FM Global

Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets 4-2

July 2013
Page 1 of 17

WATER MIST SYSTEMS

Table of Contents
Page

1.0 SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................... 3

1.1 Changes ............................................................................................................................................ 3
2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................... 3
2.1 Equipment and Processes .............................................................................................................. 3
2.1.1 Plans and Specifications ....................................................................................................... 3
2.1.2 Acceptance Testing ............................................................................................................... 4
2.1.3 Detection and Operation ....................................................................................................... 4
2.1.4 Supply of Extinguishing Agent .............................................................................................. 4
2.1.5 Containers of Extinguishing Agent ........................................................................................ 5
2.1.6 Piping and Tubing ................................................................................................................. 6
2.1.7 Hangers ................................................................................................................................. 7
2.1.8 Nozzles .................................................................................................................................. 7
2.1.9 Valves .................................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.10 Strainers and Filters ............................................................................................................ 8
2.1.11 Pumps .................................................................................................................................. 8
2.1.12 Operation and Maintenance ................................................................................................ 8
2.1.13 Calculations ......................................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Nonstorage Occupancies [Light Hazard Occupancies (LHO)] ....................................................... 9
2.2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 9
2.2.2 Equipment and Processes .................................................................................................... 9
2.3 Local Application ............................................................................................................................ 10
2.3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 10
2.3.2 Construction and Location .................................................................................................. 10
2.3.3 Equipment and Processes .................................................................................................. 10
2.3.4 Limitations ........................................................................................................................... 10
3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................. 10
3.1 General .......................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1.1 Design ................................................................................................................................. 10
3.1.2 Obstructions ........................................................................................................................... 11
3.1.3 Nonstorage Occupancies [Light Hazard Occupancies (LHO)] .............................................. 11
3.1.4 Enclosure Protection ............................................................................................................ 11
3.1.5 Local Application Systems .................................................................................................. 12
3.2 Operating Experience .................................................................................................................... 12
3.3 Test Data ....................................................................................................................................... 12
3.3.1 Combustion Turbine Enclosures ......................................................................................... 13
3.3.2 Cleanrooms ......................................................................................................................... 13
3.3.3 Light Hazard Occupancies .................................................................................................. 13
3.3.4 Continuous Wood Board Presses ....................................................................................... 13
4.0 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 14
4.1 FM Global ....................................................................................................................................... 14
4.2 NFPA Standards ............................................................................................................................ 14
4.3 Others ............................................................................................................................................ 14
APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS ..................................................................................................... 14
APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY ..................................................................................... 15
APPENDIX C ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ............................................................................................ 16
C.1 Electrical Clearances .................................................................................................................... 16
C.2 Material of Construction ................................................................................................................ 16

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C.2.1 Galvanized Steel ................................................................................................................. 16

APPENDIX D COMPARISON WITH NFPA STANDARD 750 ................................................................... 17

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Water Mist Systems 4-2
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets Page 3

1.0 SCOPE
This data sheet provides information on installation criteria for water mist systems. Water mist systems are
special protection systems presently FM Approved for protection of enclosures with specific hazards
containing limited amounts of ignitable liquids, and process equipment, such as:
combustion turbine(s)
industrial oil cookers
continuous wood board presses
machinery in enclosures
computer room subfloors
indoor transformers
wet benches in cleanrooms
light hazard occupancies.
Additional information concerning water mist system installation criteria is contained in NFPA 750, Water
Mist Fire Protection Systems.
The effectiveness of water mist must be proven by fire testing on a hazard of the same configuration and
general hazard type. Presently, there is no design procedure that would allow extrapolation of test results to
different hazards or different enclosure configurations.

1.1 Changes
July 2013. Deleted preaction water mist systems to provide consistency with equipment that is FM Approved.

2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS

In addition to the specific recommendations in this document, adhere to the applicable guidelines in the
following data sheets:
Data Sheet 2-81, Fire Protection System Inspection (for inspection, testing and maintenance guidelines)
Data Sheet 3-0, Hydraulics of Fire Protection Systems
Data Sheet 3-7, Fire Protection Pumps (for devices such as water pumps and water motor controllers)

2.1 Equipment and Processes

A. For new installations, use FM Approved systems and components.
B. Install water mist systems in accordance with this data sheet and the manufacturers design and installation
manual. For FM Approved systems, this manual is evaluated by FM Approvals. This manual may cover
applications for which the system is not FM Approved.

2.1.1 Plans and Specifications

2.1.1.1 Make contracts for new installations, or changes in existing systems, subject to FM Global acceptance
of plans, materials, and the completed installation.
2.1.1.2 Submit final plans and calculations of new or modified systems to FM Global for review and
acceptance before installation is started. Ensure final plans are to scale or fully dimensioned, with sufficient
detail to define clearly both the hazard and proposed system. Clearly indicate the location and sizes of piping
and nozzles together with the location of the extinguishing agent supply, fire-detecting units, and all auxiliary
equipment. Show dampers, conveyor equipment, doors, and other features in any way related to the
protection of the hazard. Submit a wiring diagram if fire detection or system operations are electric. Ensure
all components are FM Approved for the applications and identified by part or model number.
2.1.1.3 Provide documentation showing hydraulic and pneumatic calculations. Ensure hydraulic calculations
contain the following information: (a) location identification; (b) description of hazard; (c) design area of water
application or volume of space protected; (d) total water requirements as calculated.

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2.1.1.4 Provide Detail Sheets containing the following information: (a) nozzle description; (b) hydraulic
reference point; (c) total flow and flow at each nozzle in gpm (l/min); (d) all pipe sizes; (e) pipe lengths; (f)
equivalent pipe lengths for fittings and devices; (g) friction loss in psi/ft (bars/m) of pipe; (h) elevation head in
psi (bars); (i) required pressure in psi (bars) at each reference point; (j) velocity pressure and normal pressure
if included in calculations; (k) system flushing locations; (l) other calculations necessary for design of the
water mist system.
2.1.1.5 Graph Sheet. Provide a graphic representation of the complete hydraulic calculation, including the
water supply curve and the water mist system demand.
2.1.1.6 Pneumatic calculation documentation (for systems using gas). Provide pneumatic calculation
summary sheets that include the following: (a) identification of location; (b) description of hazard; (c) total
gas volume required.
2.1.1.7 Detail sheets for pneumatic calculations: (a) nozzle description; (b) pneumatic reference points;
(c) gas flow rate and pressure at each nozzle; (d) the gas pressure to water pressure ratio at each nozzle;
(e) pipe size; (f) pipe length; (g) total pressure loss between reference points; (h) required pressure in psi
(bars) at each reference point.
2.1.1.8 Include a set of as-built installation drawings, drawn to scale, providing the configuration of the
detection, actuation, and control system.
2.1.1.9 Include the Operation and Maintenance Manuals for each piece of equipment or device of the water
mist system. Ensure the manuals include a complete step-by-step description of the functioning of abort
and maintenance switches, delay timers, and all interlocked components.

2.1.2 Acceptance Testing

2.1.2.1 Conduct a full flow test, where practical, to verify nozzle layout and discharge pattern. Flow tests
also are intended to determine whether obstructions would interfere with the operation of the system and
whether smaller piping and nozzles flow free and clear. Replace one of the nozzles with a pressure gauge
and observe gauge readings to verify proper discharge pressure.
2.1.2.2 Operate the maximum number of nozzles or systems (when multiple systems are installed) that are
expected to operate at the same time.
2.1.2.3 Test all operating parts of the system to verify they function properly.
2.1.2.4 Inspect, clean, and replace filters and strainers if necessary.

2.1.3 Detection and Operation

2.1.3.1 Design the system to be automatically actuated. Provide a method for manual actuation.
2.1.3.2 Automatically shut off or close interlocked devices, such as exhaust fans or doors, before operation
of the water mist system.
2.1.3.3 Install detection systems in accordance with Data Sheet 5-48, Automatic Fire Detectors.
2.1.3.4 Ensure abort switches, if used, are of the deadman type, requiring constant manual pressure.
2.1.3.5 Ensure design, operation and installation of automatic fire detection systems are compatible with
the fire suppression goals of the system.

2.1.4 Supply of Extinguishing Agent

2.1.4.1 Provide an adequate quantity of water and compressed gas (if applicable) to meet the demand
specified by the applicable FM Global data sheet. Ensure the quantity is adequate for the largest single hazard
or group of hazards protected by one system distributed through the appropriate manifolded selector valve.
If water discharge continues after the compressed gas supply has been exhausted, it is not effective for fire
suppression. If the system has been FM Approved for intermittent discharge, the quantity required is for the
actual time of discharge.
2.1.4.2 Provide agent supply dependent on whether the water mist system is used as a special protection
or primary protection system.

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a) Water mist may be used as a special protection system when it is able to extinguish all of the fire
scenarios for the hazard protected and where the installation has a limited agent supply. Double the agent
quantity needed to extinguish the worse-case fire scenario or 10 min, whichever is greater. If the ignition
source could remain (for example, hot surfaces on a combustion turbine), ensure the agent supply is
adequate for the rundown time of the turbine or 10 min, whichever is greater. Specific exceptions to these
guidelines may be made in the applicable occupancy data sheet.
b) Water mist may be used as primary protection if the system has been tested for the hazard protected
and duration of agent supply is that required for automatic sprinkler protection (see appropriate data
sheet).
2.1.4.3 Provide a reserve supply, at least equal to the minimum requirement for the in-service supply, under
any of the following conditions:
a) Provide a connected reserve when two or more hazards are protected by a single supply. A manually
actuated main/reserve switch is normally provided at the control panel for this purpose.
b) Provide a connected reserve when a special protection system is the sole protection for valuable and
important occupancies, unless all of the following criteria are met:
i) Protection can be fully restored within 24 hours,
ii) occupancies are constantly attended, and
iii) written impairment procedures have been established.
c) Provide a reserve when the extinguishing agent cannot be replaced within 24 hours following system
operation. Reserve supplies are necessary to permit prompt restoration of the system after a discharge,
to minimize interruption of the process and the interval of impaired protection.
2.1.4.4 Provide water equivalent in quality to a potable water source. Supply systems that use nozzles with
nozzle waterway dimensions less than 50 microns with demineralized water.
2.1.4.5 Provide gas supply from a dedicated source. Where facility dedicated air supply is available that meets
the requirements in quantity, quality, pressure, and reliability, it may be used as a source of atomizing media.
Monitor plant air or nitrogen used for this purpose at the fire control panel for high and low pressure. Set
the low air or nitrogen alarm at least 50% above the availability of two full system discharge requirements.
2.1.4.6 Install a check valve or other means to prevent entrance of water into the atomizing medium.
2.1.4.7 Install a backflow preventer between the system and the connection to a potable water supply.

2.1.5 Containers of Extinguishing Agent

2.1.5.1 General
2.1.5.1.1 Clean containers prior to installation, so debris and other impurities do not enter the piping system
and plug nozzles. Flush connections to municipal or private water supplies. Continue flushing for a sufficient
time to ensure thorough cleaning. Ensure the minimum rate of flow is either the hydraulically calculated water
demand or the maximum flow rate available to the system under fire conditions.
2.1.5.1.2 Design containers to meet the requirements of the U.S. Department of Transportation or Transport
Canada, if used as shipping containers. Design, fabricate, inspect, certify, and stamp containers in accordance
with Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code if not used as shipping containers.
Note: Use equivalent codes within the country of origin.
2.1.5.1.3 Provide a pressure relief device on each pressurized container.
2.1.5.1.4 Ensure containers supplying the same manifold outlet are the same size and interchangeable.
2.1.5.1.5 Securely install storage containers and accessories to prevent container movement during
discharge.
2.1.5.1.6 Provide liquid level indicators for all liquid storage containers.
2.1.5.1.7 Install containers to facilitate inspection, testing, maintenance, and recharging.

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2.1.5.1.8 Protect storage containers from weather and mechanical damage.

2.1.5.2 Low-Pressure Storage Containers

2.1.5.2.1 Fabricate, test, approve, equip, and mark low-pressure containers in accordance with recognized
international standards, such as the current specifications of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,
Section VIII, or the requirements of U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Parts
171 to 190, Sections 178.36 and 178.37, or equivalent national codes for the country of use. Ensure the design
working pressure is in accordance with the manufacturers listing.
2.1.5.2.2 Provide a high/low pressure supervisory alarm for each pressurized liquid container. Ensure the
alarm is set at the values identified in the manufacturers FM Approval.

2.1.5.3 High-Pressure Storage Containers

2.1.5.3.1. Construct, test, and label high-pressure containers in accordance with recognized international
standards, such as the U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 171 to 190,
Sections 178.36 and 178.37, specifications for DOT-3A, 3AA-1800, or higher, seamless steel cylinders.
2.1.5.3.2 Provide an automatic means to prevent leakage from the manifold in the event the system operates
while a cylinder is removed.

2.1.5.4 Heated Water Mist Systems

2.1.5.4.1 Design pressure containers for heated water mist systems in accordance with the manufacturers
FM Approval.
2.1.5.4.2 Equip each pressurized liquid container with a pressure gauge, and a high/low-pressure supervisory
alarm set at the values identified in the manufacturers FM Approval. A container pressurized only during
system activation does not require high/low-pressure supervisory alarms.

2.1.6 Piping and Tubing

2.1.6.1 Install water and atomizing media piping in accordance with ANSI B31.1 Power Piping Code, unless
the FM Approval criteria specifies differently, or unless it is for a low-pressure system. If the latter is the case,
it may be installed in accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.
2.1.6.2 Ensure system piping and tubing is rated for the maximum working pressure to which it is exposed.
2.1.6.3 Install piping so the system can be drained.
2.1.6.4 Install supports (hangers) for low-pressure systems in accordance with the design manual or in
accordance with NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.
2.1.6.5 Ensure the length of an unsupported arm over to a nozzle does not exceed 2 ft (0.6 m) for pipe, or
1 ft (0.3 m) for tubing.
2.1.6.6 Protect piping and containers subject to earthquakes in accordance with Data Sheet 2-8, Earthquake
Protection for Water-Based Fire Protection Systems.
2.1.6.7 Provide corrosion-resistant piping from the system strainer to the nozzle. Ensure the material has
corrosion resistance equivalent to drawn or seamless copper tube or stainless steel. This is to reduce the
possibility of blockage of nozzles due to corrosion.
2.1.6.8 Provide fittings with a minimum-rated working pressure equal to or greater than the maximum
operating pressure. For systems that use a pressure regulating device in the distribution piping, ensure the
fittings downstream of the device have a minimum rated working pressure equal to or greater than the
maximum anticipated pressure in the downstream piping.
2.1.6.9 Apply joint compound, tape, or thread lubricant to the male threads of the joint.
2.1.6.10 Clean each pipe or tube section internally before assembly in accordance with the manufacturers
installation manual. Ensure the piping network is free of particulate matter and oil residue before installing
the nozzles.
2.1.6.11 Install fittings in accordance with the Manufacturers Design and Installation Manual. Ensure fittings
in low-pressure water mist systems conform to NFPA 13.

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2.1.6.12 Label water and gas piping for twin fluid systems.

2.1.7 Hangers
2.1.7.1 Support pipe 1 in. (2.5 cm) and larger in diameter with hangers as specified in Data Sheet 2-0,
Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers. Ensure smaller piping is as specified in the manufacturers
Design and Installation Manual.
2.1.7.2 Do not use power-driven fasteners to attach hangers to the building structure where systems are
required to be protected against earthquake.

2.1.8 Nozzles
2.1.8.1 Install nozzles within the minimum and maximum spacing criteria identified in the system FM Approval.
This includes nozzle spacing, height limitations, distance from walls, distance below ceilings, spacing under
pitched or curved surfaces, and distance from obstructions.
2.1.8.2 Ensure maximum and minimum operating pressurers at each nozzle are within the FM Approved
range.
2.1.8.3 Locate nozzles in accordance with the FM Approvals listing and manufacturers design and installation
manual for continuous or discontinuous obstructions, when present.
2.1.8.4 Use FM Approved guards, where needed, to prevent mechanical damage to nozzles so the
effectiveness of the nozzle will not be reduced.
2.1.8.5 Use FM Approved escutcheon plates where specified by the manufacturer.
2.1.8.6 Use ordinary temperature ratings for automatic nozzles. If in unventilated areas such as attics, use
intermediate-temperature rated nozzles. If located within 10 ft (3 m) of hot surfaces, such as exhaust pipes or
steam pipes, use high-temperature rated nozzles.
2.1.8.7 Provide corrosion-resistant materials or coatings where there are corrosive atmospheres.
2.1.8.8 Provide FM Approved frangible disks, blow-off caps, or other suitable devices for discharge nozzles
where clogging by external foreign materials is likely.
2.1.8.9 Keep a supply of spare, thermally activated nozzles in stock. The number of nozzles depends on
the size of the system.

2.1.9 Valves

2.1.9.1 Control/Activation Valves

2.1.9.1.1 Use FM Approved valves.
2.1.9.1.2 Provide identification signs on control, drain, and test connection valves. Install valves so they are
accessible for operation, inspection, and maintenance. Also install valves so they are not subject to damage
that would prevent their operation.

2.1.9.2 Water Pressure Regulating Valves

2.1.9.2.1 Install pressure regulating valves in accordance with manufacturer instructions where system
pressure may exceed the maximum rated working pressure of the system or system components. Ensure
the valves open when system pressure reaches 95% of the rated pressure.
2.1.9.2.2 Provide a water flow test valve sized to produce the designed flow on the downstream side of the
pressure reducing valve.
2.1.9.2.3 Provide a sign indicating the correct static and residual discharge pressure for the pressure reducing
valve.

2.1.9.3 Compressed Pressure Regulating Valves (PRVs)

2.1.9.3.1 Install PRVs in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations.

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2.1.9.3.2 Install PRVs when the supply pressure is higher than the design operating pressure of the water
mist system. Ensure PRVs are capable of providing a stable, regulated output at the rated flow capacity and
design set point over the full range of input pressures that will be experienced during discharge.
2.1.9.3.3 Ensure pressure set point adjustments on PRVs are tamper resistant, and the adjustment indicated
by a permanent marking.

2.1.9.4 Check Valves and Backflow Preventers

2.1.9.4.1 Install FM Approved check valves in accordance with the manufacturers instructions.
2.1.9.4.2 Install a check valve between the system and the connection to a potable water supply.

2.1.10 Strainers and Filters

2.1.1.10.1 Provide FM Approved strainers and filters at all water supply connections.
2.1.1.10.2 Provide flush-out connection(s) for strainers and filters.
2.1.1.10.3 Keep a stock of spare strainers and filters to service nozzles for the largest single hazard or group
of hazards protected simultaneously.

2.1.11 Pumps
2.1.11.1 Provide FM Approved pumps sized to 120% of the required system water flow rate, at minimum
system operating pressure.
2.1.11.2 Start pumps automatically on system activation.
2.1.11.3 Provide pressure relief valves from discharge to supply side of piping for pumps capable of
over-pressurizing the system. Ensure the pressure rating does not exceed the working pressure of the piping
system.
2.1.11.4 Do not arrange pumps to take suction under lift.
2.1.11.5 Install the power supply for pump drivers in accordance with NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation
of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection; NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, and the manufacturers
instructions.
2.1.11.6 Arrange power supplies so that disconnecting power to the facility during a fire will not disconnect
power to the circuit feeding the pump.

2.1.12 Operation and Maintenance

2.1.12.1 Hydrostatic Tests

2.1.12.1.1 Filter or strain water used for testing to remove solids that would obstruct water mist nozzles.
2.1.12.1.2 Low-Pressure Systems. Hydrostatically test piping and attached appurtenances subjected to
system working pressure at 200 psi (13.8 bars) for 2 hours. If parts of the system are subjected to pressures
in excess of 150 psi (10.4 bars). Test them to 50 psi (3.5 bars) above normal working pressure.
2.1.12.1.3 Intermediate- and High-Pressure Systems. Hydrostatically test all piping and attached
appurtenances to 150% of the normal working pressure for 2 hours.
2.1.12.1.4 Hydrostatically test high-pressure cylinders before recharge if more than 5 years has elapsed
from the date of the last test. Discharge and hydrostatically test cylinders that have been in continuous service
at 12 year intervals or in accordance with the manufacturers instructions.

2.1.12.2 Inspection and Testing

2.1.12.2.1 Inspect and test all components and systems to verify they function as intended. Ensure inspection
and testing frequency is in accordance with Table 10(a) and 10(b) of NFPA 750; Standard on Water Mist
Fire Protection Systems, or the manufacturers instructions, whichever is more frequent.
2.1.12.2.2 Conduct an air pressure leakage test for dry systems. Conduct the test at 40 psi (2.8 bars) for
24 hours. Repair leakages resulting in a loss of 1.5 psi (0.1 bars) during the 24 hour period.
2.1.12.2.3 Inspect a representative sample of water mist nozzles after each system activation.

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Include 10% of the water mist nozzles in the activated zone. If contamination of filters or strainers is found
on inspection, inspect all nozzles in the activated zone.
2.1.12.2.4 Clean or replace filters and strainers after each system operation due to fire.

2.1.13 Calculations
2.1.13.1 Use the Hazen-Williams calculation method for hydraulic calculations for low-pressure systems with
no additives. The Hazen-Williams method also can be used for intermediate- and high-pressure systems
having a minimum pipe size of 34 in. (20 mm) if the maximum flow velocity does not exceed 25 ft/s (7.6 m/s).
For copper and stainless steel piping or tubing, Hazen-Williams C values of 150 may be used.
2.1.13.2 Use the Darcy-Weisbach calculation method for hydraulic calculations for intermediate- and high-
pressure, single fluid, single-phase systems that cannot be calculated using the Hazen-Williams method (see
Chapter 6, NFPA 750, Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection).
2.1.13.3 Hydraulic calculations for twin fluid systems can be conducted as follows:
1. Determine water pressure required at the most remote nozzle using nozzle specifications supplied by
the manufacturer. Determine flow rates and pressure at each nozzle location.
2. Determine water pressure and flow rates at each nozzle from information provided by the nozzle
manufacturer.
3. Calculate the pneumatic piping system independently to verify the pipe sizes are adequate to provide
the required pressure and flow at each nozzle, and that the system is sized to provide the flow rate and
pressure needed.

2.2 Nonstorage Occupancies [Light Hazard Occupancies (LHO)]

2.2.1 Introduction
Use water mist systems FM Approved for LHO to protect non-storage and non-manufacturing occupancies
designated as Hazard Category 1 (HC-1) in Data Sheet 3-26, Fire Protection Water Demand for Nonstorage
Sprinklered Properties.

2.2.2 Equipment and Processes

2.2.2.1 Limitations
2.2.2.1.1 Where systems are FM Approved for Light Hazard Occupancies (HC-1), the following limitations
apply from their FM Approvals listing:
Maximum enclosure area
Maximum ceiling height
Maximum nozzle spacing
Minimum water pressure
Maximum water pressure
Clearance from obstructions
Minimum fire-resistance rating of room walls: 30 minutes
The maximum room size limitation does not apply to corridors that can be protected by one row of nozzles.
2.2.2.1.2 Limit the maximum ceiling height to that specified by the FM Approvals Listing and listed
manufacturers design and installation manual.
2.2.2.1.3 Use water mist systems FM Approved for a Light Hazard Occupancy with an unrestricted maximum
enlosure area to protect large compartments.
2.2.2.1.4 Limit application of FM Approved systems to wet pipe systems. Do not use dry systems.

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2.2.2.2 Plans and Specifications

2.2.2.2.1 Use Data Sheet 2-0 and the manufacturers recommendations to develop plans and specifications.
2.2.3.2.2 Hydraulically calculate water mist systems used in light hazard occupancies in accordance with
Data Sheet 2-0.

2.2.2.3 Supply of Extinguishing Agent

2.2.2.3.1 Use clean and clear fresh water, free from debris and algae, for system water supply. Do not use
open bodies of water.
2.2.2.3.2 Base water supply and system demand for light hazard occupancies on the recommendations in
Data Sheet 3-26, Fire Protection Water Demand for Nonstorage Sprinklered Properties.
2.2.2.3.3 Base hydraulic design and system demand on the minimum nozzle operating pressure specified
in the FM Approvals listing for each system. Add 250 gpm (946 lpm) minimum hose demand to the system
demand. Provide a 60 minutes duration for water supply.

2.3 Local Application

2.3.1 Introduction
Local application water mist systems are typically used for ignitable liquid hazards. Water mist is considered
a special protection system. An automatic sprinkler system is normally required for building protection.

2.3.2 Construction and Location

2.3.2.1 Provide curbing or diking where a pool fire could occur to contain liquid release. Provide water mist
protection over the equipment and the curbed or diked area.

2.3.3 Equipment and Processes

2.3.3.1 Use water mist systems that are FM Approved for local application system protection. Install systems
in accordance with the manufacturers design and installation manual.
2.3.3.2 Activate the system automatically by FM Approved heat detection, and with manual pull stations near
the hazard area.

2.3.4 Limitations
2.3.4.1 Limit the system to protection of the fluid tested. If the system has been tested using a specific ignitable
liquid, limit the system to protection of ignitable liquid fire hazards with equivalent or higher flash points.
2.3.4.2 Install using nozzle type, nozzle height, spacing, and angle of discharge as specified in the
manufacturers design and installation manual identified in the FM Approvals listing.

3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 General

3.1.1 Design
No general design method is recognized for water mist protection systems. Performance objectives need
to be proven by fire test in the configuration and for the hazard and types of fire scenarios expected.
FM Approval testing for water mist systems involves the completion of a series of fire tests identified in a
fire test protocol, as well as reliability testing of the components that make up the water mist system. The test
protocol describes the fire tests needed to prove the water mist system is effective. The fire test specifies
the type of fuel in configuration(s) that would be most realistic for the hazard protected. Reliability testing
consists of testing all components of the system to verify they will function properly.

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3.1.2 Obstructions
Obstructions will affect the performance of water mist protection and vary according to the type of spray
technology and the type of application. Water mist nozzles have a wide range of projection distances, spray
velocity and spray patterns.
Spray from nozzles that impinge too close on obstructions will not fully atomize, and a portion of the water
mass will be removed from suspension. Such losses diminish the extinguishing effectiveness of total flooding
or local application systems. For combustibles where prewtting is an important factor in preventing fire
growth, obstructions to spray development prevent wetting of unburned materials and diminish the
performance of the water mist system.
Additional nozzles can be required to ensure complete water mist fire protection when obstructions and
maximum coverage distances to obstructions are not evaluated as part of the FM Approval.

3.1.3 Nonstorage Occupancies [Light Hazard Occupancies (LHO)]

Recommendations are included for water mist system protection of light hazard occupancies (LHO). Light
Hazard is an occupancy classification that has been traditionally used by the National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA) and others in the fire protection and loss prevention industry. Light hazard occupancies
are defined in Data Sheet 2-0, Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers, and typically involve
Miscellaneous, Non-Manufacturing occupancies, identified in Data Sheet 3-26, Fire Protection Water
Demand for Nonstorage Sprinklered Properties.
Water mist systems FM Approved for LHO are intended to control fires in these occupancies with less water
than standard automatic sprinkler systems.

3.1.4 Enclosure Protection

Initial testing by FM Approvals was for water mist protection of gas turbine compartments. A test series had
been completed by a European laboratory. The results indicated water mist would be most effective on high
heat release rate fires. In designing the FM Global Research Test Protocol for combustion turbine protection,
the water mist system tests were arranged to be conducted on low heat release rate fires. For enclosures, if
low heat release rate fires can be extinguished, then high heat release rate fires could easily be extinguished.
The extinguishing mechanism is a combination of inerting and flame cooling. When water mist is vaporized,
air is displaced, resulting in lower oxygen concentrations.
For this reason, much of the enclosure fire testing involving ignitable liquids conducted by FM Global is carried
out at heat release rates of 1 and 2 MW. These heat release rates are considered high enough to result
in damage to equipment and enclosures but low enough to provide worse-case test conditions for a water
mist system. If the system extinguishes a 1 to 2 MW fire it will more quickly extinguish a fire with an order of
magnitude higher (10 to 20 MW) heat release rate. It was also determined that there was a minimum size
fire that would not be extinguished. The larger the volume the larger the minimum fire size. For example, fires
with heat release rates on the order of 500 kW may not be extinguished in test enclosures larger than 9,170
ft3 (260 m3). The water mist system controls the heat release rate and the fire could be extinguished by
portable extinguishers.
It was found that the larger the fire, the less critical the tightness of the enclosure. For example, with a 2 MW
fire a door could be open and the fire would be extinguished. However, with the same size fire, if the door
and a roof panel were open the fire would not be extinguished. If a gaseous agent was used it is unlikely that
an extinguishing concentration could be achieved with a door open.
The following are general rules for water mist systems used for enclosure protection:
1. FM Approved water mist systems are pre-engineered systems for enclosure protection. The enclosure
volume, ceiling height, and ventilation are considered critical parameters.
2. There are no scaling rules for water mist systems. Do not extrapolate a protection system design from
a smaller tested compartment to a larger, untested compartment. For example, if fire testing was done on a
compartment 10,000 ft3 (283 m3) in volume, do not assume that a 20,000 ft3 (568 m3) volume compartment
could be successfully protected using twice the number of nozzles and twice the amount of agent.

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Also, do not extrapolate from a 10,000 ft3 (283 m3) compartment to a 5,000 ft3 (142 m3) compartment using
12 the number of nozzles and 12 the agent. Use the same number of nozzles and same amount of agent

as for the tested system unless the system has been tested for smaller compartments.
3. Do not make a judgement that the system will extinguish a fire based on a discharge test. A discharge
test is important to verify a system will operate properly. However, a successful discharge test does not
guarantee the system will extinguish a fire. For example, nozzles were installed at 20 ft (6.1 m) elevation
above a simulated diesel generator in the 60 ft (18.3 m) high section of the FM Global Research Campus.
The area was not enclosed. When the system was activated, the diesel generator was completely enclosed
by the water mist. When a 6 MW fire was started on the diesel generator and the system was activated it
had no apparent effect on the fire. A ceiling was constructed over the nozzles. Again there was no apparent
affect on fire intensity. When the sides were enclosed some test fires could be extinguished.
4. Do not assume that one successful fire test is proof that a water mist system will adequately protect the
hazard. Typically, several tests have to be conducted to characterize the hazard. The combustion turbine
testing includes shielded spray and pool fires and spray fires in the open.
5. Conduct tests in as realistic a manner as possible. Effects that adversely affect water mist systems are
simulated during the test. For example, if ventilation will not be shut off in a fire, the tests are conducted with
ventilation in operation.

3.1.5 Local Application Systems

Local application system test protocols have been developed for water mist system testing. The test protocols
involve extinguishment of ignitable liquid pool and spray fires. Local application systems work largely by flame
cooling. Larger fires are harder to extinguish. Inerting is not as big a contribution as for enclosure fires.

3.2 Operating Experience

Several fires have been reported in combustion turbine enclosures and machinery spaces on North Sea oil
platforms. There were two operations reported on a fiberboard press and one operation reported in a diesel
engine test cell. These operations were successful. A failure was reported at a wood-working facility in an
enclosure that contained logs and sawdust. This enclosure had been protected with a CO2 system. The CO2
system was replaced with a water mist system. A fire was detected and the system operated automatically.
Reportedly, an operator opened the enclosure too soon and the fire reignited.
The following deficiencies were noted in acceptance tests: (1) failure of the system to discharge. Improper
gaskets were used on the air cylinder, resulting in loss of air pressure. (2) Plugged nozzles. This was believed
to be due to the use of pipe dope rather than oil on threaded fittings. (3) In addition, a potential problem
was identified when residue was found inside piping following an acceptance test. The powder residue was
analyzed and determined to be zinc oxide. There is a concern that this residue could plug nozzle openings.
The residue was from the tank or the piping, both of which were galvanized steel.
The conclusions were as follows:
1. Acceptance tests, including discharge of the system or equivalent, are critical to system reliability.
2. Systems are being installed in applications for which they have not been tested.
3. A method is needed to obtain information on acceptance testing and operating experience. The NFPA
750 Committee (Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection Systems) is attempting to obtain information using
a Water Mist System Questionnaire. The questionnaire is part of the NFPA 7502000 standard. The
information requested includes acceptance test and operating experience as well as background information
on the system.

3.3 Test Data

FM Approval testing is directed at specific hazards, such as combustion turbine enclosures, machinery in
an enclosure, wet benches, light hazard occupancies, and continuous board presses. Systems that have been
FM Approved for protection of a specific hazard may be used for protection of other hazards provided the
hazards are similar. For example, a system that has been FM Approved for machinery in an enclosure can
be used to protect indoor transformers, provided the volume and height of the room is equal to or less than
that tested.

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3.3.1 Combustion Turbine Enclosures

Fire testing is conducted within 2,280 ft3 (80 m3), 9,170 ft3 (260 m3), and larger enclosures. The shielding
effect of the combustion turbine casing is simulated using a mockup of the turbine. There is no ventilation in
operation. The fire testing involves shielded and unshielded No. 2 fuel oil spray and shielded pool fires. The
spray fires are located above and below the turbine casing. The pool fire is located below the turbine casing.
Fire intensities are 1 to 2 MW (equivalent to a heptane pool fire 8.3 to 16.1 ft2 [0.77 to 1.5 m2]) in area.
Testing also is done to verify that the cooling effect of water mist would not result in unacceptable stresses
to the turbine casing. A 2 in. (5.1 cm) thick steel slab with thermocouples embedded in the steel at distances
of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 in. (1.3, 2.5, and 3.8 cm) from the surface is used. The metal slab is heated to 570F
(300C) and the water mist system is discharged. For a direct impingement system, water mist is directed
onto the steel plate from the minimum distance specified in the manufacturers literature. An FM Global-
developed computer program is then used to predict whether the casing would distort sufficiently to come
into contact with the turbine blades (blade rubbing).
Time to extinguish is determined, and distortion of the casing cannot result in blade rubbing.

3.3.2 Cleanrooms
Fire testing is conducted on a wet bench in a simulated cleanroom. One test series simulates a fire within
the sub-surface area of the wet bench. Another test series simulates a fire on the surface of the wet bench.
Fire testing conducted below the surface is conducted in an enclosure 2.5 7.5 2 ft (0.8 2.3 0.6 m)
high. Fire tests involve burning pools of polypropylene beads and ignitable liquid in pans ranging in diameter
from 4 to 12 in. (10.1 to 30.5 cm). The pan is shielded from direct impingement from the water mist nozzles
to simulate obstructions in the plenum.
Tests also are conducted on the surface of the wet bench. The surface is 2.5 ft (0.8 m) 7.5 ft (2.3 m) long.
Tests are conducted with ventilation rates of up to 140 ft3/min/linear ft (13 m3/min/linear m) of bench.
The tests require fire extinguishment within 1 minute.

3.3.3 Light Hazard Occupancies

Fire testing can be conducted in three compartment sizes as follows: (a) a small compartment 10 13
8 ft (3 4 2.4 m) high, (b) a large compartment of equal length sides, no greater than 400 ft2 (37 m2) in
area and 8 ft (2.4 m) high. With two doors at opposite ends of the compartment remaining open during the
test, (c) an open space. The open space test is conducted inside a building large enough so the results of
the test will not be influenced by the size of the building. A ceiling is arranged at least 860 ft2 (80 m2) in area
and 16.4 ft (5 m) above the floor.
The small compartment is designed to simulate a room. The room contains two bunk beds on each side.
The bunk beds have polyurethane foam mattresses 6.5 2.6 ft (2 0.8 m). The mattresses are 4 in. (100 m)
thick.
The large compartment contains a wooden crib in a steel pan and two pieces of simulated furniture. The
wooden crib is 1 1 1 ft (0.3 0.3 0.3 m) and weighs approximately 13 lbs (6 kg). The furniture consists
of two wooden frames with 3 in. (76 mm) thick polyurethane foam stapled to the frames.
The open compartment has two sofas as the fire exposure. The sofas are 6.5 2.6 ft (2 0.8 m) with 4 in.
(100 mm) thick polyurethane foam over the frames. Three tests are conducted with: (a) sofa location under
one nozzle; (b) sofa location between two nozzles and (c) sofa location between four nozzles.
Ceiling temperature must not exceed 500F (260C). Damage to the cushions must not exceed 40% by
volume in the small compartment test and 50% by volume in the large and open tests. For the large test, a
nozzle located in the doorway must not open. For the open tests, no more than 5 nozzles can open. Fires
are suppressed by the water mist system and manually extinguished after 20 minutes.

3.3.4 Continuous Wood Board Presses

Fire testing was conducted in a mock-up of areas of a continuous wood board press. These areas included
the press pockets and heat tunnel.
Press pockets are formed by frames that are the width of the press. The frames are varying distances apart.
The mockup of the press pocket simulated a pocket of the largest area determined in a field review. The

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pocket is 3.3 ft (1 m) 12 ft (3.6 m) long. The pockets are open at both ends. The frame walls are partial
height walls. It is anticipated that a pool oil fire and/or a spray oil fire could occur in this area. The fire would
expose the frame walls (steel) of the press and the platens used to heat the stainless steel belt. Pool and/or
spray fires could occur in this area involving either hydraulic fluid or thermal oil. The objective is to determine
whether the water mist system will extinguish or control temperature from pool and spray fires. Temperature
control is considered to be providing adequate cooling to prevent damage to the press frame.
1. Heat tunnel tests. The heat tunnel runs the length of the press. It contains the stainless steel belt used
to form the board. The fire exposure is oil that has dripped off the belt and collected on one side of the bottom
of the tunnel (tunnel floor is sloped). There also is a concern that rapid cooling will damage the belt. Testing
is done using a 16.4 ft (5 m) long mock-up of the tunnel with a stainless steel belt in the tunnel.
a) One test is conducted in which the belt and the enclosure are heated to normal operating temperature
and the water mist system is activated to simulate accidental activation. Belt samples are taken for
metallurgical analysis.
b) A second test is conducted with fuel oil in the trough. Fuel oil is ignited and allowed to burn until the
channel is fully involved. The water mist system is actuated. The time to extinguish the fire is determined.
Belt samples are taken for metallurgical analysis. Tests such as tensile strength, measurements of the
width and length of the belt section tested, and bendability testing are done before and after fire testing
to identify changes in belt properties.

4.0 REFERENCES

4.1 FM Global
Data Sheet 2-8, Earthquake Protection for Water-Based Fire Protection Systems
Data Sheet 2-0, Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers
Data Sheet 3-26, Fire Protection Water Demand for Nonstorage Sprinklered Properties
Data Sheet 4-0, Special Protection Systems
Data Sheet 5-48, Automatic Fire Detection

4.2 NFPA Standards

NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems.
NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems for Fire Protection.
NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection.
NFPA 70, National Electrical Code.
NFPA 750, Water Mist Fire Protection Systems.

4.3 Others
ASME, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels.
ANSI B31.1 Power Piping Code.
ANSI, National Electrical Safety Code.
U.S. Dept of Transportation, Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 171 to 190, Sections 178.36 and
178.37

APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS

FM Approved: References to FM Approved in this data sheet mean the product and services have satisfied
the criteria for FM Approval. Refer to the Approval Guide, a publication of FM Approvals, for a complete listing
of the products and services that are FM Approved.
Atomizing Media: Compressed air or other gases that produce water mist by mechanical mixing with water.
Dvf: A drop diameter such that the cumulative volume, from zero diameter to this respective diameter, is
the fraction, f, of the corresponding sum of the total distribution.
Dv50: The volume median diameter; that is 50% of the total volume of liquid is in drops of smaller diameter
and 50% in drops of larger diameter.
High Pressure System: A water mist system where the distribution system piping is exposed to pressures
of 500 psi (34.5 bar) or greater.

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Intermediate Pressure System: A water mist system where the distribution system piping is exposed to
pressures greater than 175 psi (12.1 bar) but less than 500 psi (34.5 bar).
Local application systems: A water mist system arranged to discharge on the protected hazard and within
the containment or confinement area around the hazard.
Low Pressure System: A water mist system where the distribution system piping is exposed to pressures
of 175 psi (12.1 bar) or less.
LPCD: Loss Prevention Certification Board, UK.
Machinery Space: These areas include internal combustion engines, generators, transformers, oil pumps,
oil reservoirs, fuel filters, gear boxes, drive shafts, lubrication skids, and other similar equipment using liquid
hydrocarbon fuel and/or hydraulic, heat transfer, and lubrication fluids, and enclosures with incidental luse
of ignitable liquids of not more than two 55 gal (208 L) drums arranged for dispensing with safety bungs.
Primary protection: Water mist may be considered primary protection if the system has been tested for the
hazard protected, and the duration of the agent supply is equivalent to that required for the same hazard
protected by an automatic sprinkler system.
Single Fluid System: A water mist system utilizing a single piping system to supply each nozzle. Nozzles
may be supplied with water or a mixture of gas and water.
Special protection systems: Water mist is considered a special protection system when it is able to extinguish
all of the fire scenarios for the hazard protected, and where it has a limited agent supply.
The agent supply is usually specified as the greater of (a) twice the time to extinguish the worse-case fire
scenario in an accepted fire test scenario, (b) the total time to shutdown process equipment including the time
it takes surfaces to decrease to a safe temperature, or (c) 10 minutes. Safe surface temperature may be
specified in the data sheet pertaining to protection of the occupancy. Discharge times other than 10 min may
also be allowed in the data sheet pertaining to protection of the occupancy. Special protection systems such
as CO2, dry chemical, or clean agent may also be suitable for protection of the hazard. Occupancies suitable
for protection by special protection systems are described in FM Global data sheets.
SSL: Scientific Services Laboratory, Melbourne, Australia.
Total Flooding System: A system designed to protect all the hazards in an enclosure.
Twin Fluid System: A water mist system in which water and atomizing media are supplied to the water mist
nozzle using separate piping systems.
VdS: Verband der Sachversicher, Cologne, Germany.
Water Mist: A water spray for which the Dv 0.99, for the flow weighted cumulative volumetric distribution of
water droplets, is less than 1,000 microns at the minimum design operating pressure of the water mist nozzle.
Water Mist Nozzle: A special purpose device containing one or more orifices designed to produce and deliver
an atomized water spray meeting the definition of water mist or meeting the specific requirements of an
FM Approved water mist fire test protocol. Nozzles can be designed to operate independently of other nozzles,
as a group of nozzles, or a combination of the two.
Zoned Application System: A system designed to protect hazards in a predetermined portion of an enclosure.

APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY

July 2013. Deleted preaction water mist systems to provide consistency with equipment that is FM Approved.
January 2013. Minor editorial changed were made for this revision.
July 2011. Minor editorial changed were made for this revision.
April 2011. Moved occupancy related recommendations to occupancy-specific data sheet.
September 2010. Replaced all references to Data Sheet 2-8N, Installation of Sprinkler Systems (NFPA),
with references to Data Sheet 2-0, Installation Guidelines for Automatic Sprinklers.

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September 2006. Minor editorial changes were made for this revision.January 2006. Clarified
recommendations for when a reserve supply of agent is needed, and added three new definitions to Appendix
A. Also, the water demand for light hazard occupancies is now based on area rather than number of
sprinklers.
January 2005. Minor editorial changes were made for this revision.
September 2004. Section 2.2.1 was modified to allow the use of light hazard water mist systems FM Approved
for open area protection.
January 2004. Minor editorial changes were made for this revision.
September 2003. Minor editorial changes were made for this revision.
January 2003. Minor editorial changes were made for this revision.
September 2002. Minor editorial changes were made for this revision.
September 2001. The following changes were made for this revision:
1. Loss experience was added.
2. Fire test descriptions were included for FM Approved water mist systems.
3. General criteria for water mist system installation was provided.

APPENDIX C ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

C.1 Electrical Clearances

Locate system components minimum distances from energized electrical components as shown in Table
A.4.2.1.1 in NFPA 750, Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection, 2010 Edition.

C.2 Material of Construction

Ensure piping and nozzle construction are of corrosion-resistant material, such as stainless steel, brass, or
copper. Where these materials are not suitable, such as for wet bench protection in cleanrooms, plastics
have been FM Approved for this application. Materials that will corrode under the environmental conditions
are not suitable because nozzle diameters are small and, even if filters are provided, cannot be expected
to remain operational.

C.2.1 Galvanized Steel

C.2.1.1 General
Galvanized steel was examined as a material of construction for piping used in water mist systems. Some
of the earlier systems were FM Approved with galvanized piping. In hot dip galvanizing, a zinc coating is
applied to iron or steel by immersing the material in a bath consisting primarily of molten zinc. A layer of
zinc is formed on the pipe. As long as the coating is continuous and unbroken it will corrode like solid zinc.
The fresh zinc surface initially corrodes rapidly until it is covered with a protective film of corrosion products.
The corrosion then continues at a reduced rate. When there is a break in the coating, the corrosion rate of
galvanized steel pipe is similar to carbon steel pipe.

C.2.1.2 Metallurgical Analysis

Fourteen metallurgical reports of failed galvanized piping were analyzed. The piping was largely from dry
pipe sprinkler systems. The analysis indicated the following: (a) deteriorated pipes are mostly thin wall
(Schedule 10) pipes of varying internal diameters; however, there were at least two incidents involving
schedule 40 galvanized pipe, (b) length of service of pipes when leaks start to occur range from 212 to 10
years, (c) internal tubercles found in galvanized steel pipes are predominantly chemically composed of a
mixture of iron oxide, iron hydroxide and zinc oxide. The iron oxide and iron hydroxide form largely due to
the corrosion of the steel base metal. Zinc oxide is formed as a result of the corrosion of the zinc coating. The
average tubercle dimension ranges from 0.02 to 1 in. (0.5 mm to 25 mm) in diameter with tubercle thickness
ranging between 0.02 to 0.79 in. (0.5 to 20 mm). Larger tubercles reported were approximately 1 in. (25 mm)

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thick to 2 in. (50 mm) diameter. The occurrence of 3 or more leaks in a galvanized pipe section of 12 in.
(0.3 m) is not uncommon. In one case there were as many as 10 leaks in a 1.5 ft (0.46 m) long pipe section.
The causes of tubercle formation in dry pipe systems are (a) entrapped water, moisture, and air after testing,
and (b) microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC).
In most environments, galvanized steel has good corrosion resistance. However, zinc begins to corrode
rapidly at elevated temperatures, especially in wet or moist environments. The rate of tubercle formation of
galvanized pipe is enhanced greatly at temperatures between 120F and 200F (49C and 93C), peaking
at 160F (71C).

C.2.1.3 Field Experience

Tubercles on the order of 0.16 to 0.20 in. (4 to 5 mm) in diameter have been detected in water mist system
piping. Some nozzle openings are less than 0.04 in. (1 mm) in diameter. In several incidents, large amounts
of corrosion products formed in the piping. These deposits could plug inlet strainers or main supply strainers.

C.2.1.4 Conclusion
Galvanized steel piping is no longer recommended for water mist systems.

APPENDIX D COMPARISON WITH NFPA STANDARD 750

There is good agreement between this standard and NFPA 750, Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection
Systems. One area of disagreement has to do with agent supply.
NFPA 750: For engineered systems, agent supply should be adequate for the largest single hazard for a
30 minute duration. For pre-engineered systems, agent supply should be adequate for two complete
discharges of the system. Discharge times are defined by the FM Approval or Listing.
Data Sheet 4-2, Water Mist Systems: Protection duration is based on whether fire scenarios are extinguished
or controlled during test scenarios. If all fire scenarios are extinguished, the water supply is a multiple, usually
twice, that needed to extinguish the worst fire scenario. If one or more fire scenarios are controlled (not
extinguished) the duration of the agent supply is what would be recommended for automatic sprinkler
protection for this occupancy.

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