FAQ

Frequently Asked Questions

and Solutions for RM

October 2009

RM Bridge Professional Engineering Software for Bridges of all Types

FAQ
Pre-cast Composite

This document is an integral part of the program package RM Bridge. Duplication and
dissemination is only allowed with explicit permission of Bentley Systems,
Incorporated.

2009, Bentley Systems, Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.

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Pre-cast Composite I

Contents
1 Background ............................................................................................................ 1-1
2 Example ................................................................................................................. 2-2
2.1 General description of the project example ................................................... 2-2
2.1.1 System ........................................................................................................ 2-2
2.1.2 Cross Section ............................................................................................. 2-5
2.1.3 Tendons ...................................................................................................... 2-5
2.1.4 Construction Sequence .............................................................................. 2-5
2.1.5 Numbering Schemes .................................................................................. 2-6
2.2 Modelling in GP special issues ................................................................... 2-7
2.2.1 Cross-section .............................................................................................. 2-7
2.2.2 Segment ..................................................................................................... 2-8
2.2.3 Cross girders .............................................................................................. 2-9
2.3 Calculation in RM special issues .............................................................. 2-15
2.3.1 Overwiev of the Construction Sequence ................................................. 2-15
2.3.2 Construction stage STG1: Erection of pre-cast girders ........................... 2-15
2.3.3 Construction stage STG2: Cast of in situ concrete slab........................... 2-16
2.3.4 Construction stage STG3: Closure composite structure ....................... 2-16
2.3.5 Construction stage STG-INF: Final system, SDL, CS time infinity ....... 2-20
2.3.6 Shear Studs .............................................................................................. 2-21

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1 Background
The following example shall cover all necessary steps especially needed for the
modelling and stage calculation of a composite bridge consisting of a double-T beam
pre-cast girder with an in-situ concrete slab. In addition the two possibilities of
modelling the cross girders using either the function cross member or link segments
in GP will be explained. As there is a change of support conditions during construction,
the application of the Demo load case will be addressed, too.

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2 Example

2.1 General description of the project example

2.1.1 System
The bridge has a total length of 52 m and consists of two spans with 26 m each and
three support axes (at begin, middle and end) with two supports at each of it (see Figure
2-1 and Figure 2-2). The bridge is a composite bridge consisting of a pre-stressed
double-T beam pre-cast girder with an in-situ concrete slab.

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Figure 2-1: Plan, elevation and isometric view of the bridge

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Figure 2-2: Isometric view of the bridge

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2.1.2 Cross Section

The cross section is a double-T cross section. Each sectional part of the double-T beam
consists of three parts. One part for the pre-cast girder (part 1 and 4), one for the in situ
concrete slab (part 2 and 5) and one for the composite part (part 3 = 1+2 and part 6 =
4+5). See Figure 2-3.

Figure 2-3: Cross-section

2.1.3 Tendons
There are three groups of tendons in each T-beam for each half of the girder in
longitudinal direction (from support to support). The principle tendon layout can be
seen exemplary in Figure 2-4. Two tendon groups (e.g. 101 and 102) are pre-stressed
before casting and one group after casting the slab.

2.1.4 Construction Sequence

First the pre-cast girders are erected (e.g. element 101 to 110) and the first two tendon
groups are pre-stressed (e.g. tendon group 101 and 102). The girders are situated on
temporary supports. Then in a second step the concrete slab is cast. Finally the structure
is closed at midspan and the final supports are set up.

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Figure 2-4: Principal Tendon Layout (for one sectional part of the double T-beam and one half of the
bridge in longitudinal direction)

2.1.5 Numbering Schemes

Table 2-1: Node and element numbering scheme: Main girders

T-beam 1 T-beam 2
Node Element Node Element
Precast Slab Composite Precast Slab Composite
Begin End Begin End
Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 = 1+2 Part 4 Part 5 Part 6 = 4+5
101 102 101 1101 2101 201 202 201 1201 2201
102 103 102 1102 2102 202 203 202 1202 2202
103 104 103 1103 2103 203 204 203 1203 2203
104 105 104 1104 2104 204 205 204 1204 2204
105 106 105 1105 2105 205 206 205 1205 2205
106 107 106 1106 2106 206 207 206 1206 2206
107 108 107 1107 2107 207 208 207 1207 2207
108 109 108 1108 2108 208 209 208 1208 2208
109 110 109 1109 2109 209 210 209 1209 2209
110 111 110 1110 2110 210 211 210 1210 2210
111 112 - - 2111 211 212 - - 2211
112 113 - - 2112 212 213 - - 2212
113 114 113 1113 2113 213 214 213 1213 2213
114 115 114 1114 2114 214 215 214 1214 2214
115 116 115 1115 2115 215 216 215 1215 2215
116 117 116 1116 2116 216 217 216 1216 2216
117 118 117 1117 2117 217 218 217 1217 2217
118 119 118 1118 2118 218 219 218 1218 2218
119 120 119 1119 2119 219 220 219 1219 2219
120 121 120 1120 2120 220 221 220 1220 2220
121 122 121 1121 2121 221 222 221 1221 2221
122 123 122 1122 2122 222 223 222 1222 2222

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Table 2-2: Node and element numbering scheme: Cross girders

Node Element Node Element

Begin End Begin End
101 501 501 501 201 601
102 502 502 502 202 602
103 503 503 503 203 603
104 504 504 504 204 604
105 505 505 505 205 605
106 506 506 506 206 606
107 507 507 507 207 607
108 508 508 508 208 608
109 509 509 509 209 609
110 510 510 510 210 610
112 512 512 512 212 612
114 514 514 514 214 614
115 515 515 515 215 615
116 516 516 516 216 616
117 517 517 517 217 617
118 518 518 518 218 618
119 519 519 519 219 619
120 520 520 520 220 620
121 521 521 521 221 621
122 522 522 522 222 622
123 523 523 523 223 623

Table 2-3: Spring Numbering Scheme

T-beam 1 T-beam 2
Spring Spring
Node Node
Temp Final Temp Final
101 8101 9101 201 8201 9201
111 8111 - 211 8211 -
112 - 9112 212 - 9212
113 8113 - 213 8213 -
123 8123 9123 223 8223 9223

Table 2-4: Tendon Numbering Scheme

T-beam 1 T-beam 2
Element Element
Tendon Part Stress Label Tendon Part Stress Label
from to from to
101 101 110 1 STG1 201 201 210 4 STG1
102 102 110 1 STG1 202 202 210 4 STG1
103 113 122 1 STG1 203 213 222 4 STG1
104 113 121 1 STG1 204 213 221 4 STG1
2101 2101 2109 3 STG3 2201 2201 2209 6 STG3
2102 2114 2122 3 STG3 2202 2214 2222 6 STG3

2.2 Modelling in GP special issues

In the following the special issues in modelling needed for this particular type of bridge
will be addressed.

2.2.1 Cross-section
The cross-section is set up as displayed in 2.1.2 Figure 2-3 with regard to the particular
issues for composite cross-sections. For each part a node of type normal has to be set

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up and positioned. There are three parts for each sectional part of the cross section (i.e.
for each T-beam) (see Table 2-5 and Figure 2-5). When generating the finite element
mesh the particular elements have to be assigned to the corresponding parts.
Table 2-5: Assignment of parts

T-beam 1 T-beam 2
Part Part
pre-cast girder 1 4
in situ concrete slab 2 5
composite 3=1+2 6=4+5

Figure 2-5: Assignment of parts in GP

2.2.2 Segment
The segment of the double-T beam will be generated using one axis and one cross-
section for the double-T cross-section (see 2.2.1). When assigning node and element
numbers in the segment point list (section Parts), each part has to get the
corresponding numbers as shown in 2.1.5 Table 2-1 (see Figure 2-6).

Figure 2-6: Segment point list; assignment of node and part numbers

Note that all parts of one T-beam (parts with the same geometrical position) are
assigned to the same structural node. That means that there is just one node series
for each T-beam, but different element numbers for the particular parts.

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2.2.3 Cross girders

As the static modelling of the double-T beam is performed by two T-beams (two
element series in longitudinal direction), there have to be set up cross girders for the
transverse direction. These can be modelled in GP in two different ways leading to
exactly the same results, i.e. using cross members or link segments. For
demonstration purposes both methods will be shown in this example; the cross girders
for the first half of the girder will be modelled using the function cross member, the
second half with the function link segments. Just for showing more clearly the
different preparations that need to be done for each method, two different cross section
have been set up (MG_span_CG and MG_span_LS) and assigned to the first and second
half of the girder.
First a cross section for the cross girder has to be generated in the usual way (see cross
section cross_beam). Then one can proceed with one of the following methods.

Cross Members

2.2.3..1 Generating a cross member

First there have to be defined two connection points (Reference Set of type
connection, reference points CG01 and CG02) in the cross section of the main girder
to determine the start and end position of the cross girder (see cross section
MG_span_CG or 2.1.2 Figure 2-3).
Then a new cross member is generated by clicking the right mouse button on Cross
Member in the Navigation Panel and selecting the option New cross member. In
Figure 2-7 the input window for the cross member can be seen. Besides the name of the
cross member the two positions for the definition of the cross member (from / to) have
to be given by selecting for each them (1) the reference segment, (2) the segment point
of this segment for defining the position in longitudinal direction, (3) the part (can be
any of the three of each T-beam) and (4) the connection point for defining the position
within the cross section.

Figure 2-7: Input window for cross member definition

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In addition (by pressing the button Additional Parameters) the corresponding cross
section and the desired material, the number of elements in the cross member as well as
the first element and node number of the cross girder can optionally be given already
here (see Figure 2-8) or can also be entered afterwards in the segment point list of the
cross girder.

Figure 2-8: Additional Parameters definition within cross member definition

The input creates a new cross member with a node series from 500 to 502 and elements
501 and 502 (starting at the position of node 101 (part 1) and going to node 201 (part 4)
of the main girder). At the start and end position (node 500 and 502) rigid connections
are generated automatically by the program that means in RM the nodes 500 and 502
would be deleted and an eccentric connection to the main girder nodes 101 and 201 are
generated. The length of the cross girder is always 1, intermediate points have to be
given in relation to it.
Table 2-6 shows the assignment and numbering scheme of the cross girders for this
example. As the user might prefer to have a continuous sequence of cross girder
numbers for each T-beam (i.e. 501 to 510 for T-beam 1 and 601 to 610 for T-beam 2),
the number of the second element (502) of the cross girder has to be changed to 601 to
get the desired scheme (Segment List / Parts Edit part).

T-beam 2 Cross member T-beam 1

Segment Point Node Element Node Element Node
1 201 601 501 501 101
2 202 602 502 502 102
3 203 603 503 503 103
4 204 604 504 504 104
5 205 605 505 505 105
6 206 606 506 506 106
7 207 607 507 507 107
8 208 608 508 508 108
9 209 609 509 509 109
10 210 610 510 510 110

Table 2-6: Cross member numbering scheme (for the first half of the girder)

2.2.3..2 Copying of a cross member

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Once having defined one cross member the following cross members can be generated
by making use of the copy function (click with right mouse button on the existing cross
member then select option Copy Cross Member). Below the input window for the
copy procedure is displayed (Figure 2-9).

Figure 2-9: Input window for multiple cross member copying

The prefix for the cross member names can be given (CG); the numbering can be
assigned either in ascending numerical order or by adding the segment point number to
each copied cross girder name (in this case no difference as we start at the first segment
point). Then the step of the segment points for the start and end position of the cross
girder has to be given (Step and 2nd step) in this example 1 for both inputs for
orthogonal cross members along all segment points. The number of copies shall be 9
(total sum of 10 cross members), the step of the beam elements is 1 (502 to 510 and
602 to 610), and the step for the beam nodes also 1 (node series 502 to 510 in the
middle of the cross member):
Note: Actually the correct step for the cross member nodes would be 3 as there are
three nodes (e.g. 500, 501 and 502 for CG1) for each cross member, but since we would
prefer to receive one continuous node series for the nodes in the middle of the cross
members (i.e. series 501 to 510) we take step 1 and dont care about the wrong
numbering for the start and end nodes of the cross members, as they will be deleted
when setting up the rigid connections. (This numbering scheme of course is not
obligatory, it is just chosen with respect to a coincident numbering of the system).
This completes the input of the cross girders for the first half of the girder. The cross
girders for the second half will now be done by using link segments.

Link Segments

2.2.3..1 Generating links in the cross section

Link segments are structural elements that have especially been developed for the
generation of truss girders. However, due to there general functionality they can also be

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used for the definition of cross girders. (For detailed information regarding this topic
please refer to FAQ Link Segments).
As there should be a subdivision in the middle of the cross girder (two elements with an
additional node in between), another part of type node has to be set up in the middle
of the cross section (see cross section MG_span_LS or Figure 2-10).
Then the icon Create link (see Figure 2-10) is chosen and one link is created by
clicking the desired start and end point (intersection points of construction lines) one
after another. In the input window that opens up the following information has to be
given (see Figure 2-11): (1) name of the link, (2) the segment point step in longitudinal
direction for either start or end point (position 1 or position 2) and (3) the position of the
start and end beam node by selecting the part, whereupon eccentric connections are
generated between the start and end position (intersection points) of the links and the
nodes (parts) that they are assigned to.
In this way two links are generated. The intersection points of the links for the start and
end position of the cross girder can be seen in Figure 2-10. In Figure 2-11 the input
windows for the two links are displayed. Eccentric connections are set up from the outer
positions of both links to part 1 and part 4 respectively (see light blue arrows), whereas
the position in the middle of both links correlates with part 7.

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New part of
type node

Intersection points for

start/end position of
links

Figure 2-10: Cross section MG_span_LS

Figure 2-11: Input windows for links

2.2.3..2 Generating Link Segments (Segment List)

Having prepared the cross section one has to switch to the segment list of the main
girder and toggle from Base Segment to Link segments. Immediately the input
window for the generation of a new link segment opens up (see Figure 2-12). There one

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has to define (1) the name of the link segment (can be selected from the list of the
existing ones1) and (2) the range of the segment points (from/to) in the base segment
where the links should be assigned to ((3) selection active / inactive (for later changes)).
(4) The position before/after segment point can be adjusted. Further (5) the cross section
for the link segment has to be selected. (6) The orientation of the cross section can be
modified and (7) the connection at the begin and end of the link can be defined by
modifying hinges (enabling certain degrees of freedom) as the connections of the
cross girder should be a rigid, no hinges have to be defined (for input data see Figure
2-12 below).

Figure 2-12: Input window for defining a new link segment (e.g. Link1)

The second link segment can be generated in the same way (left click on the Link
segments button or right mouse button on the existing link then select New link).

2.2.3..3 Final remarks on the modelling

One additional cross girder at the pier abutment (segment point 12) has been generated
using cross member functions (CG12), there is also another cross section
(MG_pier_CG) assigned in this area with some variable dimensions of the slab. The
cross girders at the abutments at the begin, end and at the pier should act as diaphragms
and have got assigned some different variable dimensions for the height and width.

1
All links that are defined in the cross section (CS after) that is assigned to the segment point of the
actual position of the cursor line are displayed.

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2.3 Calculation in RM special issues

In this chapter explanations concerning the necessary input for the calculation process in
RM will be given for the special issues of the present example.

2.3.1 Overwiev of the Construction Sequence

In Table 2-7 an overview of the necessary stages for the construction of the bridge is
given.

Table 2-7: Overview of the construction stages

Stage name Description

STG1 erection of pre-cast girders
STG2 cast of in situ concrete slab
STG3 closure - composite structure
STG-INF final system, SDL, CS time infinity

2.3.2 Construction stage STG1: Erection of pre-cast girders

First the pre-cast girders are erected on temporary supports and pre-stressed. In Figure
2-13 a drawing of construction stage STG1 is displayed. The elements being activated
can be seen in Figure 2-14; these are all pre-cast girder elements (elements of part 1 and
4) and the eight springs of the temporary supports.

Figure 2-13: Construction Stage STG1

Figure 2-14: Activation of elements of stage STG1

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Schedule Actions Stage STG1

Figure 2-15 shows the schedule actions of stage STG1: The self-weight of the pre-cast
girder is calculated (G1-101) and the first tendon group is stressed (stress label STG1
(tendons 101 to 104 and 201 to 204) see 2.1.5 Table 2-4), the corresponding pre-
stressing load case (PT-501) is calculated and then the tendons are grouted. Creep and
shrinkage is applied and the results are stored in STG1-SUM.

Figure 2-15: Schedule Actions of Stage STG1

2.3.3 Construction stage STG2: Cast of in situ concrete slab

In the second stage STG2 the concrete slab is cast upon the pre-cast girders. Thus there
should be considered the weight of the wet concrete of the cast slab on the already
erected pre-cast girders. No elements have to be activated to perform this. It is done by
making use of the load type GPI self weight of inactive composite part, which
allows for applying the self-weight of inactive parts of the final composite cross-section
on the currently active part characterising the structural stiffness. This load case (G1-
102) is defined for the elements of the slab (part 2 and part 5) in the range of the already
existing pre-cast girders (1101 1110, 1113 1122 and 1201 1210, 1213 1222)
see 2.1.5 Table 2-1. The corresponding schedule actions are displayed in Figure 2-16.

Figure 2-16: Schedule Actions of Stage STG2

The self-weight load case G1-102 and creep and shrinkage is calculated and the actual
contents of the summation load case STG-SUM is stored in STG2-SUM.

2.3.4 Construction stage STG3: Closure composite structure

Now the closure elements shall be poured between the existing pre-cast girders and the
composite cross-section will be set up. The temporary supports are removed and the
final ones are activated. There is a final pre-stressing of the composite girder. Figure
2-17 shows a drawing of construction stage STG3.

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Figure 2-17: Construction Stage STG3

Activation of elements construction stage STG3

The elements to be activated/deactivated in this stage are (see Figure 2-18):
1. All the slab elements (part2 and part4); these are the ones, which the weight of
the wet concrete has been calculated before: 1101 1110, 1113 1122 and 1201
1210, 1213 1222.
2. The composite elements: since now all partial elements of the composite
structure have been activated (part 1 + 2 and part 4 + 5), the composite elements
(part 3 and 6) themselves have to be activated, too; these are elements 2101
2122 and 2201 2222.
Note: This includes the closure elements in midspan (2111 2112 and 2211
2212), which have a different cross-section (MG_pier_CG) that has just one part
for each T-beam (i.e. pre-cast and slab are just one part), as these elements are
cast at once.
3. The cross girder elements: 501 510, 512, 514 523 and 601 610, 612, 614
623.
4. The temporary springs (deactivate): 8101, 8111, 8113, 8123 and 8201, 8211,
8213, 8223.
The final springs (activate): 9101, 9112, 9123 and 9201, 9212, 9223.

Figure 2-18: Activation of elements of stage STG3

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Schedule Actions Stage STG3

The necessary schedule actions of this stage can be seen in Figure 2-19.

Figure 2-19: Schedule Actions of Stage STG3

Demo load case

As there has been a structural change, the particular summation load cases are not
correct anymore, because their results derive from the former structural system. In order
to correct them regarding the actual system, the forces in the removed elements stored
in a certain summation load case have to be brought back upon the structure with
negative sign and then added to this summation load cases in accordance with the
normal rules of statics.
This is being performed by the DEMO load case (Element removing DEMO). Figure
2-20 shows the definition of this load case exemplary for the summation load case for
the self-weight (STG-SUM Label G1), which has to be performed for all temporary
(i.e. deactivated) spring elements (8101, 8111, 8113, 8123 and 8201, 8211, 8213, 8223).
The particular input for the upper and lower window can be seen in Figure 2-21 and
Figure 2-22.

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Figure 2-20: Definition of the DEMO load case (for the self weight (G1-SUM) and all temporary springs)

Figure 2-21: Definition of the DEMO load case (for G1-SUM) upper window

Figure 2-22: Definition of the DEMO load case ( spring 8101 and 8111) lower window

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In the upper window the name of the load case (e.g. DEMO-03-G1) has to be entered
and in the usual way the label for the load manager (G1) to define to which summation
load case the results of the given load case should be added.
In the lower window for each removed element (i.e. spring) the summation load case
from which the stored results of this element should be read and used as loading must
be given. In addition one can initialise (set to zero) the results of the removed element in
the particular summation load case by choosing the respective option which is just a
formal act.
This has to be performed for all summation load cases, where there are results of the
removed elements (usually G1-SUM, G2-SUM, PT-SUM, CS-SUM).
Note, that the stage summation load case (STG-SUM) is being adjusted automatically
due to the assignment of the particular labels to the different summation load cases,
which are given in the upper window when defining the demo load case, as for example
the calculation of DEMO-03-G1 (with the given label G1) will add the corresponding
results to G1-SUM and STG-SUM (see load manager definitions).
However, if one wishes to initialise the results of the removed elements also in the stage
summation load case (STG-SUM), a dummy load case (DEMO-03-SUM-INIT) has to
be generated and calculated for this, at which the option (Initialise) is activated.
In the example this load case is being calculated just for the summation load case for the
self-weight (G1-SUM) as due to the statically determinate system the pre-stressing and
creep and shrinkage summation load cases (PT-SUM and CS-SUM) deliver no results
in the springs and a second time for the initialisation of the stage summation load case
(STG-SUM).
Proceeding with the stage calculation the self-weight of the new activated elements has
to be calculated, i.e. the closure elements (2111 2112 and 2211 2212) and the
diaphragm elements (501,601 and 512,612 and 523,623).
The final pre-stressing is applied on the composite elements (stress label STG3 (tendons
2101 to 2102 and 2201 to 2202) see 2.1.5 Table 2-4), the corresponding pre-stressing
load case (PT-503) is calculated and the tendons are grouted.
Creep and shrinkage is calculated and the actual results are stored in STG3-SUM.

2.3.5 Construction stage STG-INF: Final system, SDL, CS time infinity

The calculation actions in the final stage are displayed in Figure 2-23: The
superimposed dead load is applied (on the currently active elements (part), i.e.
composite elements 2101 2122 (part3) and 2201 2222 (part6)) by calculating load
case G2-299. Creep and shrinkage for time infinity (CS-699; t = 10000 days) is
calculated in three time steps and the summation load case STG-SUM is written into
STG99-SUM, where then CS-699 is added.

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Figure 2-23: Schedule Actions of Stage STG-INF

2.3.6 Shear Studs

In order to transfer the section forces between the individual cross-section parts, shear
studs have to be employed. In RM this is performed by setting up spring elements
between the structural nodes of the associated composite elements. This is best done in
RM after the system has been imported from GP (Menu Structure / Elements / Element
Types and Nodes). In Figure 2-24 the input window for the shear stud springs for T-
beam 1 is displayed. The number of the springs must be 10000 plus the number of the
elements of the first cross-section part (e.g. 10000 + 101 for spring between node 101
and 102 (element part1 = 101)). The type of the spring is Static spring.
For these elements no other information needs to be defined; these shear stud elements
do not contribute to the structural stiffness of the system. However, the change in
normal force per length within this element is stored and can be accessed during post-
processing. During result superposition, results for these elements are added together as
for the other structural elements in the system ensuring, that the true minimum and
maximum values for the shear force are computed.
For detailed information regarding this topic please refer to FAQ
(Composite_ShearStud).

Figure 2-24: Input window for shear studs springs (for T-beam 1)

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