Comparative Study and Analysis of The Lateral and Vertical Loads of Pile Foundation
Comparative Study and Analysis of The Lateral and Vertical Loads of Pile Foundation
Comparative Study and Analysis of The Lateral and Vertical Loads of Pile Foundation
Abstract Pile foundations are common foundations summarised the points that need to be amended to
for bridge abutment, piers and buildings resting on Indian codes of practice to meet the state of the art
soft soil strata. Piles are structural members that are developments in the subject. Presented in this
made of steel, concrete, or timber. They are used to research paper are the results of a competetive and
build pile foundations. Despite the cost, the use of Analysis of Laterally and Vertically Loaded of Pile
piles often is necessary to ensure structural safety. foundations. compressive clay soil comparasion in
piles are used in construction work, depending on cohesive soils, cohesiveless soils change parameters
the type of load to be carried, the subsoil conditions, of pile ( Length) depth in meter considered as
and the location of the water table The objective of primary parameter. Analysis is performed both for a
the current study is to carry out parametric analysis single pile and a pile group. It was observed that
of a group of piles by analyzing using finite element lateral and vertical loaded pile foundation analysis.
method & comparing the results obtained using
empirical equations(Brom s method and Vesics II. SOIL INVESTIGATION
method) . The piles are modelled as linear elements. The overall purposes of this study are to
The effect of soil structure interaction is taken into investigate the stereography at the site, perform a
account by assuming it as vertical and horizontal detailed liquefaction susceptibility analysis for the
soil spring (winkler soil spring) . Lateral subgrade site, and to develop geotechnical recommendations
modulus and vertical subgrade modulus of soil (KH for design and construction of foundations for the
and kv) is calculated as per is code 2911. The pile proposed building and associated facilities. Static
group is subjected to both vertical and horizontal cone penetration tests to get the additional data for
forces. foundation analysis.
Testing selected soil and groundwater
Keywords Spring Constants, Pile Foundation, sample in the laboratory to determine pertinent index
Static Analysis, Staad Pro. and engineering properties of the soils.
analyzing all field and laboratory data in
I. INTRODUCTION order to develop engineering recommendations for
Pile foundations are adopted commonly for foundation design and construction. This reports
various types of multi-storeyed structures when the presents our engineering analysis and
founding soil is weak and soft; and also in industrial recommendations for the entire plant site, including
structures, bridges, offshore structures. With detailed liquefaction susceptibility analysism
increasing infrastructural growth and seismic Cohesiveness, soil angle of friction, Density water
activities, designing the pile foundations for load levels SPT N Values Static Cone Penetration Test:
bearing conditions and soil conditions is of The static cone penetration is a specialized
considerable importance for the efficient function of penetration test to obtain a profile of soil resistance
the structures especially, the lifeline structures like with depth. The test was conducted using our skid
bridges etc. Several studies were conducted by mounted 10 tones capacity, hydraulically operated.
various researchers on the lateral and verticial The cone penetrometer used is a mechanical cone
loaded analysis and design of the pile foundations with friction jacket type that measures the total
and evolved different theories on the same. Codes of resistance to penetration, cone tip resistance and
practice available in different countries suggested cone plus friction resistance. The test was
some procedures for find lateral and vertical loaded conducted in general accordance with IS 4968
design of pile foundations. This paper presents a Part III
short discussion on the various theories evolved on
load calculation pile performance concepts followed Plate Load Test: Plate load test was performed at the
by outlines of suggested procedures by selected site at specified depth using a 30 x 30 cm size test
international and Indian codes on the subject. A soil plate. The test procedure was in general accordance
profile is selected from Gangavaram, Vizag area as with IS:1888-1982 Test results are presented as a
an exemplary case to demonstrating the load design graphical plot of bearing pressure on plate are
of pile foundations. From this paper it can be measured
Laboratory Tests: The laboratory testing has been Design of Pile Foundations
carried out in CENGRES laboratory. The quality The general criteria for the design of pile groups
procedure in our laboratory confirms to IS 2911. is that:
Soil Classification showing RL and Depth The load-carrying capacity of a single pile
should not be exceeded due to loads and moments
Soil Data coming from the superstructure.
The load-carrying capacity of the group should
not be exceeded by the total superposed loads.
The settlements, both total and differential,
should be within permissible limits.
The design of pile foundation may be carried out in
the following steps:
Calculate the loads. The total load acting on
the piles includes the weight of the pile cap
and the soil above it. If the ground is newly
filled or will be filled in the future, the
additional load on piles due to negative skin
friction should be included.
Pile Load Test Get the soil profile of the site and,
Static pile load test is the most reliable means of superimpose the outline of the proposed
determining the load capacity of a pile. The test foundation and substructure on this. Mark
procedure consists of applying static load to the pile the ground water level.
in increments up to a designated level of load and Determine type and length of piles.
recording the vertical deflection of the pile. The load Determine pile capacity.
is usually transmitted by means of a hydraulic jack Establish pile spacing
placed between the top of the pile and a beam Check stresses in lower strata
supported by tow or more reaction piles. The
vertical deflection of the top of the pile is usually
measured by mechanical gauges attached to a beam,
which span over the test pile
Load Applied to Pile
Combinations of vertical, horizontal and
moment loading may be applied at the soil
surface from the overlying structure for the
majority of foundations the loads applied to
the piles are primarily vertical
For piles in jetties, foundations for bridge
piers, tall chimneys, and offshore piled
foundations the lateral resistance is an
important consideration Pile Analysis, Design and Detailing
The analysis of piles subjected to lateral For this pile foundation design, piles will be fixed-
and moment loading is more complex than head, 0.2m diameter, cast-in-place piles arranged in
simple vertical loading because of the soil- pile groups with piles spaced at 0.4m inches center-
structure interaction. Pile installation will to-center. The computer program STAAD PRO is
always cause change of adjacent soil used to analyze piles for both soil conditions
properties, sometimes good, sometimes bad (cohesive, cohesiveless) length of pile 12m, 28m.
The response to lateral loads is affected to some
degree by the coincident axial load
Factor of Safety
The working load for all pile types in all types of
soil may be taken as equal to the sum of the base
Vertical Load Analysis Of Piles By P-Y Curves resistance and shaft friction divided by a suitable
The bearing capacity of groups of piles subjected to factor of safety. A safety factor of 2.5 is normally
vertical or vertical and lateral loads depends upon used
the behavior of a single pile. The bearing capacity of Qa = Qb + Qf / 2.5 (Factor of Safety as per IS 2911)
a single pile depends upon size and length pile
parameters. type of soil and the method of pile General Theory For Ultimate Bearing Capacity
installation. The bearing capacity of a single pile The total failure load Qu may be written as follows:
increases with an increase in the size and length Qu = Qu + Wp = Qb + Qf + Wp The general equation
for the base resistance may be written as Qb = C Nc +
Load Transfer Mechanism qo Nq + 0.5 yd Ny Ab For cohesionless soils, c = 0
The load transfer mechanism from a pile to the soil and the term cohesive friction becomes insignificant
is complicated. consider pile of length L main factor. in comparison with the term qoNq for deep
The load on the pile is gradually increased from foundations Qb = Qu + Wp = q~NqAb + Wp +Qf
Zero point to Q (z=o) at the ground surface, part of
this load will be resisted by the side friction The net ultimate load in excess of the overburden
developed along the shaft Q1. and part by the soil pressure load qoAb is
below the tip the pile Q2. A static vertical load is
applied on the top. It is required to determine the
ultimate bearing capacity Qu of the pile. When the
If we assume, for all practical purposes, Wp and
ultimate load applied on the top of the pile is Qu
q'oAb are roughly equal for straight side or
moderately tapered piles
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K*Pdi*tan)*Asi Design, John Wiley & Sons,New York
Ultimate End Bearing Capacity Qb = (Cp*Nc +
Pd*Nq + 0.5**B*N)*Ap
Ultimate Bearing Capacity Of Soil Qu = Qs + Qb-W