Table of content

Introduction
Need for Non conventional energy 08
Foot step Arrangement 11
Block diagram with principle 14
Working of Foot step Generator 16
Unidirectional control Device 18
Different type of Mechanism 20
Invertor 22
Energy Storage 26
Definition of Gear 28
LED 31

Conclusion 36
 CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION
 1.1 INTRODUCTION
Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance and
well being ever since he came on the earth a few million years ago. Primitive
man required energy primarily in the form of food. He derived this by eating
plants or animals, which he hunted. Subsequently he discovered fire and his
energy needs increased as he started to make use of wood and other bio mass
to supply the energy needs for cooking as well as for keeping himself warm.
With the passage of time, man started to cultivate land for agriculture. He
added a new dimension to the use of energy by domesticating and training
animals to work for him.
With further demand for energy, man began to use the wind for sailing ships
and for driving windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water for
sailing ships and for driving windmills, and the force of falling water to turn
water wheels. Till this time,it would not be wrong to say that the sun was
supplying all the energy needs of man either directly or indirectly and that
man was using only renewable sources of energy.
 CHAPTER -2
NEED FOR NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

NEED FOR NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

Fuel deposit in the will soon deplete by the end of 2020Fuel scarcity will
be maximum. Country like India may not have the chance to use petroleum
products. Keeping this dangerous situation in mind we tried to make use of
nonpollutant natural resource of petrol energy. The creation of new source of
perennial environmentally acceptable, low cost electrical energy as a
replacement for energy from rapidly depleting resources of fossil fuels is the
fundamental need for the survival of mankind. We have only about 25 years of
oil reserves and 75 100 years of coal reserves. Resort to measure beginning
of coal in thermal electric stations to serve the population would result in
global elementic change inleading to worldwide drought and decertification.
The buzzards of nuclear electric-stations are only to will. Now electric power
beamed directly by micro-wave for orbiting satellite. Solar power stations
(s.p.s) provide a cost-effective solution even though work on solar photo
voltaic and solar thermo electric energy sources has been extensively pursued
by many countries. Earth based solar stations suffer certain basic limitations. It
is not possible to consider such systems and meeting continuous uninterrupted
concentrated base load electric power requirements. Energy plays an important
role in the material, social and cultural life of man kind.
The energy needs are increasing day by day. This is the result of
population growth and increase in the standard of living which is directly
proportional to energy consumption. As we know that mankind will be never
lacking in energy. Today, it is liquid fluid, tomorrow it may be uranium with
an element of risk. Risk exists where ever there is human activity and
production of energy. Just as the supply of fossil fuel is finite thus there will be
the supply of uranium. Perhaps, uranium would be exhausted quickly if it is
used on a large scale.It is therefore, harnessing the gigantic inexhaustible solar
energy source reduces the dependence on fossil fuels.
For the environmental concerned, the solar energy harnessing system
offers advantages in that, it emits no pollutants in to the atmosphere as they
are with the combustion of fossil fuels. Thus, as a long term option solar
energy system can be considered as an alternate to all the finite fuel system.
Therefore, there is no energy shortage today nor will there be in the near
future.
The lifting of water for drinking or irrigation purposes is of great
importance in widely distributed villages with little or no rural electrification
and where underground water is available. Solar energy is converted to
mechanical energy to drive small water pumps it would be of great help to the
rural inhibitions. In our project we use solar photo voltaic cells for pumping
water. The photo voltaic modules convert sunlight direct to electricity which is
used to run a dc motor pump for bailing of water. It consists of solar photo
voltaic modules, power conditioner to protect storage batteries from over
charging during non-sun shine and a dc water pump.
 CHAPTER- 3
FOOT STEP ARRANGEMENT

3.1 FOOT STEP ARRANGEMENT

This is made up of mild steel. The complete set up is fixed in this model
FOOT STEP. The two L-shapes frame is fixed in the above two ends of the
track. Bellow this L- shapes window, the actual power generation arrangement
is constructed. This L-shapes window pushes the rack when the time of train
wheel moving on these arrangement.

3.2BLOCK DIAGRAM
 CHAPTER -4
WORKING PRINCIPLE

WORKING PRINCIPLE
The complete diagram of the power generation using FOOT STEP is
given below. L-shapes window is inclined in certain small angle which is used
to generate the power. The pushing power is converted into electrical energy
by proper driving arrangement.
The rack & pinion, spring arrangement is fixed at the FOOT STEP
which is mounded bellow the L-shapes window. The spring is used to return
the inclined Lshapes window in same position by releasing the load. The
pinion shaft is connected to the supporter by end bearings as shown in fig. The
larger sprocket also coupled with the pinion shaft, so that it is running the
same speed of pinion.
The larger sprocket is coupled to the small cycle sprocket with the help
of chain (cycle). This larger sprocket is used to transfer the rotation force to
the smaller sprocket. The smaller sprocket is running same direction for the
forward and reverse direction of rotational movement of the larger sprocket.
This action locks like a cycle pedaling action. The fly wheel and gear wheel is
also coupled to the smaller sprocket shaft. The flywheel is used to increase the
rpm of the smaller sprocket shaft. The gear wheel is coupled to the generator
shaft with the help of another gear wheel. The generator is used here, is
permanent magnet D.C generator. The generated voltage is 12Volt D.C. This
D.C voltage is stored to the Lead-acid 12 Volt battery.
The battery is connected to the inverter. This inverter is used to convert
the 12 Volt D.C to the 230 Volt A.C. This working principle is already
explained the above chapter. This 230 Volt A.C voltage is used to activate the
light, fan and etc.
By increasing the capacity of battery and inverter circuit, the power rating is
increased. This arrangement is fitted in FOOT STEPs; the complete
arrangement is kept inside the floor level except the pushing arrangement.
 CHAPTER -5
WORKING OF FOOT STEP GENERATOR

WORKING OF FOOT STEP GENERATOR

Step1: When force is applied on the plate by virtue on stamping on the plate
the force spring gets compressed
Step2: The rack here moves vertically down
Step3: The pinion meshed with the rack gear results in circular motion of the
pinion gear
Step4: For one full compression the pinion Moves 1semicircle
Step5: When the force applied on the plate released the pinion reverses and
moves another semi-circle
Step6: The generator attached to the pinion hence results in
the sinusoidal waveform (for single Generator)

Fig 2: Operation Of Rack And Pinion Mechanisam

Operating Procedure
 CHAPTER 6
Different types of mechanisms

Different types of mechanisms

Levers
Gears
 Wheels
Cranks and ratchets
Cams
Rack & pinion
Chain & Sprocket

Mechanisms require some type of Motion (movement)

There are four types of motion
Linear
Rotary
Reciprocating
Oscillating

The different types of forces are:

Static- no movement (still force)
Dynamic - moving forces
Compression- squashing force
Tension- pulling force
Bending - compression and tension
Torsion - turning or twisting
Shear- cutting
Equilibrium- all forces are balanced
 CHAPTER 6
INVERTER

INVERTER
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to
alternating current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage and
frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control
circuits. Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide
range of applications, from small switching power supplies in computers, to
large electric utility high-voltage direct current applications that transport bulk
power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources
such as solar panels or batteries. There are two main types of inverter. The
output of a modified sine wave inverter is similar to a square wave output
except that the output goes to zero volts for a time before switching positive or
negative. It is simple and low cost and is compatible with most electronic
devices, except for sensitive or specialized equipment, for example certain
laser printers. A pure sine wave inverter produces a nearly perfect sine wave
output (<3% total harmonic distortion) that is essentially the same as utility-
supplied grid power. Thus it is compatible with all AC electronic devices. This
is the type used in grid-tie inverters. Its design is more complex, and costs 5 or
10 times more per unit power. The electrical inverter is a high-power
electronic oscillator. It is so named because early mechanical AC to DC
converters was made to work in reverse, and thus were "inverted", to convert
DC to AC.The inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier.

In one simple inverter circuit, DC power is connected to a transformer

through the centre tap of the primary winding. A switch is rapidly switched
back and forth to allow current to flow back to the DC source following two
alternate paths through one end of the primary winding and then the other. The
alternation of the direction of current in the primary winding of the
transformer produces alternating current (AC) in the secondary circuit. The
electromechanical version of the switching device includes two stationary
contacts and a spring supported moving contact. The spring holds the movable
contact against one of the stationary contacts and an electromagnet pulls the
movable contact to the opposite stationary contact. The current in the
electromagnet is interrupted by the action of the switch so that the switch
continually switches rapidly back and forth.
Applications: Foot step power generation can be
used in emergency power failure

Foot step generated power can be situations.

used for agricultural, home

applications, street-lightening.
 CHAPTER 7
Mostly used unidirectional current
controller devices
Mostly used unidirectional current
controller devices are as follows:
1. Diode- we already know that it allows an electrical current in one
direction. It acts like a switch. A specific diode converts AC into
pulsating DC hence sometimes it also called as rectifier.
2. Thyristor-A thyristor is four layer semiconductors that are often used
for handling large amount of power. While a Thyristor can be turned on
or off, it can also regulate power using something called phase angle
control.
The output voltage from this piezoelectric is then stored in a
battery through ac ripple neutralizer which does exactly opposite job of
the rectifier and filter which converts the stored direct current (DC)
energy in batteries back into alternating current (AC). An inverter is
connected to battery to drive AC load. LCD display is used for
displaying generated voltage.
The output of the microcontroller is then given to the LCD which
then displays the voltage levels. From this system we are generating
energy by human footsteps using the piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectric
effect is the effect which coverts mechanical stress, stain, pressure into
electrical energy. This idea not only overcome the energy crises problem
but also helps to maintain the eco-friendly environment for generating
energy. A. Future Scope: Utilization of wasted energy is very much
relevant and important for highly populated countries in futu
CHAPTER 8
Energy storing
 Energy storing

The power generated by the foot step generator can

be stored in an energy storing device. The output of the
generator was fed to a 12 V lead acid battery, through an
ac-dc converter bridge. Initially, the battery was
completely discharged. Then, the FSEC was operated by
applying foot load and energy was
stored in the battery. A 100 W, 230V bulb was connected
to the battery through an inverter. The arrangement is
shown in Fig. 4. The duration of lighting, the bulb for
number of footsteps and
corresponding energy stored, are given in Table 1. The
main objective of developing the FSEC was to
demonstrate the technology of harnessing.
 CHAPTER 9
DEFINITION OF GEARS

DEFINITION OF GEARS
Gears are toothed members which transmit power / motion between two
shafts by meshing without any slip. Hence, gear drives are also called
positive drives. In any pair of gears, the smaller one is called pinion and
the larger one is called gear immaterial of which is driving the other.
When pinion is the driver, it results in step down drive in which the
output speed decreases and the torque increases. On the other hand,
when the gear is the driver, it results in step up drive in which the output
speed increases and the torque decreases.
CHAPTER 10
LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source.
It is a pn junction diode that emits light when activated.[5] When a
suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine
with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form
of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of
the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by
the energy band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less
than 1 mm2 ) and integrated optical components may be used to shape
the radiation pattern.[6]

Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962,[7] the earliest

LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still
frequently used as transmitting elements in remote-control circuits, such
as those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer electronics.
The first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity and limited to red.
Modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet,
and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices,
replacing small incandescent bulbs. They were soon packaged into
numeric readouts in the form ofseven-segment displays and were
commonly seen in digital clocks. Recent developments have produced
LEDs suitable for environmental and task lighting. LEDs have led to
new displays and sensors, while their high switching rates are useful in
advanced communications technology
CONCLUSION
 In concluding the words of our project, since the power generation
using foot step get its energy requirements from the Non-renewable
source of energy. There is no need of power from the mains and there is
less pollution in this source of energy. It is very useful to the places all
roads and as well as all kind of foot step which is used to generate the
non conventional energy like electricity. It is able to extend this project
by using same arrangement and construct in the foot steps/speed breaker
so that increase the power production rate by fixing school and colleges,
highways etc.