because of its dependence on transistor alone to perform basic logic operation. It is the most popular logic family. It is also the most widely used bipolar digital IC family. The TTL uses transistor operating in the saturated mode. The basic TTL logic circuit is the NAND gate. Good speed, low manufacturing in SSI and MSI are its merits. Tight Vcc tolerance, relative high power consumption, moderate parking density, generation of noise spikes and susceptibility to power transients are its demerits.
TTL NAND gate
In multiple emitter input transistor each emitter act like a diode. Therefore A and resistor R1 act like a 2-input AND gate. The rest of the circuit inverts the signal so that the overall circuit act like a 2-input NAND gate. The output transistor (Q3 and Q4) form a totem pole connection (one NPN in series with another) this kind of output stage is typical of most TTL devices. With a totem-pole output state, either the upper or lower transistor is ON. When a3 is on the output is high; when Q4 is ON, the output is low.
The input voltages A and B are either low (ideally grounded) or high (ideally +5v). If A or B is low, the base of Q1 is pulled down to approximately .7 V. This reduces the base voltage of Q2 to almost zero. Therefore Q2 is cut off. With Q2 open ,Q4 goes into cutoff and the Q3 base is pulled high. Since Q3 act as an emitter follower, the output pulled up to a high voltage.
On the other hand when A and B are both high voltages the emitter diodes of Q1 stops conducting and the collector diode goes into forward condition. This forces Q2 base goes high. It turns Q4 goes into saturation, preceding a low output.
Without diode D1 in the circuit Q3 will conduct slightly when the output is low. To prevent this, the diode is inserted; its voltage drop keeps the base-emitter diode of Q3 reverse-biased in the way only Q4 conducts when the output is low.
Unconnected Inputs If any inputs of a TTL gate if left disconnected (open or floating) the corresponding E-B junction of T1 will not be forward biased. Hence it acts exactly in the same way as if a logical 1 is applied to the input. Therefore in TTL ICs all connected inputs are treated as logical 1s. However, the unused inputs should either be connected to some. Use input or returned to Vcc through a resistor.
Clamping diodes
Clamping diodes are connected only used in all TTL gates to suppress the ringing causes from the last voltage transition found in TTL. These diodes shown in figure clamp the negative undershoot at approximately .7V. 5400/7400 TTL series TTL 5400/7400 series is the most popular and commonly used series of digital ICs.7400 devices are used for commercial application whereas the 5400 devices are using for military application. The only differences in these two series are in the temperature and the power supply range. The temperature range is 0 to 70 degree Celsius for the 7400 series and - 55 to 125 degree Celsius for the 5400 series. The supply voltage range is 5 with tolerance of .25V for the 7400 series and 5 with a tolerance .5V for 5400 series.
Reference
CMOS logic family:
Modern digital electronics:-R P Jain
TTL Logic:
Basic electronics and communications :- Nikhil C R
