Wave and Ray Optics Test Answer Key

ARUL INSTITUTE, CHENNAI
7200642647 / 7200442647
12TH CBSE – PHYSICS – TEST CODE (CP10) – ANSWER KEY
RAY OPTICS, OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS & WAVE OPTICS
TIME : 2 HOURS MAXIMUM MARKS : 50
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS :
1. All questions are compulsory. There are 20 questions in all.
2. This question paper has FOUR sections: Section–A, Section–B, Section–C & Section–D.
3. Section–A contains five questions of one mark each, Section–B contains six questions of
two marks each, Section–C contains six questions of three marks each and Section–D
contains three questions of five marks each.
SECTION – A
(Question numbers 1 to 5 carry 1 mark each)
1. When an object is placed between f and 2f of a concave mirror, would the image formed be
(a) real and diminished (b) real and magnified
(c) virtual and diminished (d) virtual and magnified
2. A thin converging lens of focal length 10 cm and a thin diverging lens of focal length 20 cm are
placed coaxially in contact. The power of the combination is
(a) –15 D (b) +15 D (c) –5 D (d) +5 D
12th/CBSE/Physics/2023–2024/CP10/AK Arul Institute

3. During refraction of light, which one of the following remains constant?
(a) speed (b) wavelength (c) frequency (d) none of these
4. For a glass prism, the angle of minimum deviation will be smallest for the light of
(a) green colour (b) blue colour (c) red colour (d) violet colour
5. In the case of light waves from two coherent sources S1 and S2, there will be constructive
interference at an arbitrary point P, if the path difference S1P – S2P is
 1  1 λ
(a)  n +  λ (b) n λ (c)  n −  λ (d)
 2  2 2
SECTION – B
(Question numbers 6 to 11 carry 2 marks each)
6. Under what conditions is the phenomenon of total internal reflection of light observed? Obtain
the relation between the critical angle of incidence and the refractive index of the medium.
Solution:
(i) Light should be travel from a denser medium to a rarer medium (½ Mark)
(ii) Angle of incidence in denser medium should be greater than the critical angle (½ Mark)
According to Snell’s law of refraction,
sin i
= n21
sin r
sin i c
= n21
sin 90o
sin ic = n21
n2
sin ic =
n1
1
If the second medium is air, its refractive index n2 is 1, then sin ic = (1 Mark)
n1

7. An object is kept 20 cm in front of a concave mirror of radius of curvature 60 cm. Find the
nature and position of the image formed.
Solution:
60
R = 60 cm ; f = = 30 cm
2
1 1 1
+ =
v u f
u = –20 cm ; f = –30 cm
1 1 1
= –
v f u
1 1 1 1 1 −2+3 1
= – = + = =
v − 30 − 20 − 30 20 60 60
v = 60 cm
v 60
Magnification (m) = − = − =3
u − 20
The image formed is virtual, erect and magnified in nature. (2 Marks)
8. A tank is filled with water to a height of 12.5 cm. The apparent depth of a needle lying at the
bottom of the tank is measured by a microscope to be 9.4 cm. What is the refractive index of
water? If water is replaced by a liquid of refractive index 1.63 up to the same height, by what
distance would the microscope have to be moved to focus on the needle again?
Solution:
Re al depth 12.5 125

nw = = = = 1.33
Apparent depth 9 .4 94
If water is replaced by a liquid of refractive index 1.63, then

Re al depth 12.5 1250
New Apparent depth = = = = 7.67 cm
nL 1.63 163
Shifting distance of the microscope = 9.4 – 7.67 = 1.73 cm (2 Marks)
9. A beam of light converges at a point P. Now a convex lens is placed in the path of the convergent
beam at 15 cm from point P. At what point does a beam converge if the convex lens has a focal
length 10 cm?
Solution:
f = 10 cm ; u = 15 cm
Converging beams
produced by convex lens
I P
15 cm
1 1 1
Using lens formula, – =
v u f
1 1 1
= +
v f u
1 1 1 3+2 5 1
= + = = =
v 10 15 30 30 6
v = 6 cm (2 Marks)

10. (a) Write the conditions under which light sources can be said to be coherent.
Two light sources are said to be coherent if they emit light waves of the same frequency,
same wavelength and start with same phase or have a constant phase difference. (1 Mark)
(b) Why it is necessary to have coherent sources in order to produce an interference pattern?
If the two sources are coherent then the phase difference φ at any point will not change with
time and we will have a stable interference pattern i.e. the positions of maxima and minima
will not change with time. (1 Mark)
11. (a) The refractive index of glass is 1.5. What is the speed of light in glass?
(Speed of light in vacuum is 3.0 x 108 m/s)
Solution:
c 3 x 108
cg = = = 2 x 108 m/s (1 Mark)
ng 1.5
(b) Is the speed of light in glass independent of the colour of light? If not, which of the two
colours red and violet travels slower in a glass prism?
Solution:
The speed of light in glass depends on the color of light. (½ Mark)
Since the refractive index of the glass for violet color is greater than that of red color, the
violet light travels slower in a glass prism. (½ Mark)

SECTION – C
12. Define the term focal length of a mirror. With the help of a ray diagram obtain the relation
between its focal length and radius of curvature.
The distance between the pole P and the focus F is called the focal length f of the mirror.
(½ Mark)
Let C be the centre of curvature of the mirror. Consider a ray parallel to the principal axis
striking the mirror at M. Then CM will be perpendicular to the mirror at M. Let θ be the angle
of incidence and MD be the perpendicular from M on the principal axis.
(½ Mark)
Concave mirror
∠ MCP = θ ; ∠ MFP = 2 θ
MD MD
tan θ = ; tan2 θ =
CD FD
For paraxial rays, the value of θ is very small, then tanθ ≈ θ, tan2θ ≈ 2θ
MD MD
θ= ; 2θ =
CD FD
MD MD
2 =
CD FD
CD
FD =
2
For small θ, the point D is very close to the point P. Therefore, FD = f and CD = R.
R
f= (2 Marks)
2

13. Draw a ray diagram to show the image formation by a combination of two thin convex lenses in
contact. Obtain the expression for the power of this combination in terms of the focal lengths of
the lenses.
Solution:
Consider two thin lenses A and B of focal length f1 and f2 placed in contact with each other. Let
the object be placed at a point O beyond the focus of the first lens A as shown in the figure. The
first lens produces an image at I1. Since image I1 is real, it serves as a virtual object for the
second lens B, producing the final image at I.
Since the lenses are thin, we assume the optical centres of the lenses to be coincident. Let this
central point be denoted by P.
(½ Mark)
For the image formed by the first lens A,
1 1 1
– = ------------------------- (1)
v1 u f1
For the image formed by the second lens B,
1 1 1
– = ------------------------- (2)
v v1 f2
Adding equations (1) & (2)
 1 1 1 1  1 1
 −  +  −  = +
 v1 u   v v1  f1 f2

1 1 1 1
– = + ------------------------- (3)
v u f1 f2
If the two lens-system is regarded as equivalent to a single lens of focal length f, then
1 1 1
– = ------------------------- (4)
v u f
Comparing the equations (3) and (4).
1 1 1
= + ------------------------- (5)
f f1 f2
In terms of power,
1 1
P= +
f1 f2
P = P1 + P2 ------------------------- (6)
where P is the net power of the lens combination. (2½ Marks)

14. Plot a graph to show the variation of the angle of deviation as a function of angle of incidence for
light passing through a prism. Derive an expression for refractive index of the prism in terms of
angle of minimum deviation and angle of prism.
Solution:
Figure shows the passage of light through a triangular prism ABC. The angles of incidence and
refraction at the first face AB are i and r1, while the angle of incidence (from glass to air) at the
second face AC is r2 and the angle of refraction or emergence e. The angle between the emergent
ray RS and the direction of the incident ray PQ is called the angle of deviation δ .
(½ Mark)
In the quadrilateral AQNR, two of the angles (at the vertices Q and R) are right angles.
Therefore, the sum of the other angles of the quadrilateral is 180°.
∠A + ∠QNR = 180o ------------------------- (1)
From the triangle QNR,
r1 + r2 + ∠QNR = 180o ------------------------- (2)
Comparing equations (1) and (2),
r1 + r2 = A ------------------------- (3)
The total deviation δ is the sum of deviations at the two faces,
δ = (i – r1) + (e – r2)

δ = i – r1 + e – r2
δ = i + e – (r1 + r2)
δ=i+e–A ------------------------- (4)
Thus, the angle of deviation depends on the angle of incidence.
A plot between the angle of deviation and angle of incidence is shown in the Figure.
(½ Mark)
As the angle of incidence (i) increases, the angle of deviation (δ) first decreases and reaches a
minimum value (Dm) and then increases.
At minimum deviation (Dm), the refracted ray inside the prism is parallel to its base. This
implies that i = e and r1 = r2.
From Equation (4), δ=i+e–A
Dm = i + i – A = 2i – A
2i = A + Dm
A + Dm
i=
2

From Equation (3), r1 + r2 = A
A
r + r = A ; 2r = A ; r =
2
The refractive index of the prism is
sin i
n=
sin r
 A + Dm 
sin  
 2 
n= (2 Marks)
A
sin 
2

15. With the help of a ray diagram, show how a compound microscope forms a magnified image of a
tiny object, at least distance of distinct vision. Hence derive an expression for the magnification
produced by it.
Solution:
A simple microscope has a limited maximum magnification (≤ 9). For much larger
magnifications, we can use two lenses, one compounding the effect of the other. This is known as
a compound microscope.
(1 Mark)
The lens nearer to the object, called the objective lens, forms a real, inverted, magnified image of
the object. This serves as the object for the second lens, the eyepiece, which functions like a
simple microscope, produces the final image, which is enlarged and virtual.
The first inverted image is formed near the focal plane of the eyepiece, is to be adjusted such
that the final image is formed at the near point (D). Clearly, the final image is inverted with
respect to the original object.
h h'
tanβ = =
fo L

The magnification of the objective lens is
h' L
mo = =
h fo
Here h’ is the size of the first image, h is the size of the object, fo is the focal length of the
objective lens and L is the distance between the second focal point of the objective and the first
focal point of the eyepiece called the tube length of the compound microscope.
Since the eyepiece functions like a simple microscope and produces the final image at near point
(D), the magnification due to the eyepiece is
 D
me =  1 + 
 fe 
The total magnification (m) when the final image formed at near point (D) is
L D
m = mome =    1 +  (2 Marks)
 fo   fe 

16. A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 650 nm and 520 nm, is used to obtain interference
fringes in a Young’s double-slit experiment in which the slits are separated by 2 mm and the
screen is placed 1.2 m away.
(a) Find the distance of the third bright fringe on the screen from the central maximum for
wavelength 650 nm.
Here, d = 2 mm, D = 1.2 m
nλ D
xn =
d
3λD
x3 =
d
3 x 650 x 10 −9 x 1.2
x3 =
2 x 10 − 3
x3 = 1950 x 0.6 x 10–6
x3 = 1170 x 10–6 = 1.17 x 10–3 m
x3 = 1.17 mm (1½ Marks)
(b) What is the least distance from the central maximum where the bright fringes due to both
the wavelengths coincide?
n1 λ 1 D n λ D
= 2 2
d d
n1 λ 1 = n2 λ 2
nλ1 = (n+1)λ2
n x 650 x 10–9 = (n+1) x 520 x 10–9
n x 65 = (n+1) x 52
65n = 52n + 52

65n – 52n = 52
13n = 52
52
n= =4
13
So the fourth bright fringe of wavelength 650 nm coincides with fifth bright fringe
of wavelength 520 nm. (1½ Marks)

17. Light waves each of amplitude ‘a’ and frequency ‘ω’ emanating from two coherent light sources
superpose at a point. If the displacements due to these waves is given by y1 = a cosωt and y2 = a
cos(ωt + φ) where φ is the phase difference between the two, obtain the expression for the
resultant intensity at the point.
Solution:
For any arbitrary point G, let the phase difference between the two displacements be φ.
The displacement produced by the source S1 at the point G is given by
y1 = acosωt
The displacement produced by the source S2 at the point G is given by
y2 = acos(ωt + φ)
The resultant displacement at the point G is given by
y = y1 + y2
y = acosωt + acos(ωt + φ)
y = a[cosωt + cos(ωt + φ)]
  ωt + ωt + φ   ωt − ωt − φ  
y = a 2 cos  cos 
  2   2 
 2 ωt + φ   −φ
y = 2a cos  cos 
 2   2 
φ  φ
y = 2a cos  cos ωt + 
2  2
φ
The amplitude of the resultant displacement is 2a cos  .
 2
The intensity produced by each one of the individual sources, Io ∝ a2
φ
The resultant intensity at the point G, I ∝ 4a2 cos 2  
2

Io a2 1
= =
I φ φ
4a 2 cos 2   4 cos 2  
2  2
φ
I = 4Io cos 2  
2
If φ = 0, ±2π, ±4π, ..... then the intensity is maximum & corresponds to constructive interference.
If φ = ±π, ±3π, ±5π, ..... then the intensity is zero & corresponds to destructive interference.
(3 Marks)

SECTION – D
18. (a) Draw a ray diagram to show image formation when the concave mirror produces a real,
inverted and diminished image of the object.
(1 Mark)
(b) Derive mirror equation and expression for lateral magnification for the above case.
The above figure shows the ray diagram considering three rays. A’B’ is the real and inverted
image of an object AB formed by a concave mirror.
From the Figure,
The right-angled triangles A’B’F and MPF are similar.
B' A' B' F

=
PM FP
B' A' B' F

= (QPM = BA ) ---------------- (1)
BA FP
The right angled triangles A’B’P and ABP are also similar.
B' A' B' P

= ---------------- (2)
BA BP

From equations (1) and (2)
B' F B' P
=
FP BP
B' P − FP B' P
=
FP BP
Applying sign conventions,
B ’P = –v, FP = –f, BP = –u
− v − ( −f ) −v
=
−f −u
−v+f −v
=
−f −u
− (v − f ) −v
=
−f −u
(v − f ) v
=
f u
v v
–1=
f u
v v
1+ =
u f
Dividing by v
1 1 1
+ =
v u f
This relation is known as the mirror equation. (3 Marks)
Linear Magnification (m)
It is defined as the ratio of the height of the image (h ’) to the height of the object (h).
h'
m=
h
From the right angled triangles A’B’P and ABP,
B' A' B' P

=
BA BP
B ’A ’ = –h ’ ; BA = h ; B ’P = –v ; BP = –u
− h' −v
=
h −u
h' v
m= = − (1 Mark)
h u

19. Draw a ray diagram showing the formation of the image by a point object on the principal axis
of a spherical convex surface separating two media of refractive indices n1 and n2, when a point
source is kept in rarer medium of refractive index n1. Derive the relation between object and
image distance in terms of refractive index of the medium & radius of curvature of the surface.
Hence obtain the expression for lens-maker’s formula in the case of thin convex lens.
Let us consider two transparent media with refractive indices n1 and n2 which are separated by
a spherical surface as shown in the Figure. Let C be the centre of curvature of the spherical
surface. Let a point object O be in the medium n1. The line OC is the principal axis that cuts the
spherical surface at the pole P.
(½ Mark)
Light from O falls on the refracting surface at N. The normal drawn to the refracting surface at
the point of incidence passes through the centre of curvature C. As n2 > n1, light in the denser
medium deviates towards the normal & meets the principal axis at I where the image is formed.
PN PN PN
tanα = ; tanβ = ; tanγ =
PO PC PI
As these angles are small, tan of the angle could be approximated to the angle itself.
PN PN PN
α= ; β= ; γ=
PO PC PI

From the triangle ∆NOC,
PN PN
i=α+β = +
PO PC
From the triangle ∆NIC,
β=r+γ
PN PN
r=β–γ = –
PC PI
According to Snell’s law of refraction,
sin i n
= n21 = 2
sin r n1
n1 sini = n2 sinr
For small angles,
n1 i = n2 r
Substituting for i and r,
 PN PN   PN PN 
n1  +  = n2  − 
 PO PC   PC PI 
n1 n n n
+ l = 2 − 2
PO PC PC PI
n1 n n − n1
+ 2 = 2
PO PI PC
PO = –u ; PI = +v ; PC = +R
n1 n n − n1
+ 2 = 2
−u v R
n2 n n − n1
– 1 = 2 (2 Marks)
v u R
The above equation gives the relation between object and image distance in terms of refractive
index of the medium and the radius of curvature of the spherical surface. It holds good for any
curved spherical surface.

The geometry of image formation by a double convex lens is shown in the following figure.
(½ Mark)
The image formation can be seen in terms of two steps:
(i) The first refracting surface forms the image I1 of the object O.
(½ Mark)
(ii) The image I1 acts as a virtual object for the second surface that forms the image at I.
(½ Mark)
For the first interface ABC,
n1 n n −n
+ 2 = 2 1 ------------------------- (1)
OB BI1 BC1
For the second interface ADC,
n2 n n −n
− + 1 = 2 1 ------------------------- (2)
DI1 DI DC2

For a thin lens, BI1 = DI1
Adding equations (1) & (2),
 n1 n   n n  n − n1 n − n1
 + 2  +  − 2 + 1  = 2 + 2
 OB BI1   DI1 DI  BC1 DC2
n1 n  1 1 
+ 1 = (n2 – n1)  +  ------------------------- (3)
OB DI  BC1 DC2 
Suppose the object is at infinity, i.e., OB = ∞ and DI = f, then
n1  1 1 
= (n2 – n1)  +  ------------------------- (4)
f  BC1 DC2 
1  n − n1   1 1 
=  2   + 
f  n1   BC1 DC2 
By sign convention,
BC1 = +R1 ; DC2 = –R2
1 n   1 1 
=  2 −1   − 
f  n1  R
 1 R 2
1  1 1 
= (n 21 − 1)  − 
f  R1 R 2 
The above equation is known as the lens maker’s formula. (1 Mark)

20. (a) State Huygen’s principle. Using this principle draw a diagram to show how a plane
wavefront incident at the interface of the two media gets refracted when it propagates from
a rarer to a denser medium. Hence verify Snell’s law of refraction.
(a) According to Huygens principle, each point on the wavefront is the source of secondary
wavelets spreading out in all directions with the speed of the wave. The common tangent to
all these wavelets gives the position and shape of the new wavefront at a later time.
(1 Mark)
Let PP’ represent the surface separating medium 1 and medium 2, as shown in the Figure.
(½ Mark)
Let v1 and v2 represent the speed of light in medium 1 and medium 2, respectively. A plane
wavefront AB incident on the interface at an angle of incidence i. Let τ be the time taken by
the wavefront to travel the distance BC.
BC = v1τ
In order to construct the refracted wavefront, a sphere of radius v2τ is drawn from the point
A in the second medium (the speed of the wave in the second medium is v2).
AE = v2τ
CE is a tangent plane drawn from the point C on to the sphere and it represents the
refracted wavefront.

From triangle ABC,
BC v τ
sini = = 1 ---------------------(1)
AC AC
From triangle AEC,
AE v τ
sinr = = 2 ---------------------(2)
AC AC
Dividing the equations (1) and (2),
v1 τ
sin i v
= AC = 1 ---------------------(3)
sin r v 2 τ v2
AC
From the above equation, we get the important result that if r < i (i.e., if the ray bends towards
the normal), the speed of the light wave in the second medium (v2) will be less than the speed of
the light wave in the first medium (v1).
If n1 and n2 are the refractive indices of the medium 1 and medium 2, then
c c n2 v
n1 = ; n2 = ; = 1 ---------------------(4)
v1 v2 n1 v2
where c is the speed of light in vacuum.
From equations (3) and (4),
sin i n
= 2
sin r n1
n1 sini = n2 sinr
This is called as Snell’s law of refraction. (2 Marks)

(b) When monochromatic light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, explain the following
giving reasons.
(i) Is the frequency of reflected and refracted light same as the frequency of incident light?
Yes. Reflection and refraction arise through interaction of incident light with the atomic
constituents of matter. Atoms may be viewed as oscillators, which take up the frequency of
the external agency (light) causing forced oscillations. The frequency of light emitted by a
charged oscillator equals its frequency of oscillation. Thus, the frequency of scattered light
equals the frequency of incident light. (1 Mark)
(ii) Does the decrease in speed imply a reduction in the energy carried by light wave?
No. Energy carried by a wave depends on the amplitude of the wave, not on the speed of
wave propagation. (½ Mark)

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ARUL INSTITUTE, CHENNAI

12TH CBSE – PHYSICS – TEST CODE (CP10) – ANSWER KEY

RAY OPTICS, OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS & WAVE OPTICS

TIME : 2 HOURS MAXIMUM MARKS : 50

1. All questions are compulsory. There are 20 questions in all.

contains three questions of five marks each.

(Question numbers 1 to 5 carry 1 mark each)

(a) real and diminished (b) real and magnified

(c) virtual and diminished (d) virtual and magnified

placed coaxially in contact. The power of the combination is

(a) –15 D (b) +15 D (c) –5 D (d) +5 D

12th/CBSE/Physics/2023–2024/CP10/AK Arul Institute

(a) speed (b) wavelength (c) frequency (d) none of these

interference at an arbitrary point P, if the path difference S1P – S2P is

(Question numbers 6 to 11 carry 2 marks each)

According to Snell’s law of refraction,

12th/CBSE/Physics/2023–2024/CP10/AK Arul Institute

nature and position of the image formed.

The image formed is virtual, erect and magnified in nature. (2 Marks)

Re al depth 12.5 125

If water is replaced by a liquid of refractive index 1.63, then

12th/CBSE/Physics/2023–2024/CP10/AK Arul Institute

Shifting distance of the microscope = 9.4 – 7.67 = 1.73 cm (2 Marks)

12th/CBSE/Physics/2023–2024/CP10/AK Arul Institute

will not change with time. (1 Mark)

(Speed of light in vacuum is 3.0 x 108 m/s)

colours red and violet travels slower in a glass prism?

The speed of light in glass depends on the color of light. (½ Mark)

violet light travels slower in a glass prism. (½ Mark)

12th/CBSE/Physics/2023–2024/CP10/AK Arul Institute

between its focal length and radius of curvature.

of incidence and MD be the perpendicular from M on the principal axis.

12th/CBSE/Physics/2023–2024/CP10/AK Arul Institute

second lens B, producing the final image at I.

central point be denoted by P.

For the image formed by the first lens A,

For the image formed by the second lens B,

Adding equations (1) & (2)

12th/CBSE/Physics/2023–2024/CP10/AK Arul Institute

Comparing the equations (3) and (4).

where P is the net power of the lens combination. (2½ Marks)

12th/CBSE/Physics/2023–2024/CP10/AK Arul Institute

angle of minimum deviation and angle of prism.

Therefore, the sum of the other angles of the quadrilateral is 180°.

∠A + ∠QNR = 180o ------------------------- (1)

From the triangle QNR,

r1 + r2 + ∠QNR = 180o ------------------------- (2)

Comparing equations (1) and (2),

The total deviation δ is the sum of deviations at the two faces,

12th/CBSE/Physics/2023–2024/CP10/AK Arul Institute

δ=i+e–A ------------------------- (4)

Thus, the angle of deviation depends on the angle of incidence.

minimum value (Dm) and then increases.

implies that i = e and r1 = r2.

From Equation (4), δ=i+e–A

12th/CBSE/Physics/2023–2024/CP10/AK Arul Institute

The refractive index of the prism is

12th/CBSE/Physics/2023–2024/CP10/AK Arul Institute

respect to the original object.