Lesson 9 332a

ET 332a
Dc Motors, Generators and Energy Conversion Devices
1
After this presentation you will be able to:
Identify the sources of power loss in separately

excited dc generators and compute their values
Balance the input and output power of a separately
excited dc generator.
Compute generator efficiency
Explain how changing generator load affects
efficiency
Explain how the generator/motor and motor
generator transition takes place in dc machines
2
Pfcl Electric power
Electromechanical Pf Field output from
power that is armature (W)
developed at
armature (W)
Pe Poe=Vt(Ia)
Pem Armature
Pshaft
Pcore Pb
Pstray Pacir
Pfw
Pacir = armature circuit losses Ia2(Racir) (W)
Pb = losses due to brush drop Vb(Ia) (W)
Pshaft = total mechanical power
Poe = electric power output at terminals (W)
developed at shaft (W)
Pf = power delivered to the field circuit
Pfw = friction and windage losses (W)
Pfcl = field-circuit losses, If2(Rc) (W)
(from test)
Pstray = stray load losses (W) (from test)
Pcore = core losses (W) (from test)
3
Electric power developed at the armature is equal to the
electromechancial power delivered from the shaft.
Pem Pe
T E a Ia
To find Pe, add electrical losses to output electric power, Poe

Pe Poe Pacir Pb
In terms of armature circuit variables the above is:
Pe Vt I a I a2 R acir Vb I a
Where Vb = 0.5 for metal-graphite brushes

= 2.0 for electrographitic and graphite brushes
4
On mechanical side of generator:
Find shaft power input by equating

Pem
Pshaft Pe and Pem and then adding
mechanical losses
Pcore
Pfw
Pstray Pshaft Pem Pfw Pstray Pcore
Find electromechanical power in

armature by subtracting Pem Pshaft Pfw Pstray Pcore
mechanical losses from shaft power
5
Ratio of output power to input power determines efficiency of
dc generator
Pout Pout
Mathematically 100% or 100%
Pin Pout Plosses
Where: = machine efficiency
Pout = machine output power
Pin = machine input power
Plosses = total mechanical and electrical losses
Pout Poe Vt I a Units must be the same

For generator operation :
Pin Pshaft (Watts or HP)
6
Example: A 25 kW, 120 V, 1800 rpm separately excited generator is
delivering rated current. The stray losses of the generator are found from
test to be 1.5% of the rated output. The total core, friction, and windage
losses are 2.0% of rated output. Racir =0.0280 W Neglect the losses of
the field circuit. Assume graphite brushes.
a.) Find the power in HP that the prime mover must develop at rated
speed to drive the generator
b.) Find the efficiency of the machine operating at rated load.
c.) Find the efficiency of the machine when operating at 0% 25%, 50%
and 75% of rated output. Assume that rated terminal voltage is maintained
at the generator output as the load varies.
d.) Plot the % efficiency vs the % load and comment on the result
7
8
Remember Pe = Pem in armature
Now compute the efficiency at full load
9
Compute the efficiency at 0% output power
10
Shaft power required of prime mover to overcome mechanical losses
Now compute the efficiency with 0% output
11
Now compute the efficiencies for the other load levels
From previous calculations
12
Electric power developed
Prime mover required horsepower
13
Now compute efficiencies for 50 and 75% loading
Finally compute the total power losses for 50 and 75% load
14
Electric power values in armature
Add fixed losses between armature and shaft to get the required shaft power
15
Power losses related to Ia are called load losses since they
relate to the generator loading
Maximum efficiency occurs when the fixed losses equal the

load losses.
16
Typical Efficiency curve
Max
80
Percent Efficiency
60
Percentage
40 Using machine at lower than rated values
of rating used
reduces machine efficiency. It drop greatly
is called the
after about 25% of rated
load factor
20
of an
electrical
device.
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent Load
17
For generator action, Ia must exit the armature + terminal
Ia
Racir Clutch
+ Peo
Vsys Dc power
system
Prime
Ea
Mover
If Ea> Vsys , then Ia leaves the machine for generator action and power is
delivered to system
If Ea= Vsys , then Ia =0 a power is delivered to system but generator action
18
For motor action, current must enter the positive terminal of the machine: Vsys > Ea
Ia
Racir
+ Vsys
Prime
Ea When current enters, clutch opens
Mover
preventing opposing torque from
damaging prime mover
Mechanical power delivered to load depends on the needs of the load. With no
mechanical power load, the electric power drawn is only that necessary to
overcome electrical and mechanical losses
19
ET 332a
Dc Motors, Generators and Energy Conversion Devices
20

Lesson 9 332a

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ET 332a

Dc Motors, Generators and Energy Conversion Devices

Identify the sources of power loss in separately

To find Pe, add electrical losses to output electric power, Poe

Where Vb = 0.5 for metal-graphite brushes

Find shaft power input by equating

Find electromechanical power in

Pout Poe Vt I a Units must be the same

Now compute the efficiency at full load

Now compute the efficiency with 0% output

From previous calculations

Prime mover required horsepower

Maximum efficiency occurs when the fixed losses equal the

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