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    Water Cement Ratio (W/C) : VC +VW Vah + VHP + VCP

    Uploaded by

    Vijay Bhan
    1) The water-cement ratio controls the strength and durability of hardened concrete, with higher strength achieved at lower ratios like 0.45 or 0.40. 2) The water-cement ratio is calculated by dividing the weight of water by the weight of cement in a mixture. 3) Hydration products have lower densities than unhydrated cement, so hydration reactions increase the solid volume, with a minimum water-cement ratio of 0.42 required for complete hydration.

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    Water Cement Ratio (W/C) : VC +VW Vah + VHP + VCP

    Uploaded by

    Vijay Bhan
    796 views12 pages
    1) The water-cement ratio controls the strength and durability of hardened concrete, with higher strength achieved at lower ratios like 0.45 or 0.40. 2) The water-cement ratio is calculated by dividing the weight of water by the weight of cement in a mixture. 3) Hydration products have lower densities than unhydrated cement, so hydration reactions increase the solid volume, with a minimum water-cement ratio of 0.42 required for complete hydration.

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    Water Cement Ratio

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    Water Cement Ratio

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    1) The water-cement ratio controls the strength and durability of hardened concrete, with higher strength achieved at lower ratios like 0.45 or 0.40. 2) The water-cement ratio is calculated by dividing the weight of water by the weight of cement in a mixture. 3) Hydration products have lower densities than unhydrated cement, so hydration reactions increase the solid volume, with a minimum water-cement ratio of 0.42 required for complete hydration.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as XLS, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as xls, pdf, or txt
    796 views12 pages

    Water Cement Ratio (W/C) : VC +VW Vah + VHP + VCP

    Uploaded by

    Vijay Bhan
    1) The water-cement ratio controls the strength and durability of hardened concrete, with higher strength achieved at lower ratios like 0.45 or 0.40. 2) The water-cement ratio is calculated by dividing the weight of water by the weight of cement in a mixture. 3) Hydration products have lower densities than unhydrated cement, so hydration reactions increase the solid volume, with a minimum water-cement ratio of 0.42 required for complete hydration.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as XLS, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as xls, pdf, or txt
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    WATER CEMENT RATIO (W/C)

    W/C ratio states two function - 1) strength of concrete is only depend upon w/c ratio, provide the mixtu
    strength of concrete primilarly depends upon the strength of cement paste.
    strength of cement paste increase with cement content & decrease in air & water content.
    The strength of fully compacted concrete is inversely proportinal to the w/c ratio.

    Air voids ------- Air voids -------

    -------capillary pores (Vcp


    Water(Vw) -------

    -------Hydration Products
    Cement (Vc) -------
    -----unreacted cement (V

    Aggregates ------- -----Agrregates

    time- 0 time t after set

    W/C controls the mechanical properties & durability of hardened concrete. There are two method to ch
    1. Physico chemical method (BS1881:124:1988)
    2. Fluroescence microscopy method. ( NT361-1999)
    Aggregrates & voids are ivariant with time & total shrinkage is small & we can write equation as below
    Vc +Vw = VAH + VHP + Vcp

    VAH,VHP,Vcp measures with backs cattered electronic microscopy & results are used to calculate the cem
    water content.

    Cement content Vc = VAH + (VHP/v)

    Water cement ratio W/C = {VHP(v-1)+v.Vcp}/{v.VAH +VHA).c

    Water content Vw = VHP(1-1/v)+Vcp

    Hydration degree m = VHP/(v.VAH+VHP)

    v - is volumetric increase of solid during Hydration which is equal to two.


    c - is specific gravity of cement.
    Strength inproves with low w/c demand 0.45 strength hits ( 4500 Psi-pound per square inch) & 0.40 ( 40
    The w/c is calculated by dividing the water & cement in one cubic yard
    If one cubic yard of the mixture has 235 pouds of water & 470 pounds of cement,then w/c ratio is 0.50.
    If mixture contain in gallon then multiply the gallon by 8.33.
    W/C)
    w/c ratio, provide the mixture workable.

    ater content.

    -------capillary pores (Vcp)

    -------Hydration Products (VHp)

    -----unreacted cement (VAH)

    -----Agrregates

    here are two method to check w/c

    write equation as below

    e used to calculate the cement &


    er square inch) & 0.40 ( 4000 PSI)

    ent,then w/c ratio is 0.50.


    CONCRETE MIXTURES
    States:
    1) The plastic states

    2) The Hardend states gives compressive strength .

    The factors influence the strength are -


    1) Quality of cement

    2) Quantity of cement,water & aggregates;batching & mixing;placing & compactio

    High heat of hydration in mass concrete causes cracking.

    Type of concete mixtures


    1) Nominal mixtures

    2) Standard Mixtures: IS 456:2000 (M10,M15,M20,M25,M30,M35,M40,M50)

    3) Design Mixtures

    Standard Mixtures: IS 456:2000 (M10,M20,M25,M30,M35,M40,M50)


    Mix by volume or mass.

    M refers Mixture

    Numbers refers to specified 28 days cube strength in N/mm2.

    For example - M10 ( 1:3:6), M15 (1:2:4),M20 (1:1.5:3),M25(1:1:2)

    Mean target strength (Ft) = Fck + 1.65 S

    Fck - is the 28 days strength of cubes.


    S - is the SD
    XTURES

    mixing;placing & compaction& curing.

    5,M30,M35,M40,M50)

    M35,M40,M50)
    HEAT OF HYDRATION OF CEMENT

    C-S-H CALCIUM SILICATE HYDRATE

    Hydration products have lower specific gravities and larger specific volumes than their parent cement compounds
    Therefore every hydration reaction is accompained by increase in the solid volume.
    Calcium Silicates -- hydration of these materials is not accompanied by an increase in volume.
    Recall, these crystals will only occupy free space. If this space is filled, the growth or hydration will stop.
    Calcium Aluminate -- The hydration product of this material (ettringite) will continue to form even when a solid
    surface is encountered. Since there is no volume in which the crystal can grow, internal pressures develop.
    Volume change is directly related to porosity. It is possible to calculate pore space by measuring the loss of evapora

    wn = 0.24a g/g of original cement

    where a = degree of hydration and wn = nonevaporable water

    wg = 0.18a g/g of original cement

    where wg = gel water or evaporable water

    Other relationships for volume of hydration products and porosity are available (see p. 105). Based on these, a mini

    wmin = ( wn + wg ) g/g of original cement

    (w/c)min = 0.42a

    Therefore, for complete hydration, the w/c ratio should not fall below 0.42. However, complete hydration is not requi
    rent cement compounds.

    rm even when a solid

    uring the loss of evaporable water and nonevaporable water. The evaporable water describes water held in capillary and gel po

    . Based on these, a minimum water/cement ratio relationship for complete hydration can be formed.

    ete hydration is not required for high ultimate strength. This means that paste with low w/c ratios will self-desiccate unless extern
    ld in capillary and gel pores. This amount can be determined by oven drying a sample. Nonevaporable water is a measure invo

    f-desiccate unless external water is added. Generally, this is not a problem in the field.
    water is a measure involving the microstructure of the hydration product and is obtained from a paste heated to very high temp
    heated to very high temperatures (1000 C0). T.C. Powers developed several empirical relationships for degree of hydration bas
    degree of hydration based on the amount the two types of water described above.

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