Self-Excited

D.C.
Generators
 Self-Excited D.C. Generators

A d.c. generator whose field magnet

winding is supplied current from the
output of the generator itself is called a self-
excited generator.
 Self-Excited D.C. Generators

There are three types of self-excited

generators depending upon the manner in which
the field winding is connected to the armature,
namely;
(i) Series generator;
(ii) Shunt generator; and
(iii) Compound generator.
 (i) Series Generator

In a series wound generator, the field

winding is connected in series with
armature winding so that whole armature
current flows through the field winding as
well as the load. Fig.1.25(i) shows the
connections of a series wound generator.
Schematic Diagram of a Series Generator

I
Rse
se IL
Ia
+ + +
L
O
Eg R a Vat Vt A RL VL
- -
D
-

Fig.1.25(i)

Note: Vat = Vt + Vse Ia = Ise = IL

 Series Generator

Since the field winding carries

the whole of load current, it has a few
turns of thick wire having low
resistance.
Series generators are rarely used
except for special purposes e.g., as
boosters.
 Series Generator

Armature current, Ia = Ise = IL = I (say)

Terminal voltage, Vt = Eg – Ia(Ra + Rse)

Power developed in armature, Pg = EgIa

Power delivered to load, PL or Pout

PL = Vt IL = VLIa
= [Eg – Ia (Ra + Rse)] x Ia

= Eg Ia - Ia2 (Ra + Rse)

 Series Generator under Load
Condition
As soon as the generator supplies a
load current, the m.m.f. of the series field
winding produces a flux that aids the
residual flux.
Therefore, the induced emf, Eg, in the
armature winding is higher when the
generator delivers power than that at no-
load (Eg > Er).
 Series Generator Terminal Voltage

However, the terminal voltage, Vt , is

lower than the induced emf (Eg) due to

(a) the voltages across the armature resistance,

Ra, the series field resistance, Rse ;
Ia(Ra + Rse) and

(b) demagnetization action of the armature

reaction.
 (ii) Shunt Generator

In a shunt generator, the field winding

is connected in parallel with the armature
winding so that terminal voltage of the
generator is applied across it.
The shunt field winding has many
turns of fine wire having high resistance.
Therefore, only a part of armature
current flows through shunt field winding
(Ish) and the rest flows through the load (I ).
L
 Schematic Diagram of a Shunt Generator

Ish IL
Ia +
+
Eg R VL
Rsh Vsh Vat Vt L
Ra
_
Ia -

Ish Fig.1.26 IL

Fig.1.26 shows the connections of a shunt wound generator.

 Shunt Generator

Armature voltage Vat = Vsh = Vt = VL

Shunt field current Ish = Vt/Rsh

Armature current, Ia = IL + Ish

Terminal voltage Vt = Eg – Ia(Ra)

 Shunt Generator

Power developed in armature Pg = EgIa

Power delivered to load PL = Vt IL

Power Input, or shaft power

Pin = Pg + Prot

= Pout + Ploss
 Shunt Generator

Assuming a linear magnetization curve

Eg = k1Øpω = k1ØpN

= k1kfIfω = k1kfIfN
= kgωIf = kgNIf
= kgω (Vt/Rf) = kgN(Vt/Rf)
 Problem no.10

A two pole d.c. generator has an

armature containing a total of 40 conductors
connected in two parallel paths. The flux per
pole is 6.48 x 108 lines, and the speed of prime
mover is 30 r.p.m. The resistance of each
conductor is 0.01Ω, and the current-carrying
capacity of each conductor is 10A. Calculate:
(a) The average voltage generated per path,
E/path.
(b) The generated armature voltage, Eg.
 Problem no.10

(c) The armature current delivered to an

external (circuit) load, Ia
(d) The armature resistance, Ra
(e) The terminal voltage of the generator, Vt
(f) The generator power rating, P .
L
 Solution

(a) Average generated voltage per path: E/path

eave./conductor
Ø
T
x 10-8 volts
=
t

where: ØT = the total flux linked in one revolution

= P x Ø pole
= 2 (6.48 x 108)
= 1.296 x 109 lines
 Solution

t = time in one revolution

= (1/30 min/rev.) x (60 sec/min.)
= 2 sec.
Ø T
x 10-8 volts
eave./conductor =
t
1.296 x 109 lines
= x 10-8
2sec
= 6.48 V per conductor
 Solution

Therefore, the average voltage in the armature per path is

E/path = (e ave/conductor ) (no. of conductor/path)

= (eave/conductor) (Z/a)
= (6.48V/conductor) (40 conductors/2)

= 129.6 V …answer
 Solution

(b) Generated armature voltage, Eg

Eg = E/path
= 129.6 V …answer

(c) Armature current delivered to external circuit, Ia

I/cond. or I/path
Ia
Ia = (No. of parallel paths, a)
a

= 10 A (2)

= 20 A
 Solution

Ia
+

Ia E L
Ia
Eg a a path
o
a
Vt
d

I
- Ia
L

Circuit Diagram of Prob.10

 Solution

Ia
+

E Ia Ia E
path a a path

- Ia

Series-connected conductor/path, Z/a

 Solution

(d) Armature resistance: Ra

R/path
Ra =
No. of paths

(0.01Ω/conductor)(20 conductor/path)
=
2 paths
= 0.1 Ω

0.2(0.2)
Ra =
0.2 + 0.2
= 0.1 Ω
 Solution

(e) Terminal voltage of the generator, Vt , is

By K.V.L Vt = Eg - IaRa

= 129.6 V – 20A x 0.1Ω

= 127.6 V …answer
 Solution

(f) Generator power rating, PL , is

PL = Vt x IL

= 127.6V x 20A

= 2552 W …answer
 Problem no.11

An armature consists of 40 coils, and

each coil has 20 turns. When the armature is
rotated at 200 rad/s in a four-pole field
structure having a flux of 5 mWb/pole and
there are four paths in the armature,
calculate:
(a) the number of conductors, Z
(b) the voltage between brushes generated by
the armature, Eg.
 Solution

(a) Number of armature conductors

Z = 40 coils (20 turns/coil) (2 conductors/turn)

= 1,600 conductors …answer

 Solution

(b) Voltage between brushes generated by the armature

ZPØPω ZPØPN
Eg = or
2πa 60a
(1600)(4)(5x10-3)(200 rad/s)
=
2π (4)
= 254.6 V …answer

Note: ω = 2πN/60
 Problem no.12

A four-pole machine generates 250V when

operating at 1500 rpm. If the flux per pole is
1.85 x 106 maxwells, the number of armature
slots is 45 and the armature winding has two
parallel paths.
Calculate:
(a) the total no. of armature conductors, Z
(b) the number of conductors in each slots, Z/slot.
 Solution

(a) Total number of armature conductors is

Eg x 60 x a
Z =
ØP x P x N

250 x 60 x 2
=
1.85 x 106 x 4 x 1500

= 270 conductors …answer

 Solution

(b) Z/slot = 270 conductors/45 slots

= 6 conductors/slot …answer
 Problem no.13

A 30-kW, 250-V dc shunt generator has

an armature resistance of 0.124Ω and a field
resistance of 160 Ω. (a) Find the generated
armature voltage when the generator delivers
rated output power. (b) Find the generated
armature voltage when the generator is
delivering half-rated load at rated terminal
voltage.
Ans. (a) Eg = 265.1V, (b) Eg(½) = 257.6V
 Solution

Ia
+ PL,rated =
L
Ra = Rsh = o 30kW
a
Eg 0.124Ω 160Ω
d Vt =
_ 250V
Ish IL
Ia
 Solution

(a) At rated condition:

PL
Load current, IL =
Vt
30, 000W
=
250V
= 120A
 Solution

Field current,
Vt 250V
Ish = =
160Ω
Rsh
= 1.5625A

Armature current
Ia = IL + Ish
= 120A + 1.5625A

= 121.5625A
 Solution

Generated Armature Voltage at Full-load:

Eg = Vt + IaRa

= 250 V + 121.5625 A (0.124 Ω)

= 265.07375V …answer
 Solution

(b) At half-rated load condition:

IL ’ IL 120 A
= = = 60 A
2 2

Ish’ = Ish = 1.5625 A

Ia ’ = IL’ + Ish
= 60 A + 1.5625 A

= 61.5625 A
 Solution

Hence, the generated armature voltage at half-rated

load is:

Eg’ = Vt + Ia’ Ra
= 250 V + 61.5625 A x 0.124 Ω

= 257.63375 volts …answer

 Problem 14

A d.c. shunt generator has a full-load

output of 10-kW at a terminal voltage of 240-
V. The armature and shunt field resistances
are 0.6 and 160 ohms respectively. The sum
of the core and mechanical losses is 500 W.
Calculate the power required, in kW, at the
driving shaft at full-load, and the corresponding
efficiency.
Ans. (a) Pshaft = 11.978kW, (b) ηFL = 83.5%, p.931
 Solution

Ia +
+ PL =
L
Ra = Rsh = o 10kW
Eg a
0.6Ω 160Ω d Vt =
_ _ 240V
Ish IL
Ia

D.C. shunt generator

 Solution

240V
Field Current, Ish =
160Ω

= 1.5 A

10,000 W
Load Current, IL =
240V

= 41.67 A
 Solution

Armature Current, Ia

Ia = IL + Ish
= 41.67A + 1.5A
= 43.17A

Field Copper Loss, Ish2Rsh

Psh = (1.5 A)2 x 160 Ω

= 360 W
 Solution

Armature Copper Loss, Ia2Ra

P arm = (43.17A)2 x 0.6 Ω

= 1118 W

Total Losses in kW
PTOT, LOSS = Psh + P
arm
+ Pcore + mech
= 0.36 kW + 1.118 kW + 0.50 kW
= 1.978 kW
 Solution

Power Input at the Shaft , Pshaft

Pshaft = Pin = Pout + Ploss

= 10 kW + 1.978 kW

= 11.978 kW …answer
 Solution

Pout
Efficiency = x 100
Pin
10 x 100
=
11.978

= 83.5% …answer
 Problem 15

A 10-kW, 250-V, d.c., 6-pole shunt

generator runs at 1000 r.p.m. when
delivering full-load. The armature has 534
lap connected conductors. Full-load Cu loss
is 0.64 kW. The total brush drop is 1 volt.
Determine the flux per pole. Neglect shunt
current.

Ans. ØP = 30 mWb, p.928

 Solution

Ia +
+
L
PL = 10kW
Ra =? o
Rsh = 0 a
Eg d Vt = 250V
_ IL _
Ia
N = 1000 rpm D.C. shunt generator

Z = 534 conductors
PCU,FL = 0.64 kW
 Solution

Since shunt current is negligible, there is no

shunt Cu loss. The copper loss occurs in armature
only.
IL = Ia
= 10,000 W/250 V
= 40A

Ia2Ra = Arm. Cu loss (640 W)

= 402 X Ra
 Solution

Solving for Ra, we have

Ra = 0.40 Ω

Armature voltage drop

IaRa drop = 40A x 0.4Ω

= 16 V

Brush drop
Ib = 1V
 Solution

Generated armature voltage, Eg

Eg = Vt + IaRa + Vb
= 250 V + 16 V + 1V

= 267 V

Z ØP N P
Now, Eg = volt
60 a
 Solution

534 x ØP x 1000 6
267 =
60 6

Therefore, the flux per pole is

ØP = 30 x 10-3 Wb
= 30 mWb …answer
 Problem 16

A shunt generator delivers 195 A at

terminal p.d. of 250 V. The armature resistance and
shunt field resistance are 0.02 Ω and 50 Ω
respectively. The iron and friction losses equal 950
W. Find
(a) E.M.F. generated,
(b) Cu losses,
(c) Output of the prime mover,
(d) Commercial, mechanical and electrical efficiencies.

Ans. (a) Eg = 254V, (b)Cu loss = 2050W, (c) Ppm = 51750W, (d) ηC =
94.2%, ηm = 98.2%, ηe = 95.9%, p.928
 Solution

Ia +
+
L
Ra = 0.02Ω IL = 195 A
o
Rsh = 50 Ω a
Eg d Vt = 250 V
_ I L
_
Ia

D.C. shunt generator

Pi ron and friction = 950 W

 Solution

(a) E.M.F. generated in the armature, Eg

Field Current
250 V
Ish = = 5A
50 Ω

Armature Current
I a
= I + I
L sh

= 195 A + 5 A
= 200 A
 Solution

Armature Voltage Drop

IaRa = 200 A x 0.02 Ω

= 4V

Therefore, the generated E.M.F. in the armature is

Eg = Vt + IaRa
= 250 V + 4 V
= 254 V
 Solution

(b) Arm. Cu Loss

Ia2 Ra = (200A)2 x 0.02Ω
= 800 W

Shunt Cu Loss

Vt Ish = 250 V x 5 A

= 1250 W
 Solution

Therefore, the total copper loss

PTOT,CU = Psh + P
arm

= 1250 W + 800 W

= 2050 W …answer
 Solution

(c) Stray Losses = 950 W

Total Losses = Cu losses + Stray losses (Prot)

PTOT, LOSSES = 2050 W + 950 W
= 3000 W

Output Power, Pout

V t IL = 250 V x 195 A
= 48,750 W
 Solution

Input = Output + Losses

Pin = 48,750 W + 3000 W

= 51,750 W

Therefore, the output of the prime mover is

Pprime mover = 51,750W …answer

 Solution

(d) Electrical power produced in armature, Pg

Pg = Pin - Friction and iron losses

= 51,750 W - 950 W

= 50,800 W
 Solution

Mechanical Efficiency is

ηmech Pg
= x 100
Pin
50,800
= x 100
51,750
…answer
= 98.2%
 Solution

Electrical Efficiency is

η Pout
elec = x 100
Pg
48,750
= x 100
50,800
= 95.9% …answer
 Solution

and Commercial or Overall Efficiency is

ηcom Pout
x
= 100
Pin
48,750
= x 100
51,750
= 94.2% …answer
 Problem 17

A 4-pole, lap-wound, d.c. shunt generator

has a useful flux per pole of 0.07 Wb. The
armature winding consists of 220 turns each
of 0.004 Ω resistance. Calculate the terminal
voltage when running at 900 r.p.m. if the
armature current is 50 A.

Ans. Vt = 459.25 V, p.920

 Solution

N = 900 r.p.m.
ØP = 0.07 Wb

Lap-wound: a = P=4
Resistance per turn = 0.004 Ω

Total number of armature conductors, Z, are

Z = 220 turns (2 conductors/turn)
= 440 conductors
 Solution

Single turn of coil

coil sides = 1 turn =

(conductors) 2 conductors
 Solution

Generated armature voltage, Eg , are

ØP Z N P
Eg =
60 a

0.07 x 440 x 900 4

=
60 4

= 462 volt
 Solution

Total resistance of 220 turns (or 440 conductors)

R TOT, armature.
= 220 turns (0.004 Ω resistance/turn)

= 0.88 Ω

Resistance of each path , RT/a

Rpath =
0.88Ω
4
= 0.22 Ω
 Solution

Now, there are four such resistances in parallel each of value

0.22Ω

Therefore, the armature resistance, Ra

RT/a
Ra =
path
0.22Ω
=
4
= 0.055 Ω
 Solution

Armature drop
Ia R a = 50 A x 0.055 Ω
= 2.75 V

Now, the terminal voltage, Vt

V t
= Eg - IaRa
= 462 V - 2.75 V
= 459.25 V …answer
Compound Generator
(iii) Compound Generator

In a compound-wound generator,
there are two sets of field windings on
each pole-one is in series and the other
in parallel with the armature.
 Compound Generator

(a) Cumulative Compound Generator

When the two field windings are

connected such that the fluxes aid each
other or when this mmf of the series field is
aiding the mmf of the shunt field.
Differential Compound Generator

(b) Differential Compound Generator

When the two field windings are

connected such that oppose each other or,
when the mmf of the series field is opposing
the mmf of the shunt field.
 Differential Compound Generator

Note:

The series field is wound over the shunt

field because the series field carrying high
current, is kept cool more readily when placed
on the outside.
(a) Short-Shunt Compound Generator

A compound wound generator may be:

(a) Short Shunt in which only shunt field winding is

in parallel with the armature winding
 Short-Shunt Compound Generator

Vse
Rse
Ish Ise IL
Ia +
+
L
Eg O R
Rsh Vsh Vat A
L V t = VL
Ra D
_ -
Ish Ia IL

Fig.1.27
 Short-Shunt Compound Generator

Series field current, Ise = IL

Shunt field current, Ish

Vt + Vse Vt + IseRse
= =
Rsh Rsh

Armature Current, Ia = IL + Ish

Terminal voltage, Vt = Eg – IaRa – IseRse
Short-Shunt Compound Generator

Power developed in armature, Pg = EgIa

Power delivered to load, Pout = Vt IL

where:
Vat = Vsh = Vt + Vse
= Eg – IaRa
 Long-Shunt Compound Generator

(b) Long Shunt in which shunt field winding is in parallel

with both series field and armature winding.

Ish +
Vse IL
Ise Rse +
L
+ O
Vsh V t = VL R
Rsh Eg
L A
D
Vat _
Ra
_
Ish Ia IL
-
 Long-Shunt Compound Generator

Series field current, Ise = Ia = IL + Ish

Shunt field current, Ish = Vt/Rsh

Terminal voltage, Vt = Vsh

= Eg – Ia(Ra + Rse)

Power developed in armature, Pg = EgIa

Power delivered to load, Pout = VtIL

Note: Vat = Eg – IaRa

1.10 Degrees of Compounding

Three distinct degrees of compounding of a

compound generator.
1. Under Compound Generator
It has a load-voltage characteristic in
which the full-load voltage (VFL) is somewhat
less than the no-load voltage (Eg, NL). It has a
better voltage regulation than the shunt
generator.
These generators are seldom used.
 Degrees of Compounding

2. Flat or Normal Compound Generator

It has equal voltages at no-load and

full- load. It has zero voltage regulation. A
flat compound generator is used when the
distance between the generator and the
load is short.
Flat or Normal Compound Generator

In other words, no significant

voltage drop occurs on the transmission
line (called the feeder) connecting the
generator to the load. e.g. hotels and office
buildings.
 Degrees of Compounding

3. Over Compound Generator

When the full-load voltage (VFL) is

higher than the no-load voltage (Eg, NL), the
generator is said to be over-compound.
An over-compound generator is the
generator of choice when the generator is
connected to a load via a long transmission
line.
 Over Compound Generator

The long transmission line implies

a significant drop in voltage and loss
in power over the transmission line.
The degree of compounding is
determined primarily by the number
of full-load series-ampere turns with
respect to the shunt field turns.
 Over-Compound Generator

Many series field turns will produce

over-compounding, where few - series field
turns will give the generator an under-
compound characteristic.
It always has a negative voltage regulation.
External Characteristics of a DC Compound
Generators

Over
Flat

Eg Vt
Under
Volts

Rated Output

Current, IL
Fig.1.29
1.11 Brush Contact Drop

It is the voltage drop over the brush

contact resistance when current flows.
Obviously, its value will depend upon the
amount of current flowing and the value of
contact resistance. This drop is generally
small and include the brushes of both
polarities.
 Brush Contact Drop

Vb = IaRb, volts

where: Vb = brush contact drop, volts

Ia = Ib = brush or armature current, amps
Rb = brush resistance, ohms
 Brush Contact Drop

However, in practice, the brush

contact drop is assumed to have
following constant values for all loads.

0.5 V for metal-graphite brushes

2.0 V for carbon brushes
 1.12 Losses in a D.C. Machine

The losses in a d.c. machine (generator or

motor) may be divided into three classes viz
(i) Copper Losses, Ia2Ra
(ii) Iron or Core Losses, Ph+e and
(iii) Mechanical Losses, Pmech.

Note: All these losses appear as heat and thus raise

the temperature of the machine. They also
lower the efficiency of the machine.
 Total Losses in a D.C. Machine
Armature Cu Loss
Copper I2R
Shunt Cu Loss
Losses
Series Cu Loss
Iron Ph+e Hysteresis Loss
Losses in
DC Machine Losses Magnetic Losses

Eddy Current Loss

SPL or Prot
Pf + w Friction
Mechanical
Losses Windage
 1. Copper Losses

These losses occur due to currents in the

various windings of the machine.

(i) Armature copper loss = Ia2Ra

(ii) Shunt field copper loss = Ish2Rsh
(iii) Series field copper loss = Ise2Rse
 Copper Losses

Note:
There is also brush contact loss due
to brush contact resistance (i.e., resistance
between the surface of brush and surface
of commutator). This loss is generally
included in armature copper loss.
 2. Iron or Core Losses, Ph+e

These losses occur in the armature of a d.c.

machine and are due to the rotation of armature
in the magnetic field of the poles. They are of
two types viz.,
(i) Hysteresis Loss, Ph

(ii) Eddy current Loss, Pe

Note: Hysteresis and eddy-current losses (Ph+e) are

sometimes called magnetic losses, Pm
 (i) Hysteresis Loss

Hysteresis loss occurs in the armature of the d.c

machine since any given part of the armature is
subjected to magnetic field reversals as it passes
under successive poles. Fig.1.31 shows an
armature rotating in two-pole machine.

ab ba
N S

Fig.1.31
 Hysteresis Loss

Consider a small piece ab of the

armature.
When the piece ab is under N-pole,
the magnetic lines pass from a to b. Half
a revolution later, the same piece of iron
is under S-pole and magnetic lines pass
from b to a so that magnetism in the iron
is reversed.
 Hysteresis Loss

In order to reverse continuously the

molecular magnets in the armature core,
some amount of power has to be spent
which is called hysteresis loss.
 Steinmetz Formula

It is given by Steinmetz formula. This formula is

Hysteresis loss, Ph = ηB1.6max f V watts

where:
Bmax = Maximum flux density in armature in Wb/m2
f = Frequency of magnetic reversals in Hz.
= PN/120, where N is in r.p.m.
V = Volume of armature in m3.
η = Steinmetz hysteresis coefficient.
 Steinmetz Formula

Note: In order to reduce this loss in a

d.c. machine, armature core is made of
such materials which have a low value of
Steinmetz hysteresis coefficient e.g., silicon
steel.
 (ii) Eddy Current Loss

In addition to the voltages induced in the armature

conductors, there are also voltages induced in the
armature core. These voltages produce circulating
currents in the armature core as shown in Fig.1.32.
Eddy-Currents

N S

Fig.1.32
 Eddy Current Loss

These are called eddy currents and

power loss due to their flow is called eddy
current loss. The eddy current loss
appears as heat which raises the
temperature of the machine and lowers
its efficiency.
 Eddy Current Loss

If a continuous solid iron core is used,

the resistance to eddy current path will be
small due to large cross-sectional area of the
core. Consequently, the magnitude of eddy
current and hence eddy current loss will be
large.

Fig.1.33
 Eddy Current Loss

The magnitude of eddy current can be

reduced by making core resistance as high as
practical.

The core resistance can be greatly

increased by constructing the core of thin,
round iron sheets called laminations [See
Fig.1.33]. The laminations are insulated
from each other with a coating of varnish.
 Eddy Current Loss

The insulating coating has a high

resistance, so very little current flows from
one lamination to the other.
Also, because each lamination is
very thin, the resistance to current flowing
through the width of a lamination is also
quite large.
 Eddy Current Loss

Thus laminating a core increases the core resistance

which decreases the eddy current and hence the eddy
current loss.

Eddy current loss, Pe = keB2maxf2t2V watts

where : ke = constant depending upon the electrical

resistance of core and system of units used.
Bmax = maximum flux density in Wb/m2 .
f = frequency of magnetic reversals in Hz.
t = thickness of lamination in m.
V = volume of core in m3.
Note

It may be noted that eddy current

loss depends upon the square of
lamination thickness. For this reason,
lamination thickness should be kept as
small as possible.
 Problem no.18

The hysteresis and eddy current

losses in a d.c. machine running at
1000 r.p.m. are 250 W and 100 W
respectively. If the flux remains
constant, at what speed will be total
iron losses be halved?

Ans. N = 570 r.p.m.

 Solution

Ph ∞ f and Pe ∞ f 2
Since f, the frequency of reversal of magnetization, is
directly proportional to the armature speed.

Ph ∞ N and Pe ∞ N2

Therefore,
Ph = kh x N and Pe = ke N2

Total loss: P1 = Ph + Pe = khN + keN2

 Solution

Now,
Ph = 250 W
Therefore, kh x (1000/60) = 250; kh = 15

Pe = 100 W
Therefore, ke x (1000/60)2 = 100; ke = 9/25
 Solution

Let N be the new speed in r.p.s. at which total

loss is one half of the loss at 1000 r.p.m.

New loss, P2 = (Ph + Pe)/2 = (250 + 100)/2

= 175 W
Therefore, the total loss is
P2 = khN2 + keN22
175 = 15N2 + (9/25)N22
 Solution

or 9N22 + 375N2 - 4.375 = 0

Therefore,

N2 = -375 ± √375 2 + 36 x 4.375

2x9
= -375 ± 546 = 9.5 r.p.s.
18
N2 = 570 r.p.m.
 Note
It may be noted that at the new speed,N2,
2
Ph2 N2 Pe2 N2
= & =
Ph1 N1 Pe1 N1
Therefore,
Ph2 = 250 x (570/1000) = 142.5 W
and Pe2 = 100 x (570/1000)2 = 32.5 W
Total loss, P2 = 142.5 + 32.5 = 175 W
 3. Mechanical Losses, Pmech

These losses are due to friction and windage.

(i) Friction loss e.g., bearing friction, brush friction, etc.

(ii) Windage loss i.e., air friction of rotating armature.

These losses depend upon the speed of the machine.
But for a given speed, they are practically constant.

Note. Iron losses and mechanical losses together are called

stray power losses (SPL or Prot).
 Power Flow Diagram of a DC Generator

Pg = Tg x ω Pout = Vt IL
Pin =
Tin x ω = Eg x Ia

Prot Ia2Ra If2Rf

Copper Losses, PCu

Fig.1.34. Power flow diagram of a DC Generator.

Note: PCu = Ia2Ra + If2Rf

Pin = Pg + Prot
Pg = PCu + Pout
1.13 Constant and Variable Losses

The losses in a d.c. generator (or d.c.

motor) may be sub-divided into:

(i) Constant or Standing Losses, Pk

(ii) Variable Losses, Pvar

or Plosses = Pk + Pvar
(i) Constant or Standing Losses, Pk

Those losses in a d.c. generator which

remain constant at all loads are known as
constant losses. The constant losses in a
d.c. generator are:
(a) Iron Losses, Ph+e
(b) Mechanical Losses, Pmech
(c) Shunt field Losses, Psh
 (ii) Variable Losses

Those losses in a d.c. generator which vary

with load are called variable losses.

The variable losses in a d.c. generator are:

(a) Copper loss in armature winding (Ia2Ra)
(b) Copper loss in series field winding (Ise2Rse)

Total losses = Constant losses + Variable losses = Pk + Pvar

Note: Field Cu loss is constant for shunt and compound generators.

 1.13 Power Stages
The various power stages in a d.c. generator
are represented diagrammatically in Fig.1.35.
A - B = Iron and Friction Losses; B - C = Copper Losses
A B C
Electric
Mechanical Iron & power Copper Electric
Power friction developed in losses power
Input losses armature output

Pin = Tin ω Pg = Eg Ia Pout = Vt IL

Fig.1.35
 Efficiency

(i) Mechanical Efficiency

B Pg EgIa
ηm =
A
=
Pin
=
mechanical power input

(ii) Electrical Efficiency

C Pout VtIL
ηe = = =
electric power developed
B Pg
(iii) Commercial or Overall Efficiency
C Pout VtIL
ηc = = =
electric power output
A Pin
 Commercial Efficiency

Clearly, ηC = ηm x ηe

Unless otherwise stated, commercial efficiency is

always understood.

Now, Commercial Efficiency,

C Output Input – Losses

η C = = =
A Input Output
 Problem no.19

A 150 kW 250-volt compound

generator is connected long-shunt. If the
shunt field resistance is 20 Ω. What is the
series field current at full-load?

Ans. Ise = 625A

 Solution

Assuming a long-shunt connection:

+
Ia IL PL =
Ise +
Rse 150kW
L
+ Vsh Vt
Eg Rsh O RL Vt =
A
Ra
_ Ish
D
_ 250V
Ia IL
-
 Solution

PL 150,000 W
IL = = = 600 A
Vt 250V

Ish Vsh Vt 250V

= = = = 12.5A
Rsh Rsh 20Ω

Ia = IL + Ish = 600A + 12.5A = 612.5 A

Therefore, the series field current at full-load is

Ise = Ia = 612.5A
 Problem no.20

If the generator of Problem 19 is connected

short – shunt, what is the full-load series field
current?

Ish Ise Rse

+
Ia + IL
L PL =
Eg O
Rsh Vsh Vat RL 150kW
A
Ra D Vt =
_ -
Ish Ia IL 250V
 Solution

P 150,000 W
IL = L
=
V t
250V
= 600 A

IL = Ise

Therefore, the full-load series field current is

Ise = 600 A
 Problem no.21

A long-shunt compound generator has a

shunt field with 1200 turns per pole and a
series-field with 4½ turns per pole. If the shunt
field and series field ampere turns are,
respectively, 1200 and 196. Calculate the
power delivered to the load when the
terminal voltage is 230.

Ans. PL = 9788.8 watts

 Solution
Shunt field ampere-turns
Ish =
Shunt field turns
1200AT
= = 1.0A
1200T

Series field ampere-turns

Ise =
Series field turns
=
196AT
= 43.56A
4.5T

But Ia = Ise = 43.56A

 Solution

Hence, IL = Ia - Ish

= 43.56A – 1A = 42.56 A

Therefore, the power delivered to the load is

PL = VtIL
= 230V x 42.56A
= 9788.8 W
 Problem no. 22

A short-shunt compound
generator has a full-load current of
60A. If the series field resistance is
0.04Ω and a diverter carries 24A,
what is the diverter resistance?

Ans. Rd = 0.06Ω
 Solution
Rd

Id
IL Ise IL

Rse +
+ L
Eg O
Rsh Ra RL A
_ D
-

Short-shunt compound DC generator with diverter resistance.

 Solution

Vd = Vse
IdRd = IseRse
IdRd = (IL - Id)Rse

(IL - Id)Rse
Therefore, Rd =
Id
=
60 - 24 X 0.04Ω
24
= 0.06Ω
 Problem no.23

A 240-V, short-shunt, cumulative compound

generator is rated at 100 A. The shunt field
current is 3A. It has an armature resistance of
50 mΩ, a series field resistance of 10 mΩ, a field
diverter resistance of 40 mΩ, and a rotational
loss of 2 kW. The generator is connected to the
load via feeder, Rfeeder, of 30 mΩ resistance.
When the generator is supplying the full-load
at the rated voltage,
 Problem no.23

Determine:
(a) Induced e.m.f. at rated load,
(b) Total copper loss at full-load,
(c) Power developed or power generated at rated load,

(d) Power input at full-load, and

(e) The efficiency at full-load.

Ans. (a) Eg = 248.95V, (b) PCU loss = 1641.85W, (c) Pg = 25641.85W,

(d) Pin = 27641.85W, (e) ηFL = 86.82%
 Solution
Rd = 40mΩ

Id
Ise Rfeeder = 30mΩ
I L

Rse = 10mΩ IL=

Ia IL = Ifeeder
+ + 100A
L
Rsh Ish = Eg Ra = 50mΩ O
A RL Vt =
3A D
_ 240V
Ia -

Short-shunt compound generator with diverter resistance

 Solution

Power output at rated load:

PL = VI t L

= 240V x 100A
= 24,000W

Armature current at rated load:

Ia = IL + Ish
= 100A + 3A
= 103 A
 Solution

By current division rule

Rd
Ise = x IL
Rd + Rse

=
0.04Ω x 100 A
0.04Ω +0.01 Ω

= 80 A
 Solution

Diverter current, Id, is

Id = IL - ISE
= 100 A – 80 A
= 20 A
(a) Induced e.m.f. at rated load

Eg = Vt + ILRfeeder + IseRse + IaRa

= 240 V + 100A(0.03Ω) + 80A(0.01Ω) + 103A(0.05Ω)
= 248.95 volt ..answer
 Solution

(b) V sh = E - IR
g a a

= 248.95 V - 103 A x 0.05 Ω

= 243.8 volt

Hence, the shunt field resistance is

Rsh = Vsh/Ish
= 243.8 V/3 A
= 81.267 Ω
 Solution

Copper losses at full-load:

Armature: Ia2Ra = 1032 x 0.05 = 530.45 W

Series field: Ise2Rse = 802 x 0.01 = 64.00 W

Shunt field: Ish2Rsh = 32 x 81.267 = 731.40 W

Diverter: Id2Rd = 202 x 0.04 = 16.00 W

Feeder: 2R
IL = 1002 x 0.03 = 300.00 W
feeder
 Solution

Total Copper Loss at full-load :

PCU = (530.45 + 64 + 731.4 + 16 + 300) W

= 1641.85 W ..answer

(c) The power developed at rated load is

Pg = P + Pout
CU

= 24,000 W + 1641.85 W
= 25,641.85 W ..answer
 Solution

Or Pg = Eg x Ia
= 248.95 V x 103 A
= 25,641.85 W

(d) The power input at full-load is

Pin = P + P
g rot

= 25,641.85 W + 2000 W
= 27,641.85 W ..answer
 Solution

(e) The efficiency at full-load is

η P out
= x 100
P in

=
24,000 x 100
27,641.85

= 86.82 % ..answer
 Solution

Prot = 2000W PCU = 1641.85W

Pin = Pg = Pout =
27,641.85W 25,641.85W 24,000W

The power flow diagram is given below

 Problem 24

The following information is given for

a 300-kW, 600-V long-shunt compound generator:
shunt field resistance (Rsh) = 75Ω; armature
resistance (Ra) including brushes = 0.03Ω;
commutating field winding resistance (RC) =
0.011Ω; series field resistance (Rse) = 0.012Ω;
diverter resistance (Rd) = 0.036Ω. When the
machine is delivering rated load, calculate the
voltage and power generated by the armature.

Ans. (a) Eg = 625.4V, (b) Pg = 317.7kW

 Solution
Rd = 36 mΩ

Id
Ise IL
Rse = 12 mΩ
Rc = Ia + PL =
11 mΩ L 300kW
O
+ Rsh = Vsh A RL
D Vt =
Ra+b Eg 75Ω 600V
-
= 0.03Ω _ Ia Ish I L
 Solution

Load current at rated load

IL =
PL
Vt

=
300,000 W
600V
= 500 A
 Solution

Shunt field current at rated load

Ish =
Vsh Vt
=
Rsh Rsh
600V
=
75Ω

= 8.0A
 Solution

Armature current at rated load

Ia = IL + Ish
= 500 A + 8 A
= 508 A

Let R be the equivalent resistance of Rd and Rse

Rd Rse 36 x 12
R = =
Rd + Rse 36 + 12
= 9 mΩ
 Solution

The voltage generated by the armature at rated load

Eg = Vt + Ia (R(a + b) + Rc + R)

= 600 V + 508 A(0.03 Ω + 0.011 Ω + 0.009 Ω)

= 625.4 volts ..answer
 Solution

The power generated by the armature at rated load:

Pg = Eg Ia
= 625.4V x 508A
= 317,703.2 W or
= 317.7 kW ..answer
 2.1. Armature Reaction

Introduction
In a d.c. generator, the purpose of
field winding is to produce magnetic field
(called main flux) whereas the purpose of
armature winding is to carry armature
current. Although the armature winding is
not provided for the purpose of producing
a magnetic field, nevertheless the current
 Introduction

in the armature winding will also produce

magnetic flux (called armature flux).
The armature flux distorts and
weakens the main flux posing problems
for the proper operation of the d.c.
generator. The action of armature flux on
the main flux is called armature reaction.
 Main and Armature Flux

So far we have assumed that the

only flux acting in a d.c. machine is that
due to the main poles called main flux.
However, current flowing through
armature conductors also creates a
magnetic flux (called armature flux) that
distorts and weakens the flux coming
from the poles.
 Armature Reaction

This distortion and field

weakening takes place in both
generators and motors. The action
of armature flux on the main flux is
known as armature reaction.
 Phenomenon of Armature Reaction

The phenomenon of armature reaction in a d.c. generator

is shown in Fig.2.1. Only one pole is shown for clarity.

Fig.2.1
 Flux due to Main Pole

When the generator is on no-load, a small

current flowing in the armature does not
appreciably affect the main flux Ø1 coming from
the pole [See Fig.2.1(i)].
When the generator is loaded, the current
flowing through armature conductors sets up
flux Ø1 .