Sfd-Csa-S16-14-60-117 Parte Ii

Steel Frame Design CSA S16-14
where,
M yr 33 = 0.7 S min Fy , Smin is the smaller section modulus
Lyr = Length L obtained by setting M u > M yr 33 ,
Lu = 1.1 t E Fy ,
bc
t = ,
hw
12 1 + c
3bc tc
where,
hc = depth of the web in compression

bc = width of compression flange
tc = thickness of compression flange
when M u M yr 33 ,
M r 33 = M u . (CSA 13.6 (e))
where,
3 2 EI 33 GJL2 C
=Mu + 2
+ 4 2 + w (CISC 13.6 (e))
EI 33 I 33
x x
2L 2

L = Laterally unbraced length, l22,
Cw = Warping constant, taken from section database
I 33
2
2 I yc
x 0.9 ( d t )
=
1 1
33
I 22
I
x = asymmetry parameter for singly symmetric beams

I yc = moment of inertia of the compression flange about the y-axis
I yt = moment of inertia of the tension flange about the y-axis
and when singly symmetric beams are in single curvature
3 - 30 Calculation of Factored Strengths

Chapter 3 - Design
3 =2 for Double Angle Sections
3 =1.0 for T-Sections
3.7.3.6.2 Minor Axis Bending

For Class 3 and 4 sections of T-Shapes and Double Angles, the factored minor
bending strength is assumed as,
M r22 = Fy S 22 .
3.7.3.7 Angle Sections

The factored flexural strength for lateral-torsional buckling limit state of Single
Angle sections is conservatively calculated based on the principal axes Bend-
ing.
The factored flexure strength for bending about the major principal axis for the
limit state of lateral-torsional buckling, Mr33, is given as follows:
0.17 M e
92 if M e M y, and
M y
Me ,

Mr 33 =
My

1.92 117 M y 1.5 M y , if M e > M y .
M e
(CSA 13.6(e), AISC F10-2, F10-3)
where Me is the elastic lateral-torsional buckling moment defined as follows:
0.46 Eb2 r 2Cb

for equal-leg angles,
L
Me = 2
4.9 EI z Cb 2 + 0.052 Lt + for unequal-leg angles.
w r w

L2 z

(CSA 13.6(e), AISC F10-5.6)
where,
Calculation of Factored Strengths 3 - 31

Cb = Lateral-torsional buckling modification factor for non-uniform

moment diagram. It is computed using equation AISC F1-1.
A limit on Cb is imposed (Cb 1.5) in the program (AISC
F10).
L = Laterally unbraced length of the member. It is taken as the max

(L22, L33) in the program because L22 and L33 are not defined in
the principal direction, in (mm).
I2 = Minor principal axis moment of inertia, mm4.
rt = Radius of gyration for the minor principal axis, mm.
t = Angle leg thickness, mm. It is taken as min(tw, tf).
w = A section property for unequal-legged angles. It is given as fol-

lows:
z ( w 2 + z 2 ) dA 2 z0
1
=w
Iw A
(AISC Table C-F10.1)
w is positive for short legs in compression, negative for long

legs in compression, and zero for equal-leg angles. If the long
leg is in compression anywhere along the unbraced length of
the member, the negative value of w should be used (AISC
F10.2). It is conservatively taken as negative for unequal-leg
angles.
z = coordinate along the minor principal axis
w = coordinate along the major principal axis
z0 = coordinate of the shear center along the z-axis with re-

spect to the centroid
Iw = major principal axis moment of inertia
Iz = minor principal axis moment of inertia

Chapter 3 - Design
In the earlier equation, My is taken as the yield moment about the major princi-
pal axis Bending, considering the possibility of yielding at the heel and both of
the leg tips.
The factored flexural strength for bending about the minor principal axis for
the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling, Mr22, is taken as follows:
Mr22 = Z22Fy 1.5 S22Fy (CSA 13.6(e), AISC F10-2)
3.7.3.8 General Sections

For General sections, the factored major and minor direction bending strengths
are assumed as,
M r 33 = Fy S33 , and
M r 22 = Fy S 22 .
3.7.4 Shear Strength

The factored shear strengths are calculated for shears along the geometric axes
for all sections. For I-Shape, Box, Channel, Double Channel, T-Shape, Double
Angle, Pipe, Circular, and Rectangular sections, the principal axes coincide
with their geometric axes. For Angle sections, principal axes do not coincide
with their geometric axes.
In calculating factored strength for shear, Vr, it is assumed that there is no in-
ternal stiffness used to enhance shear strength of a section (CSA 13.4.1.1).
3.7.4.1 Shear in the Major Direction

The factored shear strength, Vr2, for major direction shears in I-Shapes, Boxes,
Channels, Double-Channels, and T-Shapes is calculated as follows:
Vr2 = AwFs (CSA 13.4.1.1)
where Aw is the design shear area. It is taken as follows:

dw for I-Shape sections,

dw for Channel sections,

Aw = dw for T-Shape sections, (CSA 13.4.1.1)
2 dw for Double Channel sections, and

2hw for Box sections.
Fs is the ultimate shear stress. It is taken as follows:
For unstiffened webs:
h 1014
when
w Fy
Fs = 0.66Fy (CSA 13.4.1.1(a)(i))
1014 h 1435
when <
Fy w Fy
670 Fy
Fs = (CSA 13.4.1.1(a)(ii))
( h w)
h 1435
when >
w Fy
961200
Fs = (CSA 13.4.1.1(a)(iii))
( h w )2
h/w is taken as follows:
h h
>
w tw
The factored shear strength, Vr2, for major direction shears in Double Angle,
Angle, Rectangular, Circular, Pipe, and General sections is calculated as fol-
lows:
Vr2 = AwFs (CSA 13.4.1.1)

Chapter 3 - Design
where
Fs = 0.66Fy (CSA 13.4.1.1)
3.7.4.2 Shear in the Minor Direction

The factored shear strength, Vr3, for minor direction shear in I-Shapes, Boxes,
Channels, Double Channels, and T-Shapes is calculated as follows:
Vr3 = AwFs (CSA 13.4.1.1)
where, Aw is taken as follows:
2 b f t f for I-Shape sections,

2 b f t f for Channel sections,

Aw = b f t f for T-Shape sections,

4b f t f for Double Channel sections, and
2 b f t f for Box sections.

Fs is calculated in the same way as that for major direction shear, except that
h w is taken as follows:
b f ( 2t f ) for I-Shape sections,

b f tf for Channel sections,

h w = b f tf for T-Shape sections,

b f 2t f for Double Channel sections, and
b f tf for Box sections.

The factored shear strength, Vr3, for minor direction shears in Double Angle,
Angle, Rectangular, Circular, Pipe, and General sections is calculated as fol-
lows:
Vr3 = AwFs (CSA 13.4.1.1)
where,
Fs = 0.66Fy. (CSA 13.4.1.1)

3.8 Design of Members for Combined Forces

Previous sections of this design manual address members subject to only one
type of force, namely axial tension, axial compression, flexure, or shear. This
section addresses the design of members subject to a combination of two or
more of the individual forces.
In the calculation of the demand/capacity (D/C) ratios, first, for each station
along the length of the member, the actual member force/moment components
are calculated for each design combination. Then, the corresponding capacities
are calculated. Then, the D/C ratios are calculated at each station for each
member under the influence of each of the design combinations. The control-
ling D/C ratio is then obtained, along with the associated station and design
combination. A D/C ratio greater than the D/C ratio limit (whose default value
is 1.0) indicates exceeding a limit state.
During the design, the effect of the presence of bolts or welds is not consid-
ered.
3.8.1 Axial and Bending Stresses

From the factored axial loads and bending moments at each station and the fac-
tored strengths for axial tension and compression and major and minor axis
bending, a D/C ratio is produced for each of the load combinations as follows:
3.8.1.1 Axial Compressive and Bending Class 1 and Class 2 I-Shapes

If the axial load is compressive, the D/C ratio for Class 1 and Class 2 sections
of I-Shaped members is given by:
Cf U13 M f 33 U12 M f 22
+ 0.85 + (CSA 13.8.2)
Cr M r 33 M r 22
where,
Cf is the factored axial compressive loading, including P- effects as de-

fined in CSA clause 8.4,
3 - 36 Design of Members for Combined Forces

Chapter 3 - Design
Mf33 and Mf22 are the factored major and minor axis bending moment, in-
cluding P- effects as described in CSA clause 8.4,
Cr is the factored axial compression capacity for different limit states

(CSA 13.3),
Mr33 and Mr22 are the factored major and minor axis flexural capacity for
different limit states (CSA 13.5, 13.6),
U12 and U13 are two factors to account for the second-order effects due to
the deformation of a member between its ends. They are different for
different limit states.
is a coefficient, and it is taken as follows:
= 0.6 + 0.4 y 0.85 (CSA 13.8.2)
where,
KL22 Fy
y = (CSA 13.3.1)
r22 2E
U1 is taken as follows:
1
U1 = , where, (CSA 13.8.4)
Cf
1
Ce
2 EI
Ce = . (CSA 13.8.4)
L2
The factor U1 must be a positive number. Therefore, Cf must be less than

Ce. If this in not true, a failure condition is declared.
If the factor U12 or U13 is overwritten by the user, the calculated value is
replaced with the user value.
1 is the coefficient related to the distribution of moment over the span

within the braced segment.
Design of Members for Combined Forces 3 - 37

(i) For beam-columns not subject to transverse loading between sup-

ports in the plane Bending,
1= 0.6 0.4 ( M a M b ) 0.4 (CSA 13.8.5(a))
where Ma and Mb, calculated from the analysis, are the smaller and
larger moments, respectively, at the ends of that portion of the
member unbraced in the plane Bending under consideration.
Ma /Mb is positive when the member is bent in reverse curvature,
negative when bent in single curvature.
(ii) For beam-columns subjected to distributed transverse loading be-

tween supports, the value of 1 is taken as 1.0 (CSA 13.8.5(b)).
(iii) For beam-columns subjected to a single concentrated transverse

loading between supports, the value of 1 is taken as 0.85 (CSA
13.8.5(c)).
When Mb is zero, 1 is taken as 1.0. The program defaults 1 to 1.0, if

the unbraced length is more than the actual member length. The user can
overwrite the value of 1 for any member. 1 can be expressed as fol-
lows:
1.00, if length is more than actual length,

1.00, if tension member,
1.00, if both ends unrestrained

1 = Ma (CSA 13.8.5)
0.6 0.4 M , if no transverse loading,
b
1.00, if transverse loading is present, and

0.85, if single concentrated load is present.
The program checks the interaction equation (CSA 13.8.2) for three different
limit states: (a) Cross-Sectional Strength; (b) Overall Member Strength; and
(c) Lateral-Torsional Buckling Strength. In each case, 1, U13, U12, Cr, Mr33,
and Mr22 may assume different values.
(a) Cross-Section Strength (CSA 13.8.2(a))

Chapter 3 - Design
The axial compression capacity is based on the assumption that the

member is fully braced in each direction (L22 = 0, L33 = 0), i.e., = 0.
The axial compression capacity is based on plastic limit state.
Cr = AFy (CSA 13.8.2(a), 13.3.1)
If the axial capacity Cr is overwritten by the user, it is assumed to not

apply to this limit state and so is ignored.
The Mr33 and Mr22 are calculated assuming that the members are fully
supported (L22 = 0, L33 = 0, Lz = 0) irrespective of their actual lateral
lengths. The moment capacities are given by CSA Clause 13.5 (CSA
13.8.2(a), 13.5).
If the capacities (Mr33 and Mr22) are overwritten by the user, they are
assumed to not apply for this limit state and so are ignored.
U12 and U13 are calculated following the procedure described previ-
ously (CSA 13.8.4), but are taken to be not less than 1.
U12 1.0 (CSA 13.8.2(b), 13.8.4)
U13 1.0 (CSA 13.8.2(a), 13.8.4)
The factor is taken as 0.6
= 0.6 (CSA 13.8.2(a))
(b) Overall Member Strength (CSA 13.8.2(b))
The axial compression capacity is based on the assumption that

K33 = 1 and K22 = 1. For biaxial bending, Cr is taken as the minimum
K L
axial capacity for the flexural buckling limit state for 22 22 , and
r22
K 33 L33
. However for uniaxial strong axis bending, it is based on the
r33
K L
flexural buckling limit state for 22 22 . (CSA 13.8.2(b), 13.3.1)
r22
If the axial capacity Cr is overwritten by the user, it is assumed to not

apply in this limit state and so is ignored.

Mr33 and Mr22 are calculated assuming that the members are fully
supported (L22 = 0, L33 = 0, Lz = 0) irrespective of their actual lateral
lengths. The moment capacities are given by CSA Clause 13.5 (CSA
13.8.2(b), 13.5).
If the capacities (Mr33 and Mr22) are overwritten by the user, they are
assumed to not apply for this limit state and so are ignored.
U12 and U13 for members of braced frames are calculated following
the procedure described previously (CSA 13.8.4). But for members
of unbraced frames, they are taken as 1.0 (CSA 13.8.2(b), 13.8.4).
The factor is calculated following the procedure described previ-

ously (CSA 13.8.2).
(c) Lateral-Torsional Buckling Strength (CSA 13.8.2(c))
The axial compression capacity is taken as the minimum axial com-

pression capacity considering flexural buckling (CSA 13.3.1) and
torsional or lateral-torsional buckling (CSA 13.3.2). For the flexural
buckling limit state, the compression capacity is based on both the
K L K L
major and minor direction buckling using both 22 22 and 33 33
r22 r33
with the actual values of K22 and K33. For the torsional and lateral-
torsional buckling limit state, additional slenderness parameter
K z Lz
is used.
rmin
If the axial capacity Cr is overwritten by the user, the overwritten

value affects the Cr for this limit state.
Mr33 is calculated using the appropriate values of L22, L33, Lz, K22, K33
and Kz (CSA 13.8.2(c), 13.5, 13.6).
If the capacity Mr33 is overwritten by the user, the overwritten value

affects the Mr33 for this limit state.
Mr22 is calculated assuming that the members are fully laterally sup-
ported (L22 = 0, L33 = 0, Lz = 0) irrespective of its actual lateral brac-

Chapter 3 - Design
ing length. The moment capacities are given by CSA Clause 13.5
(CSA 13.8.2(c), 13.5).
If the capacity Mr22 is overwritten by the user, it is assumed to not

apply for this limit state and so is ignored.
U12 and U13 are taken as 1 for unbraced frames (CSA 13.8.2(c)).
U13 = 1 (for unbraced frame) (CSA 13.8.2(c))
U12 = 1 (for unbraced frame) (CSA 13.8.2(c))
U12 for members of braced frames is taken as the calculated value

following the procedure described previously (CSA 13.8.4).
U13 for members of braced frames is taken as the calculated value

following the procedure described previously (CSA 13.8.4), except it
is taken to be not less than 1 (CSA 13.8.2(c)).
U13 1.0 (CSA 13.8.2(c), 13.8.4)
In addition to the preceding interaction equation, for Class 1 and

Class 2 I-Shaped members, the following D/C ratio also is checked.
M f 33 M f 22
+ (CSA 13.8.2(c))
Mr 33 Mr 22
where,
Mf33 and Mf22 are the factored major and minor axes bending
moments, including P- effect as described in CSA Clause 8.4,
and
Mr33 and Mr22 are the factored major and minor axes flexural ca-
pacities considering both Clauses CSA 13.5 and 13.6, as appro-
priate.
3.8.1.2 Axial Compression and Bending Other Sections

If the axial load is compressive, for all classes of sections except Class 1 and
Class 2 I-Shaped sections, the D/C ratio is given by:

Cf U13 M f 33 U12 M f 22
+ + (CSA 13.8.3)
Cr Mr 33 Mr 22
where,
Cf is the factored axial compressive loading, including P- effect as

defined in CSA Clause 8.4,
Mf33 and Mf22 are the factored major and minor axis bending moment,
including P- effect as described in CSA Clause 8.9,
Cr is the factored axial compression capacity for different limit states

(CAS 13.3),
Mr33 and Mr22 are the factored major and minor axis flexural capacity for
different limit states (CSA 13.5, 13.6),
U12 and U13 are two factors to account for the second-order effects due to
the deformation of a member between its ends. They are different for
different limit states.
The program checks the interaction equation (CSA 13.8.3) for the three differ-
ent limit states: (a) Cross-Sectional Strength; (b) Overall Member Strength;
and (c) Lateral-Torsional Buckling Strength. In each case, U13, U12, Cr, Mr33,
and Mr22 may assume different values. The three limit states are handled in the
same manner as those handled for the Class 1 and Class 2 I-Shaped sections.
Please read the previous section for the appropriate values of U13, U12, Cr, Mr33,
and Mr22 for all three limit states (CSA 13.8.3(a), 13.8.3(b), 13.8.3(c)).
3.8.2 Axial Tension and Bending

If the axial load is tensile, the D/C ratio is given by the larger of two ratios. In
the first case, the ratio is calculated as
T f M f 33 M f 22
+ + , (CSA 13.9.1)
Tr M r 33 M r 22
assuming Mr22 and Mr33 are calculated based on a fully supported member (L22
= 0 and L33 = 0). If the capacities (Tr, Mr22, and Mr33) are overwritten by the

Chapter 3 - Design
user, the only overwritten capacity used in this case is Tr.. Mr22 and Mr33 over-
writes are assumed to not apply to this case and are ignored.
In the second case, the ratio is calculated as
M f 33 M f 22 T f Z 33
+ (for Class 1 and 2 Sections) (CSA13.9.2 (a))
M r 33 M r 22 M r 33 A
M f 33 M f 22 T f S33
+ (for Class 3 and 4 Sections) (CSA13.9.2(b))
M r 33 M r 22 M r 33 A
If the capacities (Mr22 and Mr33) are overwritten by the user, both of these
overwritten capacities are used in this case.
For Circular and Pipe sections, an SRSS combination is first made of the two
bending components before adding the axial load component instead of the
simple algebraic addition implied by the preceding interaction formulas.
3.8.3 Shear Stresses

From the factored shear force values and the factored shear strength values at
each station, for each of the load combinations, D/C ratios for shear in major
and minor directions are produced as follows:
Vf 2
, and
Vr 2
Vf 3
.
Vr 3

Chapter 4
Special Seismic Provisions
This chapter provides a detailed description of the algorithms related to seismic

provisions in the design/check of structures in accordance with the CSA S16-
14, Design of Steel Structure (CSA 2014). The loading based on NBCC
2005 has been described in a separate document entitled CSI Lateral Load
Manual (NBCC 2010; CSI 2012).
For referring to pertinent sections of the corresponding code, a unique prefix is

assigned for each code.
Reference to the CSA S16-14 code is identified with the prefix CSA.
Reference to the NBCC 2010 code is identified with the prefix NBCC.
4.1 Design Preferences

The steel frame design Preferences are basic assignments that apply to all of
the steel frame members. The Preferences have been described previously in
the relevant section of Chapter 3. Table 3-1 lists the steel frame design Prefer-
ences. The following steel frame design Preferences are relevant to the special
seismic provisions.
Framing Type
4-1
Ductility Related Modification Factor, Rd

Overstrength Related Modification Factor, Ro
Spectral Acceleration Ratio, IeFaSa(0.2)
Ignore Seismic Code?
Ignore Special Seismic Load?
Is Doubler Plate Plug Welded?
4.2 Overwrites
The steel frame design Overwrites are basic assignments that apply only to
those elements to which they are assigned. The overwrites have been described
previously in the relevant section of Chapter 3. Table 3-2 lists the steel frame
design Overwrites. The following steel frame design overwrites are relevant to
the special seismic provisions.
Frame Type
4.3 Supported Framing Types

The code now recognizes the types of framing systems identified in the table
on the following page (CSA 27.2 through 27.11). With regard to those framing
types, the program has implemented specifications for all of the types of fram-
ing systems listed.
By default in the program, the frame type is taken as Limited-Ductile Moment-
Resisting Frame (Type LD MRF). However, the default frame type can be
changed in the Preferences for all frames or in the Overwrites on a member-by-
member basis (Chapter 3). If a frame type Preference is revised in an existing
model, the revised frame type does not apply to frames that have already been
assigned a frame type through the Overwrites; the revised Preference applies
only to new frame members added to the model after the Preference change
and to the old frame members that were not assigned a frame type though the
Overwrites.
4-2 Overwrites
Chapter 4 - Special Seismic Provisions
Framing Type References
Type D MRF (Ductile Moment-Resisting Frame) CSA 27.2
Type MD MRF (Moderately Ductile Moment-Resisting Frame) CSA 27.3
Type LD MRF (Limited-Ductility Moment-Resisting Frame) CSA 27.4
Type MD CBF(TC) (Moderately Ductile Concentrically Braced Frame Tension-Compression) CSA 27.5.2.3
Type MD CBF(V) (Moderately Ductile Concentrically Braced Frame Chevron) CSA 27.5.2.4
Type MD CBF(TO) (Moderately Ductile Concentrically Braced Frame Tension only) CSA 27.5.2.5
Type MD CBF(OT) (Moderately Ductile Concentrically Braced Frame Others) CSA 27.5.3
Type LD CBF(TC) (Limited-Ductility Concentrically Braced Frame Tension-Compression) CSA 27.6.2.1
Type LD CBF(V) (Limited-Ductility Concentrically Braced Frame Chevron) CSA 27.6.2.2
Type LD CBF(TO) (Limited-Ductility Concentrically Braced Frame Tension only) CSA 27.6.2.3
Type LD CBF(OT) (Limited-Ductility Concentrically Braced Frame Others) CSA 27.6.3
EBF (Ductile Eccentrically Braced Frame) CSA 27.7
Conventional MF CSA 27.11.1
Conventional BF CSA 27.11.1
Cantilever Column CSA 27.11.2
4.4 Member Design

This section describes the special requirements for designing a member. The
section has been divided into subsections for each framing type.
4.4.1 Type (Ductile) Moment-Resisting Frames (D MRF)

For this framing system (Rd = 5.0, Ro = 1.5), the following additional require-
ments are checked or reported (CSA 27.2).
All beams are required to be Class 1 sections (CSA 27.2.2(a)).
All beams are required to be laterally braced in accordance with the require-
ments of CSA 13.7(b) (CSA 27.2.2(b)).
Member Design 4-3

Lz 2 17 250 + 15500
(CSA 13.7(b), 27.2.2(b))
r22 Fy
The value of is computed from the bending moment distribution for com-
bined gravity and seismic loads.
If any of these criteria are not satisfied, the program issues an error message.
All columns are required to be Class 1 or Class 2 (CSA 27.2.3.1(a).
All columns are required to be laterally braced in accordance with the re-
quirements of CSA Clause 13.7(b) (CSA 27.2.3.1(b)).
L22 17 250 + 15500

(CSA 13.7(b), 27.2.3.1(b))
r22 Fy
using = 0 (CSA 27.2.3.1(b)).
The factored axial load shall not exceed 0.3AFy when the specified one-
second spectral acceleration ratio (IE, Fv, Sa (1.0)) is greater than 0.30.
Columns need to be designed to resist gravity loads together with the forces
induced by plastic hinging of the beams at each beam-to-column intersection:
d
M '
rc 1.1R M
y pb + Vh x + c
2
(CSA 27.2.3.2)
where
M '
rc = sum of the column factored flexural resistance at the intersec-
tion of the beam and column centerlines.
Cf
M=
'
rc 1.18 1 M M pc
C y pc
(CSA 27.2.3.2)

M pc = nominal plastic moment resistance of the column
Cf = results from summation of Vh acting at this level and above
4-4 Member Design

M pb = nominal plastic moment resistance of the beam

x = distance from the center of a beam plastic hinge to the column
face
The program calculates only the beam-column capacity ratio. The program
does not design the column for this load yet.
4.4.2 Type (Moderately Ductile) Moment-Resisting Frames (MD MRF)

All beams are required to be Class 1 or Class 2 sections (CSA 27.3(a)(1)).
All beams need to be designed to be laterally braces in accordance with the

requirements of CSA 13.7(a) (CSA 27.3, 27.2.2).
Lcr 25000 + 15000

= (CSA 13.7(a), 27.3(a)(ii), 27.2.2(a))
ry Fy
The value of is computed from the bending moment distribution for com-
bined gravity and seismic loads (CSA 27.3(a)).
All columns are required to be Class 1 or Class 2 sections (CSA 27.3, 27.2.3.1).
All columns need to be designed to be laterally braced in accordance with the

requirements of CSA Clause 13.7(b) (CSA 27.3, 27.2.3.1(b)).
Lcr 17 250 + 15500

= (CSA 13.7(a), 27.3(a)(ii), 27.2.2(a))
ry Fy
using = 0.0.
The factored axial loads shall not exceed 0.5AFy when the specified one-
second spectral acceleration ratio (IEFVSa(1.0)) is greater than 0.5 (CSA
27.3(b), 27.2.3.1(b)).
Member Design 4-5

Columns need to be designed to resist gravity load together with the forces
induced by plastic hinging of the beams at each beam-to-column intersection.
d
M '
rc 1.1R M
y pb + Vh x + c
2
(CSA 27.2.3.2, 27.3)
where
M '
Cf
M=
'
rc 1.18 1 M M pc
C y pc
(CSA 27.2.3.2)


face
The program calculates only the beam-column capacity ratio. The program
does not design the column for this load yet.
4.4.3 Type (Limited-Ductility) Moment-Resisting Frames (LD MRF)

All beams are required to be Class 1 or Class 2 sections. If this criterion is

not satisfied, the program issues an error message (CSA 27.4.2.1).
All columns are required to be Class 1 (CSA 27.4.2.1) I-Shaped sections

(CSA 27.4.4.3).
When the specified short-period spectral acceleration ratio (IEFVSa(0.2)) is

greater than 0.55 or the building height is greater than 60 m (CSA 27.4.2.2),
columns shall satisfy the requirements of CSA 27.2.3.2 with modification of
the term 1.1RyMpb to Mpb (CSA 27.4.2.2).
4-6 Member Design

d
M '
rc M pb + Vh x + c
2
(CSA 27.4.2.2)
where,
M '
Cf
M=
'
rc 1.18 1
C y
M pc M pc

(CSA 27.2.3.2)


face
If this criterion is not satisfied, the program issues an error message.
4.4.4 Type (Moderately Ductile) Concentrically Braced Frames (MD

CBF)
Moderately ductile concentrically braced frames include the following (CSA

27.5.2.1):
(a) tension-compression bracing system (TC)

(b) chevron braced system (V)
(c) tension only bracing system (TO)
(d) systems other than those in items (a), (b), and (c) (OT).
The slenderness ratio, KL/r, of diagonal bracing members shall not exceed
200 (CSA 27.5.3.1).
For buildings with specified short-period spectral acceleration, IeFuSa(0.2),

equal to or greater than 0.35, the width-to-thickness ratio of the flanges of
Member Design 4-7

diagonal bracing members shall not exceed the following limits (CSA
27.5.3.2).
(a) when KL/r 100,

(i) for rectangular and square HSS: 330 Fy ; for circular HSS:
10000 Fy ;
(ii) for legs of angles and flanges of channels: 145 Fy ;
(iii) for other elements: Class 1;
(b) when KL/r = 200

(i) for HSS members: Class 1;
(ii) for legs of angles: 170 Fy ;
(iii) for other elements: Class 2; and
(c) when 100 < KL/r < 200, linear interpolation is used.
When IEFaSa(0.2) is less than 0.35, sections shall be Class 1 or 2, with
the exception of HSS, which shall be Class 1. The width-to-thickness ra-
tio for legs of angles shall not exceed 170 Fy (CSA 27.5.3.2).
In all of the preceding cases, for back-to-back legs of double angle bracing
members for which buckling out of the plane of symmetry governs, the
width-to-thickness ratio shall not exceed 200 Fy .
Columns in braced bays shall be Class 1 or Class 2 sections (CSA 27.5.5.2)

and shall have a bending resistance of not less than 0.2 ZFy in combination
with the computed axial loads (CSA 27.5.5.2). If any of these criteria are not
satisfied, the program issues an error message.
Columns shall never have a slender section (CSA 27.5.5.2).
4.4.4.1 Tension-Compression (TC)

Tension-compression concentrically braced system shall not exceed 40 m in
height, except when the specified short-period spectral acceleration is less
than 0.35 (CSA 27.5.2.3). The factored seismic force is increased by 3% per
meter of height above 32 m when the building height exceeds 32 m. This
4-8 Member Design

clause has not been implemented in the program yet. The user is required to
check this clause independently.
4.4.4.2 Chevron(V)
Chevron concentrically braced system shall not exceed 40 m in height, ex-
cept when the specified short-period spectral acceleration is less than 0.35
(CSA 27.5.2.4). The factored seismic force is increased by 3% per meter of
height above 32 m when the building height exceeds 32 m. This clause has
not been implemented in the program yet. The user is required to check this
clause independently.
The beams to which chevron bracing is attached shall be continuous and

shall resist bending moments due to gravity loads (assuming no vertical sup-
port is provided by the bracing members), in conjunction with bending mo-
ments and axial forces induced by forces of AgRyFy and 0.2 AgRyFy in the ten-
sion and compression bracing members, respectively (CSA 27.5.2.4).
While calculating the bending moment, if the braces are connected to the
beam from above, the brace compression force shall be taken as 1.2 times the
probable compressive resistance of the bracing member (CSA 27.5.2.4).
In the case of buildings up to four stories, the tension brace force may be tak-
en as 0.6 AgRyFy, provided that the beam is a Class 1 section (CSA 27.5.2.4).
4.4.4.3 Tension-Only (TO)

Tension-only concentrically braced systems shall not exceed 20 m in height.
The factored seismic force is increased by 3% per meter of height above 16
m when the building height exceeds 16 m (CSA 27.5.2.5(a)). This clause has
not been implemented in the program yet. The user is required to check this
4.4.5 Type (Limited-Ductility) Concentrically Braced Frames (LD CBF)

Member Design 4-9

Limited ductility concentrically braced frames include the following (CSA

27.6.2.1 to 27.6.2.3):
(a) tension-compression bracing system (TC)

(b) chevron braced system (V)
(c) tension only bracing system (TO)
(d) systems other than those in items (a), (b), and (c) (OT).
For buildings with specified short-period spectral acceleration equal to or

greater than 0.45, the width-to-thickness ratio of flanges of diagonal bracing
members shall not exceed the following limits (CSA 27.5.3.2, 27.6.1).
(a) when KL/r 100,

(i) for rectangular and square HSS: 330 Fy ; for circular HSS:
10000 Fy ;
(ii) for legs of angles and flanges of channels: 145 Fy ;
(iii) for other elements: Class 1;
(b) when KL/r = 200,

(i) for HSS members: Class 1;
(ii) for legs of angles: 170 Fy ;
(iii) for other elements: Class 2; and
(c) when 100 < KL/r < 200, linear interpolation is used.
(d) when KL/r > 200 as permitted in clause 27.6.3.1, width-to-thickness lim-
its do not apply (CSA 27.6.3.2(a)).
When IzFaSa (0.2) is less than 0.45, sections shall be Class 1 or Class 2.
The width-to-thickness ratio for legs of angles shall not exceed 170 Fy
(CSA 27.5.3.2, 27.6.1).
In all of the preceding cases, for back-to-back legs of double angle bracing
members for which buckling out of the plane of symmetry governs, the
width-to-thickness ratio shall not exceed 200 Fy .
Columns in braced bays shall be Class 1 or Class 2 sections (CSA 27.5.5.2)

and shall have a bending resistance of not less than 0.2 ZFy in combination
4 - 10 Member Design
with the computed axial loads (CSA 27.5.5.2). If these criteria are not satis-
fied, the program issues an error message.
4.4.5.1 Tension-Compression (TC)

Tension-compression concentrically braced systems shall not exceed 60 m in
height, except where the specified short-period spectral acceleration is less
than 0.35 (CSA 27.6.2.1). The factored seismic force is increased by 2% per
meter of height above 48 m when the building height exceeds 48 m. This
4.4.5.2 Chevron(V)
Chevron concentrically braced systems shall not exceed 60 m in height (CSA
27.6.2.2). The factored seismic force is increased by 2% per meter of height
above 48 m when the building height exceeds 48 m (CSA 27.6.2.1). This
The beams to which chevron bracing is attached shall be continuous and

shall resist bending moments due to gravity loads (assuming no vertical sup-
port is provided by the bracing members), in conjunction with bending mo-
ments and axial forces induced by forces of AgRyFy and 0.2 AgRyFy in the ten-
sion and compression bracing members, respectively (CSA 27.6.1, 27.5.2.4).
When braces are connected to the beam from above, the brace compression
force shall be taken as 1.2 times the probable compressive resistance of the
bracing member (CSA 27.6.1, 27.5.2.4).
In the case of buildings up to four stories, the tension brace force may be tak-
en as 0.6 AgRyFy, provided that the beam is a Class 1 section (CSA 27.6.1,
27.5.2.4).
The exception clause in this section is not used by the program.
Member Design 4 - 11
4.4.5.3 Tension-Only (TO)

Tension-only concentrically braced systems shall not exceed 40 m in height.
The factored seismic force is increased by 3% per meter of height above 32
m when the building height exceeds 32 m (CSA 27.6.2.3(a)).
The slenderness ratio, KL/r, of diagonal bracing member shall not exceed
200 (CSA 27.6.1, 27.5.3.1) with the following exception. In single-story and
two-story structures, the slenderness ratio of diagonal bracing members that
are connected and designed as tension only bracing members (CSA 27.5.2.5)
shall not exceed 300 (CSA 27.6.3.1).
4.4.6 Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF)

For this framing system, the program looks for and recognizes the eccentrically
braced frame configurations shown in Figure 4-1. The following additional re-
quirements are checked or reported for the beams, columns, and braces associ-
ated with these configurations.
When e 1.6 Mp /Vp, the link beams may have Class 2 flanges and Class 2
web (CSA 27.7.2.4); otherwise, link beams are checked to be Class 1 (CSA
27.7.2.4).
where,
e = length of link
V p = 0.55tw dFy (CSA 27.7.2.4)
If this criterion is not satisfied, the program issues an error message.
e e
e e
2 2
L L L
(a) (b) (c)

Figure 4-1. Eccentrically Braced Frame Configurations
The shear resistance for link beams is taken as follows (CSA 27.7.3):
Vr min ( Vp , 2 M p e ) (CSA 27.7.3)
where,
2
Pf
=
V Vp '
p 1 , (CSA 27.7.3)
AFy
Pf
M p' =
1.18M p 1 M p, (CSA 27.7.3)
AFy
=V p 0.55t d Fy , (CSA 27.7.3)
Pf = Axial force in link (Cf or Tf), (CSA 27.7.3)
e = length of link, (CSA 27.7.3)
A = gross area of link beam. (CSA 27.7.3)
If Pf > 0.15 AFy , the link beam length, e, is checked not to exceed the fol-
lowing:
Aw Vf
if 0.3
A Pf
Pf Aw M p
e 1.15 0.5 1.6 (CSA 27.7.4)
V f A Vp
Aw Vf
if < 0.3
A Pf
Mp
e 1.6 (CSA 27.7.4)
Vp
where,
A=
w ( d 2t f ) t w for I-Shaped, Channel and T-Shaped sections
(CSA 27.7.4)
= 2(d 2tf)tw for Box and Double Channel section
Av 2
= for all other sections.
A
If the check is not satisfied, the program reports an error message.
The link beam rotation, , of the individual bay relative to the rest of the
beam is calculated as the story drift times bay length ( L ) divided by the
total lengths of link beams (e) in the bay.
The link rotation, , is checked as follows (CSA 27.7.5):
L
=
e
0.08 radian, where link beam clear length, e 1.6 M p Vp
0.02 radian, where link beam clear length, e 2.6 M p Vp
value interpolated between 0.08 and 0.02 as the link beam clear
length varies from 1.6 M p Vp to 2.6 M p Vp .
The story drift is calculated as
= 3 s , (CSA 27.7.5)
1 = bay length
The beam strength outside the link is checked to be at least 1.30 Ry times
the beam force corresponding to the controlling link beam shear strength
(CSA 27.7.9.2). The controlling link beam nominal shear strength is taken
as follows:
(
Vr Vp min 2 M p e ) (CSA 27.7.9.2)
The values of Vp and M p are calculated following the procedure de-

scribed previously (CSA 27.7.3). The correspondence between brace force
and link beam force is obtained from the associated load cases that has the
highest link beam force.
Each diagonal brace and its end connections shall have a factored re-
sistance to support axial force and moment produced by the strain-
hardened link. The forces developed in the link shall be taken as 1.30Ry
times the nominal strength of the link.
Columns shall be designed to resist the cumulative effect of yielding links,

together with the gravity loads. The link forces shall be taken as 1.15Ry
times the nominal strength of the link, except that in the top two stories, the
force shall be taken as 1.30Ry times the nominal value. Column resistances
shall satisfy the requirements of Clause 13.8, except that the interaction
value shall not exceed 0.65 for the top column tier in the braced bay and
0.85 for all other columns in the braced bay. Column sections shall be
Class 1 or Class 2 (CSA 27.7.12.2).
All braces are checked to be at least Class 1 or Class 2 (CSA 27.7.10.1). If

this criterion is not satisfied, the program issues an error message.
All column members are checked to be at least Class 1 or 2. If these crite-

ria are not satisfied, the program issues an error message (CSA 27.7.13.1).
Note: Axial forces in the beams are included in checking the beams. The user
is reminded that using a rigid diaphragm model will result in zero axial forces
in the beams. The user must disconnect some of the column lines from the dia-
phragm to allow beams to carry axial loads. It is recommended that only one
column line per eccentrically braced frame be connected to the rigid diaphragm
or that a flexible diaphragm model be used.
4.4.7 Special Plate Shear Walls (SPSW)

No special consideration for this type of framing system is given by the pro-
gram. The user is required to check the seismic design requirements for SPSW
independently (CSA 27.9).
4.4.8 Conventional Moment Frame (MF)

For this framing system, the following additional requirements are checked or
reported (CSA 27.11).
This framing system is checked to be designed using a force reduction fac-

tor Rd = 1.5, Ro = 1.3.
The primary framing members of the seismic load resisting system are de-
signed to resist gravity loads combined with seismic loads multiplied by Rd
when the specified short-period spectral acceleration ratio is greater than
0.45. This clause has not been implemented in the program yet. The user is
required to check this clause independently.
4.4.9 Conventional Braced Frame (BF)

reported (CSA 27.11).

tor Rd = 1.5, Ro = 1.3.
The primary framing members of the seismic load resisting system are de-
signed to resist gravity loads combined with seismic loads multiplied by Rd
when the specified short-period spectral acceleration ratio is greater than
0.45. This clause has not been implemented in the program yet. The user is
required to check this clause independently.
4.4.10 Cantilever Column

reported (CSA 27.11.2).

tor Rd = 1.0, Ro = 1.0. Class 1 sections are to be designed using a force re-
duction factor Rd = 1.5, Ro = 1.3 (CSA 27.11.2(a)). This clause has not
been implemented in the program yet. The user is required to check this
U2 shall be less than or equal to 1.25. If this criterion is not satisfied, the
program issues an error message.
4.5 Joint Design

When using the SEISMIC design code, the structural joints are checked and
designed for the following.
Check the requirement of continuity plate and determination of its area
Check the requirement of doubler plate and determination of its thickness
Check the ratio of beam flexural strength to column flexural strength
Report the beam connection shear
Report the brace connection force
4.5.1 Design of Continuity Plates

In a plan view of a beam-column connection, a steel beam can frame into a
column in the following ways.
The steel beam frames in a direction parallel to the column major direction,
i.e., the beam frames into the column flange.
The steel beam frames in a direction parallel to the column minor direc-
tion, i.e., the beam frames into the column web.
Joint Design 4 - 17
The steel beam frames in a direction that is at an angle to both of the prin-
cipal axes of the column, i.e., the beam frames partially into the column
web and partially into the column flange.
To achieve a proper beam-column moment connection strength, continuity

plates such as shown in Figure 2.3 of Chapter 2 are usually placed on the col-
umn, in line with the top and bottom flanges of the beam, to transfer the com-
pression and tension flange forces of the beam into the column. For connection
conditions described by the first bullet, where the beam frames into the flange
of the column, such continuity plates are not always needed. The requirement
depends on the magnitude of the beam-flange force and the properties of the
column. This is the condition that the program investigates. Columns of
I-sections only are investigated. The program evaluates the continuity plate re-
quirements for each of the beams that frame into the column flange (i.e., paral-
lel to the column major direction) and reports the maximum continuity plate
area that is needed for each beam flange. The continuity plate requirements are
evaluated for moment frames (LD MRF, MD MRF and D MRF) only. No
check is made for braced frames (LD CBF, MD CBF, EBF).
The program first evaluates the need for continuity plates. When the required
strength Pbf exceeds the bearing resistance of the web Br as appropriate, a con-
tinuity plate will be required. The program checks the following limit states.
The factored bearing resistance of the column web against local yielding at
the toe of the fillet is given as follows (CSA 14.3.2):
Br =
bi (t fb + 10t fc ) Fy tw End column (CSA 14.3.2(a)(i))
Br =
be (t fb + 4t fc ) Fy tw Interior column (CSA 14.3.2(b)(i))
where
bi =0.80
be =0.75
The available strength of the column web against crippling is given as fol-
lows:
4 - 18 Joint Design
=
Br 1.45bi twc
2
Fy E End column (CSA 14.3.2(a)(ii))
=
Br 0.60be twc
2
Fy E Interior column (CSA 14.3.2(b)(ii))
where
bi =0.80
be =0.75
If any of the preceding conditions are not met, the program calculates the re-
quired continuity plate area as follows (CSA 14.4.2).
=Acp
(P
bf Br )
, End column
Fcr
=Acp
(P
bf Br )
, Interior column
Fcr
In the preceding expressions, Fcr is the factored axial compressive stress of the
equivalent column related to the beam-column joint. Fcr is taken as follows:
1
Fcr = Fy (1 + 2 n )

n , (CSA 13.3.1, 14.4.2)
where,
= 0.90, (CSA 13.1)
n = 1.0 (assumed conservatively), (CSA 13.3.1)
Kl fy
= , (CSA 13.3.1)
r E
K = 0.75, (CSA 14.4.2)
l = dc 2tfc, and (CSA 14.4.2)
Joint Design 4 - 19
r = min{r33, r22} of the equivalent column.
The member properties of the equivalent column are taken as follows:
The cross-section is comprised of two stiffeners and a strip of the web having
a width of 25twc at the interior stiffener and 12twc at the ends of the column
(CSA 14.4.2).
The effective length is taken as 0.75h, i.e., K = 0.75 and l = h = dc 2tfc

(CSA 14.4.2).
Kl
is calculated based on the equivalent cross-section and equivalent length
r
stated here.
In addition to satisfying the preceding limit states, it is made sure that the
equivalent section, consisting of the stiffeners and part of the web plate, is able
to resist the compressive concentrated force (CSA 14.4.2). This is similar to a
column capacity check. For this condition, the program calculates the required
continuity plate area as follows:
Pbf
=
Acp 25t wc
2
, if not at top story (CSA 14.4.2)
Fcr
Pbf
=
Acp 12t wc
2
, if at top story (CSA 14.4.2)
Fcr
An iterative process is involved as Acp, r, and Fcr are interdependent. If Acp is

needed, iteration starts with the minimum thickness and minimum width of the
continuity plate. A maximum of three iterations is performed.
If Acp 0, no continuity plates are required. If continuity plates are required,

they must satisfy a minimum area specification defined as follows:
The minimum thickness of the stiffeners is taken as follows:
tcpmin = 0.5t fb (borrowed from AISC J10.8)
4 - 20 Joint Design
If the maximum thickness is more than the upper limit, the program reports
an error. Here it is assumed that the continuity plate can extend for the full
width of the column flange.
The minimum width of the continuity plate on each side plus 1/2 the thick-
ness of the column web shall not be less than 1/3 of the beam flange width,
or
b fp t wc
=
bcpmin 2 (borrowed from AISC J10.8)
3 2
So that the minimum area is given by
Acpmin = tcpmin bcpmin .
Therefore, the continuity plate area provided by the program is zero or the
greater of Acp and Acpmin .
In the preceding equations,
Acp = Required continuity plate area
Fy = Yield stress of the column and continuity plate material
db = Beam depth
dc = Column depth
h = Clear distance between flanges of column less fillets for rolled

shapes
kc = Distance between outer face of the column flange and web toe of its
fillet
Mu = Factored beam moment
Pbf = Beam flange force, assumed as Mu ( db ttb )

Br = Factored bearing resistance of web
Joint Design 4 - 21
t fb = Beam flange thickness
t fc = Column flange thickness
t wc = Column web thickness
= Resistance factor
The special seismic requirements additionally checked by the program are de-
pendent on the type of framing used. Continuity plate requirements for seismic
design are evaluated for moment frames (LD MRF, MD MRF and D MRF) on-
ly. No checks are performed for braced frames (LD CBF, MD CBF, EBF).
Note that the code insists on designing the continuity plate to match with tested
connection.
For Seismic cases,
Pof = 1.1Ry btb t fb f yb D MRF (CSA 27.2.5.2)
Pfb = 1.1Ry b fb t fb f y MD MRF (CSA 27.3, 27.2.5.2)
Pbf = 1.1Ry b fb t fb f y LD MRF (CSA 27.4.4.5, 27.4.4.1)
4.5.2 Design of Doubler Plates

One aspect of the design of a steel framing system is an evaluation of the shear
forces that exist in the region of the beam-column intersection known as the
panel zone.
Shear stresses seldom control the design of a beam or column member. How-
ever, in a Moment-Resisting frame, the shear stress in the beam-column joint
can be critical, especially in framing systems when the column is subjected to
major direction bending and the joint shear forces are resisted by the web of
the column. In minor direction bending, the joint shear is carried by the column
flanges, in which case the shear stresses are seldom critical, and this condition
is therefore not investigated by the program.
4 - 22 Joint Design
Shear stresses in the panel zone, due to major direction bending in the column,
may require additional plates to be welded onto the column web, depending on
the loading and the geometry of the steel beams that frame into the column, ei-
ther along the column major direction or at an angle so that the beams have
components along the column major direction. See Figure 2-3 of Chapter 2.
The program investigates such situations and reports the thickness of any re-
quired doubler plates. Only columns with I-Shapes are investigated for doubler
plate requirements. Also doubler plate requirements are evaluated for moment
frames (LD MRF, MD MRF and D MRF) only. No check is made for braced
frames (LD CBF, MD CBF, EBF).
The program calculates the required thickness of doubler plates using the fol-
lowing algorithms. The shear force in the panel zone, is given by:
nb
M bn cos n
=Vp
n =1 dn t fn
Vc .
The available strength of the web panel zone for the limit state of shear yield-
ing resistance is determined as Vr as appropriate. Assuming that the effect of
panel zone deformation on frame stability has not been considered in analysis,
the shear resistance, Vr is determined as follows:
(a) When detailed in accordance to the following conditions:
i. When the doubler plate is Plug welded.
ii. When the specified short-period spectral acceleration ratio (IE-

FaSa(0.2)) is equal to or greater than 0.55, and when the joint panel
zone is designed such that the sum of panel zone depth and the width
divided by panel zone thickness does not exceed 90 (CSA 27.2.4.3(a)).
iii. The joint panel zone is designed to satisfy the width-to-thickness limit
of CSA Clause 13.4.1.1(a), i.e., d wc twc = 439 kv Fy (CSA 27.2.4.3(b)).
3b fc t 2fc
Vr = 0.55v d wc t p Fyc 1 + 0.66v d wc t p Fy ,
d c d wb d wc
(CSA 27.2.4.2.1)
Joint Design 4 - 23
By using Vp = Vr, the required column panel zone thickness tp is found as

follows.
Vp Vp
=tp .
3b t 2
0.66v d wc t p Fy
0.55v d wc t p Fy 1 + fc fc

d c d wb d wc
(b) When detailed in accordance to the following conditions:
i. Joint panel zone is designed to satisfy the width-to-thickness limit of

CSA Clause 13.4.1.1(a) i.e., d wc twc = 439 kv Fy (CSA27.2.4.3(b)).
=
Vr 0.55v d wc t p Fy . (CSA 27.2.4.2.2)
By using Vp = Vr, the required column panel zone thickness tp is found

as follows.
Vp
tp =
0.55v d wc t p Fy
The extra thickness or the required thickness of the doubler plate is

given as follows:
t dp= t p t w ,
where
Fy = Column and doubler plate yield stress
tp = Required column panel zone thickness
t fn = Flange thickness of the n-th beam
tdp = Required doubler plate thickness
t fc = Column flange thickness
tw = Column web thickness
4 - 24 Joint Design
Vp = Required panel zone shear capacity
Vc = Column shear in the column above
nb = Number of beams connecting to a column
dn = Overall depth of the n-th beam connecting to a column
n = Angle between the n-th beam and the column major di-
rection
dc = Overall depth of the column
M bn = Factored beam moment from corresponding loading

combination
Vr = Shear resistance of a panel
Pr = Required axial resistance
The largest calculated value of tdp, calculated for any of the load com-
binations based on the factored beam moments and factored column
axial loads, is reported.
Doubler plate requirements for seismic design are evaluated for D

MRF (CSA 27.2.4.2), MD MRF (CSA 27.3, 27.2.4.2), LD MRF (CSA
27.4.3, 27.2.4.2) only. No further check/design is performed for other
types of frames.
The doubler plate and the column web should satisfy the slenderness
criteria (CSA 27.2.4.3(a)). t is taken as twc + tdp when the doubler plate
is plug welded to prevent local buckling. In such cases, tdp is increased
if necessary to meet this criterion. If the doubler plate is not plug weld-
ed to the web, t is taken as twc and also as tdp for checking both the
plates. If the twc cannot satisfy the criteria, then a failure condition is
declared. If tdp does not satisfy this criterion, then its value is increased
to meet the criteria. If the check is not satisfied, it is noted in the out-
put.
Joint Design 4 - 25
4.5.3 Weak Beam/Strong Column Measure

Only for Ductile Moment Resisting Frames (D MRF) and Moderately Ductile
Moment Resisting Frames (MD MRF) with seismic design, the code requires
that the sum of column flexure strengths at a joint be more than the sum of
beam flexure strengths (CSA 27.2.3.2, 27.3). The column flexure strength
should reflect the presence of the axial force present in the column. The beam
flexural strength should reflect the potential increase in capacity for strain
hardening. To facilitate the review of the strong column/weak beam criterion,
the program will report a beam-column plastic moment capacity ratio for every
joint in the structure.
When the specified short-period spectral acceleration ratio is greater than 0.55
or the building is greater than 60 m in height, columns shall satisfy the re-
quirements of Class 27.2.3.2; however, when applying Clause 27.2.3.2, the
term 1.1RyMpb may be replaced by Mpb. In addition, the beams shall be de-
signed so that for each story, the story shear resistance is not less than that of
the story above.
The preceding equation can be written as follows:
When IeFaSa(0.2) > 0.55 or when the building height is greater than 60 m, col-
umns are designed for:
d
M rc
M pb + Vh x + c
2
(CSA 27.2.3.2)
where
M rc
= sum of the column factored flexural resistance at the intersec-
C
M=
rc
1.18M pc 1 f M pc
C y
(CSA 27.2.3.2)


4 - 26 Joint Design
Vh = shear acting at that plastic hinge location where 1.1RyMpb is

reached at the beam hinge locations
face, which shall correspond to that of the assembly used to
demonstrate performance in accordance with Clause 27.2.5.1.
For the major direction of any column (top end), the beam-to-column-strength
ratio is obtained as
nb
M
pbn cos n
Rmaj = n =1
.
M pcax + M pcbx
For the minor direction of any column, the beam-to-column-strength ratio is

obtained as
nb
M
pbn sin n
=Rmin n =1
,
M pcay + M pcby
where,
Rmaj = Plastic moment capacity ratios, in the major directions of the

column
Rmin = Plastic moment capacity ratios, in the minor directions of the

column
M pbn = Plastic moment capacity of n-th beam connecting to column
n = Angle between the n-th beam and the column major direc-
tion
M pcax , y = Major and minor plastic moment capacities, reduced for axial
force effects, of the column above the story level
M pcbx , y = Major and minor plastic moment capacities, reduced for axial
force effects, of the column below the story level
Joint Design 4 - 27
nb = Number of beams connecting to the column
The plastic moment capacities of the columns are reduced for axial force ef-
fects and are taken as
C

M= M= 1.18 1 f M pc M pc (CSA 27.2.3.2, 27.3)
pc rc C y

The plastic moment capacities of the beams are amplified for potential increase
in capacity for strain hardening as follows:
For D MRF and MD MRI
d
M pb =M rb =1.1Ry M pb + Vh x + c (CSA 27.2.3.2, 27.3)
2
For LD MRF
M pb =M b + Vh ( x + ac ) (CSA 27.4.2.2)
M rc = Factored plastic moment resistance of the column

Cf = Results from summation of Vh acting at this level and above

M rb = Amplified plastic moment resistance of the beam
x = Distance from the center of a beam plastic hinge to the column face
Vh = Shear acting at plastic hinge location when 1.1RyMpb is reached at the
hinge location.
For the preceding calculations, the section of the column above is taken to be
the same as the section of the column below, assuming that the column splice
will be located some distance above the story level.
4.5.4 Evaluation of Beam Connection Shears

For each steel beam in the structure, the program will report the maximum ma-
jor shears at each end of the beam for the design of the beam shear connec-
tions. The beam connection shears reported are the maxima of the factored
shears obtained from the loading combinations.
4 - 28 Joint Design
For special seismic design, the beam connection shears are not taken less than
the following special values for different types of framing. The special seismic
requirements additionally checked by the program are dependent on the type of
framing used.
For D MRF, MD MRF and LD MRF, the beam connection shear is taken as
the maximum of those from regular load combinations and those required for
the development of full plastic moment capacity of the beam, i.e., 1.1RyZFy
(CSA 27.2.5.2, 27.3, 27.4.4.2(a)). The connection shear for the development
of the full plastic moment capacity of beam is as follows:
Rd Ro
=
Vf EL + VDL + VLL (CSA 27.2.5.2, 27.3, 27.4.4.2(b))
1.3
where,
Vf = Shear force corresponding to END I or END J of the beam
EL = Maximum anticipated seismic load
Lh = Clear length of the beam
VDL = Absolute maximum of the calculated beam shears at the cor-

responding beam ends from the factored dead load only
VLL = Absolute maximum of the calculated beam shears at the cor-

responding beam ends from the factored live load only
If the beam-to-column connection is modeled with a pin in the program by

releasing the beam end, it automatically affects the beam connection shear.
4.5.5 Evaluation of Brace Connection Forces

For each steel brace in the structure, the program reports the maximum axial
force at each end of the brace for the design of the brace-to-beam connections.
The brace connection forces reported are the maxima of the factored brace axi-
al forces obtained from the loading combinations.
For special seismic design, the brace connection forces are not taken less than
the following special values for different types of framing. The special seismic
Joint Design 4 - 29
requirements additionally checked by the program are dependent on the type of

framing used.
Brace axial forces for seismic designs are evaluated for braced frames (LD
CBF, MD CBF, EBF) only. No special checks are performed for moment
frames (DMRF, MD MRF, LD MRF).
For MD CBF and LD CBF, the bracing connection force is taken as the min-
imum of the two values (CSA 27.5.4.2(a)):
a. The expected yield strength in tension of the bracing member, deter-

mined as TyFyAg (CSA 27.5.4.2(a)) and 1.2 times the probable compres-
sive resistance of the bracing members, determined as Cr .
For EBF, the required strength of the diagonal brace connection at both ends
of the brace is taken as the maximum of the following two values: (a) the
maximum connection force from the design load combinations, and (b) the
maximum brace connection force based on 1.30Ry times the nominal strength
of the link (CSA 27.7.9.2).
The maximum connection force from the load combinations is determined

for all of the regular load combinations.
4 - 30 Joint Design
Chapter 5
Design Output
5.1 Overview
The program has the capacity to create design output in four major ways
graphical display, file output, tabular display, and member specific detailed de-
sign information.
The graphical display includes input and output design information for members
visible in the active window; the display can be sent directly to a printer or saved
to a file. The file output includes both summary and detail design data that can be
saved in RTF, HTML and plain text formats. The tabular display output includes
both summary and detail design data that can be displayed or saved in many
formats, including Excel, Access, RTF, HTML and plain text. The member
specific detailed design information shows the details of the calculation.
The following sections describe some of the typical graphical display, file out-
put, tabular display output, and member specific detailed design information.
Some of the design information is very specific to the chosen steel design code.
This manual addresses "CSA S16-14" design code related output information
only.
5-1
Steel Frame Design CSA-S16-14
5.2 Display Design Information on the Model

The graphical display of design output includes input and output design infor-
mation for all steel frame members that are visible in the active window. The
graphical output can be produced in color or in gray-scaled screen display. The
active screen display can be sent directly to the printer or saved to a file in sev-
eral formats.
Input and output design information for the CSA S16-14code includes the fol-
lowing.
Table 5-1 Graphical Display of Design Information

Design Input Information Design Output Information
Design sections P-M stress ratio values with members
Design type color-coded based on the ratio
Live load reduction factors P-M colors and shear stress ratio val-
ues
Unbraced length ratios, L-factors,
P-M ratio colors and no values
for major and minor direction of bending,
and for lateral-torsional buckling Identify the P-M failure
Effective length factor for sway condition, Identify the shear failure
K-factors, for major and minor directions
of bending Identify all failures
Effective length factors, Kz, for
lateral-torsional buckling
1 factors for major and minor
directions of bending
2 factors for major and minor
U1 factors for major and minor
U2 factors for major and minor
Rd factors
Ro factors
Yield stress, Fy
Nominal axial capacities
Nominal bending capacities
Nominal shear capacities
Note that only one of the listed items can be displayed on the model at a time.
5-2 Display Design Information on the Model

Chapter 5 - Design Output
Use the Design menu > Steel Frame Design > Display Design Info command
in SAP2000/ETABS and Advanced > Frame Design > Steel > Display Design
Info command in CSiBridge to plot design input and output values directly on
the model. The Display Steel Design Results form shown in Figures 5-1 and 5-2
will display. Choose the Design Output or Design Input option. One item can be
selected from the drop-down list. For example, the P-M interaction ratios can be
displayed by choosing the Design Output option and selecting P-M Ratio Colors
& Values from the drop-down list. Click the OK button to display the longitu-
dinal reinforcing in the active window. A typical graphical display of longitu-
dinal reinforcing is shown in Figure 5-3.
Figure 5-1 Choice of design input data for display on the model
in the active window
Display Design Information on the Model 5-3

Figure 5-2 Choice of design output data for display on the model
in the active window
Figure 5-3 A typical graphical display
The graphics can be displayed in 3D or 2D mode. The standard view transfor-

mations are available for all steel design information displays. Several buttons
on the toolbar can be used to switch between 3D and 2D views. Alternatively,
click the View menu > Set 3D View or Set 2D View commands in
SAP2000/ETABS and the Home > View > Set 3D View or Set 2D View
commands in CSiBridge.
5-4 Display Design Information on the Model

The onscreen graphical display can be sent to a printer using any of the fol-
lowing commands. Use the File menu > Print Graphics command in
SAP2000/ETABS and the Orb > Print > Print Graphics command in
CSiBridge to print the active window. To capture the graphical display in a file
for printing through another application, use the File menu > Capture En-
hanced Metafile command in SAP2000/ETABS and the Orb > Pictures >
Metafile command in CSiBridge to create an .emf file, or use the File menu >
Capture Picture command in SAP2000/ETABS and the Orb > Pictures >
Bitmap* command in CSiBridge to create a bitmap (.bmp) file. Create a screen
capture of the active window using the Alt+ Print Screen keyboard keys or
create a screen capture of the entire window using the Ctrl + Print Screen
keyboard keys. Then use the Ctrl+V keyboard keys to paste the saved image
into Paint or other graphical program.
By default the graphical displays are in color. It may be advantageous to view or

present the display in gray-scale graphics or using a white background. Use the
Options menu > Color command to set these options.
5.3 Display Design Information in Tables

In addition to model definition and analysis results, the design information for
all steel frame members or for only selected members can be displayed in tabular
spreadsheet format. Currently, the program generates design summary data,
PMM design details and shear design details. The tabular spreadsheet output can
be displayed by selecting the Display menu > Show Tables command in
SAP2000/ETABS and the Home > Display > Show Tables command in
CSiBridge to access the Choose Tables for Display form, an example of which
is shown in Figure 5-4. That form can be used to choose which tables or sets of
tables are to be displayed.
The names of the tables are displayed in a tree structure, which can be collapsed
or expanded by clicking on an item in the tree. Click on the small check boxes
preceding the items to select those tables for display. If a branch of the tree is
selected, all of the tables under that branch are selected. The selected set of ta-
bles can be saved as a Named Set using the Save Named Set button. This named
set can be used in the future for quick selection. If one or more frame members
are selected on the structural model before accessing the Choose Tables for
Display form, the Selection Only check box will be checked when the form
Display Design Information in Tables 5-5

displays, and the program will display information for the selected members
only; uncheck the check box to display information for all applicable "unse-
lected" members in the model. If the Show Unformatted check box is checked,
the numbers will be displayed unformatted instead of being displayed using a
limited number of decimal digits. The unformatted option provides higher pre-
cision output that can then be copied into other programs.
Use the other buttons in the form to tailor the data display. For example, click the
Select Load Cases button to specify which load cases are to be included in the
display of model definition data; click the Select Analysis Case and Modi-
fy/Show Options to specify which analysis cases are to be included and how
analysis results are displayed.
Figure 5-4 Choice of design data tables for tabular display
After selecting all of the tables for steel frame design and the display options,
click the OK button to display a form showing one of the selected design tables,
5-6 Display Design Information in Tables

with a drop-down list in the upper right-hand corner of the form that can be used
to select other tables for display. A typical design table is shown in Figure 5-5.
Use the scroll bars on the bottom and right side of the tables to scroll right and
left or up and down if portions of the data table can not be displayed in the form's
display area. The columns can be resized by clicking the left mouse button on
the separator of the headers, holding down the left mouse button and then
dragging the mouse to the left or right. Reset the column widths to their default
values by selecting the View menu > Reset Default Column Widths command
on the form. The table can be split into two or more tables by clicking on the
small black rectangular area near the bottom-left corner of the table, holding
down the left mouse button, and then dragging the mouse button to the left or
right. Repeat this process to add more splits. Use the split and horizontal scroll
bar to put two columns side by side for easier comparison. The splits can be
removed by selecting the View menu > Remove Splits command on the form.
Alternatively, remove the split by clicking, holding and dragging the left mouse
button to merge the split key to its original location.
Figure 5-5 A typical tabular display of design data
Select multiple consecutive columns by putting the cursor on the header, holding
down the mouse button, and then dragging the mouse button left or right. Al-
ternatively, depress the Shift key and click the left mouse button to select a range
of columns.
Display Design Information in Tables 5-7

The current table (i.e., the table in the active window) can be copied to the
Window clipboard and them pasted into popular programs such as Excel, Ac-
cess, .rtf., .html, and plain text formats. Many other features of the design tables
are left for the user to discover by using the program.
5.4 Display Detailed Member Specific Information

The program has the capability to display the design details for a specific
member. The information includes member identification, shape name, section
properties, design combination name, design combination forces, and other de-
sign input data to check the design results. The information also includes stress
ratios for P-M-M and other interactions, demand/capacity ratios from shear,
nominal strengths, design factors such as 1, 2, U1, U2, and so forth. The design
details are displayed in a summary form and also are displayed for a specific
load combination and for a specific station of a frame member.
When the design results are displayed on the model in the active window, the
detailed design information can be accessed by right clicking on the desired
frame member to display the Steel Stress Check Information form. Alterna-
tively, click the Design menu > Steel Frame Design > Interactive Steel
Frame Design command in SAP2000/ETABS and the Advanced > Frame
Design > Steel > Interactive Steel Frame Design command in CSiBridge and
then right click on the frame member. An example of that form is shown in
Figure 5-6.
5-8 Display Detailed Member Specific Information

Figure 5-6 A typical member specific steel stress check information summary
Note: It should be noted that two design processes are available in

CSiBridge: superstructure design (on the Design/Rating tab, including
the Optimize command that can be used to interactively design a steel
I-beam superstructure) and design of the individual elements comprising
the structure (the Advanced > Frame Design commands). This manual
addresses the second design process.
The Steel Stress Check Information form identifies the frame members and the
analysis and design section, and includes a display area of mostly de-
mand/capacity ratio data and buttons that access forms that provide further de-
tails about the selected frame member. The display area reports the load
combinations, the stress check stations, the P-M-M interaction ratio along with
its axial and flexural components, and the shear stress ratios. The load combi-
nation is reported by its name, while the station is reported by its location, which
is measured from the I-end of the column. The number of reported line items in
the text box is equal to the number of design combinations multiplied by the
number of stations. Only one line item is highlighted in blue when the form first
displays. That item highlights the largest demand/capacity ratio from P-M-M,
Display Detailed Member Specific Information 5-9

major and minor shear or any other considered interaction ratio, unless a line
item(s) has design overstress or an error. In that case, the item with the overstress
or error will be selected and highlighted. If many line items are overstressed or
have an error, the last among all such line items will be selected and highlighted.
The stress check information is always reported for the design section. If the
member is assigned an individual section, the analysis and design section are
always the same. If the member is assigned an Auto Select Section (a list of
sections), the analysis and design section can be different, unless the design has
converged.
The Overwrites and Details buttons near the bottom of the Steel Stress Check
Information form can be used to access the Steel Frame Design Overwrites form,
and the Steel Stress Check Data form, which displays detailed information about
the selected frame element. While the latter form displays information in a
non-editable format, the Overwrites form display the overwrite data in editable
format. This allows the user to enter an interactive mode of design.
Overwrites button. Click this button to access the Steel Frame Design
Overwrites form. Use that form to make revisions to the steel frame design
overwrites and then immediately review the new design results as a summary
using the Steel Stress Check Information form, or in detail by clicking the
Details button to access the Steel Stress Check Data form. Clicking the OK
button on the Steel Frame Design Overwrites form temporarily saves any
changes. To make the changes permanent, click the OK button on the Steel
Stress Check Information form. To disregard the changes, click the Cancel
button on the Steel Stress Check Information form. An example of an Over-
writes form is shown in Figure 5-7.
5 - 10 Display Detailed Member Specific Information

Figure 5-7 A typical member specific Steel Frame Design Overwrites form
Details button. Click this button to access the Steel Stress Check Data form.
Use the form to review all of the design details for the highlighted item. An
example of a Steel Stress Check Data form is shown in Figure 5-8. The in-
formation includes the member ID, load combo and station identifications,
steel design sections, section properties, design combination forces, stress ra-
tios for P-M-M and other interactions, stress ratios for shear, nominal
strengths, and design factors such as, 1, 2, U1, U2, and so forth. Values that
are not applicable are reported as N/A. Similarly, N/C and N/N indicate an
item is Not Calculated and Not Needed.
Before clicking the Details button on the form shown in Figure 5-6, highlight
an item for the desired design station and design load combination in the Steel
Stress Check Information display area by clicking on the line. The data sub-
sequently displayed will relate to the highlighted item. By default, the most
Display Detailed Member Specific Information 5 - 11

critical line item is selected when the form first displays, as described previ-
ously.
To increase or decrease the width of the Steel Stress Check Information form
(Figure 5-8), put the cursor near the right edge of the form, click the left mouse
button, and drag the mouse cursor towards the left or right. Similarly, the
height of the form can be increased or decreased.
Figure 5-8 A typical Steel Stress Check Information form
The text in the form can be dragged in any direction by positioning the cursor
in the middle of the form, and then clicking the left mouse button and dragging
the text in the desired direction. Similarly, the graphical display of the column
section can also be dragged in any direction.
Use the Units drop-down list in the upper right-hand corner of the form to
change the units used to display the data. Data displayed on the form can be
5 - 12 Display Detailed Member Specific Information

sent directly to the printer by selecting the File menu > Print command on the
form. The program allows limited page setup options using the Print Setup
command on the File menu on the form.
5.5 Save or Print Design Information as Tables

In addition to model definition and analysis results, the design information for
all steel frame members or for selected frames only can be saved in tabular
format. Currently for CSA S16-14code, the program saves design summary
data, PMM design details, and shear design details.
Save the file output by selecting the File menu > Print Tables command in
SAP2000/ETABS and the Orb > Print > Print Tables command in CSiBridge
and selecting the type of information (e.g., Input, Analysis Output, Summary
Report and so on); the Print Design Tables form will then display. If one or more
structural members were selected before the Print Design form is accessed, the
Selection Only check box will be checked and the program will save the data for
the selected members only; uncheck the check box to save the data for all ap-
propriate unselected members. After the design output is saved in a text file,
the file can be opened using any text file editor/viewer. However, SAP2000 and
ETABS provide the File menu > Display Input/Output Text Files command
that can be used to display the text file in Windows Wordpad.
Using the preceding process without checking the Print to File check box will
send the specified information directly to the printer.
5.6 Error Messages and Warnings

Error messages and warnings may be displayed in the steel frame design output.
Those messages and warnings are assumed to be self explanatory.
Save or Print Design Information as Tables 5 - 13

Bibliography
CSA, 2014. CSA S16-14 Design of Steel Structures; Canadian Standards

Association, 5060 Spectrum Way, Suite 100, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
L4W5N6.
CSI, 2014. CSI Lateral Load Manual. Computers and Structures, Inc., 2014
1646 N. California Blvd., Walnut Creek, CA 94596.
NBCC 2010. National Building Code of Canada, National Research Council of

Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
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What is the factored flexural strength calculation for angle sections?

What is the factored flexural strength calculation for angle sections?

How is the factored shear strength calculated?

How is the factored shear strength calculated?

Steel Frame Design CSA S16-14

M yr 33 = 0.7 S min Fy , Smin is the smaller section modulus

Lyr = Length L obtained by setting M u > M yr 33 ,

hc = depth of the web in compression

M r 33 = M u . (CSA 13.6 (e))

x = asymmetry parameter for singly symmetric beams

3 - 30 Calculation of Factored Strengths

3 =2 for Double Angle Sections

3 =1.0 for T-Sections

3.7.3.6.2 Minor Axis Bending

3.7.3.7 Angle Sections

where Me is the elastic lateral-torsional buckling moment defined as follows:

0.46 Eb2 r 2Cb

Calculation of Factored Strengths 3 - 31

Cb = Lateral-torsional buckling modification factor for non-uniform

L = Laterally unbraced length of the member. It is taken as the max

I2 = Minor principal axis moment of inertia, mm4.

rt = Radius of gyration for the minor principal axis, mm.

t = Angle leg thickness, mm. It is taken as min(tw, tf).

w = A section property for unequal-legged angles. It is given as fol-

w is positive for short legs in compression, negative for long

z = coordinate along the minor principal axis

w = coordinate along the major principal axis

z0 = coordinate of the shear center along the z-axis with re-

Iw = major principal axis moment of inertia

Iz = minor principal axis moment of inertia

3 - 32 Calculation of Factored Strengths

Mr22 = Z22Fy 1.5 S22Fy (CSA 13.6(e), AISC F10-2)

3.7.3.8 General Sections

3.7.4 Shear Strength

3.7.4.1 Shear in the Major Direction

Vr2 = AwFs (CSA 13.4.1.1)

where Aw is the design shear area. It is taken as follows:

Calculation of Factored Strengths 3 - 33

dw for I-Shape sections,

Fs is the ultimate shear stress. It is taken as follows:

For unstiffened webs:

Fs = 0.66Fy (CSA 13.4.1.1(a)(i))

Vr2 = AwFs (CSA 13.4.1.1)

3 - 34 Calculation of Factored Strengths

Fs = 0.66Fy (CSA 13.4.1.1)

3.7.4.2 Shear in the Minor Direction

Vr3 = AwFs (CSA 13.4.1.1)

where, Aw is taken as follows:

2 b f t f for I-Shape sections,

b f ( 2t f ) for I-Shape sections,

Vr3 = AwFs (CSA 13.4.1.1)

Fs = 0.66Fy. (CSA 13.4.1.1)

Calculation of Factored Strengths 3 - 35

3.8 Design of Members for Combined Forces

3.8.1 Axial and Bending Stresses

3.8.1.1 Axial Compressive and Bending Class 1 and Class 2 I-Shapes

Cf is the factored axial compressive loading, including P- effects as de-

3 - 36 Design of Members for Combined Forces