UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

This formula sheet should be given to all candidates taking Mathematics for Engineers & Scientists
(061551).
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

cosh x = 21 ex + e;x
; 
sin(A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
sinh x = 21 ex ; e;x
; 
cos(A + B ) = cos A cos B ; sin A sin B
tan(A + B ) = 1tan A + tan B  p
cosh;1 x = ln x  x2 ; 1

; tan A tan B  p 
cos2 A + sin2 A = 1 sinh;1 x = ln x + x2 + 1
1 + tan2 A = sec2 A cosh(iA) = cos A
1 + cot2 A = cosec2 A sinh(iA) = i sin A
sin A cos B = 12 (sin(A + B ) + sin(A ; B )) cosh2 A ; sinh2 A = 1
cos A cos B = 12 (cos(A + B ) + cos(A ; B )) cosh(A + B ) = cosh A cosh B + sinh A sinh B
sin A sin B = 21 (cos(A ; B ) ; cos(A + B )) sinh(A + B ) = sinh A cosh B + cosh A sinh B
   
1 1
cos C + cos D = 2 cos 2 (C + D) cos 2 (C ; D) tanh(A + B ) = 1tanh A + tanh B
+ tanh A tanh B
   
sin C + sin D = 2 sin 12 (C + D) cos 21 (C ; D)
   
1 1
cos C ; cos D = ;2 sin 2 (C + D) sin 2 (C ; D)
   
1 1
sin C ; sin D = 2 cos 2 (C + D) sin 2 (C ; D)
ELEMENTARY RULES FOR DIFFERENTIATION
0 0
= u v ; uv
 u 0
(u + v)0 = u0 + v0 (uv)0 = u0 v + uv0 v v2
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
Z b
Trapezoidal Rule: f (x) dx  (b 2;na) (y0 + 2y1 +    + 2yn;1 + yn )
a

and if jf 00 (x)j  M for a  x  b then E  (b ; a) M:

3

Z b
T
12n2
Simpson's Rule: f (x) dx  (b 3;na) (y0 + 4y1 + 2y2 + 4y3 +    + 2yn;2 + 4yn;1 + yn )
a

and if jf (x)j  M for a  x  b then ES  (b180

0000 ; a)5 M:
n4

Date : May 12, 2000.

1
 TABLE OF DERIVATIVES TABLE OF INTEGRALS
Z
y(x) dy=dx f (x) f (x) dx

xn nxn;1 xn xn+1 (n 6= ;1)

n+1
ln x x;1 x;1 ln jxj
ex ex ex ex
sin x cos x sin x ; cos x
cos x ; sin x cos x sin x
tan x sec2 x tan x ; ln cos x
cosec x ; cosec x cot x cosec x ; ln(cosec x + cot x)
sec x sec x tan x sec x ln(sec x + tan x)
cot x ; cosec2 x cot x ln sin x
sinh x cosh x sinh x cosh x
cosh x sinh x cosh x sinh x
tanh x sech2 x tanh x ln cosh x
sin;1 x p 1 2 p 1 sin;1 xa (a > x)
1;x a2 ; x2
cos;1 x p ;1 2
1;x
tan;1 x 1 1 1 ;1 x
1 + x2 a2 + x2 a tan a
sinh;1 x p 1 2 p 21 2 sinh;1 xa
1+x a +x
cosh;1 x p 21 p 21 2 cosh;1 xa (x > a)
x ;1 x ;a

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
F (t) f (s) F (t) f (s)

1 1 eat F (t) f ( s ; a)
s
tn n! F (t ; a)H (t ; a) e;as f (s)
sn+1 (n = 1 2 : : : ) Z t
sin !t ! F ( ) d 1 f (s)
s + !2
2 0 s
cos !t s F 0 (t) sf (s) ; F (0)
s + !2
2
H (t ; a) 1 e;as F 00 (t) s2 f (s) ; sF (0) ; F 0 (0)
s
(t ; a) e;as tF (t) ; dsd f (s)
Z t
L(F (t)  G(t)) = f (s)g(s) where F (t)  G(t) = F ( )G(t ;  ) d
Z t
0
RCL circuit: LI 0 (t) + RI (t) + C1 I ( ) d = E (t)
0
 CRITICAL POINTS
 2 2
Local maximum: @f @x = @f
@y = 0, @2f @2f
2
@x @y 2 ; @ f
@y@x > 0, and @@xf2 < 0.
2

 2 2
Local minimum: @f@x = @f
@y = 0, @2f @2f
@x2 @y2 ; @ f
@y@x > 0, and @@xf2 > 0.
2

 2 2
Saddle point: @f
@x = @y = 0 and @x2 @y2 ; @y@x
@f @2f @2f @ f
< 0.
 2
Inconclusive: @f
@x = @y = 0 and @x2 @y2 ; @y@x
@f @2f @2f @2f
= 0.
USES OF INTEGRATION
Curve length: s
dx 2 +  dy 2 dt Z t1 

t0 dt dt
Area of a surface of revolution aboutsthe z-axis:
Z t1  2  2
2 x dxdt + dz dt
dt
t0
Polar coordinates:
x = r cos
y = r sin
dA = dx dy = r dr d

tan
= xy
p
r = x2 + y2
Cylindrical coordinates:
z

 (x y z )

z p
r = x2 + y 2 x = r cos

....
.... ....
y tan
= xy y = r sin

..... ...
..
................................ z=z
....
....

....
....
....
r cos
.
....
.
.
....
. ....
r
....
....
....
.
... .... ..
.... .... ....
.. .
. ..... .... ..
.
. .
. .... ....
. .
.. .. ...
..
x .....
..
..
r sin

Spherical coordinates:
z

....
....
.  (r
 ')
......
.
.
....
....
....

r
...
....
.................
.
...
r cos
r 0 x = r sin
cos '
..
....
.
.....
..... ....... y 0
 y = r sin
sin '
0  '  2
.
z = r cos

...
. .
............ .........
...
..
..... .......... .......
....
. ' ....
....
..... ....
...
..... ....
... ....
r sin

..... .... ...

.
. .
. .... ...
...
.. .... ..
....
. ....
....
. ..
x