Physics

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A 1
THE GREEK ALPHABET

APPENDIX A 2
COMMON SI PREFIXES AND SYMBOLS FOR MULTIPLES AND SUB-MULTIPLES

532
 Appendices
Answers
APPENDIX A 3
SOME IMPORTANT CONSTANTS

OTHER USEFUL CONSTANTS

533
 Physics

ANSWERS

CHAPTER 9

9.1 v = 54 cm. The image is real, inverted and magnified. The size of the
image is 5.0 cm. As u f, v ; for u < f, image is virtual.
9.2 v = 6.7 cm. Magnification = 5/9, i.e., the size of the image is 2.5 cm. As
u ; v f (but never beyond) while m 0.
9.3 1.33; 1.7 cm
9.4 nga = 1.51; n wa = 1.32; ngw = 1.144; which gives sin r = 0.6181 i.e.,
r ~ 38.
9.5 r = 0.8 tan ic and sin i c = 1/1.33 0.75 , where r is the radius (in m)
of the largest circle from which light comes out and ic is the critical
angle for water-air interface, Area = 2.6 m2
9.6 n 1.53 and Dm for prism in water 10
9.7 R = 22 cm
9.8 Here the object is virtual and the image is real. u = +12 cm (object on
right; virtual)
(a) f = +20 cm. Image is real and at 7.5 cm from the lens on its right
side.
(b) f = 16 cm. Image is real and at 48 cm from the lens on its right
side.
9.9 v = 8.4 cm, image is erect and virtual. It is diminished to a size
1.8 cm. As u , v f (but never beyond f while m 0).
Note that when the object is placed at the focus of the concave lens
(21 cm), the image is located at 10.5 cm (not at infinity as one might
wrongly think).
9.10 A diverging lens of focal length 60 cm
9.11 (a) ve = 25 cm and fe = 6.25 cm give ue = 5 cm; vO = (15 5) cm =
10 cm,
fO = u O = 2.5 cm; Magnifying power = 20
(b) u O = 2.59 cm.
Magnifying power = 13.5.
9.12 Angular magnification of the eye-piece for image at 25 cm
25 25
= + 1 = 11; | u e |=
cm = 2.27cm ; vO = 7.2 cm
2.5 11
534 Separation = 9.47 cm; Magnifying power = 88
 Answers
9.13 24; 150 cm
9.14 (a) Angular magnification = 1500
(b) Diameter of the image = 13.7 cm.
9.15 Apply mirror equation and the condition:
(a) f < 0 (concave mirror); u < 0 (object on left)
(b) f > 0; u < 0
(c) f > 0 (convex mirror) and u < 0
(d) f < 0 (concave mirror); f < u < 0
to deduce the desired result.
9.16 The pin appears raised by 5.0 cm. It can be seen with an explicit ray
diagram that the answer is independent of the location of the slab
(for small angles of incidence).
9.17 (a) sin ic = 1.44/1.68 which gives ic = 59. Total internal reflection
takes place when i > 59 or when r < r max = 31. Now,
(sin i /sin r ) = 1.68 , which gives i ~ 60. Thus, all
max max max
incident rays of angles in the range 0 < i < 60 will suffer total
internal reflections in the pipe. (If the length of the pipe is
finite, which it is in practice, there will be a lower limit on i
determined by the ratio of the diameter to the length of the
pipe.)
(b) If there is no outer coating, ic = sin 1(1/1.68) = 36.5. Now,
i = 90 will have r = 36.5 and i = 53.5 which is greater than
ic. Thus, all incident rays (in the range 53.5 < i < 90) will
suffer total internal reflections.
9.18 (a) Rays converging to a point behind a plane or convex mirror are
reflected to a point in front of the mirror on a screen. In other
words, a plane or convex mirror can produce a real image if the
object is virtual. Convince yourself by drawing an appropriate
ray diagram.
(b) When the reflected or refracted rays are divergent, the image is
virtual. The divergent rays can be converged on to a screen by
means of an appropriate converging lens. The convex lens of the
eye does just that. The virtual image here serves as an object for
the lens to produce a real image. Note, the screen here is not
located at the position of the virtual image. There is no contra-
diction.
(c) Taller
(d) The apparent depth for oblique viewing decreases from its value
for near-normal viewing. Convince yourself of this fact by draw-
ing ray diagrams for different positions of the observer.
(e) Refractive index of a diamond is about 2.42, much larger than
that of ordinary glass (about 1.5). The critical angle of diamond
is about 24, much less than that of glass. A skilled diamond-
cutter exploits the larger range of angles of incidence (in the
diamond), 24 to 90, to ensure that light entering the diamond
is totally reflected from many faces before getting outthus
producing a sparkling effect.
9.19 For fixed distance s between object and screen, the lens equation
does not give a real solution for u or v if f is greater than s/4.
Therefore, fmax = 0.75 m.
535
9.20 21.4 cm
 Physics
9.21 (a) (i) Let a parallel beam be the incident from the left on the convex
lens first.
f1 = 30 cm and u1 = , give v1 = + 30 cm. This image becomes
a virtual object for the second lens.
f 2 = 20 cm, u 2 = + (30 8) cm = + 22 cm which gives,
v2 = 220 cm. The parallel incident beam appears to diverge
from a point 216 cm from the centre of the two-lens system.
(ii) Let the parallel beam be incident from the left on the concave
lens first: f1 = 20 cm, u1 = , give v1 = 20 cm. This image
becomes a real object for the second lens: f2 = + 30 cm, u2 =
(20 + 8) cm = 28 cm which gives, v2 = 420 cm. The parallel
incident beam appears to diverge from a point 416 cm on the
left of the centre of the two-lens system.
Clearly, the answer depends on which side of the lens system
the parallel beam is incident. Further we do not have a simple lens
equation true for all u (and v) in terms of a definite constant of the
system (the constant being determined by f1 and f2, and the separation
between the lenses). The notion of effective focal length, therefore,
does not seem to be meaningful for this system.
(b) u1 = 40 cm, f1 = 30 cm, gives v1= 120 cm.
Magnitude of magnification due to the first (convex) lens is 3.
u 2 = + (120 8) cm = +112 cm (object virtual);
112 20
f2 = 20 cm which gives v2 = cm
92
Magnitude of magnification due to the second (concave)
lens = 20/92.
Net magnitude of magnification = 0.652
Size of the image = 0.98 cm
9.22 If the refracted ray in the prism is incident on the second face at the
critical angle ic, the angle of refraction r at the first face is (60ic).
Now, ic = sin1 (1/1.524) ~ 41
Therefore, r = 19
sin i = 0.4962; i ~ 30
9. 23 Two identical prisms made of the same glass placed with their
bases on opposite sides (of the incident white light) and faces
touching (or parallel) will neither deviate nor disperse, but will mearly
produce a parallel displacement of the beam.
(a) To deviate without dispersion, choose, say, the first prism
to be of crown glass, and take for the second prism a flint
glass prism of suitably chosen refracting angle (smaller than
that of crown glass prism because the flint glass prism
disperses more) so that dispersion due to the first is nullified
by the second.
(b) To disperse without deviation, increase the angle of flint
glass prism (i.e., try flint glass prisms of greater and greater
angle) so that deviations due to the two prisms are equal
and opposite. (The flint glass prism angle will still be smaller
than that of crown glass because flint glass has higher
refractive index than that of crown glass). Because of the
adjustments involved for so many colours, these are not
536 meant to be precise arrangements for the purpose required.
 Answers
9.24 To see objects at infinity, the eye uses its least converging power
= (40+20) dioptres = 60 dioptres. This gives a rough idea of the distance
between the retina and cornea-eye lens: (5/3) cm. To focus an object
at the near point (u = 25 cm), on the retina (v = 5/3 cm), the focal
length should be
1
1 3 25
25 + 5 =
16
cm

corresponding to a converging power of 64 dioptres. The power of the

eye lens then is (64 40) dioptres = 24 dioptres. The range of
accommodation of the eye-lens is roughly 20 to 24 dioptres.
9.25 No, a person may have normal ability of accommodation of the eye-
lens and yet may be myopic or hypermetropic. Myopia arises when
the eye-ball from front to back gets too elongated; hypermetropia
arises when it gets too shortened. In practice, in addition, the eye
lens may also lose some of its ability of accommodation. When the
eyeball has the normal length but the eye lens loses partially its
ability of accommodation (as happens with increasing age for any
normal eye), the defect is called presbyopia and is corrected in the
same manner as hypermetropia.
9.26 The far point of the person is 100 cm, while his near point may have
been normal (about 25 cm). Objects at infinity produce virtual image
at 100 cm (using spectacles). To view closer objects i.e., those which
are (or whose images using the spectacles are) between 100 cm and
25 cm, the person uses the ability of accommodation of his eye-lens.
This ability usually gets partially lost in old age (presbyopia). The
near point of the person recedes to 50 cm. To view objects at 25 cm
clearly, the person needs converging lens of power + 2 dioptres.
9.27 The defect (called astigmatism) arises because the curvature of the
cornea plus eye-lens refracting system is not the same in different
planes. [The eye-lens is usually spherical i.e., has the same
curvature on different planes but the cornea is not spherical in
case of an astigmatic eye.] In the present case, the curvature in the
vertical plane is enough, so sharp images of vertical lines can be
formed on the retina. But the curvature is insufficient in the
horizontal plane, so horizontal lines appear blurred. The defect can
be corrected by using a cylindrical lens with its axis along the vertical.
Clearly, parallel rays in the vertical plane will suffer no extra
refraction, but those in the horizontal plane can get the required
extra convergence due to refraction by the curved surface of the
cylindrical lens if the curvature of the cylindrical surface is chosen
appropriately.
1
9.28 (a) Closest distance = 4 cm 4.2 cm
6
Farthest distance = 5 cm
(b) Maximum angular magnification = [25/(25/6)] = 6. Minimum
angular magnification = (25/5) = 5
1 1 1
9.29 (a) + =
v 9 10
i.e., v = 90 cm,
Magnitude of magnification = 90/9 = 10. 537
 Physics
Each square in the virtual image has an area 10 10 1 mm2
= 100 mm2 = 1 cm2
(b) Magnifying power = 25/9 = 2.8
(c) No, magnification of an image by a lens and angular magnification
(or magnifying power) of an optical instrument are two separate
things. The latter is the ratio of the angular size of the object
(which is equal to the angular size of the image even if the image
is magnified) to the angular size of the object if placed at the near
point (25 cm). Thus, magnification magnitude is |(v/u )| and
magnifying power is (25/ |u|). Only when the image is located at
the near point |v| = 25 cm, are the two quantities equal.
9.30 (a) Maximum magnifying power is obtained when the image is at
the near point (25 cm)
u = 7.14 cm.
(b) Magnitude of magnification = (25/ |u|) = 3.5.
(c) Magnifying power = 3.5
Yes, the magnifying power (when the image is produced at 25 cm)
is equal to the magnitude of magnification.
9.31 Magnification = (6.25 / 1) = 2.5
v = +2.5u
1 1 1
+ =
2.5u u 10
i.e.,u = 6 cm
|v| = 15 cm
The virtual image is closer than the normal near point (25 cm) and
cannot be seen by the eye distinctly.
9.32 (a) Even though the absolute image size is bigger than the object
size, the angular size of the image is equal to the angular size of
the object. The magnifier helps in the following way: without it
object would be placed no closer than 25 cm; with it the object
can be placed much closer. The closer object has larger angular
size than the same object at 25 cm. It is in this sense that angular
magnification is achieved.
(b) Yes, it decreases a little because the angle subtended at the eye
is then slightly less than the angle subtended at the lens. The
effect is negligible if the image is at a very large distance away.
[Note: When the eye is separated from the lens, the angles
subtended at the eye by the first object and its image are not
equal.]
(c) First, grinding lens of very small focal length is not easy. More
important, if you decrease focal length, aberrations ( both spherical
and chromatic ) become more pronounced. So, in practice, you
cannot get a magnifying power of more than 3 or so with a simple
convex lens. However, using an aberration corrected lens system,
one can increase this limit by a factor of 10 or so.
(d) Angular magnification of eye-piece is [( 25/fe ) + 1] ( fe in cm) which
increases if fe is smaller. Further, magnification of the objective
vO 1
is given by =
538 |u O | (|u O |/ f O ) 1
 Answers
which is large when |u O | is slightly greater than fO. The micro-
scope is used for viewing very close object. So |u O | is small, and
so is fO.
(e) The image of the objective in the eye-piece is known as eye-ring.
All the rays from the object refracted by objective go through the
eye-ring. Therefore, it is an ideal position for our eyes for viewing.
If we place our eyes too close to the eye-piece, we shall not collect
much of the light and also reduce our field of view. If we position
our eyes on the eye-ring and the area of the pupil of our eye is
greater or equal to the area of the eye-ring, our eyes will collect
all the light refracted by the objective. The precise location of
the eye-ring naturally depends on the separation between the
objective and the eye-piece. When you view through a microscope
by placing your eyes on one end,the ideal distance between the
eyes and eye-piece is usually built-in the design of the
instrument.
9.33 Assume microscope in normal use i.e., image at 25 cm. Angular
magnification of the eye-piece
25
= +1 = 6
5
Magnification of the objective
30
= =5
6
1 1 1
=
5u O u O 1.25

which gives uO= 1.5 cm; v0= 7.5 cm. |u e|= (25/6) cm = 4.17 cm. The
separation between the objective and the eye-piece should be (7.5 +
4.17) cm = 11.67 cm. Further the object should be placed 1.5 cm from
the objective to obtain the desired magnification.
9.34 (a) m = ( fO/fe ) = 28

fO fO
(b) m = 1 + 25 = 33.6
fe
9.35 (a) fO + fe = 145 cm
(b) Angle subtended by the tower = (100/3000) = (1/30) rad.
Angle subtended by the image produced by the objective
h h
= =
f O 140
Equating the two, h = 4.7 cm.
(c) Magnification (magnitude) of the eye-piece = 6. Height of the
final image (magnitude) = 28 cm.
9.36 The image formed by the larger (concave) mirror acts as virtual object
for the smaller (convex) mirror. Parallel rays coming from the object
at infinity will focus at a distance of 110 mm from the larger mirror.
The distance of virtual object for the smaller mirror = (110 20) =
90 mm. The focal length of smaller mirror is 70 mm. Using the mirror
formula, image is formed at 315 mm from the smaller mirror. 539
 Physics
9.37 The reflected rays get deflected by twice the angle of rotation of the
mirror. Therefore, d/1.5 = tan 7. Hence d = 18.4 cm.
9.38 n = 1.33

CHAPTER 10
10.1 (a) Reflected light: (wavelength, frequency, speed same as incident
light)
= 589 nm, = 5.09 1014 Hz, c = 3.00 108 m s1
(b) Refracted light: (frequency same as the incident frequency)
= 5.09 1014Hz
v = (c/n) = 2.26 108 m s1, = (v/ ) = 444 nm
10.2 (a) Spherical
(b) Plane
(c) Plane (a small area on the surface of a large sphere is nearly
planar).
10.3 (a) 2.0 108 m s1
(b) No. The refractive index, and hence the speed of light in a
medium, depends on wavelength. [When no particular
wavelength or colour of light is specified, we may take the given
refractive index to refer to yellow colour.] Now we know violet
colour deviates more than red in a glass prism, i.e. n v > nr.
Therefore, the violet component of white light travels slower than
the red component.

2 3
1.2 10 0.28 10
10.4 = m = 600 nm
4 1.4

10.5 K/4
10.6 (a) 1.17 mm (b) 1.56 mm
10.7 0.15
10.8 tan1(1.5) ~ 56.3o
10.9 5000 , 6 1014 Hz; 45
10.10 40 m
v
10.11 Use the formula =
c
c 3 108 15
i.e., v = ( ' ) = = 6.86 105 m s1
6563
10.12 In corpuscular (particle) picture of refraction, particles of light
incident from a rarer to a denser medium experience a force of
attraction normal to the surface. This results in an increase in the
normal component of the velocity but the component along the surface
is unchanged. This means
v sin i
c sin i = v sin r or = = n . Since n > 1, v > c.
540 c sin r
 Answers
The prediction is opposite to the experimental results (v < c ). The
wave picture of light is consistent with the experiment.
10.13 With the point object at the centre, draw a circle touching the mirror.
This is a plane section of the spherical wavefront from the object
that has just reached the mirror. Next draw the locations of this
same wavefront after a time t in the presence of the mirror, and in
the absence of the mirror. You will get two arcs symmetrically located
on either side of the mirror. Using simple geometry, the centre of the
reflected wavefront (the image of the object) is seen to be at the same
distance from the mirror as the object.
10.14 (a) The speed of light in vacuum is a universal constant independent
of all the factors listed and anything else. In particular, note the
surprising fact that it is independent of the relative motion
between the source and the observer. This fact is a basic axiom
of Einsteins special theory of relativity.
(b) Dependence of the speed of light in a medium:
(i) does not depend on the nature of the source (wave speed is
determined by the properties of the medium of propagation.
This is also true for other waves, e.g., sound waves, water
waves, etc.).
(ii) independent of the direction of propagation for isotropic
media.
(iii) independent of the motion of the source relative to the
medium but depends on the motion of the observer relative
to the medium.
(iv) depends on wavelength.
(v) independent of intensity. [For high intensity beams,
however, the situation is more complicated and need not
concern us here.]
10.15 Sound waves require a medium for propagation. Thus even though
the situations (i) and (ii) may correspond to the same relative motion
(between the source and the observer), they are not identical
physically since the motion of the observer relative to the medium
is different in the two situations. Therefore, we cannot expect
Doppler formulas for sound to be identical for (i) and (ii). For light
waves in vacuum, there is clearly nothing to distinguish between
(i) and (ii). Here only the relative motion between the source and the
observer counts and the relativistic Doppler formula is the same for
(i) and (ii). For light propagation in a medium, once again like for
sound waves, the two situations are not identical and we should
expect the Doppler formulas for this case to be different for the two
situations (i) and (ii).
10.16 3.4 10 4 m.
10.17 (a) The size reduces by half according to the relation: size ~ /d.
Intensity increases four fold.
(b) The intensity of interference fringes in a double-slit arrangement
is modulated by the diffraction pattern of each slit.
(c) Waves diffracted from the edge of the circular obstacle interfere
constructively at the centre of the shadow producing a bright
spot.
(d) For diffraction or bending of waves by obstacles/apertures by a
large angle, the size of the latter should be comparable to
wavelength. If the size of the obstacle/aperture is much too large
541
compared to wavelength, diffraction is by a small angle. Here
 Physics
the size is of the order of a few metres. The wavelength of light is
about 5 107 m, while sound waves of, say, 1 kHz frequency
have wavelength of about 0.3 m. Thus, sound waves can bend
around the partition while light waves cannot.
(e) Justification based on what is explained in (d). Typical sizes of
apertures involved in ordinary optical instruments are much
larger than the wavelength of light.
10.18 12.5 cm.
10.19 0.2 nm.
10.20 (a) Interference of the direct signal received by the antenna with
the (weak) signal reflected by the passing aircraft.
(b) Superposition principle follows from the linear character of the
(differential) equation governing wave motion. If y1 and y2 are
solutions of the wave equation, so is any linear combination of
y1 and y2. When the amplitudes are large (e.g., high intensity laser
beams) and non-linear effects are important, the situation is far
more complicated and need not concern us here.
10.21 Divide the single slit into n smaller slits of width a = a/n. The angle
= n /a = /a . Each of the smaller slits sends zero intensity in the
direction . The combination gives zero intensity as well.

CHAPTER 11
11.1 (a) 7.24 1018 Hz (b) 0.041 nm
11.2 (a) 0.34 eV = 0.54 1019J (b) 0.34 V (c) 344 km/s
19
11.3 1.5 eV = 2.4 10 J
11.4 (a) 3.14 1019J, 1.05 1027 kg m/s (b) 3 1016 photons/s
(c) 0.63 m/s
11.5 4 1021 photons/m2 s
11.6 6.59 1034 J s
11.7 (a) 3.38 1019 J = 2.11 eV (b) 3.0 1020 photons/s
11.8 2.0 V
11.9 No, because < o
11.10 4.73 1014 Hz
11.11 2.16 eV = 3.46 1019J
11.12 (a) 4.04 1024 kg m s1 (b) 0.164 nm
24 1
11.13 (a) 5.92 10 kg m s (b) 6.50 106 m s1 (c) 0.112 nm
25 28
11.14 (a) 6.95 10 J = 4.34 eV (b) 3.78 10 J = 0.236 neV
35 32
11.15 (a) 1.7 10 m (b) 1.1 10 m (c) 3.0 1023 m
25
11.16 (a) 6.63 10 kg m/s (for both) (b) 1.24 keV (c) 1.51 eV
21 2
11.17 (a) 6.686 10 J = 4.174 10 eV (b) 0.145 nm
11.18 = h/p = h/(h/c) = c/
11.19 0.028 nm
11.20 (a) Use eV = (m v 2/2) i.e., v = [(2eV/m)]1/2 ; v = 1.33 107 m s1.
(b) If we use the same formula with V = 107 V, we get v = 1.88
109 m s1. This is clearly wrong, since nothing can move with a
speed greater than the speed of light (c = 3 108 m s1). Actually,
542 the above formula for kinetic energy (m v 2/2) is valid only when
 Answers
(v/c) << 1. At very high speeds when (v/c ) is comparable to
(though always less than) 1, we come to the relativistic domain
where the following formulae are valid:
Relativistic momentum p = m v
Total energy E = m c 2
Kinetic energy K = m c 2 m 0 c 2,
1/ 2
v2
where the relativistic mass m is given by m = m 0 1 2
c
m0 is called the rest mass of the particle. These relations also
imply:
E = (p 2c 2 + m 02 c4)1/2
Note that in the relativisitc domain when v/c is comparable to 1, K
or energy m 0c 2 (rest mass energy). The rest mass energy of electron
is about 0.51 MeV. Thus a kinetic energy of 10 MeV, being much
greater than electrons rest mass energy, implies relativistic domain.
Using relativistic formulas, v (for 10 MeV kinetic energy) = 0.999 c.
11.21 (a) 22.7 cm
(b) No. As explained above, a 20 MeV electron moves at relativistic
speed. Consequently, the non-relativistic formula R = (m 0v/e B )
is not valid. The relativistic formula is

R = p / eB = mv / eB or (
R = m 0v / eB 1 v 2 / c 2 )
2
11.22 We have e V = (m v /2) and R = (m v/e B) which gives (e/m) =
(2V/R 2 B 2 ); using the given data (e/m) = 1.73 1011 C kg 1.
11.23 (a) 27.6 keV (b) of the order of 30 kV
11.24 Use = (hc/E) with E = 5.1 1.602 1010J to get = 2.43 1016 m .
11.25 (a) For = 500 m, E = (h c/ ) = 3.98 1028J. Number of photons
emitted per second
= 104J s1/3.98 1028J 3 1031 s1
We see that the energy of a radiophoton is exceedingly small,
and the number of photons emitted per second in a radio beam
is enormously large. There is, therefore, negligible error involved
in ignoring the existence of a minimum quantum of energy
(photon) and treating the total energy of a radio wave as
continuous.
(b) For = 6 1014 Hz, E 4 1019J. Photon flux corresponding to
minimum intensity
= 1010 W m2/41019J = 2.5 108 m2 s1
Number of photons entering the pupil per second = 2.5 108
0.4 104 s1 = 104 s1. Though this number is not as large as in
(a) above, it is large enough for us never to sense or count
individual photons by our eye.
0
11.26 0 = h e V0 = 6.7 1019 J = 4.2 eV; 0 = = 1.0 1015 Hz; = 6328
h
corresponds to = 4.7 1014 Hz < 0. The photo-cell will not respond
howsoever high be the intensity of laser light.
11.27 Use e V0 = h 0 for both sources. From the data on the first source,
0 = 1.40 eV. Use this value to obtain for the second source V0 = 1.50 V. 543
 Physics
11.28 Obtain V0 versus plot. The slope of the plot is (h/e) and its intercept
on the -axis is 0. The first four points lie nearly on a straight line
which intercepts the -axis at 0 = 5.0 1014 Hz (threshold frequency).
The fifth point corresponds to < 0; there is no photoelectric
emission and therefore no stopping voltage is required to stop the
current. Slope of the plot is found to be 4.15 1015 V s. Using e = 1.6
1019 C, h = 6.64 1034 J s (standard value h = 6.626 1034 J s), 0 =
h 0 = 2.11 V.
11.29 It is found that the given incident frequency is greater than 0
(Na), and 0 (K); but less than 0 (Mo), and 0 (Ni). Therefore, Mo and
Ni will not give photoelectric emission. If the laser is brought closer,
intensity of radiation increases, but this does not affect the result
regarding Mo and Ni. However, photoelectric current from Na and K
will increase in proportion to intensity.
11.30 Assume one conduction electron per atom. Effective atomic area
~1020 m2
Number of electrons in 5 layers

5 2 104 m2
= = 1017
1020 m2
Incident power
= 105 W m2 2 104 m2 = 2 109 W
In the wave picture, incident power is uniformly absorbed by all the
electrons continuously. Consequently, energy absorbed per second
per electron
= 2 109/1017 = 2 1026 W
Time required for photoelectric emission
= 2 1.6 1019J/2 1026 W = 1.6 107 s
which is about 0.5 year.
Implication: Experimentally, photoelectric emission is observed nearly
instantaneously (10 9 s): Thus, the wave picture is in gross
disagreement with experiment. In the photon-picture, energy of the
radiation is not continuously shared by all the electrons in the top
layers. Rather, energy comes in discontinuous quanta. and
absorption of energy does not take place gradually. A photon is either
not absorbed, or absorbed by an electron nearly instantly.
11.31 For = 1 , electrons energy = 150 eV; photons energy = 12.4 keV.
Thus, for the same wavelength, a photon has much greater energy
than an electron.

h h
11.32 (a) = = Thus, for same K, decreases with m as
p 2 mK
(1/ m ). Now (mn/me) = 1838.6; therefore for the same energy,

(
(150 eV) as in Ex. 11.31, wavelength of neutron = 1/ 1838.6 )
10 m = 2.3310 m. The interatomic spacing is about a
10 12

hundred times greater. A neutron beam of 150 eV energy is

therefore not suitable for diffraction experiments.
(b) = 1.45 1010 m [Use = (h / 3 m k T ) ] which is comparable
544 to interatomic spacing in a crystal.
 Answers
Clearly, from (a) and (b) above, thermal neutrons are a suitable
probe for diffraction experiments; so a high energy neutron beam
should be first thermalised before using it for diffraction.
11.33 = 5.5 1012 m
( yellow light) = 5.9 107m
Resolving Power (RP) is inversely proportional to wavelength. Thus,
RP of an electron microscope is about 105 times that of an optical
microscope. In practice, differences in other (geometrical) factors
can change this comparison somewhat.

h 6.63 10 34 Js
11.34 p = = = 6.63 1019 kg m s1
10 15 m
Use the relativistic formula for energy:
E 2 = c 2p 2 + m 02 c 4 = 9 (6.63)2 1022 + (0.511 1.6)2 1026
9 (6.63)2 1022,
the second term (rest mass energy) being negligible.
Therefore, E = 1.989 1010 J = 1.24 BeV. Thus, electron energies
from the accelerator must have been of the order of a few BeV.

h 4 10 3
11.35 Use = ; m = kg
6 1023
He

3m k T
This gives = 0.73 1010 m. Mean separation
r = (V/N)1/3 = (kT/p)1/3
For T = 300 K, p = 1.01 105 Pa, r = 3.4 109 m. We find r >> .
11.36 Using the same formula as in Exercise 11.35, = 6.2 109 m which
is much greater than the given inter-electron separation.
11.37 (a) Quarks are thought to be confined within a proton or neutron
by forces which grow stronger if one tries to pull them apart. It,
therefore, seems that though fractional charges may exist in
nature, observable charges are still integral multiples of e.
(b) Both the basic relations e V = (1/2 ) m v 2 or e E = m a and
e B v =m v 2/r, for electric and magnetic fields, respectively, show
that the dynamics of electrons is determined not by e, and m
separately but by the combination e/m .
(c) At low pressures, ions have a chance to reach their respective
electrodes and constitute a current. At ordinary pressures, ions
have no chance to do so because of collisions with gas molecules
and recombination.
(d) Work function merely indicates the minimum energy required
for the electron in the highest level of the conduction band to
get out of the metal. Not all electrons in the metal belong to this
level. They occupy a continuous band of levels. Consequently,
for the same incident radiation, electrons knocked off from
different levels come out with different energies.
(e) The absolute value of energy E (but not momentum p) of any
particle is arbitrary to within an additive constant. Hence, while
is physically significant, absolute value of of a matter wave of
an electron has no direct physical meaning. The phase speed
is likewise not physically significant. The group speed given by

d dE d p2 p
= = =
d (1/ ) dp dp 2m m
is physically meaningful. 545
 Physics
CHAPTER 12
12.1 (a) No different from
(b) Thomsons model; Rutherfords model
(c) Rutherfords model
(d) Thomsons model; Rutherfords model
(e) Both the models
12.2 The nucleus of a hydrogen atom is a proton. The mass of it is
1.67 1027 kg, whereas the mass of an incident -particle is
6.64 1027 kg. Because the scattering particle is more massive than
the target nuclei (proton), the -particle wont bounce back in even
in a head-on collision. It is similar to a football colliding with a tenis
ball at rest. Thus, there would be no large-angle scattering.
12.3 820 nm.
12.4 5.6 1014 Hz
12.5 13.6 eV; 27.2 eV
12.6 9.7 10 8 m; 3.1 1015 Hz.
12.7 (a) 2.18 106 m/s; 1.09 106 m/s; 7.27 105 m/s
(b) 1.52 1016 s; 1.22 1015 s; 4.11 1015 s.
12.8 2.121010 m; 4.77 1010 m
12.9 Lyman series: 103 nm and 122 nm; Balmer series: 656 nm.
12.10 2.6 1074
12.11 (a) About the same.
(b) Much less.
(c) It suggests that the scattering is predominantly due to a single
collision, because the chance of a single collision increases
linearly with the number of target atoms, and hence linearly
with thickness.
(d) In Thomsons model, a single collision causes very little
deflection. The observed average scattering angle can be
explained only by considering multiple scattering. So it is wrong
to ignore multiple scattering in Thomsons model. In
Rutherfords model, most of the scattering comes through a
single collision and multiple scattering effects can be ignored
as a first approximation.
12.12 The first orbit Bohrs model has a radius a 0 given by

4 0 (h / 2)2
a0 = . If we consider the atom bound by the gravitational
me e 2
force (Gmpme/r 2 ), we should replace (e2/4 0) by Gm pm e. That is, the

(h / 2)2
radius of the first Bohr orbit is given by a 0 = 1.2 1029 m.
G

Gm pm e2
This is much greater than the estimated size of the whole universe!

me 4 1 1 me 4 (2n 1)
12.13 = (n 1)2 n 2 = (4)3 2 (h / 2)3n 2 (n 1)2
(4 ) 02 (h / 2)3
3
0

me 4
546 For large n,
32 (h / 2)3 n 3
3 2
0
 Answers

n (h / 2)
Orbital frequency c = (v/2 r ). In Bohr model v = , and
mr

4 0 (h / 2)2 2 n (h / 2) = me 4
r = n . This gives =
me 2
c
2 mr 2
32 0 (h / 2)3 n 3
3 2

which is same as for large n.

e2
12.14 (a) The quantity 2 has the dimensions of length. Its value
4 0mc
is 2.82 1015 m much smaller than the typical atomic size.

4 0 (h / 2)2
(b) The quantity has the dimensions of length. Its
me 2
value is 0.53 1010 m of the order of atomic sizes.(Note that
the dimensional arguments cannot, of course, tell us that we
should use 4 and h/2 in place of h to arrive at the right size.)

mv 2 Ze 2
12.15 In Bohrs model, mvr = nh and =
r 4 0r 2
which give

1 Ze 2 4 0 2 2
T=mv 2 = ;r = n
2 8 0r Ze 2 m
These relations have nothing to do with the choice of the zero of
potential energy. Now, choosing the zero of potential energy at infinity
we have V = (Z e2/4 0 r) which gives V = 2T and E = T + V = T
(a) The quoted value of E = 3.4 eV is based on the customary
choice of zero of potential energy at infinity. Using E = T, the
kinetic energy of the electron in this state is + 3.4 eV.
(b) Using V = 2T, potential energy of the electron is = 6.8 eV
(c) If the zero of potential energy is chosen differently, kinetic energy
does not change. Its value is + 3.4 eV independent of the choice
of the zero of potential energy. The potential energy, and the
total energy of the state, however, would alter if a different zero
of the potential energy is chosen.
12.16 Angular momenta associated with planetary motion are
incomparably large relative to h. For example, angular momentum
of the earth in its orbital motion is of the order of 1070h. In terms of
the Bohrs quantisation postulate, this corresponds to a very large
value of n (of the order of 10 70). For such large values of n, the
differences in the successive energies and angular momenta of the
quantised levels of the Bohr model are so small compared to the
energies and angular momenta respectively for the levels that one
can, for all practical purposes, consider the levels continuous.
12.17 All that is needed is to replace m e by m in the formulas of the Bohr
model. We note that keeping other factors fixed, r (1/m) and E m.
Therefore,
13
re m e 0.53 10
r = = = 2.56 1013 m
m 207

Ee m
E= = (13.6 207) eV 2.8 keV 547
me
 Physics
CHAPTER 13
13.1 (a) 6.941 u (b) 19.9%, 80.1%
13.2 20.18 u
13.3 104.7 MeV
13.4 8.79 MeV, 7.84 MeV
13.5 1.584 1025 MeV or 2.5351012J
13.6 i) 226
88 Ra 222
86 Rn + 42 He ii) 242
94 Pu 238 4
92 U + 2 He

32 32
iii) 15 P 16 S + e + iv) 210
83 B 210
84 Po + e +

v) 11
6 C 115B + e+ + vi) 97
43 42 Mo + e +
Tc 97 +

53 I +
vii) 120
54 Xe + e+ 120
13.7 (a) 5 T years (b) 6.65 T years
13.8 4224 years
13.9 7.126 106 g
13.10 7.877 1010 Bq or 2.13 Ci
13.11 1.23
13.12 (a) Q = 4.93 MeV, E = 4.85 MeV (b) Q = 6.41 MeV, E = 6.29 MeV

6 B + e +
13.13 11
6 C 11 +
+Q

Q = m N ( 11
6 )
C mN ( 11
6 )
B m e c 2 ,

where the masses used are those of nuclei and not of atoms. If we
use atomic masses, we have to add 6me in case of 11C and 5me in
case of 11B. Hence

Q = m ( C) m (
11
6
11
6 )
B 2m e c 2 (Note me has been doubled)

Using given masses, Q = 0.961 MeV.

Q = Ed+ Ee+ E
The daughter nucleus is too heavy compared to e+ and , so it carries
negligible energy (Ed 0). If the kinetic energy (E) carried by the
neutrino is minimum (i.e., zero), the positron carries maximum
energy, and this is practically all energy Q; hence maximum Ee Q).
23 23
Na + e + + Q ; Q = m N ( 10 Ne ) m N ( 11 Na ) m e c , where the
23 23 2
13.14 Ne 11
10

masses used are masses of nuclei and not of atoms as in Exercise

13.13. Using atomic masses Q = m 10 Ne m 11 Na c . Note me has
23 23 2
( ) ( )
been cancelled. Using given masses, Q = 4.37 MeV. As in Exercise 13.13,
maximum kinetic energy of the electron (max Ee ) = Q = 4.37 MeV.
13.15 (i) Q = 4.03 MeV; endothermic
(ii) Q = 4.62 MeV; exothermic
13.16 Q = m ( 56
26 )
Fe 2m ( 28
13 )
Al = 26.90 MeV; not possible.
13.17 4.536 1026 MeV

6 1023 200 1.6 10 13

548 13.18 Energy generated per gram of 235
92 U = J g 1
235
 Answers

The amount of 235

92 U consumed in 5y with 80% on-time

5 0.8 3.154 1016 235

= g = 1544 kg
1.2 1.6 1013

The initial amount of 235

92 U = 3088 kg.
4
13.19 About 4.9 10 y
13.20 360 KeV
13.22 Consider the competing processes:
A
Z X ZA1 Y + e+ + e + Q1 (positron capture)

e + A
Z X ZA 1 Y + e + Q2 (electron capture)

Q1 = m N ( A
Z )
X mN ( A
Z 1 )
Y m e c 2

= m N ( X) Z m
A
Z e m ( A
Z 1 )
Y ( Z 1) m e m e c 2

= m ( A
Z X m) ( A
Z 1 )
Y 2m e c 2

( ) (
Q 2 = m N Z X + m e m N Z 1 Y c = m Z X m Z 1 Y c
A A 2 A A 2
) ( ) ( )
This means Q1 > 0 implies Q2 > 0 but Q2 > 0 does not necessarily
mean Q1 > 0. Hence the result.
25 26
13.23 12 Mg : 9.3%, 12 Mg :11.7%
A
13.24 Neutron separation energy Sn of a nucleus Z X is

Sn = m N ( A Z1 X) + m n m N ( AZ X) c 2

From given data , Sn ( 20

41
Ca) = 8.36MeV, Sn ( 27
13 Al) = 13.06MeV

13.25 209 d
13.26 For 14
6 C emission

Q = [m N ( 223
88 Ra) m N ( 82 Pb) m N ( 6 C)]c
209 14 2

= [m ( 223
88 Ra) m ( 82 Pb) m ( 6 C)]c
209 14 2
= 31.85 MeV
For 4
2 He emission, Q = [m ( 223
88 Ra) m ( 86 Rn) m ( 2 He)]c
219 4 2
= 5.98MeV
13.27 Q = [m ( 238
92 U) + m n m ( 58 Ce) m ( 44 Ru)]c
140 99 2
= 231.1 MeV

13.28 (a) Q = [m ( 21 H) + m ( 31 H) m ( 42 He) m n ]c 2 = 17.59 MeV

(b) K.E. required to overcome Coulomb repulsion = 480.0 keV
480.0 KeV = 7.681014 J = 3kT

7.68 10 14
T = (as k = 1.381 10 23 J K 1 )
3 1.381 10 23
= 1.85 109 K (required temperature)

( )
13.29 K max 1 = 0.284 MeV, K max 2 = 0.960 MeV ( )
( 1 ) = 2.627 10 Hz , ( 2 ) = 0.995 1020 Hz , ( 3 ) = 1.632 1020 Hz
20 549
 Physics
13.30 (a) Note that in the interior of Sun, four 11 H nuclei combine to form
one 42 He nucleus releasing about 26 MeV of energy per event.
Energy released in fusion of 1kg of hydrogen = 39 1026 MeV
(b) Energy released in fission of 1kg of 235
92 U = 5.11026 MeV
The energy released in fusion of 1 kg of hydrogen is about 8
times that of the energy released in the fusion of 1 kg of uranium.
13.31 3.076 104 kg

CHAPTER 14
14.1 (c)
14.2 (d)
14.3 (c)
14.4 (c)
14.5 (c)
14.6 (b), (c)
14.7 (c)
14.8 50 Hz for half-wave, 100 Hz for full-wave
14.9 vi = 0.01 V ; IB= 10 A
14.10 2V
14.11 No (h has to be greater than Eg ).
14.12 ne 4.95 1022; nh = 4.75 109 ; n-type since ne >> nh
For charge neutrality ND NA = ne nh ; ne.nh = ni2

1
(N D N A ) + (N D N A ) + 4n i
2 2
Solving these equations, ne =
2
14.13 About 1 105
14.14 (a) 0.0629 A, (b) 2.97 A, (c) 0.336
(d) For both the voltages, the current I will be almost equal to I0,
showing almost infinite dynamic resistance in the reverse
bias.
14.16 NOT ; A Y
0 1
1 0
14.17 (a) AND (b) OR
14.18 OR gate
14.19 (a) NOT, (b) AND

CHAPTER 15
15.1 (b) 10 kHz cannot be radiated (antenna size), 1 GHz and 1000 GHz
will penetrate.
15.2 (d) Consult Table 15.2
15.3 (c) Decimal system implies continuous set of values
550
 Answers

22
15.4 No. Service area will be A = d T2 = 162 6.4 106 = 3258 km2.
7

Am
15.5 = 0.75 =
Ac

Am = 0.75 12 = 9 V.
15.6 (a)

(b) = 0.5

15.7 Since the AM wave is given by (Ac + Am sinm t) cos ct, the
maximum amplitude is M1 = Ac + Am while the minimum amplitude
is M2 = Ac Am. Hence the modulation index is
Am M M2 8 2
m = = 1 = = .
Ac M1 + M 2 12 3
With M2 = 0, clearly, m =1, irrespective of M1.

15.8 Let, for simplicity, the received signal be

A1 cos (c + m ) t
The carrier Ac cos ct is available at the receiving station. By
multiplying the two signals, we get
A1Ac cos (c + a ) t cos ct
A1 Ac
= = cos ( 2 c + m ) t + cos m t
2
If this signal is passed through a low-pass filter, we can record
A1 Ac
the modulating signal cos m t .
2

551
 Physics

BIBLIOGRAPHY

TEXTBOOKS

For additional reading on the topics covered in this book, you may like to consult one or more of the following
books. Some of these books however are more advanced and contain many more topics than this book.

1 Ordinary Level Physics, A.F. Abbott, Arnold-Heinemann (1984).

2 Advanced Level Physics, M. Nelkon and P. Parker, 6th Edition, Arnold-Heinemann (1987).
3 Advanced Physics, Tom Duncan, John Murray (2000).
4 Fundamentals of Physics, David Halliday, Robert Resnick and Jearl Walker, 7th Edition
John Wily (2004).
5 University Physics (Sears and Zemanskys), H.D. Young and R.A. Freedman, 11th Edition,
AddisonWesley (2004).
6 Problems in Elementary Physics, B. Bukhovtsa, V. Krivchenkov, G. Myakishev and
V. Shalnov, MIR Publishers, (1971).
7 Lectures on Physics (3 volumes), R.P. Feynman, Addision Wesley (1965).
8 Berkeley Physics Course (5 volumes) McGraw Hill (1965).
a. Vol. 1 Mechanics: (Kittel, Knight and Ruderman)
b. Vol. 2 Electricity and Magnetism (E.M. Purcell)
c. Vol. 3 Waves and Oscillations (Frank S. Crawford)
d. Vol. 4 Quantum Physics (Wichmann)
e. Vol. 5 Statistical Physics (F. Reif )
9 Fundamental University Physics, M. Alonso and E. J. Finn, Addison Wesley (1967).
10 College Physics, R.L. Weber, K.V. Manning, M.W. White and G.A. Weygand, Tata McGraw
Hill (1977).
11 Physics: Foundations and Frontiers, G. Gamow and J.M. Cleveland, Tata McGraw Hill
(1978).
12 Physics for the Inquiring Mind, E.M. Rogers, Princeton University Press (1960).
13 PSSC Physics Course, DC Heath and Co. (1965) Indian Edition, NCERT (1967).
14 Physics Advanced Level, Jim Breithampt, Stanley Thornes Publishers (2000).
15 Physics, Patrick Fullick, Heinemann (2000).
16 Conceptual Physics, Paul G. Hewitt, AddisionWesley (1998).
17 College Physics, Raymond A. Serway and Jerry S. Faughn, Harcourt Brace and Co. (1999).
18 University Physics, Harris Benson, John Wiley (1996).
19 University Physics, William P. Crummet and Arthur B. Western, Wm.C. Brown (1994).
20 General Physics, Morton M. Sternheim and Joseph W. Kane, John Wiley (1988).
552
21 Physics, Hans C. Ohanian, W.W. Norton (1989).
 Bibliography
Answers
22 Advanced Physics, Keith Gibbs, Cambridge University Press (1996).
23 Understanding Basic Mechanics, F. Reif, John Wiley (1995).
24 College Physics, Jerry D. Wilson and Anthony J. Buffa, Prentice Hall (1997).
25 Senior Physics, Part I, I.K. Kikoin and A.K. Kikoin, MIR Publishers (1987).
26 Senior Physics, Part II, B. Bekhovtsev, MIR Publishers (1988).
27 Understanding Physics, K. Cummings, Patrick J. Cooney, Priscilla W. Laws and Edward F.
Redish, John Wiley (2005).
28 Essentials of Physics, John D. Cutnell and Kenneth W. Johnson, John Wiley (2005).

GENERAL BOOKS

For instructive and entertaining general reading on science, you may like to read some of the following books.
Remember however, that many of these books are written at a level far beyond the level of the present book.

1 Mr. Tompkins in paperback, G. Gamow, Cambridge University Press (1967).

2 The Universe and Dr. Einstein, C. Barnett, Time Inc. New York (1962).
3 Thirty years that Shook Physics, G. Gamow, Double Day, New York (1966).
4 Surely Youre Joking, Mr. Feynman, R.P. Feynman, Bantam books (1986).
5 One, Two, Three Infinity, G. Gamow, Viking Inc. (1961).
6 The Meaning of Relativity, A. Einstein, (Indian Edition) Oxford and IBH Pub. Co. (1965).
7 Atomic Theory and the Description of Nature, Niels Bohr, Cambridge (1934).
8 The Physical Principles of Quantum Theory, W. Heisenberg, University of Chicago Press
(1930).
9 The PhysicsAstronomy Frontier, F. Hoyle and J.V. Narlikar, W.H. Freeman (1980).
10 The Flying Circus of Physics with Answer, J. Walker, John Wiley and Sons (1977).
11 Physics for Everyone (series), L.D. Landau and A.I. Kitaigorodski, MIR Publisher (1978).
Book 1: Physical Bodies
Book 2: Molecules
Book 3: Electrons
Book 4: Photons and Nuclei.
12 Physics can be Fun, Y. Perelman, MIR Publishers (1986).
13 Power of Ten, Philip Morrison and Eames, W.H. Freeman (1985).
14 Physics in your Kitchen Lab., I.K. Kikoin, MIR Publishers (1985).
15 How Things Work: The Physics of Everyday Life, Louis A. Bloomfield, John Wiley (2005).
16 Physics Matters: An Introduction to Conceptual Physics, James Trefil and Robert M.
Hazen, John Wiley (2004).

553
 Physics

INDEX

Absorption spectra 421 Bandwidth of transmission medium 518

AC current 233 Bar magnet 174
AC Generator 224 as solenoid 176
AC voltage 233 Barrier potential 479
applied to a capacitor 241 Base 491
applied to a resistor 234 Becquerel 448
applied to an inductor 237 Beta decay 450
applied to a series LCR circuit 244 Binding energy per nucleon 444
Accelerators in India 142 Biot-Savart law 143
Accommodation of eye 336 Bohr magneton 163
Activity of radioactive substances 447 Bohr radius 425
Additivity of charges 8 Bohrs model of atom 422
Alpha decay 449 Bohrs postulates 424
Alpha particle scattering 415 Brewsters angle 380
Ammeter 165 Brewsters law 381
Ampere 155 C.A. Volta 53
Amperes circuital law 147 Capacitance 73
Amplification 517 Capacitive reactance 241
Amplitude modulation 524 Capacitive circuit 252
Analog signal 502 Capacitor
AND gate 503 parallel plate 74
Andre, Ampere 148 in parallel 79
Angle in series 78
of deviation 330 Cartesian sign convention 311
of incidence 355 Cassegrain telescope 342
of reflection 355 Cells 110
of refraction 355 in parallel 114
Angular magnification 341 in series 113
Apparent depth 318 Chain reaction 452
Area element vector 26 Channel 515
Astigmatism 337 Charging by induction 6
Atomic Charles August de Coulomb 11
mass unit 439 Chromatic aberration 333
number 440 Ciliary muscles 337
spectra 420 Coercivity 195
Attenuation 516 Coherent source 360
Aurora Boriolis 139 Collector 491
Band gap 470 Colour code of resistors 103
Bandwidth of signal 517 Combination of lenses 328

554
 Index
Combination of resistors Eddy currents 218
series 107 Einsteins photoelectric equation 394
parallel 108 Electric
Composition of nucleus 438 charge 1
Concave mirror 312 current 93
Conduction band 469 dipole 27
Conductivity 97, 468 displacement 77
Conductors 5 field 18
Conservation of charge 8 field, physical significance 20
Conservative force 51 field due to a system of charges 19
Continuous charge distribution 32 field lines 23
Control rods 454 flux 25
Convex mirror 312 susceptibility 72
Coulomb 11 Electrical energy 105
Coulombs law 10 Electromagnetic
Critical angle 320 waves, sources 274
Curie temperature 194 waves, nature 275
Curie 448 damping 218
Current 94 spectrum 280
amplification factor 495 Electron emission 387
density 97 Electrostatic
loop as a magnetic dipole 160 analog 180
sensitivity of galvanometer 165 potential 53
Cut-off voltage/Stopping potential 391 shielding 69
Cyclotron 140 Electrostatics 1
frequency 141 of conductors 67
Davisson & Germer Experiment 403
Electromotive force (emf ) 110
de Broglie
Emission spectra 421
relation 398
Emitter 491
wavelength 398
Energy
explanation 430
bands 469
Decay constant 446
generation in stars 455
Detection of amplitude modulated wave 526
levels 427
Diamagnetism 192
stored in a capacitor 80
Dielectrics 71
Equipotential surfaces 60
Dielectric
Excited state 427
constant 76
strength 74 Experiments of Faraday & Henry 205
Diffraction 367 Extrinsic semiconductor 474
single slit 368 Eye 336
Digital Farad 75
electronics 501 Faradays law of Induction 207
signal 502 Fast breeder reactor 453
Dioptre 328 Ferromagnetism 193
Dipole Field
moment 28 due to infinite plane sheet 38
moment vector 28 due to uniformly charged thin spherical
in uniform electric field 31 shell 39
physical significance 29 Field emission 388
Dispersion by a prism 332 Flemings left hand rule
Displacement current 270 Flux leakage 261
Doppler effect 358 Focal length 311
Drift velocity 98 Force between two parallel currents 154
Earths magnetism 185 Forward bias 479
Earthing 6 Franck-Hertz experiment 428

555
 Physics
Fringe width 364 Lateral shift 317
Full-wave rectifier 483 Law
G.S. Ohm 96 of radioactive decay 447
Gamma of reflection 357
rays 283 of refraction 356
decay 451 LC oscillations 255
Gausss law 33 Least distance of distinct vision 336
its applications 37 Lenzs law 210
in magnetism 181 Lens makers formula 326
Gaussian surface 35 Light emitting diode 488
Geographic meridian 186 Limitations of Ohms law 101
Gold leaf electroscope 4 Linear
Ground charge density 32
state 427 magnification/Magnifying power 339
wave 519 Logic gates 502
H.A. Lorentz 134 Lorentz force 134
Half life 448 Magnetic
Half-wave rectifier 483 declination 186
Hallwachs and Lenards observations 388 dipole 177
Henry 220 dipole moment of a revolving electron 162
Hertz Experiment 274 field 132
Holes 472 field lines 175
Horizontal component of earths field on the axis of a circular current loop 145
magnetic field 187 flux 182, 206
Huygens Principle 353 force on a current carrying conductor 135
Hypermetropia 337 force 133
Impact parameter 418 hysteresis 195
Impedence diagram 246 inclination 187
Inductance 219 intensity 190
mutual 220 meridian 186
self 222 moment of a current loop 158
Induction 6 moment 178
of charge 6 permeability 190
Inductive potential energy 178
circuit 252 susceptibility 190
reactance 238 torque 178
Input resistance of a transistor 494 Magnetisation 189
Insulators 5 Majority carriers 476
Integrated circuits (IC) 505 Mass
Interference defect 443
constructive 361 number 440
destructive 361 energy relation 442
fringes 363 Maxwells equations 273
Internal resistance 110 Mean life 448
Intrinsic semiconductor 472 Meter bridge 120
Ionisation energy 427 Michael Faraday 208
Iris 337 Microscope 339
Isobars 441 compound 340
Isotones 441 Microwaves 281
Isotopes 439 Minority carriers 476
J.C. Maxwell 270 Mirage 321
Junction transistor 490 Mirror equation 314
K.F. Gauss 182 Mobility 100
Kirchhoffs rules 115 Moderator 454

556
 Index
Modulation 517, 522 Polarisation 71, 376
index 525 by reflection 380
Motion in a magnetic field 137 by scattering 379
Motional emf 212 Polarity of charge 2
Moving coil galvanometer 163 Polaroid 378
Multiplication factor (fission) 454 Potential 53
Myopia 336 due to an electric dipole 55
NAND gate 504 due to a point charge 54
Near point 336 due to a system of charges 57
Neutrons 440 energy difference 53
Noise 516 energy for a system of charges 61
Non-polar molecules 72 energy of a dipole 66
NOR gate 505 energy of a single charge 64
North pole 174 energy of a system of two charges 65
NOT gate 502 energy 52
n-p-n transistor 491 Potentiometer 122
n-type semi conductor 475 Power (electrical) 106
Nuclear factor 252
binding energy 442 in ac circuit 252
density 442 of lens 327
energy 451 Pressurised heavy water reactors 453
Primary coil
fission 452
Principal focus 311
force 445
Principle of superposition 15
fusion 455
Principle quantum number 425
holocaust 457
Prism formula 331
reactor 452
Production of amplitude modulated wave 525
size 441
Properties of electric charge 8
winter 457
p-type semi conductor 476
Numerical aperture 375
Q factor/quality factor 250
Ohm 95
Quanta of energy 393
Ohms law 95
Quantisation of charge 8
Optical fibers 322 Radio waves 281
OR gate 502 Radioactivity 446
Orbital magnetic moment 163 Rainbow 333
Output resistance of a transistor 495 Ray optics, validity of 375
Paramagnetism 192 Rayleigh scattering 335
Permanent magnets 195 Rectifier 483
Permeability of free space 143 Red shift 358
Permittivity Reflection of light 310
of free space 11, 76 Refraction 318
of medium 76 of a plane wave 355
Phasors 237 Refractive index 317, 356
diagram 237 Relation between field and potential 61
Photodiode 487 Relaxation time 98
Photoelectric effect 388 Rententivity 195
Photocell 399 Repeater 517
Photoelectric emission 388 Resistance 95
Photoelectrons 389 Resistivity 96, 468
Photon 395 of some materials 102
Pith ball 2 Resolving power 373
Plane polarised wave 377 of eye 374
p-n Junction 478 Resonance 248
p-n-p transistor 491 Sharpness 249
Point charge 10 Resonant frequency 248
Polar molecules 72 Reverse bias 480

557
 Physics
Right hand rule 149 Tokamak 153
Root mean square (rms) or effective Toroid 152
current 235 Torque
voltage 235 on a current loop 157
Rogets spiral 156 on a dipole 31
Rutherfords model of atom 415 Total internal reflection 319
Saturation current 390 Transducer 516
Scattering of light 335 Transformer 259
Secondary wavelet 354 Step-down 261
Semiconductors 469 Step-up 261
diode 479 Transistor
elemental 468 as a switch 496
compound 468 as an amplifier 497
Shunt resistance 164 oscillator 500
Signal 516 common emitter configuration 493
Sky wave 520 Truth table 502
Snells law 317, 356 Uncertainty Principle 400
Solar cell 489 Unpolarised wave 377
Solenoid 151 Ultraviolet rays 282
South pole 174 Valence band 469
Space wave 521 Van de Graaff Generator 83
Spectral series 421 Velocity selector 140
Brackett 422 Visible rays 282
Fund 422 Voltage Regulator 486
Lyman 422 Voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer 165
Paschen 422 Voltmeter 165
Spectrum of light 332 Volume charge density 32
Spherical mirror 310, 311 Wattless current 252
Spin magnetic moment 163 Wavefront 353
Surface charge density 32 plane 354
Telescope 341 spherical 354
Temperature dependence of Wheatstone bridge 118
resistivity 103 Work function 394
Tesla 135 X rays 283
Thermionic emission 388 Youngs experiment 362
Thermonuclear fusion 456 Zener
Thin lens formula 326 diode 485
Threshold frequency 392 breakdown 485

558