The document defines a vector space as a set V where addition and scalar multiplication are defined and satisfy certain axioms. Real vector spaces have real number scalars, while complex vector spaces allow complex number scalars. Several examples are provided of sets that are vector spaces, such as Rn with standard operations, and sets that are not vector spaces because they violate certain axioms, such as having non-standard scalar multiplication. Homework questions ask whether the set of convergent sequences or positive real numbers with non-standard operations form vector spaces. Properties of vector spaces are outlined, such as the zero vector property and properties involving subtraction and scalars. Subspaces are introduced as a topic.
The document defines a vector space as a set V where addition and scalar multiplication are defined and satisfy certain axioms. Real vector spaces have real number scalars, while complex vector spaces allow complex number scalars. Several examples are provided of sets that are vector spaces, such as Rn with standard operations, and sets that are not vector spaces because they violate certain axioms, such as having non-standard scalar multiplication. Homework questions ask whether the set of convergent sequences or positive real numbers with non-standard operations form vector spaces. Properties of vector spaces are outlined, such as the zero vector property and properties involving subtraction and scalars. Subspaces are introduced as a topic.
The document defines a vector space as a set V where addition and scalar multiplication are defined and satisfy certain axioms. Real vector spaces have real number scalars, while complex vector spaces allow complex number scalars. Several examples are provided of sets that are vector spaces, such as Rn with standard operations, and sets that are not vector spaces because they violate certain axioms, such as having non-standard scalar multiplication. Homework questions ask whether the set of convergent sequences or positive real numbers with non-standard operations form vector spaces. Properties of vector spaces are outlined, such as the zero vector property and properties involving subtraction and scalars. Subspaces are introduced as a topic.
The document defines a vector space as a set V where addition and scalar multiplication are defined and satisfy certain axioms. Real vector spaces have real number scalars, while complex vector spaces allow complex number scalars. Several examples are provided of sets that are vector spaces, such as Rn with standard operations, and sets that are not vector spaces because they violate certain axioms, such as having non-standard scalar multiplication. Homework questions ask whether the set of convergent sequences or positive real numbers with non-standard operations form vector spaces. Properties of vector spaces are outlined, such as the zero vector property and properties involving subtraction and scalars. Subspaces are introduced as a topic.
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VECTOR SPACES
Definition 1 Let V be a set on which addition and scalar multiplication are defined (this means that if u and v are objects in V and c is a scalar then weve defined u + v and c u in some way) . If the following axioms are true for all objects u, v, and w in V and all scalars c and k in K then V is called a vector space and the objects in V are called vectors.
a) u + v is in V This is called closed under addition.
b) cu is in V This is called closed under scalar multiplication. c) u+ v = v + u d) u + (v + w) = (u + v ) + w e) There is a special object in V, denoted 0 and called the zero vector, such that for all u in V we have u + 0 = 0 + u = u . f) For every u in V there is another object in V, denoted -u and called the negative of u, such that u - u = u + (- u ) = 0 . g) c (u + v) = cu + cv h) (c + k )u = cu + ku i) c (ku ) = (ck )u j) 1u = u
When we restrict the scalars to real numbers we generally call the vector space a real vector space and when we allow the scalars to be complex numbers we generally call the vector space a complex vector space. We will be working exclusively with real vector spaces and from this point on when we see vector space it is to be understood that we mean a real vector space.
We should now look at some examples of vector spaces and a couple of examples of sets that arent vector spaces.
Example 1 If n is any positive integer then the set = with the standard addition and scalar multiplication as defined in the Euclidean n-space section (standard addition is defined as let = (1 , 2 , , ) = (1 , 2 , , ) 2 + = (1 , 2 , , ) + (1 , 2 , , ) = (1 + 1 , 2 + 2 , , + ) and scalar multiplication is defined as for c in R and u in V = (1 , 2 , , ) = (1 , 2 , , ) ) is a vector space.
Example 2 The set = 2 the standard vector addition and scalar multiplication defined as
c (u1,u2 ) = (u1 , cu2 )
is NOT a vector space.
The axiom (h) of the definition is not valid
(c + k )u = (c + k )(u1,u2 ) = (u1,(c + k )u2 ) = (u1, cu2 + ku2 )
cu + ku = c(u1,u2 ) + k(u1,u2 ) =(u1,cu2 )+(u1,ku2 )=(2u1,cu2 + ku2)
Example 3 The set = 3 with the standard vector addition and scalar multiplication defined as, c (u1,u2 ,u3 ) = (0,0, cu3 )
Example 4 The set = 2 with the standard scalar multiplication and addition defined as (u1,u2 ) + (v1, v2 ) = (u1 + 2v1, u 2 + v2 ) Is NOT a vector space.
Take a look at the axiom (c).
u + v = (u1,u2 ) + (v1, v2 ) = (u1 + 2v1, u 2 + v2 )
v + u = (v1, v2 ) + (u1,u2 ) = (v1 + 2u1, v2 + u2 )
we can see that u + v v + u and so this is not a vector space.
Example 5 Let the set V be the points on a line through the origin in R2 with the standard addition and scalar multiplication. Then V is a vector space.
Example 6 Let the set V be the points on a line that does NOT go through the origin in R2 with the standard addition and scalar multiplication. Then V is not a vector space.
In this case the equation of the line will be,
ax + by = c for fixed constants a , b and c where one of a and b 0 and c0
Not closed under addition
Let u = (x1 , y1 ) and v = (x2 , y2 ) be any two points in V such that
a x1 + b y1 = c and a x2 + by2 = c. Then
u + v = a (x1 + x2 ) + b ( y1 + y2 ) = (ax1 + by1 ) + (ax2 + by2 ) = c + c = 2c c
Therefore u + v is not in V
Example 7 Let the set V be the points on a plane through the origin in R3 with the standard addition and scalar multiplication. Then V is a vector space. Example 8 Let n and m be fixed numbers and let Mn m represent the set of all n m matrices. Also let addition and scalar multiplication on Mn m be the standard matrix addition and standard matrix scalar multiplication. Then Mn m is a vector space.
Example 9 Let F [a ,b] be the set of all real valued functions that are defined on the interval [a ,b] . Then given any two vectors, f = f (x) and g = g (x) , from F [a ,b] and any scalar c define addition and scalar multiplication as
(f + g )(x) = f(x) + g (x) (c f )(x) = c f (x)
Under these operations F [a,b] is a vector space.
Example 10 For n0, the set of polynomials of degree n consists of all
polynomials of the type
() = 0 + 1 + 2 2 + +
Forms a vector space , where 0 , 1 , , and variable t are real numbers.
HomeWork The set of all convergent sequences is a vector space over the field of real numbers ?
HomeWork Suppose that the set V = R+ is the set of positive real numbers with addition and scalar multiplication defined as follows
x + y = xy and cx = x c x, y R+ and c R
The set under this addition and scalar multiplication is a vector space over R.
PROPERTIES OF VECTOR SPACE
Let V be a vector space over a field K and 0 be the zero vector in V. Then
a0 = 0 a K 0u = 0 V a(-u) = -(au) a K , V (-a)u = -(au) a K , V a(u-v) = au - av a K , , V au = 0 either a = 0 or u = 0 SUBSPACES
