Corona: Electrical Power Transmission and Distribution Eee/Git/Gitamuniversity

ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION EEE/GIT/GITAMUNIVERSITY
Corona:
When an alternating potential difference is applied across two conductors

whose spacing is large as compared to their diameters, there is no apparent
change in the condition of atmospheric air sur-rounding the wires if the
applied voltage is low. However, when the applied voltage exceeds a
certain value, called critical disruptive voltage, the conductors are
surrounded by a faint violet glow called corona.
The phenomenon of corona is accompanied by a hissing sound,
production of ozone, power loss and radio interference. The higher the
voltage is raised, the larger and higher the luminous envelope becomes,
and greater are the sound, the power loss and the radio noise. If the
applied voltage is increased to breakdown value, a flash-over will occur
between the conductors due to the breakdown of air insulation.
The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and production of ozone
gas in an overhead transmission line is known as corona.
If the conductors are polished and smooth, the corona glow will be
uniform throughout the length of the conductors, otherwise the rough
points will appear brighter. With d.c. voltage, there is difference in the
appearance of the two wires. The positive wire has uniform glow about
it, while the negative conductor has spotty glow.
Theory of corona formation:

Some ionization is always present in air due to cosmic rays, ultra-violet
radiations and radioactivity. Therefore, under normal conditions, the air
around the conductors contains some ionized particles (i.e., free electrons
and +ve ions) and neutral molecules.
When p.d. is applied between the conductors, potential gradient is set up
in the air which will have maximum value at the conductor surfaces.
Under the influence of potential gradient, the existing free electrons
acquire greater velocities. The greater the applied voltage, the greater the
potential gradient and more is the velocity of free electrons.
When the potential gradient at the conductor surface reaches about 30 kV
per cm (max. value), the velocity acquired by the free electrons is
sufficient to strike a neutral molecule with enough force to dislodge one
or more electrons from it.
This produces another ion and one or more free electrons, which is turn
are accelerated until they collide with other neutral molecules, thus
producing other ions. Thus, the process of ionization is cumulative. The
result of this ionization is that either corona is formed or spark takes place
between the conductors.
*Factors affecting Corona

The phenomenon of corona is affected by the physical state of the
atmosphere as well as by the conditions of the line. The following are the
factors upon which corona depends :-
1) Atmosphere
As corona is formed due to ionization of air surround ding the conductors,
therefore, it is affected by the physical state of atmosphere. In the stormy
weather, the number of ions is more than normal and such corona occurs
at much less voltage as compared with fair weather.
2Conductor Size :-
The corona effect depends upon the ship and conditions of the conductors.
The rough and irregular surface will give rise to more corona because
unevenness of the surface decreases the value of break down voltage.
Thus a stranded conductor has irregular surface and hence gives rise to
more corona that a solid conductor.
3Spacing between Conductors :-

If the spacing between the conductor is made very layer as compared to
their diameters , there may not be any corona effect. It is because layer
distance between the conductors reduces the electro- static stresses at the
conductor surface, thus avoiding corona formation.
4Line voltage :-
The line voltage greatly affects corona. If it is low, there is no charge in
the condition of air surrounding the conductors and hence no corona is
formed. However if the line voltage has such a volue that electro static
stress developed at the conductor surface make air around the conductor
conducting then corona is formed
Advantages and disadvantage of corona :-
Corona has many advantages and disadvantages. In the correct design
of high voltage overhead line, a balance should be struck between the
advantages and disadvantage.
*Advantages :-
1-Due to corona formation, the air surrounding the conductor becomes
conducting and hence virtual diameter of the conductor is increased.
The increased diameter reduces the electro static stress between the
conductors.
2-Corona reduces the effect of transient produced by surges.
*Disadvantages :-
1-Corona is a accompanied by a loss of energy. This affects the

transmission efficiency of the line.
2-Ozona is produced by corona and may cause corrosion of the
conductor due to chemical action.
3-The current drawn by the line due to corona is non- sinusoidal and
hence non- sinusoidal voltage drop occurs in the line. This may cause
inductive interference with neighboring communication lines.
*Method of Reduction Corona Effect :-

It has been seen that intense corona effects, are observed at working
voltage of 33 kv or about. Therefore, careful design should be made to
avoid corona on the sub- station or bus-bars rated for 33 kv and higher
voltage otherwise highly ionized air may cause flash-over in the
insulators or between the phases, causing considerable damage to the
equipment. The corona effects can be reduce by :-
1By increasing conductor size :-
By increasing conductor size, the voltage at which occur of corona is

raised and hence corona effects are considerably reduced. This is one of
the reasons that ACSR conductors which have a larger cross- sectional
area are used in transmission lines.
2By increasing conductor spacing :-
By increasing the spacing between conductors, the voltage at which

corona occurs is raised and hence corona effects can be eliminated.
However spacing cannot be increasing too much otherwise the cost of
supporting structure (i-e bigger cross- and supports) may increase to a
considerable extent.
*Important Terms :-
The phenomenon of corona plays an important role in the design of an
overhead transmission line.
Therefore, it is profitable to consider the following terms much used in
the analysis of corona effects :-
1-Critical disruptive voltage :-

It is the minimum phase neutral voltage at which corona occurs.
Consider two conductors of radius ( r )cm and spaced (d )cm apart. If
V is the phase- neutral potential, then potential gradient at the
conductor
Surface is given by :
In order that Corona is formed, The value of ( E )Must be made equal

To break down strength of Air.
The corona begins when the peak value of of critical field intensity
equals 30 kv/cm
The break down strength of air at 76 cm mercury pressure and
temperature of 25 is 30 kv/cm (max) or

(r.m.s) and is denoted by .
IF is the phase- neutral potential required under these condition,
then
break down strength of air at 76 cm of mercury

And 25
The above expression for disruptive voltage is under stander conditions

i.e., at 76 cm of Hg (mercury) and 25 . however , if these conditions
vary, the air density also changes, thus altering the value of
. The value of is directly proportional air density. Thus the break
down strength of air at a barometric pressure of b cm of
Under slandered conditions, the value of

Critical disruptive voltage
Correction must also be made for the surface of the conductor. This
Is accounted for by multiplying the above expression by irregularity

2Visual critical Voltage :-
It is the minimum phase- neutral voltage at which corona glow appears
all along the line conductors. It has been seen that in case of parallel
conductors, the corona glow does not begin at the disruptive voltage
but at a higher voltage called visual critical voltage. The phase-
neutral voltage of visual critical is :-
Where is another irregularity factor having avolue of 1 for

polished conductors
0.72 0.82 for rough conductor
*Power loss due to corona:-

Formation of corona is always accompanied by energy loss which
dissipated in the form of light, heat, sound, and chemical action. When
disruptive voltage is exceeded, the power loss due to corona is given
by :-
F = Supply frequency
V= Phase- neutral voltage disruptive
voltage ( r. m .s) per phase
Ex1) A 132 line with 1.956 cm diameter conuctor is built so that
corona takes place if the line voltage exceeds 210 . If the value
of potential gradient at which ionization occurs can be taken as
. Find spacing between the conductors.
Ex2) transmission line consists of 1.5 cm radius conductor spaced 2m

a part in equilateral triangular formation. If the temperature is 40 and
atmospheric pressure is 76 cm find the corona loss per km of the line.
Take

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ELECTRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION EEE/GIT/GITAMUNIVERSITY

When an alternating potential difference is applied across two conductors

Theory of corona formation:

*Factors affecting Corona

3Spacing between Conductors :-

1-Corona is a accompanied by a loss of energy. This affects the

*Method of Reduction Corona Effect :-

By increasing conductor size, the voltage at which occur of corona is

2By increasing conductor spacing :-

By increasing the spacing between conductors, the voltage at which

1-Critical disruptive voltage :-

In order that Corona is formed, The value of ( E )Must be made equal

temperature of 25 is 30 kv/cm (max) or

break down strength of air at 76 cm of mercury

The above expression for disruptive voltage is under stander conditions

Under slandered conditions, the value of

Is accounted for by multiplying the above expression by irregularity

Where is another irregularity factor having avolue of 1 for

*Power loss due to corona:-

Ex2) transmission line consists of 1.5 cm radius conductor spaced 2m

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