CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE
ABSTRACT

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 NEED FOR NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

2 FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

2.1 FIGURE

2.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE

2.3 ADVANTAGES

2.4 APPLICATIONS

3 LIST OF COMPONENTS

3.1 SHAFTS

3.1.1 DEFINATIONS

3.1.2 DIAGRAM

3.2 RACK AND PINION

3.2.1 DEFINATIONS

3.2.2 DIAGRAM

3.3 GEARS

3.3.1 DEFINATIONS

3.3.2 DIAGRAM

3.4 MILD STEEL PLATE

3.4.1 DEFINATIONS

3.4.2 DIAGRAM
 3.5 SPRINGS

3.5.1 DEFINATIONS

3.5.2 DIAGRAM

3.6 ALTERNATOR

3.6.1 DEFINATIONS

3.6.2 HISTORY

3.6.3 PRINCIPLE OF WORKING

3.6.4 DIAGRAM

3.7 HEX NUT AND BOLT

3.7.1 DEFINATIONS

3.7.2 DIAGRAM

3.8 WASHER

3.8.1 DEFINATIONS

3.8.2 DIAGRAM

4 DESIGN CALCULATIONS

4.1 SPECIFICATIONS

4.2 CALCULATIONS

5 BILL OF MATERIALS

6 ADVANTAGES

7 DISADVANTAGES

8 APPLICATIONS

9 CONCLUSIONS

10 REFERENCE

11 PHOTOGRAPHY
 ABSTRACT

In this project we are generating electrical power as non-conventional

method by simply running on the train in the foot step. Nonconventional energy
system is very essential at this time to our nation. Non-conventional energy
using foot step needs no fuel input power to generate the output of the electrical
power. This project using simple drive mechanism such as rock and pinion
assemble and chain drive mechanism.

For this project the conversion of the force energy in to electrical energy.
The control mechanism carries the rack & pinion, D.C generator, battery and
inverter control. We have discussed the various applications and further
extension also. So this project is implemented to all foot step, the power
generation is very high. The initial cost of this arrangement is high.
 1. INTRODUCTION

Man has needed and used energy at an increasing rate for his sustenance
and well being ever since he came on the earth a few million years ago.
Primitive man required energy primarily in the form of food. He derived this by
eating plants or animals, which he hunted.

Subsequently he discovered fire and his energy needs increased as he

started to make use of wood and other bio mass to supply the energy needs for
cooking as well as for keeping himself warm. With the passage of time, man
started to cultivate land for agriculture. He added a new dimension to the use of
energy by domesticating and training animals to work for him. With further
demand for energy, man began to use the wind for sailing ships and for driving
windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water for sailing ships and for
driving windmills, and the force of falling water to turn water wheels. Till this
time, it would not be wrong to say that the sun was supplying all the energy
needs of man either directly or indirectly and that man was using only
renewable sources of energy.

1.1 NEED FOR NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

Fuel deposit in the will soon deplete by the end of 2020 Fuel scarcity will
be maximum. Country like India may not have the chance to use petroleum
products. Keeping this dangerous situation in mind we tried to make use of non-
pollutant natural resource of petrol energy.

The creation of new source of perennial environmentally acceptable, low

cost electrical energy as a replacement for energy from rapidly depleting
resources of fossil fuels is the fundamental need for the survival of mankind. We
have only about 25 years of oil reserves and 75 – 100 years of coal reserves.
Resort to measure beginning of coal in thermal electric stations to serve the
population would result in global elementic change in leading to worldwide
drought and decertification.

The buzzards of nuclear electric-stations are only to will. Now electric

power beamed directly by micro-wave for orbiting satellite. Solar power
stations (s.p.s) provide a cost-effective solution even though work on solar
photo voltaic and solar thermo electric energy sources has been extensively
pursued by many countries. Earth based solar stations suffer certain basic
limitations. It is not possible to consider such systems and meeting continuous
uninterrupted concentrated base load electric power requirements.
Energy plays an important role in the material, social and cultural life of
mankind. The energy needs are increasing day by day.
 This is the result of population growth and increase in the standard of
living which is directly proportional to energy consumption. As we know that
mankind will be never lacking in energy. Today, it is liquid fluid, tomorrow it
may be uranium with an element of risk. Risk exists where ever there is human
activity and production of energy. Just as the supply of fossil fuel is finite thus
there will be the supply of uranium. Perhaps, uranium would be exhausted
quickly if it is used on a large scale. It is therefore, harnessing the gigantic
inexhaustible solar energy source reduces the dependence on fossil fuels. For
the environmental concerned, the solar energy harnessing system offers
advantages in that, it emits no pollutants in to the atmosphere as they are with
the combustion of fossil fuels. Thus, as a long term option solar energy system
can be considered as an alternate to all the finite fuel system. Therefore, there is
no energy shortage today nor will there be in the near future.
The lifting of water for drinking or irrigation purposes is of great importance in
widely distributed villages with little or no rural electrification and where
underground water is available. Solar energy is converted to mechanical energy
to drive small water pumps it would be of great help to the rural inhibitions.
In our project we use solar photo voltaic cells for pumping water. The photo
voltaic modules convert sunlight direct to electricity which is used to run a dc
motor pump for bailing of water. It consists of solar photo voltaic modules,
power conditioner to protect storage batteries from over charging during non-
sun shine and a dc water pump.
 1. FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR

2.1 FIGURE

2.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE

The complete diagram of the power generation using FOOT STEP is given
below. L-shapes window is inclined in certain small angle which is used to
generate the power. The pushing power is converted into electrical energy by
proper driving arrangement. The rack & pinion, spring arrangement is fixed at
the FOOT STEP which is mounded bellow the L-shapes window. The spring is
used to return the inclined L-shapes window in same position by releasing the
load. The pinion shaft is connected to the supporter by end bearings as shown in
fig. The larger sprocket also coupled with the pinion shaft, so that it is running
the same speed of pinion. The larger sprocket is coupled to the small cycle
sprocket with the help of chain (cycle). This larger sprocket is used to transfer
the rotation force to the smaller sprocket. The smaller sprocket is running same
direction for the forward and reverse direction of rotational movement of the
larger sprocket. This action locks like a cycle pedaling action.
 The fly wheel and gear wheel is also coupled to the smaller sprocket shaft.
The flywheel is used to increase the rpm of the smaller sprocket shaft. The gear
wheel is coupled to the generator shaft with the help of another gear wheel. The
generator is used here, is permanent magnet D.C generator. The generated
voltage is 12Volt D.C. This D.C voltage is stored to the Lead-acid 12 Volt
battery. The battery is connected to the inverter. This inverter is used to convert
the 12 Volt D.C to the 230 Volt A.C. This working principle is already explained
the above chapter. This 230 Volt A.C voltage is used to activate the light, fan
and etc. By increasing the capacity of battery and inverter circuit, the power
rating is increased. This arrangement is fitted in FOOT STEPs; the complete
arrangement is kept inside the floor level except the pushing arrangement.

2.3 ADVANTAGES

 Reliable, Economical, Eco-Friendly.

 Less consumption of Non- renewable energies.

 Excellent linearity over their dynamic range

 Wide frequency range, high frequencies can be measured

 Compact yet highly sensitive

 No moving parts - long service life

 Self-generating - no external power required

 Great variety of models available for nearly any purpose

 Integration of the output signal provides velocity and displacement.

2.4 APPLICATIONS
 Foot step generated power can be used for agricultural, home
applications, street-lighting.

 Foot step power generation can be used in emergency power failure

situations.

 Metros, Rural Applications etc.,

2. LIST OF COMPONENTS
 SHAFT

 RACK & PINION

 GEAR

 MILD STEEL PLATE

 SPRING

 ALTERNATOR

 HEX NUT AND NUT

 WASHER

3.1 SHAFTS
SHAFTS
3.1.1 DEFINATIONS.

A shaft is a rotating machine element which is used to transmit power

from one place to another. The various members such as pulleys, bearing, etc
are mounted on the shaft to transfer the power from one shaft to another. These
members along with forces exerted upon them causes the shaft to bending. It is
made up of mild steel. It is a straight rod, having a step. It is supported by the
bearing. A shaft is a rotating machine element which is used to transmit power.

The material used for ordinary shafts is mild steel. When high strength is
required, an alloy steel such as nickel, nickel-chromium or chromium-vanadium
steel is used. Shafts are generally formed by hot rolling and finished to size
by cold drawing or turning and grinding.

They are mainly classified into two types.

 Transmission shafts are used to transmit power between the source and
the machine absorbing power; e.g. counter shafts and line shafts.

 Machine shafts are the integral part of the machine itself; e.g. crankshaft.

3.1.2 DIAGRAM

a. RACK AND PINION

RACK AND PINION
3.2.1 DEFINATIONS
A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a pair of gears
which convert rotational motion into linear motion. A circular gear called "the
pinion" engages teeth on a linear "gear" bar called "the rack"; rotational motion
applied to the pinion causes the rack to move relative to the pinion, thereby
translating the rotational motion of the pinion into linear motion.

For example, in a rack railway, the rotation of a pinion mounted on a

locomotive or a railcar engages a rack between the rails and forces a train up a
steep slope.

For every pair of conjugate involute profile, there is a basic rack. This basic
rack is the profile of the conjugate gear of infinite pitch radius (i.e. a toothed
straight edge).[1]

A generating rack is a rack outline used to indicate tooth details and dimensions
for the design of a generating tool, such as a hob or a gear shaper cutter.[

Linear actuator

A linear actuator is an actuator that creates motion in a straight line, in contrast

to the circular motion of a conventional electric motor. Linear actuators are used
in machine tools and industrial machinery, in computer peripherals such as disk
drives and printers, in valves and dampers, and in many other places where
linear motion is required. Hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders inherently produce
linear motion. Many other mechanisms are used to generate linear motion from
a rotating motor.

Actuator

An actuator is a component of a machine that is responsible for moving and

controlling a mechanism or system, for example by opening a valve. In simple
terms, it is a "mover".

An actuator requires a control signal and a source of energy. The control signal
is relatively low energy and may be electric voltage or current, pneumatic or
hydraulic pressure, or even human power. Its main energy source may be an
electric current, hydraulic fluid pressure, or pneumatic pressure. When it
receives a control signal, an actuator responds by converting the signal's energy
into mechanical motion.
An actuator is the mechanism by which a control system acts upon an
environment. The control system can be simple (a fixed mechanical or
electronic system), software-based (e.g. a printer driver, robot control system), a
human, or any other input.

3.2.2 DIAGRAM

3.3 GEAR
GEAR

3.3.1 DEFINATIONS
 A gear or cogwheel is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or in the
case of a cogwheel, inserted teeth (called cogs), which mesh with another
toothed part to transmit torque. Geared devices can change the speed, torque,
and direction of a power source. Gears almost always produce a change in
torque, creating a mechanical advantage, through their gear ratio, and thus may
be considered a simple machine. The teeth on the two meshing gears all have
the same shape.[1] Two or more meshing gears, working in a sequence, are called
a gear train or a transmission. A gear can mesh with a linear toothed part, called
a rack, producing translation instead of rotation.

The gears in a transmission are analogous to the wheels in a crossed, belt pulley
system. An advantage of gears is that the teeth of a gear prevent slippage.

When two gears mesh, if one gear is bigger than the other, a mechanical
advantage is produced, with the rotational speeds, and the torques, of the two
gears differing in proportion to their diameters.

In transmissions with multiple gear ratios—such as bicycles, motorcycles, and

cars—the term "gear" as in "first gear" refers to a gear ratio rather than an actual
physical gear. The term describes similar devices, even when the gear ratio is
continuous rather than discrete, or when the device does not actually contains
gears, as in a continuously variable transmission.

3.3.2 DIAGRAM

Rotation

A rotation is a circular movement of an object around a center (or point) of

rotation. A three-dimensional object can always be rotated around an infinite
number of imaginary lines called rotation axes (/ˈæksiːz/ AK-seez). If the axis
passes through the body's center of mass, the body is said to rotate upon itself,
or spin. A rotation about an external point, e.g. the Earth about the Sun, is called
a revolution or orbital revolution, typically when it is produced by gravity. The
axis is called a pole.

Torque

Torque, moment, or moment of force is the rotational equivalent of linear

force.[1] The concept originated with the studies of Archimedes on the usage of
levers. Just as a linear force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a
twist to an object. The symbol for torque is typically , the lowercase Greek letter
tau. When being referred to as moment of force, it is commonly denoted by M.

In three dimensions, the torque is a pseudovector; for point particles, it is given

by the cross product of the position vector (distance vector) and the force vector.
The magnitude of torque of a rigid body depends on three quantities: the force
applied, the lever arm vector[2] connecting the origin to the point of force
application, and the angle between the force and lever arm vectors. In symbols

where

is the torque vector and is the magnitude of the torque,

r is the position vector (a vector from the origin of the coordinate system
defined to the point where the force is applied)
F is the force vector,
× denotes the cross product which is defined as magnitudes of the
respective vectors times , .
is the angle between the force vector and the lever arm vector.

The SI unit for torque is N⋅m. For more on the units of torque, see Units.

3.4 MILD STEEL PLATE

MILD STEEL PLATE

3.4.1 DEFINATIONS
 Sheet metal is metal formed by an industrial process into thin, flat pieces.
Sheet metal is one of the fundamental forms used in metal working and it can be
cut and bent into a variety of shapes. Countless everyday objects are fabricated
from sheet metal. Thicknesses can vary significantly; extremely thin sheets are
considered foil or leaf, and pieces thicker than 6 mm (0.25 in) are
considered plate steel or "structural steel."
Sheet metal is available in flat pieces or coiled strips. The coils are formed by
running a continuous sheet of metal through a roll slitter.
In most of the world, sheet metal thickness is consistently specified in
millimeters. In the US, the thickness of sheet metal is commonly specified by a
traditional, non-linear measure known as its gauge. The larger the gauge
number, the thinner the metal. Commonly used steel sheet metal ranges from 30
gauge to about 7 gauge. Gauge differs between ferrous (iron based) metals and
nonferrous metals such as aluminum or copper. Copper thickness, for example,
is measured in ounces; representing the weight of copper contained in an area of
one square foot. Parts manufactured from sheet metal must maintain a uniform
thickness for ideal results.[1]
There are many different metals that can be made into sheet metal, such
as aluminium, brass, copper, steel, tin, nickel and titanium. For decorative uses,
some important sheet metals include silver, gold, and platinum (platinum sheet
metal is also utilized as a catalyst.)
Sheet metal is used in automobile and truck (lorry) bodies, airplane fuselages
and wings, medical tables, roofs for buildings (architecture) and many other
applications. Sheet metal of iron and other materials with high
magnetic permeability, also known as laminated steel cores, has applications
in transformers and electric machines. Historically, an important use of sheet
metal was in plate armor worn by cavalry, and sheet metal continues to have
many decorative uses, including in horse tack. Sheet metal workers are also
known as "tin bashers" (or "tin knockers"), a name derived from the hammering
of panel seams when installing tin roofs.

3.4.2 DIAGRAM
3.5 SPRINGS
SPRINGS
3.5.1 DEFINATIONS

A spring is an elastic object that stores mechanical energy. Springs are

typically made of spring steel. There are many spring designs. In everyday use,
the term often refers to coil springs.
When a conventional spring, without stiffness variability features, is
compressed or stretched from its resting position, it exerts an opposing force
approximately proportional to its change in length (this approximation breaks
down for larger deflections). The rate or spring constant of a spring is the
change in the force it exerts, divided by the change in deflection of the spring.
That is, it is the gradient of the force versus deflection curve.
An extension or compression spring's rate is expressed in units of force divided
by distance, for example or N/m or lbf/in. A torsion spring is a spring that works
by twisting; when it is twisted about its axis by an angle, it produces
a torque proportional to the angle. A torsion spring's rate is in units of torque
divided by angle, such as N·m/rad or ft·lbf/degree. The inverse of spring rate is
compliance, that is: if a spring has a rate of 10 N/mm, it has a compliance of
0.1 mm/N. The stiffness (or rate) of springs in parallel is additive, as is the
compliance of springs in series.
Springs are made from a variety of elastic materials, the most common being
spring steel. Small springs can be wound from pre-hardened stock, while larger
ones are made from annealed steel and hardened after fabrication. Some non-
ferrous metals are also used including phosphor bronze and titanium for parts
requiring corrosion resistance and beryllium copper for springs carrying
electrical current (because of its low electrical resistance).

Springs can be classified depending on how the load force is applied to them:

 Tension/extension spring – the spring is designed to operate with

a tension load, so the spring stretches as the load is applied to it.

 Compression spring – is designed to operate with a compression load, so

the spring gets shorter as the load is applied to it.

 Torsion spring – unlike the above types in which the load is an axial
force, the load applied to a torsion spring is a torque or twisting force, and
the end of the spring rotates through an angle as the load is applied.
 Constant spring – supported load remains the same throughout deflection
cycle[5]

 Variable spring – resistance of the coil to load varies during

compression[6]

 Variable stiffness spring – resistance of the coil to load can be

dynamically varied for example by the control system,some types of these
springs also vary their length thereby providing actuation capability as well

3.5.2 DIAGRAM
3.6 ALTERNATOR
ALTERNATOR

3.6.1 DEFINATIONS

An alternator is an electrical generator that converts mechanical energy to

electrical energy in the form of alternating current.[2] For reasons of cost and
simplicity, most alternators use a rotating magnetic field with a
stationary armature. Occasionally, a linear alternator or a rotating armature with
a stationary magnetic field is used. In principle, any AC electrical generator can
be called an alternator, but usually the term refers to small rotating machines
driven by automotive and other internal combustion engines. An alternator that
uses a permanent magnet for its magnetic field is called a magneto. Alternators
in power stations driven by steam turbines are called turbo-alternators. Large 50
or 60 Hz three-phasealternators in power plants generate most of the world's
electric power, which is distributed by electric power grids.

3.6.2 HISTORY

Alternating current generating systems were known in simple forms from the
discovery of the magnetic induction of electric current in the 1830s. Rotating
generators naturally produced alternating current but, since there was little use
for it, it was normally converted into direct current via the addition of
a commutator in the generator.[8] The early machines were developed by
pioneers such as Michael Faraday and Hippolyte Pixii. Faraday developed the
"rotating rectangle", whose operation was heteropolar – each active conductor
passed successively through regions where the magnetic field was in opposite
directions.[9] Lord Kelvin and Sebastian Ferranti also developed early
alternators, producing frequencies between 100 and 300 Hz.
The late 1870s saw the introduction of first large scale electrical systems with
central generation stations to power Arc lamps, used to light whole streets,
factory yards, or the interior of large warehouses. Some, such as Yablochkov arc
lamps introduced in 1878, ran better on alternating current, and the development
of these early AC generating systems was accompanied by the first use of the
word "alternator".[10][8] Supplying the proper amount of voltage from generating
stations in these early systems was left up to the engineer's skill in "riding the
load".[11] In 1883 the Ganz Works invented the constant voltage generator[12] that
could produce a stated output voltage, regardless of the value of the actual load.
[13]
The introduction of transformers in the mid-1880s led to the widespread use
of alternating current and the use of alternators needed to produce it.[14] After
1891, polyphase alternators were introduced to supply currents of multiple
differing phases.[15] Later alternators were designed for various alternating
current frequencies between sixteen and about one hundred hertz, for use with
arc lighting, incandescent lighting and electric motors.[16] Specialized radio
frequency alternators like the Alexanderson alternator were developed
as longwave radio transmitters around World War 1 and used in a few high
power wireless telegraphy stations before vacuum tube transmitters replaced
them.

3.6.3 PRINCIPLE OF WORKING

A conductor moving relative to a magnetic field develops an electromotive

force (EMF) in it (Faraday's Law). This EMF reverses its polarity when it
moves under magnetic poles of opposite polarity. Typically, a rotating magnet,
called the rotor turns within a stationary set of conductors wound in coils on an
iron core, called the stator. The field cuts across the conductors, generating an
induced EMF (electromotive force), as the mechanical input causes the rotor to
turn.
The rotating magnetic field induces an AC voltage in the stator windings. Since
the currents in the stator windings vary in step with the position of the rotor, an
alternator is a synchronous generator.[3]
The rotor's magnetic field may be produced by permanent magnets, or by a field
coil electromagnet. Automotive alternators use a rotor winding which allows
control of the alternator's generated voltage by varying the current in the rotor
field winding. Permanent magnet machines avoid the loss due to magnetizing
current in the rotor, but are restricted in size, due to the cost of the magnet
material. Since the permanent magnet field is constant, the terminal voltage
varies directly with the speed of the generator. Brushless AC generators are
usually larger than those used in automotive applications.
An automatic voltage control device controls the field current to keep output
voltage constant. If the output voltage from the stationary armature coils drops
due to an increase in demand, more current is fed into the rotating field coils
through the voltage regulator (VR). This increases the magnetic field around the
field coils which induces a greater voltage in the armature coils. Thus, the
output voltage is brought back up to its original value.
Alternators used in central power stations also control the field current to
regulate reactive power and to help stabilize the power system against the
effects of momentary faults. Often there are three sets of stator windings,
physically offset so that the rotating magnetic field produces a three
phase current, displaced by one-third of a period with respect to each other.

3.6.4 DIAGRAM
3.7 HEX NUT AND BOLT
HEX BOLT

3.7.1 DEFINATIONS

A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always
used in conjunction with a mating bolt to fasten multiple parts together. The two
partners are kept together by a combination of their threads' friction (with
slight elastic deformation), a slight stretching of the bolt, and compression of
the parts to be held together.
In applications where vibration or rotation may work a nut loose, various
locking mechanisms may be employed: lock washers, jam nuts, specialist
adhesive thread-locking fluid such as Loctite, safety pins (split pins)
or lockwire in conjunction with castellated nuts, nylon inserts (nyloc nut), or
slightly oval-shaped threads.
Square nuts, as well as bolt heads, were the first shape made and used to be the
most common largely because they were much easier to manufacture, especially
by hand. While rare today[when?] due to the reasons stated below for the
preference of hexagonal nuts, they are occasionally used in some situations
when a maximum amount of torque and grip is needed for a given size: the
greater length of each side allows a spanner to be applied with a larger surface
area and more leverage at the nut.
The most common shape today is hexagonal, for similar reasons as the bolt
head: six sides give a good granularity of angles for a tool to approach from
(good in tight spots), but more (and smaller) corners would be vulnerable to
being rounded off. It takes only one sixth of a rotation to obtain the next side of
the hexagon and grip is optimal. However, polygons with more than six sides do
not give the requisite grip and polygons with fewer than six sides take more
time to be given a complete rotation. Other specialized shapes exist for certain
needs, such as wingnuts for finger adjustment and captive nuts (e.g. cage nuts)
for inaccessible areas.
A wide variety of nuts exists, from household hardware versions to specialized
industry-specific designs that are engineered to meet various technical
standards. Fasteners used in automotive, engineering, and industrial applications
usually need to be tightened to a specific torque setting, using a torque wrench.
Nuts are graded with strength ratings compatible with their respective bolts; for
example, an ISO property class 10 nut will be able to support the bolt proof
strength load of an ISO property class 10.9 bolt without stripping. Likewise, an
SAE class 5 nut can support the proof load of an SAE class 5 bolt, and so on.

3.7.2 DIAGRAM
3.8 WASHER
WASHER

3.8.1 DEFINATIONS

A washer is a thin plate (typically disk-shaped) with a hole (typically in

the middle) that is normally used to distribute the load of a threaded fastener,
such as a screw or nut. Other uses are as a spacer, spring (belleville washer,
wave washer), wear pad, preload indicating device, locking device, and to
reduce vibration (rubber washer). Washers usually have an outer diameter (OD)
about twice the width of their inner diameter (ID).
Washers are usually metal or plastic. High quality bolted joints require hardened
steel washers to prevent the loss of pre-load due to Brinelling after the torque is
applied.
Rubber or fiber gaskets used in taps (or faucets, or valves) to stop the flow of
water are sometimes referred to colloquially as washers; but, while they may
look similar, washers and gaskets are usually designed for different functions
and made differently.
Washers are also important for preventing galvanic corrosion, particularly by
insulating steel screws from aluminium surfaces.
The origin of the word is unknown; the first recorded use of the word was in
1346, however the first time its definition was recorded was in 1611.

3.8.2 DIAGRAM
4. DESIGN CALCULATION

4.1 SPECIFICATIONS

Rack
Material: mild steel
Length of rack =35cm

Pinion
Dia meter of pinion =3.5cm
No of teeth =22 no

Spring
Dia of wire (d) = 0.2cm
Mean dia of spring (D) =1.5mm
Number of turns (n) =26no
Free length =11.5cm

Dynamo
Material of yoke =mild steel

Spur Gear
No of teeth =22 no
Length of the gear =2.5cm
Thickness of the gear =1cm
Shaft
Length of the shaft =55cm
Dia of the shaft =1.6cm

Frame Dimensions
Length of the frame =63cm
Height of the frame =50cm
Width of the frame =26cm

4.2 CALCULATION

Power Output

N =100 rpm (assume)

Weight =70kg (average weight of human)

70X10 =700N

Power =force X velocity

P =700X3.14X16X10-3/60X100

P =58.6W

P =60 watts power is to be transmitted

 5. BILL OF MATERIALS

S.NO NAME OF THE COMPONENTS QUANTITY

1. Rack and Pinion 1 set

2. Gears 2
3. Springs 2
4. Supporting Rod 2

5. Shaft 1
6. Alternator 1
7. Mild Steel Plate 8
6. ADVANTAGES

 Power generation is simply walking on the step.

 Power also generated by running or exercising on the step.
 No need fuel input.
 This is a Non-conventional system.
 Battery is used to store the generated power.
 Reliable, Economical, Eco-Friendly.
 Less consumption of Non- renewable energies.
 Excellent linearity over their dynamic range
 Wide frequency range, high frequencies can be measured
 Compact yet highly sensitive
 No moving parts - long service life
 Self-generating - no external power required
 Great variety of models available for nearly any purpose
 Integration of the output signal provides velocity and displacement.
7. DISADVANTAGES

 Only applicable for the particular place.

 Mechanical moving parts are high.
 Initial cost of this arrangement is high.
 Care should be taken for batteries.

8. APPLICATIONS

Power generation using foot step can be used in most of the places such as

 Colleges.
 Schools.
 Cinema theatres.
 Shopping complex .
 Many other buildings.
 9. CONCLUSIONS

In concluding the words of our project, since the power generation using
foot step get its energy requirements from the Non-renewable source of energy.
There is no need of power from the mains and there is less pollution in this
source of energy. It is very useful to the places all roads and as well as all kind
of foot step which is used to generate the non conventional energy like
electricity. It is able to extend this project by using same arrangement and
construct in the footsteps/speed breaker so that increase the power production
rate by fixing school and colleges, highways etc.
10. REFERENCE

1. Design data book - P.S.G Tech

2. Machine tool design handbook - Central Machine Tool Institute,

Bangalore.
3. Strength of Materials - R.S. Kurmi
4. Manufacturing Technology - M. Haslehurst
5. Design of Machine Elements - R.S. Kurmi
11. PHOTOGRAPHY