UT Level II Training Course General Examination

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UT General Exam Question Bank

1. The wave mode that has multiple or varying wave velocities is:
a. Longitudinal Waves.
b. Shear Waves.
c. Transverse Waves
d. Lamb Waves

2. Which of the following would be considered applications of ultrasonic techniques?

a. Determination of a materials elastic modulus.
b. Study of a materials metallurgical structure.
c. Measurement of material thickness.
d. All of the above.
3. The only significant sound wave that travels through liquid is a:
a. Shear wave
b. Longitudinal wave
c. Surface wave
d. Rayleigh wave
4. The acoustic impedance of a material is used to determine the:
a. Angle of refraction at an interface
b. Attenuation within the material
c. Relative amounts of sound energy coupled through and reflected at an interface
d. Beam spread within the material
5. When angle beam contact testing I test piece, increasing the incident angle until the second critical
angle is reached results in:
a. Total reflection of a surface wave
b. 45 degree refraction of the shear wave
c. Production of a surface wave
d. None of the above
6. Acoustic energy propagates in different modes. Which of the following represents a mode?
a. A Longitudinal wave
b. A shear wave
c. A surface wave
d. All of the above
7. The simple experiment where a stick in a glass of water appears disjointed at the water surface
illustrates the phenomenon of:
a. Reflection
b. Magnification
c. Refraction
d. Diffraction

8. The crystal thickness and transducer frequency are related. The thinner the crystal:
a. The lower the frequency
b. The higher the frequency
c. There is no appreciable affect
d. None of the above
9. The random distribution of crystallographic direction in alloys with large crystalline structures is a
factor in determining:
a. Acoustic noise levels
b. Selection of test frequency
c. Scattering of sound
d. All of the above
10. The length of the zone adjacent to a transducer in which fluctuations in sound pressure occur is
mostly affected by:

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a. The frequency of the transducer

b. The diameter of the transducer
c. The length of transducer cable
d. Both a and b
11. The differences in signals received from identical reflectors at different material distances from a
transducer may be caused by:
a. Material attenuation
b. Beam divergence
c. Near field effects
d. All of the above
12. It is possible for a discontinuity smaller than the transducer to produce indications of fluctuating
amplitude as the transducer is moved laterally if testing is being performed in the:
a. Fraunhofer zone
b. Near field
c. Snell field
d. Shadow zone
13. In immersion testing, the near field effects of a transducer may be eliminated by:
a. Increasing transducer frequency
b. Using a larger diameter transducer
c. Using an appropriate water path
d. Using a focused transducer
14. In figure 1, assuming a uniform beam pattern, what relationship would you expect to exist between
the amplitudes of the reflected laminar signals at positions A and B?
a. 12 dB difference
b. Equal amplitudes
c. 2 to 1
d. 3 to 1

15. In the far field of a uniform ultrasonic beam, sound intensity is_________ the beam centerline.
a. Minimum at
b. Maximum at
c. Maximum throughout twice the angle(sin=C/Df) where C is acoustic velocity, D is crystal
diameter ,and f is frequency at
d. Not related to orientation of
16. Which of the following may result in a long marrow rod if the beam divergence results in a reflection
from a side of the test piece before the sound wave reaches the back surface?
a. Multiple indications before the first back reflection
b. Indications from multiple surface reflections
c. Conversion from longitudinal mode to shear mode
d. Loss of front surface indication

17. Where does beam divergence occur?

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a. Near field
b. Far field
c. At the crystal
d. None of the above
18. As frequency increases in ultrasonic testing, the angle of beam divergence of given diameter
crystal:
a. Decreases
b. Remains unchanged
c. Increases
d. Varies uniformly through each wavelength
19. As the radius of curvature of a curved lens is increased, the focal length of the lens:
a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Remains the same
d. Cannot be determine unless the frequency is known
20. When examining materials for planar flaws oriented parallel to the parts surface, what testing
method is most often used?
a. Angle beam
b. Through transmission
c. Straight beam
d. Dual crystal beam
21. If a contact angle beam transducer produces a 45 degrees shear wave in steel, the angle produced
by the same transducer in an aluminum specimen would be: ()
a. Lesser than 45 degrees
b. Greater than 45 degrees
c. 45 degrees
d. Unknown: more information is required
22. Rayleigh waves are influenced most by defects located:
a. Close to or on the surface
b. 1 wavelength below the surface
c. 3 wavelengths below the surface
d. 6 wavelengths below the surface
23. The ultrasonic testing technique in which finger damping is most effective in locating a
discontinuity is the:
a. Shear wave technique
b. Longitudinal wave technique
c. Surface wave technique
d. Compressional wave technique
24. Lamb waves can be used to detect:
a. Laminar- type defects near the surface of a thin material
b. Lack of fusion in center of thick weldment
c. Internal voids in diffusion bonds
d. Thickness changes in heavy plate material
25. The ratio of velocity of sound in water compared to that for aluminum or steel is approximately:
a. 1:8
b. 1:4
c. 1:3
d. 1:2

26. Which if the following scanning methods could be classified as an immersion type test?
a. Tank in which the transducer and test piece are immersed
b. Squirter bubbler method in which the sound is transmitted in a column of flowing water
c. Scanning with a wheel- type transducer with the transducer inside a liquid filled tire
d. All of the above

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27. In immersion test of a piece of steel or aluminum, the water distance appears on the display as a
fairly wide space between the initial pulse and the front surface reflection because of:
a. Reduced velocity of sound in water as compared to test specimen
b. Increased velocity of sound in water as compared to test specimen
c. Temperature of water
d. All of the above
28. Using the immersion method, a distance amplitude curve (DAC) for a 19 mm (0.75in.) diameter, 5
MHz transducer shows the high point of the DAC at the B/51 mm (2 in.) block. One day later, the
high point of the DAC for the same transducer is at the J/102 mm (4in.) block. Assuming that
calibration has not changed, this would indicate that the transducer:
a. Is improving in resolution
b. Is becoming defective
c. Has the beam of a smaller transducer
d. Both b and c
29. What law can be used to calculate the angle of refraction within a metal for both longitudinal and
shear waves?
a. Poissons ratio law
b. Snells law
c. Fresnels law
d. Charles law
30 At an interface between two different materials, an impedance difference results in:
a. Reflection of the entire incident energy at the interface
b. Absorption of sound
c. Division of sound energy into transmitted and reflected modes
d. None of the above
31. When using focused transducers, nonsymmetrical in a propagate sound beam may be caused by:
a. Backing material variations
b. Lens centering or misalignment
c. Porosity in lenses
d. All of the above
32. Ultrasonic wheel units may be used for which of the following types of examination?
a. Straight or longitudinal examination
b. Angle beam or shear wave examination
c. Surface wave or Rayleigh wave examination
d. All of the above
33. During straight beam testing, test specimens with non-parallel front and back surfaces can cause:
a. Partial or total loss of back reflection
b. Non loss in back reflection
c. A widened(broad) back reflection indication
d. A focused(narrow) back reflection indication
34. In the immersion technique, the didtance between the face of the transducer and the test surface
(water path ) is usually adjusted so that the time required to send the sound beam through the
water:
a. Is equal to the time required for the sound to travel through the test piece
b. Is greater than the time required for the sound to travel through the test piece
c. Is less than the time required for the sound to travel through the test piece
d. All of the above
35. In a B-scan display, the length of screen indication from a discontinuity is related to:
a. A discontinuitys thickness as measured parallel to the ultrasonic beam
b. The discontinuitys length in the direction of the transducer traveler
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
36. Which circuit triggers the pulsar and sweep circuits in A-scan display?
a. Receiver-amplifier

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b. Power supply
c. Clock
d. Damping
37. On an A-scan display, the dead zone, refers to:
a. The distance contained within the near field
b. The area outside the beam spread
c. The distance covered by the front surface pulse width and recovery time
d. The area between the near field and the far field
38. On an A-scan display, what represents the intensity of a reflected beam?
a. Echo pulse width
b. Horizontal screen location
c. Signal brightness
d. Signal amplitude

39. Of the following scan types, which one can be used to produce a recording of flaw area
superimposed over a plan view of the test piece?
a. A-scan
b. B-scan
c. C-scan
d. D-scan
40. In immersion testing in small tank, a manually operated manipulator is used to:
a. Set the proper water path
b. Set the proper transducer angle
c. Set the proper index function
d. Complete both a and b
41. In straight (normal) beam contact testing, a reduction in the back surface reflection amplitude could
indicate:
a. Inadequate coupling
b. A flaw which is not normal to the beam
c. A near surface defect that cannot be resolved from the main bang(initial pulse)
d. All of the above
42. A 152mm (6in) diameter rod being inspected for centerline cracks. The A-scan presentation for one
complete path through the rod is as shown in figure 2. The alarm gate should:
a. Be used between points A and E
b. Be used at point D only
c. Be used between points B and D
d. Not be used for this application

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43. In an automatic scanning immersion unit, the bridge or carriage serves to:
a. Support the manipulator and scanner tube and to move it about transversely and longitudinally
b. Control the angular positioning of the scanner tube
c. Control the vertical and angular positioning of the scanner tube
d. Raise and lower the transducer
44. When adjusting the flaw locating rule for a shear wave weld inspection, the zero point on the rule
must coincide with the:
a. Sound beam exit point of the wedge
b. Point directly over the flaw
c. Wheel transducer
d. Circular scanner
45. A special scanning device with transducer mounted in attire-like container filled with couplant is
commonly called:
a. A rotating scanner
b. An axial scanner
c. A wheel transducer
d. A circular scanner
46. Which best describes a typical display of crack whose major surface is perpendicular to the
ultrasonic beam?
a. A broad indication
b. A sharp indication
c. The indication will not show due to improper orientation
d. A broad indication with high amplitude
47. A primary purpose of reference standard is:
a. To provide a guide for adjusting instrument controls to reveal discontinuities that are considered
harmful to the end use of the product
b. To give the technique a tool for determining exact discontinuity size
c. To provide assurance that all discontinuities smaller than a certain specified reference reflector
are capable of being detected by the test
d. To provide a standard reflector which exactly simulates natural discontinuities of critical size
48. Compensation for variation in echo height related to variations in discontinuity depth in the test
material is known as:
a. Transfer
b. Attenuation
c. Distance amplitude correction

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d. Interpretation
49. Which of the following is a reference that is not dependent on beam angle?
a. A flat bottom hole
b. A vee notch
c. A side drilled hole which is parallel to the plate surface and perpendicular to the sound path
d. A disc-shaped laminar reflector

50. During staight beam ultrasonic test, discontinuity indication is detected that is small in amplitude
compared to the loss in amplitude of back reflection the porientation of this discontinuity is
probably:
a. Parallel to the test surface
b. Perpendicular to the sound beam
c. Parallel to the sound beam
d. At an angle to the test surface
51 A dicontinuity is located having an orientation such that its long axis is parallel to the sound beam.
The indication from such a discontinuity will be:
a. Large in proportion to the length of the discontinuity
b. Small in proportion to the length of the discontinuity
c. Representative of the length of the discontinutity
d. Such tha complete loss of back reflection will result
52 Gas discontinitues are reduced to flat discs ar other shapes parallel to the surface by;
a. Rolling
b. Matching
c. Casting
d. Welding
53 In which zone does the amplitude of an indication from a given diminish exponentially as the
distance increases?
a. The far field zone
b. The near field zone
c. The dead zone
d. The fresnel zone
54 A smooth flat discontinuity whose major plane is not perpendicular to the direction of sound
propagation may be indicated by:
a. An echo amplitude comparable in magnitude to the back surface reflection
b. A complete loss of back surface reflection
c. An echo amplitude larger in magnitude that the back surface reflection
d. All of the above
55 Using a pulse echo technique, if the major plane of a flat discontituity is oriented at some angle
other than perpendicular to the direction of sound propagation, the result may be:
a. Loss of signal linearity
b. Loss or lack of a recived discontinuity echo
c. Focusing of the sound beam
d. Loss of interference phenomena
56 As transducer diameter decreases, the beam spread:
a. Decreases
b. Remains the same
c. Increases
d. Becomes conical in shape
57 A set of standard reference blocks with the same geometrical configuration and dimensions other
than the size of the calibaration reflectors, e.g., flat bottom holes, is called a set of:
a. Distance amplitude standards
b. Area amplitude standards
c. Variable frequency blocks
d. Beam spread measuring blocks

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58 The angle at which 90 degrees refraction of a longitudinal sound wave is reached is called;
a. The angle of incidence
b. The first critical angle
c. The angle of maximum reflection
d. The second critical angle
59 The control of voltage supplied to the verticl deflection plates of the instrument display in an A-scan
UT setup is performed by the:
a. Sweep generator
b. Pulser
c. Amplified circuit
d. Clock timer
60 Attenuation is difficult quantity to measure accurately, particulay in solid materials, at the test
frequency normally used. The overall result usually observed includes other loss mechanisms
which can include:
a. Beam spread
b. Couplant mismatch
c. Tets geometry
d. All of the above
61 The vertical liner range of test instrument may be determined by obtaning ultrasonic responses
from:
a. A set of distancce amplitude reference blocks
b. Steel balls located at several different water path distances
c. A set of area amplitude refernce blocks
d. All of the above
62 Large grains in ametallic test specimen usually result in:
a. A decrease ar loss of black surface reflection
b. Large hash or noise indications
c. A decrease in penetration
d. All of the above
63 The total energy losses occuring in all materials is called:
a. Attenuation
b. Scatter
c. Beam spread
d. Interface
64 Delay-tip(stand-off) type contact transducers are primarily used for:
a. Defect detection
b. Sound wave characterization
c. Thickness measurement or flaw detection in thin materials
d. Attenuation measuremants
65 Acoustical lenses are commonly use dfro countour correction. When scanning the inside of pipe section by
the immersion method, use a:
a. Focused cup lense
b. Convex lense
c. Concave lense
d. Variable pitch lens
66 In Figure 3, transducer A is being used to establish:
a. Verification of wedge angle
b. Sensitivity calibration
c. Resolution
d. An index point
67 In Figure 3, transducer C is being used to check:
a. Distance calibaration
b. Resolution
c. Sensitivity calibration

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d. Verification of wedge angle

68 In Figure 3, transducer D is being used to check:

a. Distance calibaration
b. Resolution
c. Sensitivity calibration
d. Verification of wedge angle
69 When the incident angle is chosen to be between the first and second angles, the ultrasonic wave
generated within the part will be:
a. Longitudinal
b. Shear
c. Surface
d. Lamb
70 In Figure 4, transducer B is being used to check
a. The verification of wedge angle
b. Resolution
c. Sensitivity calabration
d. Distance calabration
71 The angle at which 90 degrees refraction of the shear wave mode occurs is called the:
a. First critical angle
b. Second critical angle
c. Third critical angle
d. Angle of reflection

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72 In a water immersion test, ultrasonic energy is transmitted into steel at an incident angle of 14
degrees. What is the angle of the refracted shear wave within the material?
Vs=3.2x105 cm/s
Vw=1.5x105 cm/s
( Trigonometry table Required)
a. 45 degrees
b. 23 degrees
c. 31 degrees
d. 13 degrees

73 If u where requested to design a plastic shoe to generate a Rayleigh wave in aluminum, what would
be the incident angle of the ultrasonic energy?
Vs=3.2x105 cm/s
Vw=1.5x105 cm/s
( Trigonometry table Required)
a. 37 degrees
b. 57 degrees
c. 75 degrees
d. 48 degrees

74 Compute the wave length of ultrasonic energy in lead at 1 MHz (V l=2.1x105cm/s V= xF)
a. 0.21 cm
b. 21 cm
c. 0.48 cm
d. 4.8x 10-5 cm
75 For aluminum and steel, the longitudinal velocity is approximately------------------ the shear velocity.
a. Equal to
b. Twice
c. Half of
d. Four times
76 Water travel distance for immersion inspections should be:
a. Such that the second front reflection does not appear between the first front and back reflections
b. Exactly 76mm (3 in)
c. Less than 76mm (3 in)
d. Always equal to the thickness of the material being inspected
77 The electronic circuitry that allows selection and processing of only those signals relating to

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discontinuties that occour in specific zones of a part is called:

a. An electronic gate
b. An electronic attenuator
c. A distance amplitude correction circuit
d. A fixed marker
78 When conducting a contact ultrasonic test, the hash or irregular signals that appear in the CRT
display of the area being inspected could be caused by:
a. Fine grains in the structure
b. Dirt in the water couplant
c. Coarse grains in the structure
d. A thick but tapered back surface
79 In inspecting a 102 mm (4in) diameter threaded steel cylinder for radial cracks extending from the
root of the threads, it would be preferable to transmit:
a. Shear waves at an angle to the threads
b. Longitudina; waves from the end of the cylinder and perpendicular to the direction of the thread
roots
c. Surface waves perpendicular to the thread roots
d. Shear waves around the circumferences of the cylinder
80 In an immersion inspection of raw material, the water travel distance should be:
a. Exactly 76 mm (3 in)
b. Equal to 76 mm (3 in) 13 mm (0.5 in)
c. Equal to the water travel distance used in setting up on the reference standards
d. Equal to the thickness of a material
81 The angle formed by an ultrasonic wave as it enters a medium of different velocity than the one
from which it came and a line drawn perpendicular to the interface between the two media is called
the angle of:
a. Incidence
b. Refraction
c. Rarefraction
d. Reflection

82 The process of adjusting an instrument or device to a reference standard is referred to as:

a. Angulation
b. Scanning
c. Correction for distance amplitude variations
d. Calibration

83 An electron tube in which a beam of electrons from the cathode is udes to reproduce an image on a
display at the end of the tube is referred to as:
a. An amplifier tube
b. A pulser tube
c. A cathode ray tube
d. A sweep tube
84 A grouping of anumber of crystals in one transducer, with all contacts surfaces in the same plane,
and vibrating in phase with each other to act as a single transducer is called a:
a. Focusing crystal
b. Crystal mosaic
c. Scrubber
d. Single plane manipulator
85 The angle of reflection is:
a. Equal to the angle of incidence
b. Dependent on the couplant used
c. Dependent on the frequency used
d. Equal to the angle of refraction

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86 The angular position of the reflecting surface of a planar discontinuity with respect to the entry
surface is referred to as:
a. The angle of incidence
b. The angle of refraction
c. The orientation of the discontinuity
d. None of the above
87 A short burst of alternating electrical energy is called:
a. A continuous wave
b. A peaked DC voltage
c. An ultrasonic wave
d. A pulse
88 In ultrasonic testing, the time duration of the transmitted pulse is referred to as:
a. The pulse length or pulse width
b. The pulse amplitude
c. The pulse shape
d. None of the above
89 The phenomenon by which a wave strikes a boundary and changes the direction of its propagation
within the same medium is referred to as:
a. Divergence
b. Impedance
c. Angulation
d. Reflection
90 The change in direction of an ultrasonic beam when it passes from one medium to another whose
velocity differs from that of the first medium is called:
a. Refraction
b. Rarefraction
c. Angulation
d. reflection
91 The coated inside surface of the large end of a cathode ray tube which becomes luminous when
struck by an electron beam is called;
a. An electron gun
b. An electron amplifier
c. An ultrasonic instrument display
d. An electron counter
92 Which of the following modes of vibration exhibits the shoetest wavelength at a given frequency
and in a given material?
a. A longitudinal wave
b. A compression wave
c. A shear wave
d. A surface wave
93 In general, shear waves are more sensitive to small discontinuties than longitudinal waves for a
given material because:
a. The wavelength of shear waves is shorter than the wavelength of longitudinal waves
b. Shear waves are not as easily dispersed in the material
c. The direction of particle vibration for shear waves is more sensitive to discontinuties
d. The wavelength of shear waves is longer than the wavelength of longitudinal waves
94 In general which of the following modes of vibration would have the greatest penetrating power in a
coarse-grained material if the frequency of the waves are the same?
a. Longitudinal waves
b. Shear waves
c. Transverse waves
d. All og the above modes would have the same penetrating power
95 A testing technique in which the crystal or transducer is parallel to the test surface and ultrasonic
waves enter the material being testing in a direction perpendicular to the test surface is:

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a. Straight beam testing

b. Angle beam testing
c. Surface wave testing
d. None of the above
96 The distance from a given point on an ultrasonic wave to the next corresponding point is referred to
as:
a. Frequency
b. Wavelength
c. Velocity
d. Pulse length
97 The speed with which ultrasonic waves travel through a material is known as its:
a. Velocity
b. Pulse repetation rate
c. Pulse recovery rate
d. Ultrasonic response
98 A subtance that reduces the surface tension of a liquid is referred to as:
a. A couplant
b. An ultrasonic damper
c. A wetting agent
d. None of the above
99 The ultrasonic transducers most commonly used for discontinuity testing utilize:
a. Magnetostriction principles
b. Piezoelectric principles
c. Mode conversion principles
d. None of the above
100 Mechanical and electrical stability, insolubility in liquids, and resistance to aging are three
advantages of transducers made of:
a. Lithium sulfate
b. Barium titanate
c. Quartz
d. Rochelle salts
101 The formula sin is referred to as:
a. The acoustical impedance ratio formula
b. The phase conversion formula
c. The Fresnel zone formula
d. Snells law
102 The formula is used to determine:
a. Angular relationships
b. Phase velocities
c. Amount of reflected sound energy
d. Acoustic impedance
103 The amount of energy reflected from discontinuity is dependent on:
a. The size of the discontinuity
b. The orientation of the discontinuity
a. The type of discontinuity
c. All of the above
104 If an ultrasonic wave is transmitted through an interface of two materials in which the first material
has a higher acoustic impedance value but the same velocity value as the second material, the
angle of refraction will be:
a. Greater than the angle of incidence
b. Less than the angle of incidence
c. The same as the angle of incidence
d. Beyond the criticla angle

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105 Which of the following frequencies would probably result in the greatest ultrasonic attenuation
losses?
a. 1 MHz
b. 2.25 MHz
c. 10 MHz
d. 25 MHz
106 The product of the sound velocity and the density of a material is known as the:
a. Refraction value of the material
b. Acoustic impedence of the material
c. Elastic constant of the material
d. Poissions ratio of the material

107 The amplifier range over which the unsaturated signal respond increases in amplitude in proportion
to the discontinuity surface area is the:
a. Sensitivity range
b. Vertical linearity range
c. Selective range
d. Horizontal linearity range
108 When inspecting a rolled or forged surfsce with a thin scale that is generally tightly adhering to the
part, before testing the part:
a. Clean the surface of loose scale
b. Have all scale removed
c. Rough machine the surface
d. Caustic etch the surface
109 The angle of reflection of an ultrasonic beam at an aluminum-water interface is:
a. 0.256 times the angle of incidence
b. Approximately the angle of incidence
c. Equal to the angle of incidence
d. Approximately 4 times the angle of incidence

110 What kind of waves travel at a velocity slightly less than shear waves and their mode of propagation
is both longitudinal and transverse with repect to the surface?
a. Rayleigh waves
b. Transverse waves
c. L-waves
d. Longitudinal waves
111 Which ultrasonic test frequency would probably provide the best penetration in a 30 cm (12in.) thick
specimen of corse-grained steel?
a. 1 MHz
b. 2.25 MHz
c. 5 MHz
d. 10 MHz
112 During immersion testing of an ASTM ultrasonic standard Reference Block, a B-scan presentation
system will show a:
a. plan view of the block, showing the area and position of the hole bottom as seen from the entry
syrface
b. Basic test pattern showing the height of indication from the hold bottom and its location in depth
from the entry surface
c. Cross section of the reference block, showing the top and bottom surfaces of the block and the
location of the hole bottom in the block
d. None of the above

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113 Properties of shear or transverse waves used for ultrasonic testing include:
a. Particle motion normal to propagation direction, and propagation velocity that is about the
longitudinal wave velocity in the same material
b. Exceptionally high sensitivity due to low attenuation resulting from longer wavelengths when
propagating through water
c. High coupling efficiency because shear waves are less sensitive to surface variables when
travelling from coupling liquid to the part
d. None of the above statements apply to shear waves
114 One of the most commom applications of ultrasonic tests employing shear waves is for the:
a. Detecting of discontinuties in welds, tube, and pipe
b. Determination of elastic properties of metallic products
c. Detection of laminar discontinuties in heavy plate
d. Measurement of thickness of thin plate

115 Significant errors in ultrasonic thickness measure can occur if:

a. The test frequency is varying at a constant rate
b. The velocity of propagation deviates substantially from an assumed constant value for a given
material
c. Water is employed as a couplant between the transducer and the part being measured
d. None of the above should caused errors
116 Generally, the best ultrasonic testing method for detecting discobtinuties oriented along the fusion
zone in a welded plate is:
a. An angle beam contact method using surface waves
b. A contact test using a straight logitudinal wave
c. An immersion test using surface waves
d. An angle beam method using shear waves
117 An ultrasonic testing instrument that displays pulses repersenting the magnitude of reflected
ultrasound as a function of time or depth of metal is said to contain:
a. A continuous wave display
b. An A-scan presentation
c. A B-scan presentation
d. A C-scan presentation

118 At a water-steel interface the angle of incidence in water is 7 degrees. The principal mode of
vibration that exixts in the steel is:
a. Longitudinal
b. Shear
c. Both a and b
d. surface
119 In a liquid medium, the only mode of vibration that can exist is:
a. Longitudinal
b. Shear
c. Both a and b
d. surface

120 In an ultrasonic instrument, the number of pulses produce by an instrument in a given period of
time is known as the:
a. Pulse length of the instrument
b. Pulse recovery time
c. Frequency
d. Pulse repetition rate

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 UT Level II Training Course General Examination
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Name: Badge # : Date:

121 In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that coordinates the action and timing
of other components is called a:
a. Display unit
b. Receiver
c. Marker circuit or range marker circuit
d. Synchronizer, clock, or timer
122 In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that produces the voltage that activates
the transduce is called:
a. An amplifier
b. A receiver
c. A pulser
d. A synchronizer
123 In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that produces the time base line is
called a:
a. Sweep circuit
b. receiver
c. Pulser
d. Synchronizer
124 In a basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument, the component that produces visible signals on the
CRT which are uased to measure distance is called a:
a. Sweep circuit
b. Marker circuit
c. Receiver circuit
d. synchronize
125 Most basic pulse echo ultrasonic instrument use:
a. Automatic read-out equipment
b. An A-scan presentation
c. A B-scan presentation
d. A C-scan presentation

126 The instrument displays a plan view of the part outline and defects when using:
a. Automatic read-out equipment
b. An A-scan presentation
c. A B-scan presentation
d. A C-scan presentation

127 The incident angles at which 90 degrees refraction of longitudinal and shear waves are called:
a. The normal angles of incidence
b. The critical angles
c. The angles of maximum reflection
d. None of the above

128 Compression waves whose partical displacement is parallel to the direction of propagation are
called:
a. Longitudinal waves
b. Shear waves
c. Lamb waves
d. Rayleigh waves
129 The mode of vibration that is quickly damped out when testing by the immersion method is:
a. Longitudinal waves
b. Shear waves
c. Transverse waves
d. Surface waves

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 UT Level II Training Course General Examination
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130 The motion of particles in a shear wave is:

a. Parallel to the direction of propagation of the ultrasonic beam
b. Transverse to the direction of beam propagation
c. Limited to the material surface and alliptical in motion
d. Polarized in a plane at 45 degrees to the direction of beam propagation
131 An ultrasonic longitudinal wave travels in aluminum with a velocity of 635 000cm/s and has a
frequency of 1 MHz. The wavelength of this ultrasonic wave is:
a. 6035 mm (0.25 in.)
b. 78 mm (3.1 in.)
c. 1.9 m (6035 ft)
d. 30 000
132 The refraction angle of longitudinal ultrasonic waves passing from water into metallic material at
angles other than normal to the interface is primarily a function of:
a. The impedence ratio (r=ZwZM) of water to metal
b. The relative velocities of sound in water and metal
c. The frequency of the ultrasonic beam
d. The density ratio of water to metal
133 In contact testing, shear waves can be included in the test material by:
a. Placing an X-cut crystal directly on the surface of the materials, and coupling through a flim of
oil
b. Using two transducers on opposite sides of the test specimen
c. Placing a spherical acoustic lens on the face of the transducer
d. Using a transducer mounted on a plastic wedge so that sound enters the part at an angle
134 As frequency increases in ultrasonic testing, the angle of beam divergence of a given diameter
crystal:
a. Decreases
b. Remains unchange
c. Increases
d. Varies uniformly through each wavelenght
135 Which of the following in not an advantage of contact ultrasonic transducers(probes) adapted with
lucite shoes?
a. Most of the crtstal wear os eliminated
b. Adaption to curved surfaces is permitted
c. Sensitivity is increased
d. Ultrasound is allowed to enter a parts surface at oblique angles
136 The velocity of sound is lowest in:
a. Air
b. Water
c. Aluminum
d. Plastic

137 A longitudinal ultrasonic wave is transmitted from water into steel at an angle of 5 degrees from the
normal. In such cases, the refracted angle of the transverse wave is;
a. Less than the refracted angle of the longitudinal wave
b. Equal to the refracted angle of longitudinal wave
c. Greater than refracted angle of the longitudinal wave
d. Not present at all
138 The velocity of longitudinal waves is higest in:
a. Water
b. Air
c. Aluminum
d. plastic

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 UT Level II Training Course General Examination
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139 In steel, the velocity of sound is greatest in:

a. longitudinal waves
b. shear waves
c. surface waves
d. None of the above sound velocity is identicla in all modes, in a given material

140 The acoustic impedance is:

a. Used to calculate the angle of reflection
b. The product of the density of the material and the velocity of sound in the material
c. Found in snells law
d. Used to determine resonance values

141 Thin sheet may be inspected with the ultrasonic wave directed normal to the surface by observing:
a. The amplitude of the front surface reflection
b. The multiple reflection pattern
c. All front surface reflections
d. None of the above

142 A diagram in which the entire circuit stage or sections are showm by geometric fogures and the
path of the signal or energy by lines and/or arrows is called a:
a. Schematic diagram
b. Blueprint
c. Block diagram
d. None of the above
143 A hole produce during the solidification of metal due to escaping gases is called:
a. A burst
b. A cold shut
c. Flaking
d. A blow hole

144 A discontinuity that occurs during the casting of molten metal which may be caused by splashing,
surging, interrupted pouring, or the meeting of two streams of metal coming from different
directions is called:
a. A burst
b. A cold shut
c. Flaking
d. A blow hole
145 The ratio between the wave speed in one material and the wave speed in a second material and the
wave speed in asecond material is called:
a. The acoustic impedence of the interface
b. Youngs moduls
c. Poissons ratio
d. The index of refraction
146 The expansion and contraction of amagnetic material under the influence of a changing magnetic
field is referred to as:
a. Piezoelectricity
b. Refraction
c. Magnetistriction
d. Rarefaction
147 The ratio of stress to strain in a material within the elastic limit is called:
a. Youngs moduls
b. The moduls of elasticity
c. Both a and b
d. The index of refraction

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 UT Level II Training Course General Examination
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148 A point, line, or surfce of a vibrating body marked by absolute or relative freedom from vibratory
motion is referred to as:
a. A node
b. An antinode
c. Rarefraction
d. compression
149 The factor that determines the amount of reflection at the interface of two dissimilar materials is:
a. The index of rarefraction
b. The frequency of the ultrasonic wave
c. Youngs moduls
d. The acoustic impedance

150 A quartz crystal cut so that its major faces are parallel to the Z and Y axes and perpendiculat to the
X axis is called:
a. A Y-cut crystal
b. An X-cut crystal
c. A Z-cut crystal
d. A ZY-cut crystal
151 The equation describing wavelength in terms of velocity and frequency is:
a. Wavelength= velocityx frequency
b. Wavelength= z(velocityx frequency)
c. Wavelength= velocity frequency
d. Wavelength=frequency+velocity

152 When an ultrasonic beam reaches the interface of two dissimilar material it is:
a. Reflected
b. Refracted
c. Mode converted
d. All of the above

153 When inspecting aluminum by the immersion method using water for a couplant, the following
information is know:
Velocity of sound in water = 1049x105 cm/s,
Velocity of longitudinal waves in aluminum = 6.23x105 cm/s,
Angle of incidence = 5 degrees.
The angle of refraction for longitudinal waves is approximately:
a. 22 degrees
b. 18 degrees
c. 26 degrees
d. 16 degrees
154 Of the piezoelectric materials listed below, the most efficient sound transmitter is:
a. Lithium sulfate
b. Quartz
c. Barium titanate
d. Silver oxide

155 Of the piezoelectric materials listed below, the most efficient sound receiver is:
a. Lithium sulfate
b. Quartz
c. Barium titanate
d. Silver oxide

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 UT Level II Training Course General Examination
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156 The most commonly used method of producing shear waves in a test part when inspectin by the
immersion method is:
a. By transmitting longitudinal waves into part in a direction perpendicular to its front surfcae
b. By using two crystals vibrating at different frequencies
c. By using a Y-cut quartz crystal
d. By angulation the secrch tube to the proper angle
157 Beam divergence is a function of the dimensions of the crystal and the wavelength of the beam
transmitted through a medium, and it:
a. Increases if the frequency or crystal diameter decreases
b. Decreases if the frequency or crystal diameter decreases
c. Increases if the frequency increases and crystal diameter decreases
d. Decreases if the frequency increases and crystal diameter decreases
158 The wavelength of an ultrasonic wave is:
a. Directly proportional to velocity and frequency
b. Directly proportional to velocity and inversaly proportionaly to frequency
c. Inversaly proportional to velocity and directly proportional to frequency
d. Equal to the product of velocity and frequency

159 The fundamental frequency of a piezoelectric crystal is primarily a function of:

a. The length of the applied voltage pulse
b. The amplifying characteristics of the pulse amplifier in the instrument
c. The thickness of the crystal
d. None of the above

160 Aocustic velocity of materials are primaly due to the materials

a. Density
b. Elasticity
c. Both a and b
d. Acoustic impedence

161 Inspection of casting is often impractical because of:

a. Extreamly small grain structure
b. Coarse grain structure
c. Uniform flow lines
d. Uniform velocity of sound

162 Lamb waves may be used to inspect:

a. Forgings
b. Bar stock
c. Ingots
d. Thin sheet

163 The formula used to determine the angle of beam divergence of a quartz crystal is:
a. Sin= diameter1/2x wavelength
b. Sin diameter= frequencyx wavelength
c. Sin= frequencyx wavelength
d. Sin/2=1.22x wavelenth/diameter

164 The resolving power of a transducer is directly proportional to its:

a. Diameter
b. Bandwidth
c. Pulse repetition
d. None of the above

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 UT Level II Training Course General Examination
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165 Acoustic lens elements with which of the following permit focusing the sound energy to enter
cylindricl surfaces normally or along a line focus?
a. Cylindrical curvatures
b. Spherical lens curvatures
c. Convex shapes
d. Concave shapes
166 In the basic pilse echo instrument, the synchronizer, clock, or timer circuit determines the:
a. Pulse length
b. Gain
c. Pulse repetation
d. Sweep length

167 The primary requirement of a paintbrush transducer is that:

a. All crystals be mounted equidastant from each other
b. The intensity of the beam pattern not vary greatly over the entire length of the transducer
c. The fundamental frequency of the crystals not vary more than 0.01%
d. The overall length not exceed 76mm (3 in.)

168 Heat conduction, viscous friction, elastic hysteresis, and scattering are four different mechanism
which lead to:
a. Attenuation
b. Refraction
c. Beam spreading
d. saturation
169 Because the velocity of sound in aluminum is aproximately 245 000 in./s, for sound to travel
through 25 mm (1 in.) of aluminum, it takes:
a. 1/8 s
b. 4 s
c. 4ms Directly proportional to velocity and inversaly proportionaly to frequency
d. x 104s
170 When testing a part with rough surface, it is generally advisable to use:
a. A lower frequency transducer and a more viscous couplant than is used on parts with smooth
surface
b. A higher frequency transducer and a more viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth
surface
c. A higher frequency transducer and a less viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth
surface
d. A lower frequency transducer and a less viscous couplant than is used on parts with a smooth
surface

171 Reflection indications from a weld area being inspected by the angle beam technique may
represent:
a. Porosity
b. Cracks
c. Weld bead
d. All of the above
172 During a test using A-scan equipment, strong indications that move at varying rates across the
screen in the horizontal direction appear. It is impossible to repeat a particular screen pattern by
scanning the same area. A possible cause of these indications is:
a. Porisity in the test part
b. An irregular shaped crack
c. A blow hole
d. Electrical interference

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 UT Level II Training Course General Examination
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173 In an A-scan presentation, the horizontal line formed by the uniform and repeated movement of an
electron beam across the fluorescent screen of a cathode ray tube is called:
a. A square wave pattern
b. A sweep line
c. A marker pattern
d. None of the above
174 The greatest amount of attenuation losses take place at:
a. 1 MHz
b. 2.25 MHz
c. 5 MHz
d. 10 MHz

175 Waves that travel around gradual curves with little or no reflection from the curve are called:
a. Transverse waves
b. Surface waves
c. Shear waves
d. Longitudinal waves

176 To evaluate and accurately locate discontinuties after scanning a oart with a paint brush transducer,
it is generally necessary to use a:
a. Transducer with a smaller crystal
b. Scrubber
c. Grid map
d. Crystal collimator
177 An ultrasonic instrument has been calibrated to obtain a 51 mm(2 in.) indication from a 2mm (0.08
in.) diameter flat bottom hole located 76mm(3 in.) from the front surface of an aluminum reference
block. When testing an aluminum forgoing, a 51 mm(2 in.) indication is obtained from a
discontinuity located 76 mm(3 in.) from the entry surface. The cross sectional area of this
discontinuity is probably:
a. The same as the area of the 2mm (0.08 in.) flat bottom hole
b. Greater than the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat bottom hole
c. Slightly less than the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat bottom hole
d. About the area of the 2 mm (0.08 in.) flat bottom hole
178 As the impedence ratio of two dissimilar materials increases, the percentage of sount coupled
through an interface of such materials:
a. Decreases
b. Increases
c. Is not changed
d. May increase or decrease
179 Low frequency sound waves are not generally used to test thin material because of:
a. The rapid attenuation of low frequency
b. Incompatible wavelengths
c. Poor near-surface resolution
d. None of the above will actually limit such a test

180 When using two separate transducers (one a transmitter, the other a receiver), the most efficient
combination would be a:
a. Quartz transmitter and a barium titanate receiver
b. Barium titanate transmitter and a lithium sulfate receiver
c. Lithium sulfate transmitter and a barium titinate receiver
d. Barium titinate transmitter and a quartz receiver

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 UT Level II Training Course General Examination
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181 In immersion testing, the accessory equipment to which the search cable and the transducer are
attached is called a:
a. Crystal collimator
b. Scrubber
c. Jet-stream unit
d. Search tube or scanning tube
182 In general, discontinuties in wrought product tend to be oriented:
a. Randomly
b. In the direction of grain flow
c. At right angles to the entry surface
d. At right angles to the grain flow

183 In immersion testing, irrelevant or false indications caused by coutoured surfaces are likely to
result in a:
a. Broad-based indication
b. Peaked indication
c. hashy signal
d. Narrow-based indication
184 In contact testing, defects near the entry surface cannot always be detected because of:
a. The far-field effect
b. Attenuation
c. The dead zone
d. refraction

185 In case where the diameter of tubing being inspected is smaller than the diameter of the transducer,
what can be used to confine the sound beam to the proper range of angles?
a. A scrubber
b. A collimator
c. An angle plane angular
d. A jet-stream unit
186 The maxixmum scanning speed possible is primarily determined by:
a. The frequency of the transducer
b. Viscous drag problems
c. The pulse repetition rate of the test instrument
d. The presistency of the ultrasonic instrument display

187 The property of certain materials to transform electrical energy to mechanical energy and vice versa
is called:
a. Mode conversion]
b. Piezoelectric effect
c. Refraction
d. Impedance matching
188 Surface waves are reduced to an energy level of approximately 1/25 of the original power at a depth
of:
a. 25 mm (1 in.)
b. 102 mm (4 in.)
c. 1 wavelength
d. 4 wavelength
189 To prevent the appearance of the second front surface indication before the first back reflection
when inspecting aluminum by immersion method (water is used as a ouplant), it is necessary to
have a minimum of at least 25 mm (1 in.) of water for every:
a. 51 mm (2 in.) of aluminum
b. 102 mm (4 in.) of aluminum
c. 152 mm (6 in.) of aluminum

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d. 203 mm (8 in.) of aluminum

190 Inctreasing the length of the pulse used to activate the transducer will:
a. Increase the strength of the ultrasound but decrease the resolving power of instrument
b. Increase the resolving power of instrument
c. Have no effect on the test
d. Decrease the penetration of the sound wave

191 The lack of parallelism between the entry surface and the back surface:
a. May result in ascreen pattern that does not contain back reflection indications
b. Makes it difficult to locate discontinuties that lie parallel to the entry surface
c. Usually indicates that a porous condition exists in the metal
d. Decreases the penetrating power of the test

192 A discontinuity with concave surface will:

a. Diffuse the sound energy through the part
b. Cause the reflectec beam to focus at a point determined by the curvature of the discontinuity
c. Cause mode reinforcement of the ultrasonic wave
d. Cause none of the above

193 Rayleigh waves:

a. Are generated at the first critical angle
b. Are generated at the second critical angle
c. Are generated at either critical angle
d. Travel only in liquid
e. Are another name for lamb waves

194 Angle beam testing of plate will often miss:

a. Cracks that are perpendicular to the sound wave
b. Inclusions that are randomly oriented
c. Laminations that are parallel to the front surface
d. A series os small discontinuties

195 Reducing the extent of the dead zone of a transducer by using a delay tip results in:
a. Improved distance amplitude correction in the near field
b. Reduced frequency of the primary ultrasonic beam
c. Reduced ability to detect flaws in the near field
d. Improved accuracy in thickness measurments of thin plate sheet
e. None of the above
196 In a plate, skip distance can be calculated fron which of theh following formulas where (t= plate
thickness, = angle of sound beam refraction, and V= sound velocity);
a. S= (2 xt )/ tan
b. S= 2x t x sin
c. S= 2 x V x sin
d. None of the above
197 The technique of examining an ultrasonic reflector from different directions might be used to enable
the technique to:
a. Distinguish between different types of flaws
b. Predict the useful service life of the test specimen
c. Distinguish between flaw indications and spurious or false indications
d. All of the above

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e. None of the above

198 The principal applications of ultrasonic techniques consists of:

a. Flaw detection
b. Thickness measurements
c. Determination of elastic moduli
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
199 Attenuation is the loss of the ultrasonic wave energy during the course of propagation in the
material due to:
a. Reflection and refraction
b. Dispersion and diffraction
c. Composition and shape#
d. All of the above
200 When setting up an ultrasonic inspection, the repetation frequency of the ultrasonic instrument
should be set:
a. So that its period is at least as long as the opoerating time
b. The same time as the transducer resonance frequency
c. As low as possible to avoid overpulsing and distortion
d. According to the instrument manual of the instrument
e. None of the above
201 In immersion shear wave testing, waves are normally generated by angulating the transducer
beyond the first critical angle. What is the direction of the materials particle motion?
a. The same as the wave propagation
b. Normal to the material surafce
c. Parallel to the direction of wave propagation
d. Perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
e. Only surface waves existed beyond the first critical angle
202 Which of the following modes of vibration are quickly dampened out when testing by the immersion
method?
a. Longitudinal waves
b. Shear waves
c. Transverse waves
d. Surface waves
203 The most commonly used method of producing shear waves in a test part when inspecting by the
immersion method is:
a. By transmitting longitudinal wave sinto part in a direction perpendicular to its front surface
b. By using two crystals vibrating at different frequencies
c. By using Y-cut quartz crystal
d. By angulating the search tube or manipulator to the proper angle

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