Technicaltraining.

Productinformation.
F48Powertrain

BMWService
Generalinformation

Symbolsused

Thefollowingsymbolisusedinthisdocumenttofacilitatebettercomprehensionortodrawattention
toveryimportantinformation:

Containsimportantsafetyinformationandinformationthatneedstobeobservedstrictlyinorderto
guaranteethesmoothoperationofthesystem.

Informationstatusandnational-marketversions

BMWGroupvehiclesmeettherequirementsofthehighestsafetyandqualitystandards.Changes
inrequirementsforenvironmentalprotection,customerbenefitsanddesignrendernecessary
continuousdevelopmentofsystemsandcomponents.Consequently,theremaybediscrepancies
betweenthecontentsofthisdocumentandthevehiclesavailableinthetrainingcourse.

ThisdocumentbasicallyrelatestotheEuropeanversionofleft-handdrivevehicles.Someoperating
elementsorcomponentsarearrangeddifferentlyinright-handdrivevehiclesthanshowninthe
graphicsinthisdocument.Furtherdifferencesmayariseasaresultoftheequipmentspecificationin
specificmarketsorcountries.

Additionalsourcesofinformation

Furtherinformationontheindividualtopicscanbefoundinthefollowing:

Owner'sHandbook
IntegratedServiceTechnicalApplication.

Contact:conceptinfo@bmw.de

2015BMWAG,Munich

ReprintsofthispublicationoritspartsrequirethewrittenapprovalofBMWAG,Munich

Theinformationcontainedinthisdocumentformsanintegralpartofthetechnicaltrainingofthe
BMWGroupandisintendedforthetrainerandparticipantsintheseminar.Refertothelatestrelevant
informationsystemsoftheBMWGroupforanychanges/additionstothetechnicaldata.

Informationstatus:June2015
BV-72/TechnicalTraining
F48Powertrain
Contents
1. DriveVariants.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Model.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2
1.2. Enginedesignation............................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
1.2.1. Engineidentification........................................................................................................................................................ 3

2. CoolingSystem................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4
2.1. Coolingmodule.........................................................................................................................................................................................................4

3. AutomaticTransmission..................................................................................................................................................................................................6
3.1. Designation...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
3.2. Functiondiagram................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
3.3. Ratios.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
3.4. Directshifting.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
3.5. Coastinginidle..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
3.6. LaunchControl......................................................................................................................................................................................................11
3.6.1. Activationoflaunchcontrol............................................................................................................................. 12
3.7. ConnectedShift..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
3.7.1. Characteristicsandavailability.................................................................................................................... 12
3.8. NotesforService............................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
3.8.1. Specialtools.............................................................................................................................................................................13
3.8.2. Manuallyunlockingthedrivepositionlock............................................................................. 13
3.8.3. Availablereplacementparts............................................................................................................................ 14

4. xDrive.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 15
4.1. Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 15
4.1.1. Comparisonofall-wheeldrivesystems........................................................................................15
4.2. Systemcomponents.................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
4.2.1. Angulargearbox................................................................................................................................................................. 18
4.2.2. Propellershaft....................................................................................................................................................................... 20
4.2.3. Rearaxledifferential.................................................................................................................................................... 23
4.2.4. Systemwiringdiagram............................................................................................................................................26
4.3. Function............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 27
4.3.1. Longitudinaltorquedistribution............................................................................................................... 27
4.3.2. Operatingstrategy..........................................................................................................................................................29
4.4. NotesforService............................................................................................................................................................................................... 30

5. OutputShaft,Front..............................................................................................................................................................................................................31
F48Powertrain
1.DriveVariants
TheF48isavailablewithxDrive.Thefollowinggraphicshowsthelayoutofthatversion.

F48Drive

IntheF48acompletelynewdriveunitisused,whichfitsperfectlywiththespatialfunctionalconcept
oftheBMWX1thankstoitsmodel-specificdesign.

ThenewBMWX1xDrive28iisoneofthefirstvehiclesofBMWwhichwillbedrivenbythebrandnew
4-cylinderengine.Itisapartofthenewlydevelopedmodularenginefamily.Itisalightweight,powerful
andeconomicalengine,whichisequippedwithBMWTwinPowerTurbotechnology.

Specialfeatures

New4-cylinderengines
Enginewithtransversemounting
xDrive
AllenginessatisfytheexhaustemissionstandardsSULEV

1
F48Powertrain
1.DriveVariants
Thefollowinglistshowstheadvantagesofthedifferentdriveconcepts(forvehicleswithafront
engine):

Front-wheeldrive Rear-wheeldrive

Thedriveunitiscomparativelycompact Smallturningcirclepossible,asno
andisintegratedbetweentheaxle rearviewofthedriverequiredwiththe
mounting,steeringandfootwell. steeredfrontaxle.
Largeandvariablespatialoffering Noannoyingdriveinfluencesinthe
thankstoreductionordeletionof steering.
thetransmissiontunnelandrearaxle
Goodpowertransmissiontothe
differential.
roadwayduringacceleration,asthe
Weightandcostreductions,dueto drivenaxleisloaded(primarilywhen
deletionofpropellershaftandrearaxle drivingoffoninclines).
differential,aswellasintegrationofthe
Balancedaxle-loaddistribution
differentialinthetransmission.
possible.
Goodtractiononsmoothroadway,
Excellentdynamiccorneringbehavior.
independentoftheloadstatusofthe
vehicle,duetohigheraxleloadatthe
drivenaxle.
Reasonablebehaviorintheevent
ofahead-oncollision(engineand
transmissionintrudethepassenger
compartmentless).

1.1.Model
ThefollowingmodelisofferedforthemarketintroductionoftheF48:

Model BMW228i
Engine B46A20O0
Cylinders 4
Displacement [cm] 1998
Power [kW(HP)] 170(231)
Torque [Nm] 350
Automatictransmission GA8F22AW
Manualgearbox

2
F48Powertrain
1.DriveVariants
1.2.Enginedesignation
Inthetechnicaldocumentation,theenginedesignationisusedtoensureunambiguousidentification
oftheengine.InthefollowingtabletheenginedesignationsusedintheF48areexplained.

Position Meaning Index Explanation

1 Enginedeveloper B BMWGroup
2 Enginetype 4 4-cylinderin-lineengine
3 Changetothebasic 8 Turbo-Valvetronicdirectinjection(TVDI)
engineconcept
4 Workingmethodorfuel A Petrolengine,transversalinstallation
andinstallationposition
5+6 Displacementin1/10liter 20 2.0litersdisplacement
7 Performanceclass U Lower
M Middle
O Upper
8 Revisionrelevantto 0 Newdevelopment
approval 19 Redesign

1.2.1.Engineidentification
The7-digitengineidentificationisonthecrankcase.Thefirst6digitsoftheengineidentificationare
deducedfromtheenginetype.Onlytheseventhdigitisdifferent.Withtheengineidentificationthe
testnumberofthetypeapprovalcertificationislocatedatthe7thposition.

3
F48Powertrain
2.CoolingSystem
2.1.Coolingmodule

F48coolingsystemforB48engine

Index Explanation
1 Expansiontank
2 Electriccoolantpump
3 Coolingmodule
4 Coolingmodulebearing,top
5 Coolingmodulebearing,bottom
6 Coolantpump
7 Engineoil-to-coolantheatexchanger

AframelesscoolingmoduleisinstalledintheF48.Thisismadepossiblebyaconceptwithdifferent
separationpointsbetweenradiatorandchargeaircooler,using,jointinterfacesforbodyandcoolant
hoses.

Invehicleswithanautomatictransmission,atransmissionoil-coolant-heatexchangerisalsoflange-
mountedatthetransmission.Thisissuppliedwithcoolantviathecrankcaseandadaptedcoolant
hoses.

Inthefollowingdiagramyouseetheconnectionofthecoolingmoduleatthecoolingcircuitusingthe
exampleoftheB46engine.

4
F48Powertrain
2.CoolingSystem

F48coolingcircuit,B46engine

Index Explanation
1 Radiator
2 Electricfan
3 Electriccoolantpump
4 Thermostat
5 Coolantpump
6 Exhaustturbocharger
7 Heatexchanger
8 Coolantshutoffvalve
9 Transmissionoil-to-coolantheatexchanger
10 Engineoil-to-coolantheatexchanger
11 Expansiontank

5
F48Powertrain
3.AutomaticTransmission

F48automatictransmission

IntheF48anew8-speedautomaticgearboxGA8F22AWareused:

Designation Gears Transferabletorque Useinengine

GA8F22AW 8-speed 350Nm B46A20O0

6
F48Powertrain
3.AutomaticTransmission
Theexcellentefficiencywasabletobeachievedbythefollowingmeasures:

Smalloilpump
Lowertransmissionoilmainpressure
Optimallubricatingoilquantity
Transmissionoilwithlowviscosity
Largesteeringaxisinclination
Veryaccuratecontrolofthemultidiscconverterlockupclutchatlowloads
bythree-lineactivation
Designedforautomaticenginestart-stopfunction(thereisalsoanelectricoil
pumpinthehydraulicblockinordertomaintaintheminimumoilpressure)
Designedforidlespeedcoasting

Goodrideandshiftingcomfortwasabletoberealizedwiththefollowingmeasures:

Newlydevelopedmechanicaltorsionalvibrationdamper
Efficienthydraulicswithnewvalves
Efficientclutchandbrakecontrol
Excellentdirectshiftingcapability(multipledownshifts,explainedinthefollowing)

IntheSportprogramandManualmodetheshiftpointandshiftspeedhaveamoresportydimension.

F48EGS,8-speedautomatictransmission

TheelectronictransmissioncontrolislocatedintheF48onthetransmissionhousing.Theselector
leverpositionswitchisdesignedasahalleffectsensorandintegratedintheEGS.Theouterwiring
betweenEGS,selectorleverpositionswitchandtransmissionwasdiscontinued,wherebythe
susceptibilitytofaultswasalsoreduced.

7
F48Powertrain
3.AutomaticTransmission
3.1.Designation
Thetransmissiondesignationinthetechnicaldocumentationallowsittobeuniquelyidentified.
Infrequentcases,however,onlyashortdesignationisused.Thisshortformisusedsothe
transmissioncanbeassignedtoatransmissionfamily.TheGA8HPtransmissionfamily,consisting
ofseveraltransmissionssuchastheGA8HP45Z,theGA8HP70ZandtheGA8HP90Z,isoften
mentioned.

Position Meaning Index Explanation

1 Designation G Transmission
2 Typeoftransmission A Automatictransmission
3 Numberofgears 8 Eightforwardgears
47* Individual HP Hydraulicplanetarygear
designations* L DesignationofGeneralMotorsPowertrain
R DesignationofGeneralMotorsPowertrain
19 300Nmgasengine
F21A DesignationofAISINWarner
26 600Nm
32 720Nm
45 450Nm
(Zahnradfabrik 350Nm
Friedrichshafen)
700Nm
45 900Nm
(General 390Nm,4thgear410Nm,
Motors
Powertrain)
70
90
390
8 Manufacturer A AISIN
G Getrag
J Jatco
K GKN
R GeneralMotorsPowertrain
Z ZahnradfabrikFriedrichshafen
H In-housepart

*Numbers47serveforindividualdesignation.Atransmissionvariant,size,transferabletorqueand
technicalupdatecanberepresentedhere.

8
F48Powertrain
3.AutomaticTransmission
3.2.Functiondiagram

Functiondiagramusingtheexampleofa6-speedautomatictransmission

9
F48Powertrain
3.AutomaticTransmission
Index Explanation
B1 BrakebandB1(blocksthefrontsungearoftherearplanetarygearset)
B2 BrakeclutchB2(blockstheplanetcarrieroftherearplanetarygearset)
C1 DriveclutchC1(connectstheplanetcarrierofthefrontplanetarygearsetto
therearsungearoftherearplanetarygearset)
C2 DriveclutchC2(connectstheintermediateshafttotheplanetcarrierofthe
rearplanetarygearset)
C3 DriveclutchC3(connectstheplanetcarrierofthefrontplanetarygearsetto
thefrontsungearoftherearplanetarygearset)

3.3.Ratios
GA8F22AW
Ratio,1stgear 5.25
Ratio,2ndgear 3.029
Ratio,3rdgear 1.95
Ratio,4thgear 1.457
Ratio,5thgear 1.221
Ratio,6thgear 1
Ratio,7thgear 0.809
Ratio,8thgear 0.673
Ratio,reversegear 4.015

10
F48Powertrain
3.AutomaticTransmission
3.4.Directshifting
WiththenewautomatictransmissionoftheF48,inmostcasesdirectshiftingtothedesiredgearis
possible.Thisalsoappliesifgearsareskipped.

Adirectgearchangeisalwayspossibleifthestatushastochangeforoneoftheswitchedclutches
orbrakes.Otherwise,atwo-stagegearchangeisperformed.However,ingeneralthecustomerdoes
notnoticethisduetotheoptimizedtransmissioncontrolunit.

Thefollowingtableshowstheswitchedbrakesandclutchesforeachgearusingtheexampleofthe
GA6F21AW.

Gear Brake Brake Clutch Clutch Clutch

B2 B1 C2 C1 C3
N X
1 X X
2 X X
3 X X
4 X X
5 X X
6 X X
Rw X X

Examples:

Directshiftispossiblefrom4thto2ndgear,astheclutchC1doesnothavetobeshifted.
Directshiftisnotpossiblefrom5thto2ndgearasboththebrakeB1andtheclutchC1
havetobeswitched.

3.5.Coastinginidle
FortheF48the"Coastinginidleposition"functionisavailable.Undercertainprerequisitestheengine
isautomaticallydisconnectedfromthetransmissioningearselectorswitchpositionD.Theengine
runshereatidlespeed.

Furtherinformationon"Coasting"isavailableintheproductinformationbulletin"F01/F02LCI
DisplaysandOperation".

3.6.LaunchControl
ForvehicleswithSportsautomatictransmission(SA2TB),launchcontrolenablesoptimalacceleration
whendrivingoff.Forcedupshiftsarealsoperformedwithoutareductionoftheenginetorque.This
enablesadditionalaccelerationduringthegearshifts.

Inordertoavoidprematurecomponentwear,thedrive-offwithlaunchcontrolisonlyavailable100
timesovertheservicelifeoftheSportsautomatictransmissionandcannotberesetbyService.

11
F48Powertrain
3.AutomaticTransmission
3.6.1.Activationoflaunchcontrol

Step Responsibility
1 PresstheDSCbuttonandselectSPORTusingthedrivingexperienceswitch.
IntheinstrumentclusterTRACTIONisdisplayedincombinationwithSPORT.
TheindicatorlightDSCOFFilluminates.
2 EngagedrivepositionS.
3 Firmlypressthebrakeusingtheleftfoot.
4 Presstheacceleratorpedalbeyondtheresistanceatthekick-downpressurepoint
andhold.
Flagsymbolappearsintheinstrumentclusterandtheenginespeedforpulling
awayisadjusted.
5 Releasethebrakewithin3secondsandholdtheacceleratorpedal.
Vehicleacceleratesoptimally.

3.7.ConnectedShift
ConnectedShiftusesnavigationdataforaforward-thinkingshiftstrategyoftheautomatic
transmission.If,forexample,asharpbendisdetected,theautomatictransmissionshiftsdownearly
andthegearisretainedinthebend.

Therouteguidanceofthenavigationsystemdoesnotneedtobeactivatedforthefunction.However,
theidentificationofaturn-offrequest,forexamplebytheactiverouteguidanceoroperatingtheturn
indicator,helpstocontrolthesystemmoreaccurately.Up-to-datenavigationmapdataalsoinfluences
thecontrolaccuracy.

3.7.1.Characteristicsandavailability
InSPORTandCOMFORTmodes,thecharacteristicsofConnectedShiftareadaptedtotherespective
drivingprogram,inECOPROmodeConnectedShiftisnotavailable.ConnectedShiftisalsonot
availableduringcontroloperationofcruisecontrol.

ConnectedShiftisusedintheF48,dependingontheequipment,specificallyinvehicleswithgas
engine,automatictransmissionandnavigationsystem.

Aprerequisiteisthatthemapdataandtherequiredadditionalinformationforthecountryareavailable.
Thisisdependentonthenavigationmapproviderandisnotavailableworldwideforallcountries.

12
F48Powertrain
3.AutomaticTransmission
3.8.NotesforService

3.8.1.Specialtools
Twonewdiagnosticcablesweredesignedfortheautomatictransmissionasspecialtools:

Adaptercable15-pin:83302352734
Adaptercable33-pin:83302352718

3.8.2.Manuallyunlockingthedrivepositionlock

F48Manuallyunlockingthedrivepositionlock

IfthegearselectorswitchisblockedinselectorleverpositionPdespitetheignitionbeingswitched
on,brakebeingappliedandtheUnlockbuttonbeingpressed,thedrivepositionlockcanbemanually
unlocked.Thereisareleaseleverunderthesleeveforthegearselectorswitch,whichcanbeoperated
usingthescrewdriverfromthetoolkit,forexample.

13
F48Powertrain
3.AutomaticTransmission
3.8.3.Availablereplacementparts
Thefollowingcomponentsoftheautomatictransmissionarecreatedasreplacementpartsinaddition
tovariousretainingandsealingelements:

Cableholder(attransmissionhousing)
Gearshiftlever(atgearshiftshaft)
Electronictransmissioncontrol(EGS)
Oilfillerplug
Electricalwiringset
Gearboxinput-speedsensor
Hydraulicshiftunit
Cover(hydraulicshiftunit)
Transmissionoilcooler
Oildrainplug(withoverflow)
Torqueconverter
Radialshaftsealsfortransmissioninputshaft,
aswellasleftandrightaxleshaft

14
F48Powertrain
4.xDrive
4.1.Introduction
Theall-wheeldrivesystemintheF48wasredevelopedandforthefirsttimeatBMW.Althoughthis
all-wheeldrivesystemisalsocalledxDrive,itisconsiderablydifferentfromtheversionspreviously
installed,whichwerebasedonarear-wheeldrive.

ThedifferencesofthexDriveversionsarelistedinthefollowingsection.

4.1.1.Comparisonofall-wheeldrivesystems
Thefollowinggraphicshowstheall-wheeldrivesystemoftheF48comparedtotheF25.

Comparisonoftheall-wheeldrivesystem:F25F48

Index Explanation
A Four-wheeldriveF25
B Four-wheeldriveF48
1 Frontaxledifferential
2 Automatictransmission

15
F48Powertrain
4.xDrive
Index Explanation
3 Transferbox
4 Rearaxledifferential
5 Angulargearbox
6 Longitudinaltorquedistribution(integratedintherearaxledifferential)

Thefollowingtableshowsthekeydifferencesoftheall-wheeldrivesystemsintheF25andintheF48.

F25 F48
Longitudinaltorque DSC DSC
distributionrequirement
(setpointtorque)
Controlofthelongitudinal VTGcontrolunit Longitudinaltorque
torquedistribution distributioncontrolunit
Longitudinaltorque Multidiscclutch Multidiscclutchofthe
distribution inthetransferbox longitudinaltorquedistribution
Drivetorquewhen 100%atrearaxle 100%atfrontaxle
multidiscclutchopen
Activationofmultidisc Viaelectricmotorandballramp ViaEHPSandhydraulic
clutch operatingpressure

Thenewall-wheeldrivesystemwithlongitudinaltorquedistributionclutchhasthefollowing
advantagesincomparisontotheall-wheeldrivesystemwithtransferbox:

Lowspacerequirement
Lowweight
Lowsplashinglossesinthemultidiscclutch(thanksto"Efficientmode")
CO2reduction

16
F48Powertrain
4.xDrive
4.2.Systemcomponents

F48overviewoffour-wheeldrive

Index Explanation
A Drivingpowertotherearwheels
B Drivingpowertothefrontwheels
1 Frontwheel
2 Outputshaft,front
3 Angulargearbox
4 Automatictransmission
5 Propellershaft

17
F48Powertrain
4.xDrive
Index Explanation
6 Rearwheel
7 Outputshaft,rear
8 Crossmember
9 Rearaxledifferential(withintegratedlongitudinaltorquedistribution)

WithxDrivesomeofthisdrivingpoweristransmittedtotherearoutputshafts(7)viatheangular
gearbox(3),thepropellershaft(5)andtherearaxledifferential(9).Thegearratiointheangular
gearboxis1.74:1andintherearaxledifferential1:1.74.

Theenginespeedisincreasedand,atthesametime,thetorqueisreduced,asaresultoftheratio
intheangulargearbox.Thepropellershaftcanthereforebedesignedwithsmallerdimensions.The
weightreductionhelpsthefuelconsumptionandthefewermovingmassesbenefitthesmooth
running.

Intherearaxledifferentialtheratioisthenreversed,sothatthesameenginespeedisappliedtothe
frontandrearoutputshafts.

4.2.1.Angulargearbox

F48Angulargearbox

Index Explanation
A Drivingpowertotherearwheels
B Drivingpowertothefrontwheels
1 Angulargearbox
2 Pinionshaft

18
F48Powertrain
4.xDrive
Index Explanation
3 Inputshaft(hollowshaft)withcrownwheel
4 Intermediateshaft
5 Outputshaft,frontright
6 Propellershaft

Theangulargearboxislocatedbehindtheengineandissecuredattheautomatictransmissionandat
thecrankcase.Ittransmitssomeofthedrivingpowertothepropellershaftandisdesignedasasingle-
stage,i.e.onlyhasonefixedratio.

Theinputshaftoftheangulargearboxisdesignedasahollowshaftandisconnecteddirectlytothe
differentialhousingofthefrontaxledifferential.Thedrivingpoweristransmittedfromthedifferential
housingtothepropellershaftviathehollowshaft,thecrownwheelandthepinionshaft.

Asapowerinterruptionintheangulargearboxisnotpossible,thepropellershaftisdriven
continuouslyviathepinionshaftduringthejourney.

Irrespectiveofthis,theintermediateshaftisguidedtothefrontrightoutputshaftthroughthehollow
shaftandthecrownwheelintheangulargearbox.

19
F48Powertrain
4.xDrive
4.2.2.Propellershaft

F48propellershaft

Index Explanation
A Connectiontorearaxledifferentialviaflexibledisc
B Connectiontoangulargearboxviaafixedballjointwithflangeandinlaynut
C Propellershaftcenterbearingwithtripodjoint
1 Inlaynut
2 Shiftunit
3 Hexagonhead(forslackeningtheinlaynutattheangulargearbox)

20
F48Powertrain
4.xDrive
Thepropellershaftisresponsiblefortransmittingdrivingpowerprovidedbytheangulargearboxinthe
formoftorqueandenginespeedtotherearaxledifferential.Withhelpofthetripodjoint,itoffsetsthe
deflectionangleandlinearvariationsresultingfromtheassemblymovements.

Infrontofthepropellershaftcenterbearingisahexagonhead(3),atwhichthepropellershaftcanbe
rotated.Asaresult,forleft-handdrivevehiclesthereistheoptiontoremovethepropellershaftfrom
theangulargearbox,iftheinlaynut(1)isheldovertherightwheelarchatthesametime.

IntheF48withfour-wheeldrive,thecurrentlylongestpropellershaftofallcurrentBMWmodelsis
installed.Itis2.2mlong.Itisdesignedasatwo-piecetubularshaftandissecuredtothebodyinthe
areaofthemiddlejointviatheflexiblecentermount.

Thepropellershaftcanbebentamaximumof10.Otherwise,thegaiterinthetripodjointwillincur
damage

Supportthepropellershaftduringremovalandinstallationandsecurethegaiterwithanti-kink
protection.Itisimperativethecurrentrepairinstructionsareobservedwhenworkingatthepropeller
shaft.

F48Shiftunitofthepropellershaft

21
F48Powertrain
4.xDrive
Index Explanation
1 Outerpipe(indirectionoftravel,rear)
2 Shiftunit
3 Innerpipe(indirectionoftravel,front)
4 Coating(toachieveadefinedlowstaticfrictionforce)
5 Shiftdirection

Inthefrontpropellershaftsections,twocontouredpipesectionsareinsertedinoneanother.
Thecontourofthetwopipesectionsmeansitispossibletotransferthedrivetorque.Inaddition,the
twopipesectionscanbeadjustedtowardseachother,wherebyacoatinggeneratesadefinedfriction
forceof20kN.

Intheeventofafront-endcollision,acounterforceofmaximum20kNisgenerated,sothatan
additionalloadpathisnotcreated.

Followinganaccident,theshiftunitofthepropellershaftmustbechecked.Ifthetwopipesections
haveshiftedintooneanother,thepropellershaftmustbereplaced.Thecriteriaforcheckingand
replacingspecifiedintherepairinstructionsaretobecompliedwithprecisely.

22
F48Powertrain
4.xDrive
4.2.3.Rearaxledifferential

F48Rearaxledifferential

Index Explanation
1 Bearing(rearaxledifferentialtorearaxlesupport)
2 Rearaxledifferential
3 Crossmember
4 Bearing(crossmembertobody)

TherearaxledifferentialintheF48withfour-wheeldriveissecuredatthefronttotherearaxlesupport
andatthereartoanadditionalcrossmember.Inordertodecouplenoisesandvibrationsofthedrive
trainfromthevehiclebody,boththerearaxledifferentialattherearaxlesupport,andtheadditional
crossmemberatthebody,aresecuredviarubbermountings.

23
F48Powertrain
4.xDrive
Longitudinaltorquedistribution

F48Longitudinaltorquedistribution

Index Explanation
1 Multidiscclutch
2 Ventvalve
3 "Efficientvalve"
4 Inputshaft
5 Inputflange
6 Clutchhousing
7 EHPS
8 Electricalline
9 Longitudinaltorquedistribution(LMV)controlunit

ThelongitudinaltorquedistributionintheF48distributesthedrivetorquevariablytothefrontaxleand
rearaxle.Itcomesfromtheindustrialmodularsystemofthe5thgenerationoftheHaldexsystemfrom
BorgWarner.

24
F48Powertrain
4.xDrive
BoththelongitudinaltorquedistributioncontrolunitandtheEHPSpumpunitaresecuredattheside
atthetransmission.

Thelongitudinaltorquedistributionclutchisintegratedintherearaxledifferential.Theinputshaftis
drivenbythepropellershaftviatheinputflange.Theoutputflangedrivesthedifferential,depending
onrequirements.

25
F48Powertrain
4.xDrive
4.2.4.Systemwiringdiagram

F48systemwiringdiagramforlongitudinaltorquedistribution

26
F48Powertrain
4.xDrive
Index Explanation
1 DigitalMotorElectronics(DME)
2 ElectronicPowerSteering(EPS)
3 DynamicStabilityControl(DSC)
4 Powerdistributionbox,passengercompartment
5 BodyDomainController(BDC)
6 K-CANterminator
7 Actuator,longitudinaltorquedistribution
8 Longitudinaltorquedistributioncontrolunit(LMV)

4.3.Function

4.3.1.Longitudinaltorquedistribution

F48clutch,longitudinaltorquedistribution

27
F48Powertrain
4.xDrive
Index Explanation
1 Inputflange
2 Inputshaft
3 Ventvalve
4 Workingpiston
5 Axialneedlebearing
6 Axialneedlebearing
7 Outputflange
8 Multidiscclutch
9 "Efficientvalve"

Dependingonthedrivingsituation,thelongitudinaltorquedistributioncandirectsomeofthedriving
power(uptomaximumtorqueof1300Nm)totherearaxle,sometimesbeforethewheelsevenspin.

TheDSCsendsinformationabouttheclutchtorquetobeadjustedtotheBDCviaFlexRayandto
thelongitudinaltorquedistributioncontrolunitviatheKCAN3.Thelongitudinaltorquedistribution
controlunitcontrolsthespeedoftheEHPSusingpulse-widthmodulations.Dependingonthespeed,
theEHPSappliesanoperatingpressureof0to40bartotheclutchlongitudinaltorquedistribution.

Thepressureisnotmeasuredbyapressuresensor,butcheckedviaavoltage/currentcomparison.

Indrivingsituationsinwhichthefour-wheeldriveisnotrequired,thesystemswitchesto"Efficient
mode".The"Efficientvalve"lowerstheoillevelintheclutch,thusreducingthesplashinglosses.Ifthe
four-wheeldriveisrequiredagain,themaximumtorquecanbeprovidedwithin250ms.Thespring-
loaded"Efficientvalve"isoperatedbytheoilpressure.

Adaptations,whichmonitorthesystembehaviorandensurepositionprecision,areconstantly
performedinthelongitudinaltorquedistributioncontrolunit.Acalibrationisperformedonceduring
thedrivingcycle(terminal15ON)andstored.

Togetherwiththecalibration,asystemventilationisalsocarriedout.Thepressureisincreasedbriefly
toapproximately45barinordertoopentheventvalve.Theventilationprocedureguaranteesquick
pressurebuild-upineveryregulatingsituation.

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F48Powertrain
4.xDrive
4.3.2.Operatingstrategy
Theoperatingstrategyensuresthatthefour-wheeldriveisoperatedasrequiredandinanenergy
efficientmanner.Thetractionrequirementisdetectedinaproactivemannerandthedrivetorque
redirectedaccordingly.

Inmostdrivingsituationsonlythefrontwheelsaredriven.Onlyincertainsituationsissomeofthe
drivetorquealsotransmittedtotherearwheels.Thedistributionofthedrivetorquebetweenthe
frontandrearwheelsisdefinedbytheDSC.Thefollowingcriteriaaretakenintoaccount:

Speed
Lateralandlongitudinalacceleration
Brakecontrol
Steeringangle
Wheelspeeds
Vehiclelongitudinalinclination
Pedalsensorposition
Activedrivingprogram(SPORT,COMFORT,ECOPRO)
DSCstatus(DSCactivated/deactivated,DTCactivated/deactivated)

Dependingonthedrivingsituation,someofthedrivetorqueistransmittedtotherearwheels.
Theexactratioofthetorquedistributionisdependentontheactivationofthemultidiscclutch,
aswellastheslipofthewheels.Somefactorsontheactivationofthemultidiscclutcharelistedbelow.

Thefour-wheeldriveisactivatedinthefollowingsituations,iftherearenoothercriteriapresentwhich
preventthis:

Understeeringvehicle
Increaseddifferenceinspeedbetweenfrontandrearwheels
Largevehiclelongitudinalinclination(e.g.oninclines)
Kick-downposition
Sportydrivingstyle
Respectiveenvironmentalconditions,roadwayconditionsandtypeofterrain

Thefour-wheeldriveisswitchedoffinthefollowingsituations,iftherearenoothercriteriapresent
whichpreventthis:

Largesteeringangleanddrivingspeeds
Strongbraking(ABS)

Toassesstheroadconditionandthusforeffective,proactivelongitudinaltorquedistribution,the
coefficientsoffrictionbetweenthetiresandroadwayarecalculatedbytheDSC.Thewheelslip,
aswellasthelongitudinalandlateralacceleration,areevaluated.

29
F48Powertrain
4.xDrive
IfwheelspeedinformationreceivedbytheDSCsuggestsdifferenttirerollingcircumferencesofthe
wheels(e.g.fortireswithvaryingdegreesofwear),themultidiscclutchisnolongerclosed100%.
Differencesinspeed,resultingfromdifferentwheelspeedsatthefrontandrearaxle,arereducedin
thiscaseviathemultidiscclutch,sothathightorquesarenottransmittedtothedrivetrain.

Asthemultidiscclutchisnotclosed100%inthissituation,themaximumtransmittabledrivetorque
totherearaxleisreduced.

4.4.NotesforService
Thepropellershaftmustberemovedwhenworkingonthebraketeststand.
Whenworkingonthebraketeststand,all-wheeldrivevehicle-specificpointsdonothavetobe
observed(theteststandmodeforcheckingthebrakesystemisautomaticallydetected).
Thevehiclecannotbetowedawayifonlyoneaxleisraised.
Boththeangulargearboxandtherearaxledifferentialhaveanoilfillingthatlaststheentire
servicelifeoftheassembly.
Usingthediagnosissystem,boththemechanicsandthetightnessoftheEHPScanbe
checked(herethepressureischeckedviaavoltage/currentcomparison).
Inordertoremovetheangulargearbox,thestartermotoralsohastoberemoved.
Similartothepreviousall-wheeldrivesystem,tireswithverydifferenttreaddepthscannotbe
usedatthefrontandrearaxle.
Themaximumpermissibledeflectionangleofthepropellershaftcannotbeexceeded.

30
F48Powertrain
5.OutputShaft,Front

F48Outputshafts,front

Index Explanation
B F48withfour-wheeldrive
1 Outputshaft,frontleft
2 Intermediateshaft
3 Outputshaft,frontright

Theleftoutputshaftisdesignedasasinglepiece.Therightoutputshaftconsistsofanintermediate
shaftattheengineandtheactualrightoutputshaft.Bothoutputshaftsareroughlythesamelength
andhavesimilartorsionalrigidity.

Thefrontoutputshaftsaredesignedaccordingtothemaximumtransmittabletorque,inorderto
achieveminimalcomponentweight.

Thetransmission-endtripodjointsoffsetdifferencesinlengthanddeflectionangles,thewheel-
sidefixedballjointsonlyoffsetsthedeflectionangles.Theinterfacesforthetransmissionorthe
intermediateshaftaredefinedasajournalsolutionandaredesigneddependingontherespective
transmission.Theinterfaceforthewheelsisdesignedasaspurgearingsolutionandisidentical
forallsizes.

31
F48Powertrain
5.OutputShaft,Front

Comparisonoffrontoutputshaftsforvehicleswithfour-wheeldrive:F25F48

Index Explanation
A F25
B F48
1 Outputshaft,front
2 Angulargearbox
3 Transmission
4 Outputshaft,front
5 Oilsump
6 Frontaxledifferential

Duetothetransversalinstallationoftheengineandtransmission,intheF48thefrontoutputshaftsno
longerhavetobeguidedbytheoilsump,asforexampleintheBMWX3xDrive.Invehicleswithafour-
wheeldrive,however,thefrontrightoutputshaftisguidedbytheangulargearbox.

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