BAB 1

CONCORD &
NARRATIVE
1. Subject Verb Agreement (Kesesuaian Subyek dan Predikat)

TUNGGAL JAMAK

Dicirikan dengan awalan kata : Dicirikan dengan awalan kata :

- Every ... (Setiap) - Quantifier + Plural Noun

- Each of... (Masing-masing) ( A few, Many, Several )
- Either / Either of... (baik,...) - Both...
- Neither/ Neither of... (Tak satupun dari) - Both... and ...
- One of... (Salah Satu dari) - Most of ...
- None of... (Tak satupun) - A Number of...
- V-ing (gerund)
- Quantifier + Uncountable Noun
(A lot of, A little, Much) - Either / Neither + Noun + Or / Nor + Plural
- A Pair of + plural noun - Noun + Or / Nor + Plural Noun
- The number of...
(Jumlah jarak, volume, berat, uang, waktu)

- Either / Neither + Noun + Or / Nor +

Note :
Singular
- Noun + Or / Nor + Singular Noun Untuk Subjek Plural Maka Predikat diikuti oleh :

Auxiliary : have, are, were, Verb 1

Note :

Untuk Subjek Tunggal Maka Predikat diikuti oleh :

Auxiliary : has, is, was, Verb 1 + s/es

2. Word Agreement menggunakan ... AND.... , NOT ONLY.... BUT ALSO...

Adjective Adjective

Noun Noun

Adverb And / Adverb

Phrase As Well As Phrase

Verb Verb

Gerund Gerund

To Infinitive To Infinitive

Adjective Adjective

Noun Noun

Adverb Adverb

Not Only Phrase But Also Phrase

Verb Verb

Gerund Gerund

To Infinitive To Infinitive
CONTOH SOAL CONCORD

1. At Seminar, each of the participants ... given a book note, a briefcase, and lunch
a. he is b. they are c. are d. is e. be
2. There is evidence that Vitamin C prevents heart disease, speeds wound healing , and...
a. cures gum disease
b. gum disease can be curing gum disease
c. curing gum disease
d. it cures gum disease
e. the cure of gum disease
3. a number of uneducated people in our country ... increasing
a. to keep b. keep c. has kept d. keeps e. they keep
4. Four hundred and forty four miles ... the distance from Jakarta to Bali when we drive
on
a. to be b. are being c. it is d. they are e. is
5. Blood pressure is measured by feeling the pulse and ...
a. to apply pressure to the arm
b. applying pressure to the arm
c. a pressure to the arm is applied
d. they apply pressure to the arm
e. application of pressure to the arm
6. Either the kids or their mother ... worried about the fathers critical condition
a. was b. be c. were d. being e. she was
7. $ 60.000.000.000 ... in useless projects by the incumbent rulling government
a. has been spent
b. have spent
c. being spent
d. have been spent
e. spend
8. Have you checked where most of the seminar participants come from?
Oh yes, two thirds of them ... from various parts of Java.
a. are coming b. comes c. they come d. to come e. come
9. Each of the participants ... received an invitation
a. having b. have c. has d. be having e. to have
10. Different interpretations on the same event by various newspapers ... readers confused
and angry
a. To make b. they make c. make d. it makes e. makes
11. The director or the employees ... to get ISO 9002 for their company this year
a. hope b. is hoping c. has hoped d. hopes e. in hoping
12. He did not pass his oral examination because he was either nervous...
a. Or he did not prepare himself well
b. And did not prepare well
c. Also the preparation was not good
d. Or not well prepared
e. But he was not well prepared
13. She not only won in the singing competition,...
a. And she also got scholarship from a top private university
b. But she got a scholarship from a top private university
c. But also a scholarship from a top private
d. And she also got a scholarship from a top private university
e. But she also got scholarship from a top private university
14. Neither the hotel facilities ... ensure a comfortable stay for the guests
a. And also its services
b. Nor its services
c. And not its services
d. Or its hotel services
e. Both its services
15. Every citizen ... the right to vote and to determine themselves
a. Has b. have c. had d. are having e. having
 NARRATIVE
- Orientation
(Pengenalan) - Cerita - One day
- Complication - Fiksi - Once upon a
Generic
(Masalah) Ciri-ciri - Bahasa time
- Resolution (Solusi)
Structure - Past (V2) - Long time ago
:
- Reorientation / Coda

NARRATIVE

Tipe narrative
Communicative
To entertain
Purpose
- Fable (Hewan)
- Legend To amuse
- Myth (Kebenaran
belom terungkap)
- Forktale
- Fairytale
 BAB 2

PASSIVE VOICE & REPORT

1. Definisi.
Passive Voice yaitu kalimat pasif yang mana subjeknya bukan pelaku perbuatan
melainkan penerima tindakan.
e.g. Budi MEMBACA buku Buku DIBACA oleh Budi
e.g. Sinta MENONTON film Film DITONTON oleh Sinta

2. Pola Umum Kalimat Pasif.

To Be + V3

3. Rambu-rambu dalam mengubah kalimat aktif menjadi pasif

a. OBJEK kalimat AKTIF menjadi SUBJEK kalimat PASIF
b. TENSE kalimat pasif mengikuti TENSE kalimat aktif
c. VERB 3 dalam kalimat pasif dibentuk VERB pada kalimat aktif
d. Hanya Kalimat aktif BEROBJEK yang bisa diubah menjadi kalimat pasif

4. Pola Kalimat Pasif dalam beberapa Tenses

a. SIMPLE PRESENT, SIMPLE PAST

is, am, are, was, were + V3

Contoh :
1. Aktif : Andri drinks a glass of coffee every morning
Pasif : A glass of coffee is drunk by Andri every morning
2. Aktif : The tornado destroyed thirty houses
Pasif : Thirty houses are destroyed by the tornado
b. PRESENT, PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE

is, am, are, was, were + being + V3

Contoh :
1. Aktif : The committee is considering several new proposals
Pasif : Several new proposals are being considered by the committee
2. Aktif : The committee was considering several new proposals
Pasif : Several new proposals were being considered by the committee
c. PRESENT, PAST PERFECT TENSE

has, have, had + been + V3

1. Aktif : The company has ordered some new equipments
Pasif : Some new equipments have been ordered by the new company
2. Aktif : The company had ordered some new equipments before the strike
began
Pasif : Some new equipments had been ordered by the company before the
strike began
d. MODALS

Modals + be + V3
1. Aktif : My brother will learn mathematics today
Pasif : Mathematics will be learnt by my brother today
e. MODALS + PERFECT

Modals + have + been + V3

1. Aktif : Students will have done the assignment
Pasif : The assignment will have been done by students
Contoh Soal Passive Voice

1. Some workers were loading the containers into the van. The passive from the above
sentence is the containers ... into the van
a. Were loaded b. were loading c. be loaded d. were being loaded
e. are to be loaded
2. A well known architect is designing our new office. The passive from of the above
sentence is our new offices ... by a well known architect.
a. Designs b. designed c. be designing d. is designed e. is being designed
3. We need to remodel our school-building. The passive of the above sentence is :
Our school building ....
a. Needs to be remodeled
b. Is needed to remodeled
c. Needed to remodel
d. Needing to be remodeled
e. It needs being remodeled
4. Titi is sweeping the floor. means....
a. The floor was swept
b. The floor is being swept
c. The floor has swept
d. The floor was being swept
e. Must be swept
5. The passive form of someone is following us is...
a. We are followed by someone
b. We are following someone
c. We will be following someone
d. We are being followed by someone
e. We have been following by someone
6. Some important researches in physics, funded by an international development
agency, ... at our university
a. Carried out b. be carried out c. are carrying out
d. are being carried out e. to carry out
7. When will the debate contest take place this years? Ill let you know later as it...
a. Has not scheduled yet b. has been scheduled c. has to schedule
d. has been scheduling e. has not been scheduled yet
8. What is going to happen to the children who have become orphans due to the
tsunami disaster? Dont worry, they ....
a. Will take care of b. will have been taken care of c. will have taken care of
d. will be taken care of e. will be taking care of
9. Potatoes, now a major source of food worldwide, .... to Europe by the spanish in the
16th century.
a. Were brought b. had been brought c. were being brought d. brought
e. had brought
10. This is a very popular TV program. Every week it ... by millions of people.
a. Watches b. being watched c. is watched d. has watched e. had watched
11. Last night someone broke into our house. Oh, dear! ....?
a. Did anything take b. was anything taken c. anything to be taken
d. anything be taken e. was anything being taken
12. How old is the mosque? Well, it... in 1870.
a. To be built b. built c. was built d. had built e. had been building
13. The production process in textile plant ...
a. Needs to be monitored b. are needed to monitor c. they are need to monitor
d. needs to be monitoring e. are needed to monitored
14. Nothing ... since we left
a. Has been changed b. is changed c. will be changed d. was changed
e. would be changed
15. A wooden bridge ... here next month
a. Is going to build b. is to build c. is building d. will be built e. is built
 REPORT

- Ilmiah
- Umum
Ciri-ciri - Data
: - Present
- Fakta
Generic
Structure
REPORT
- General Clasification
- Description

Communicative
Purpose To inform
 BAB 3

CAUSATIVE VERB & RECOUNT

1. Definisi
Membuat atau menyuruh subjek baru (objek) melakukan... (active) / dikenai...
(passive)
2. Tipe
UNIQUEEN
a. Aktif : GAsAlto MaHaL (Get, Ask, Allow + to-V1 ; Make, Have, Let V1)
e.g. He allowed his brother to borrow that book
e.g. Principal will have us celebrate the independence day
b. Passive : AsAlto GaMaHaL (Ask, Allow, To be + V3 ; Get, Make, Have, Let +
V3)
e.g. He allowed that book to be borrowed by his brother
e.g. Principal will have the independence day celebrated by us
Notes :
Meaning of - HAVE -
1. Mempunyai Have + Noun
- She has a book
- I have a pen
2. Telah Have + V3
- He has played football
- They have finished the exam
3. Harus Have + to + V1
- We have to listen to him
4. Menyuruh Objek ( Aktif / Pasif)
CONTOH SOAL CAUSATIVE VERB

1. The teacher had students who didnt bring their identification cards ... the auditorium
where te exams were held.
a. Left b. leave c. to leave d. leaving e. leaves
2. Ive tried to fixed my motorbike, but it is still not running well. Why dont you
have a mechanic ... it?
a. Check b. checking c. to check d. in checking e. checked
3. After I finished my article, i had it edited. This means that....
a. I had edited my article
b. My article would be edited
c. Somebody edited my article
d. I was asked to edit my article
e. I had to edit my article my self
4. Willy : This cake is very delicious. Did you make it yourself?
Betty : Since i was busy, i had it made.
From the underlined sentence we know that Betty .... the cake
a. Made b. has made c. had made d. asked Willy to make
e. ordered somenone to make
5. As I found out that not all of the workshop participants knew about todays schedul, i
got my secretary ... it right away
a. Distributing b. distributed c. she distributes d. to distribute e. in distributing
6. Since her handwritting is very bad, we will have her ... her composition
a. Types b. typed c. typing d. type e. to type
7. The fact that he was put into prison for someting he had not done made his wife ...
a. Cry b. to be crying c. cried d. to cry e. crying
8. Ani : What a nice dress! Did you make it yourself?
Ati : Oh, I got it made.
The underlined sentence means...
a. Ati bought the dress
b. Ati made the dress herself
c. Ati had to make her dress
d. Someone made Atis dress
e. Ati wanted to make Ani to make the dress
9. How can you determine students ability in writting?
...... a 1.500-word essay!
a. The students write
b. Have the students write
c. The students are writting
d. Have the students to write
e. The students have written
10. Dodi : Did many people migrate to Kalimantan themselves?
Rina : No, the government had them migrate.
The underlined sentence means...
a. The government migrated there for them
b. The government told them not to migrate
c. The government migrated to Kalimantan
d. The government didnt ask them to migrate
e. The government asked them to migrate there
11. Did you plan the program for our high school reunion yourself?
No....
a. Seanu had me do it b. I had Seanu do it c. I had to do it for Seanu
d. I had Seanu to do it e. I had Seanu doing it
12. The curtain are dirty; we .... at the laundry
a. Must have washed them b. have washed them c. have them made
d. are washing them e. washing them
13. Mr. Setiawan asked his son to drive him to his office. We can also say ... to his
office
a. Mr. Setiawan drove his son b. Mr. Setiawan had his son drive him
c. Mr. Setiawan has to drive his son d. Mr Setiawans son had driven him
e. Mr Setiawan had to drive his son.
14. I spilled some ink on my coat. You must .... at the laundry immediately
a. Clean it b. have clean it c. have to clean it d. have to be cleaned it
e. have it cleaned
15. The fact that he has another wife makes his family ... him anymore
a. Not trust b. not to be trusting c. not trusted d. not to trust e. not trusting
 RECOUNT

- Cerita nyata
- Orientation - Pengalaman
Generic
- Events Ciri-ciri - Waktunya jelas
Structure - Past (V2)
- Reorientation :

RECOUNT

Tipe Recount To retell

Communicative past event
Purpose
- Biography (Biodata
yang menceritakan To
orang lain) entertain/ to
- Autobiography inform
(Biodata
diceritakan diri
sendiri oleh
penulis)
 BAB 4

ELLIPTICAL CONSTRUCTION
1. Definisi
Gabungan 2 kalimat yang memiliki predikat yang sama / berlawanan dan dijadikan
satu kalimat dengan penghubung tertentu
2. Tipe
a. Setara -and-
(+) So + aux + S / S + aux + too

(-) S + aux + not + either / Neither + aux + S

UNIQUEEN
SeRa Hary FeLi NeNo (Seldom, Rarely, Hardly, Few, Little, Never, No)
Kalimat terdapat adverb demikian maka memiliki makna kalimat positif (+)

Penetuan Auxilary ditentukan oleh Predikat

Predicate Auxilary
V1 (s/es) Do (s/es)
V2 Did
To Be To Be (Tetap)
Has, have, had + V3 Has, have, had + V3
Modals Modals (Tetap)

Contoh :
1. My father hasnt decided where to go this vacation. ________
a. So have I b. I havent also c. Either have I d. Neither have I e. Me neither
Jawab : D
2. His shop was burnt down, ... his car that was parked near by
a. And either did b. also was c. but neither was d. so did e. and so was
Jawab : E
b. Berlawanan - But / While
- S + V + but/while + S + aux + not DAN sebaliknya
- S+ aux + not + but / while + S + aux
Contoh :
1. Rio could come to this office on time but Rini ....
a. Could b. couldnt c. was could d. can e. cant
2. I dont think Prabu regrets to what he has done to you But he ... He begged me
an apology just now.
a. Regrets b. does c. regret d. do e. is
 DESCRIPTION

- Noun yang spesifik (my

dog, school)
- Detailed noun phrase
Generic - Adjective yang bersifat
Ciri-ciri describing,
Structure
- Identification : numbering, classifiying.
- Description - Menggunakan kata kerja
yang mengisyaratkan
kepemilikan
DESCRIPTION
- Simple present (S+V1)

Communicative
Purpose To describe or
highlight ONE
person, thing, place,
animal spesificly
 BAB 5

PARTICIPLE & EXPLANATION

1. Konsep Dasar

Ving = active
(me/ber)

PARTICIPLE

V3 = pasif
(di/ter)
2. Fungsi
a. Mempersingkat anak kalimat dengan pemakaian participle (shortened clause/
pemadatan/penyingkatan)
b. Mempertanyakan arti partciple dalam pola shortened clause
c. Melengkapi kalimat dengan pola participle
d. Mencari kelanjutan logis dari sebuah kalimat berpola participle
e.g.
1. While/As/When she was waiting for the bus, Ratu read a newspaper
Waiting for the bus, Ratu read a newspaper
2. As/ When/ I needed the money to pay the bus fare, i realize i had lost my wallet
Needing the money to pay the bus fare, i realize i had lost my wallet
3. Because/As/when he was sent to student conference in Bandung, Prabu was proud of
himself
Being sent / Sent to student conference in Bandung, Prabu was proud of himself
4. After we had come to an agreement, we signed the Memorandum of Understanding
Having come to an agreement, we signed the Memorandum of Understanding
5. The window which was broken by Edi has not been repaired yet
The window broken by Edi has not been repaired yet
6. The person who presented a paper is Mr. Setiawan
The person presenting a paper is Mr. Setiawan
MEANING OF PARTICIPLE
1. V-ing (Active participle) sebagai sub-clause terkandung makna
sedang/sementara (when/while) , karena/sebab (because/as/since).
2. Kata being sebagai sub-clause mengandung arti karena because/since/as
3. Having = setelah (after)

OTHER USES OF ACTIVE PARTICIPLE

Active participle kerapkali muncul setelah objek dari kata kerja : see, hear, smell, feel,
watch, notice, listen to, look at, observe, keep, find, catch, leave, yang mana fungsinya
sebagai adjective atau adverb.
e.g.
1. I feel the house shaking
2. I saw the boat sinking
3. He noticed me leaving the house
NOTE :
# shortened clause (penyingkatan/pemadatan) dapat dilakukan jika dan hanya jika
pelaku (subjek) pada anak dan induk kalimat sama .
# manakala frase kata kerja yang dipersingkat/diperpadat (shortened) bermakna
aktif (me-) atau bertindak dengan sendirinya dipergunakan active participle (V-ing)
; dan manakala bermakna pasif (di/ter) atau menyatakan terkena dampak dari aktivitas
dipergunakan passive participle (V-3)
 EXPLANATION

- General dan abstract

noun, misalnya
earthquake, chopping,
Generic speech, dan
- General Statement Ciri-ciri
Structure sebagainya
- Penjelasan Proses : - Action verbs
Mengapa dan - Simple present tense
bagaimana - Passive voice
sesuatu bisa EXPLANATION
ada/terjadi

Communicative
- Menerangkan sesuatu
Purpose
yang ada/terbentuk
- Membahas TEORI,
FAHAM, FENOMENA,
DEFINISI, IDEOLOGI,
DAN HAL YANG
BERKAITAN
FENOMENA ALAM
 BAB 5

DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH &

EXPOSITION
1. Definisi
Direct Speech : kutipan asli suatu pembicaraan tanpa adanya suatu perubahan.
Penulisan Direct speech diawali oleh tanda kutip dan kalimat diawali dengan
huruf kapital.
e.g.
1. She yelled at me : Dont leave the door open!
2. My mother says to my sister : Brush your teeth!
3. Where are you going? She asked

Indirect Speech : Menceritakan kembali pembicaraan/pendapat seseorang yang mana

mengalami modifikasi tertentu.

2. Tipe-tipe D-I-Speech
a. Imperative (command/request)
b. Declarative (statement)
c. Interrogative (question)

e.g.

(+) Positive Imperative

1. Direct Speech He said, Go away!

Indirect Speech He + (told / ordered / asked / commanded / begged / suggested /
warned) + (me/her /him/them/us/the children/people,etc) + TO + go away
He told me to go away
2, Direct Speech Come here! She said
Indirect Speech She asked him to come there
(-) Negative Imperative
1. He said, Dont go away!