Ibc 20021

MASONRY 2104.4 – 2105.2.
3. Heat sources shall be used where ambient tempera- mented, and materials and mixing equipment shall be
tures are between 20¡F (Ð7¡C) and 25¡F (Ð4¡C) on shaded from direct sunlight.
both sides of the masonry under construction and
wind breaks shall be installed when wind velocity is 2104.4.2 Construction. The following requirements
in excess of 15 mph (24 km/hr). shall be met while masonry work is in progress.
4. Where ambient temperatures are below 20¡F (Ð7¡C),
an enclosure for the masonry under construction shall 2104.4.2.1. Temperature. When the ambient temper-
be provided and heat sources shall be used in main ature exceeds 100¡F (38¡C), or exceeds 90¡F (32¡C)
temperatures above 32¡F (0¡C) within the enclosure. with a wind velocity greater than 8 mph (13 km/h):
5. Where mean daily temperatures are between 32¡F 1. The temperature of mortar and grout shall be
(0¡C) and 40¡F (4¡C), completed masonry shall be maintained below 120¡F (49¡C).
protected from rain or snow by covering with a weath- 2. Mixers, mortar transport containers and mortar
er-resistant membrane for 24 hours after construction. boards shall be flushed with cool water before
6. Where mean daily temperatures are between 25¡F they come into contact with mortar ingredients
(Ð4¡C) and 32¡F (0¡C), completed masonry shall be or mortar.
completely covered with a weather-resistant mem- 3. Mortar consistency shall be maintained by
brane for 24 hours after construction. retempering with cool water.
7. Where mean daily temperatures are between 20¡F 4. Mortar shall be used within 2 hours of initial
(Ð7¡C) and 25¡F (Ð4¡C), completed masonry shall be mixing.
completely covered with insulating blankets or equal
protection for 24 hours after construction. 2104.4.2.2. Special conditions. When the ambient tem-
8. Where mean daily temperatures are below 20¡F perature exceeds 115¡F (46¡C), or exceeds 105¡F (40¡C)
(Ð7¡C), masonry temperature shall be maintained with a wind velocity greater than 8 mph (13 km/h), the
above 32¡F (0¡C) for 24 hours after construction by requirements of Section 2104.4.2.1 shall be implemented
enclosure with supplementary heat, by electric heat- and cool mixing water shall be used for mortar and grout.
ing blankets, by infrared heat lamps or by other The use of ice shall be permitted in the mixing water prior
approved methods. to use. Ice shall not be permitted in the mixing water
when added to the other mortar or grout materials.
9. Glass unit masonry shall not be laid during cold peri-
ods as defined in this section. The temperature of
2104.4.3 Protection. When the mean daily temperature
glass unit masonry shall be maintained above 40¡F
exceeds 100¡F (38¡C), or exceeds 90¡F (32¡C) with a
(4¡C) for the first 48 hours after construction.
wind velocity greater than 8 mph (13 km/h), newly con-
structed masonry shall be fog sprayed until damp at least
2104.4 Hot weather construction. The following hot-
three times a day until the masonry is three days old.
weather procedures shall be implemented when the tempera-
ture or the temperature and wind-velocity limits of this sec-
2104.5 Wetting of brick. Brick (clay or shale) at the time of
tion are exceeded.
laying shall require wetting if the unitÕs initial rate of water
absorption exceeds 30 grams per 30 square inches (19 355
2104.4.1 Preparation. The following requirements shall
mm2) per minute or 0.035 ounce per square inch (1 g/645
be met prior to conducting masonry work.
mm2), as determined by ASTM C 67.
2104.4.1.1. Temperature. When the ambient temper-
SECTION 2105
ature exceeds 100¡F (38¡C), or exceeds 90¡F (32¡C)
QUALITY ASSURANCE
with a wind velocity greater than 8 mph (13 km/h):
1. Necessary conditions and equipment shall be 2105.1 General. A quality assurance program shall be used
provided to produce mortar having a tempera- to ensure that the constructed masonry is in compliance with
ture below 120¡F (49¡C). the construction documents.
2. Sand piles shall be maintained in a damp, The quality assurance program shall comply with the
loose condition. inspection and testing requirements of Chapter 17.
2104.4.1.2. Special conditions. When the ambient 2105.2 Acceptance relative to strength requirements.
temperature exceeds 115¡F (46¡C), or 105¡F (40¡C)
with a wind velocity greater than 8 mph (13 km/h), 2105.2.1 Compliance with f 'm. Compressive strength
the requirements of Section 2104.4.1.1 shall be imple- of masonry shall be considered satisfactory if the
2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 493

2105.2.2 – 2105.2.2.2.3 MASONRY
compressive strength of each masonry wythe and grouted 1. Units conform to ASTM C 55 or ASTM C
collar joint equals or exceeds the value of f 'm. 90 and are sampled and tested in accor-
dance with ASTM C 140.
2105.2.2 Determination of compressive strength. The 2. Thickness of bed joints does not exceed
compressive strength for each wythe shall be determined 5/ inch (15.9 mm).
8
by the unit strength method or by the prism test method 3. For grouted masonry, the grout meets one of
as specified herein. the following requirements:
3.1. Grout conforms to ASTM C 476.
2105.2.2.1 Unit strength method.
3.2. Minimum grout compressive
strength equals f 'm but not less than
2105.2.2.1.1 Clay masonry. The compressive
2,000 psi (13.79 MPa). The com-
strength of masonry shall be determined based on
pressive strength of grout shall be
the strength of the units and the type of mortar
determined in accordance with
specified using Table 2105.2.2.1.1, provided: ASTM C 1019.
1. Units conform to ASTM C 62, ASTM C 216
or ASTM C 652 and are sampled and tested TABLE 2105.2.2.1.2
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE MASONRY
in accordance with ASTM C 67.
2. Thickness of bed joints does not exceed NET AREA COMPRESSIVE
5/ inch (15.9 mm). STRENGTH OF CONCRETE MASONRY
8 UNITS (psi) NET AREA
3. For grouted masonry, the grout meets one of COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH OF
the following requirements: Type M or S mortar Type N mortar MASONRY (psi)a
3.1. Grout conforms to ASTM C 476. 1,250 1,300 1,000
3.2. Minimum grout compressive 1,900 2,150 1,500
strength equals f 'm but not less than
2,800 3,050 2,000
2,000 psi (13.79 MPa). The com-
pressive strength of grout shall be 3,750 4,050 2,500
determined in accordance with 4,800 5,250 3,000
ASTM C 1019. For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 pound per square inch = 0.006895 MPa.
a. For units of less than 4 inches in height, 85 percent of the values listed.
TABLE 2105.2.2.1.1
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CLAY MASONRY
NET AREA COMPRESSIVE

2105.2.2.2 Prism test method.
STRENGTH OF CLAY MASONRY
UNITS (psi) NET AREA 2105.2.2.2.1 General. The compressive strength
COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH OF
of masonry shall be determined by the prism test
Type M or S Mortar Type N Mortar MASONRY (psi) method:
2,400 3,000 1,000 1. Where specified in the construction docu-
4,400 5,500 1,500
ments.
2. Where masonry does not meet the require-
6,400 8,000 2,000
ments for application of the unit strength
8,400 10,500 2,500 method in Section 2105.2.2.1.
10,400 13,000 3,000
12,400 Ñ 3,500 2105.2.2.2.2 Number of prisms per test. A prism
test shall consist of testing three prisms in accor-
14,400 Ñ 4,000
dance with ASTM C 1314.
For SI: 1 pound per square inch = 0.00689 MPa.
2105.2.2.2.3 Compressive strength determina-
tion. The compressive strength of masonry shall
2105.2.2.1.2 Concrete masonry. The compres- be taken as the average strength of three prisms, as
sive strength of masonry shall be determined modified in ASTM C 1314, but not more than the
based on the strength of the unit and type of mor- strength of the masonry units used in prism con-
tar specified using Table 2105.2.2.1.2, provided: struction.
494 2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

MASONRY 2105.3 – 2106.1.2.1
2105.3 Testing prisms from constructed masonry. When ing with Section 5.3 ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402 or
approved by the building official, acceptance of masonry that with Section 2109.2.1.
does not meet the requirements of Section 2105.2.2.1 or
2105.2.2.2 shall be permitted to be based on tests of prisms Shear walls having response modification factor, R, as
cut from the masonry construction in accordance with defined in Table 1616.1, of at least that of the shear wall
Sections 2105.3.1, 2105.3.2 and 2105.3.3. types required in Sections 2106.3.1 and 2106.4.2.3 are
permitted.
2105.3.1 Prism sampling and removal. A set of three
masonry prisms that are at least 28 days old shall be saw cut 2106.1.1.1 Ordinary plain masonry shear walls.
from the masonry for each 5,000 square feet (465 m2) of the Ordinary plain masonry shear walls shall comply with
wall area that is in question but not less than one set of three the requirements of Section 2.2 of ACI 530/ASCE
masonry prisms for the project. The length, width and height 5/TMS 402 or Section 2108.10.
dimensions of the prisms shall comply with the require-
ments of ASTM C 1314. Transporting, preparation and test- 2106.1.1.2 Ordinary reinforced masonry shear
ing of prisms shall be in accordance with ASTM C 1314. walls. Ordinary reinforced masonry shear walls shall
comply with the requirements of Section 2106.4.2.3.1
2105.3.2 Compressive strength calculations. The com- and shall be designed by Section 2.3 of ACI
pressive strength of prisms shall be the value calculated 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402 or Section 2108.9.
in accordance ASTM C 1314, except that the net cross-
sectional area of the prism shall be based on the net mor- 2106.1.1.3 Detailed plain masonry shear walls.
tar bedded area. Detailed plain masonry shear walls shall comply with
the requirements of Section 2106.4.2.3.1 and shall be
2105.3.3 Compliance. Compliance with the requirement designed by Section 2.2 of ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS
for the specified compressive strength of masonry, f 'm, 402 or by Section 2108.10.
shall be considered satisfied provided the modified com-
pressive strength equals or exceeds the specified f 'm. 2106.1.1.4 Intermediate reinforced masonry shear
Additional testing of specimens cut from locations in walls. Intermediate reinforced masonry shear walls
question shall be permitted. shall comply with the requirements of Section
2106.4.2.3.1 and shall be designed by Section 2.3 of
2105.4 Mortar testing. When required, mortar shall be test- ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402 or Section 2108.9. In
ed in accordance with the property specifications of ASTM C addition, the maximum spacing of vertical reinforce-
270 or evaluated in accordance with ASTM C 780. ment shall not exceed 48 inches (1219 mm).
2105.5 Grout testing. When required, grout shall be tested 2106.1.1.5 Special reinforced masonry shear walls.
in accordance with ASTM C 1019. Special reinforced masonry shear walls shall comply
with the requirements of Section 2106.5.3.1 and shall
SECTION 2106 be designed by Section 2.3 of ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS
SEISMIC DESIGN 402 or Section 2108.9.
2106.1 Seismic design requirements for masonry. Masonry 2106.1.1.6 Masonry wall frames. Masonry wall
structures and components shall comply with the require- frames shall comply with Section 2108.9.6.
ments in Section 2106.1.1, 2106.2, 2106.3, 2106.4, 2106.5
or 2106.6 depending on the structureÕs seismic design cate- 2106.1.2 Alternate seismic design requirements for
gory as defined in Section 1613.3, except that masonry struc- structures designed by the working stress design
tures designed by the working stress design method shall be method. Masonry members and structures designed by
permitted to comply with Section 2106.1.2. the working stress design provisions of Section 2107
shall be permitted to comply with the seismic design and
2106.1.1 Basic seismic-force-resisting system. construction requirements of Section 1.13 of the ACI
Buildings relying on masonry shear walls or on masonry 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402 except as modified in Sections
wall frames as part of the basic seismic-force-resisting 2106.1.2.1, 2106.1.2.2, 2106.1.2.3 and 2106.1.2.4.
system shall comply with Section 2106.1.1.1, 2106.1.1.2,
2106.1.1.3, 2106.1.1.4, 2106.1.1.5 or 2106.1.1.6. 2106.1.2.1 ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402, Section
2.1.1.2.3. Section 2.1.1.2.3 of ACI 530/ASCE
Exception: Buildings assigned to Seismic Design 5/TMS 402 shall not apply to the design of masonry
Category A are permitted to have shear walls comply- structures.

2106.1.2.2 – 2106.4.1.3 MASONRY
2106.1.2.2 ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402, Sections 2106.3.1 Masonry shear walls. Masonry shear walls
1.13.2, 1.13.3, 1.13.3.1, 1.13.4, 1.13.4.1, 1.13.5, shall comply with the requirements of ordinary plain
1.13.5.1, 1.13.6, 1.13.6.1, 1.13.7 and 1.13.7.1. masonry shear walls or ordinary reinforced masonry
Requirements for Seismic Performance Category A, shear walls.
B, C or D as described in Section 1.13 of ACI
530/ASCE 5/TMS 402, shall apply to structures in 2106.4 Seismic Design Category C. Structures assigned to
Seismic Design Category A, B, C or D, as defined in Seismic Design Category C shall conform to the require-
Section 1616, respectively. Requirements for Seismic ments for Seismic Design Category B and to the additional
Performance Category E as described in Section 1.13 requirements of this section.
of ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402 shall apply to struc-
tures in Seismic Design Category E or F as described 2106.4.1 Design of elements that are not part of the
in Section 1616. lateral-force-resisting system.
2106.1.2.3 Response modification coefficients. The 2106.4.1.1 Load-bearing frames or columns. Load-
response modification coefficients, R, of Table 1617.6 for bearing frames or columns that are not part of the lat-
special reinforced masonry shear walls shall apply, pro- eral-force-resisting system shall be analyzed as to
vided masonry is designed in accordance with Section their effect on the response of the system. Such
2.3 and Section 1.13.6 of ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402. frames or columns shall be adequate for vertical-load-
The R coefficients of Table 1617.6 for intermediate rein- carrying capacity and induced moment due to the
forced masonry shear walls shall apply for masonry design story drift.
designed in accordance with Section 2.3 and Section
1.13.5 of ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402. The R coefficients 2106.4.1.2 Masonry partition walls. Masonry parti-
of Table 1617.6 for ordinary reinforced masonry shear tion walls, masonry screen walls and other masonry
walls shall apply for masonry designed in accordance elements that are not designed to resist vertical or lat-
with Section 2.3 of ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402. The R eral loads, other than those induced by their own
coefficients of Table 1617.6 for detailed plain masonry mass, shall be isolated from the structure so that ver-
shear walls shall apply for masonry designed in accor- tical and lateral forces are not imparted to these ele-
dance with Section 2.2 and Section 1.13.5 of ACI ments. Isolation joints and connectors between these
530/ASCE 5/TMS 402. The R coefficients of Table 1616 elements and the structure shall be designed to
for ordinary plain masonry shear walls shall apply for all accommodate the design story drift.
other masonry.
2106.4.1.3 Reinforcement requirements for mason-
2106.1.2.4 Design loads for shear walls. When cal- ry elements. Masonry elements listed in Section
culating shear or diagonal tension stresses, shear walls 2106.4.1.2 shall be reinforced in either the horizontal
that resist seismic forces in Seismic Design Category or vertical direction dependent upon the location of
D, E or F shall be designed to resist 1.5 times the the lateral supporting elements in accordance with the
forces required by Chapter 16. following:
1. Horizontal joint reinforcement shall consist of
2106.2 Seismic Design Category A. Structures assigned to at least two longitudinal W1.7 wires spaced
Seismic Design Category A shall comply with the require- not more than 16 inches (406 mm) for walls
ments of Section 2109 (empirical masonry design), 2108.10 greater than 4 inches (102 mm) in width and at
(plain masonry design, strength method) or 2108.9 (rein- least one longitudinal W1.7 wire spaced not
forced masonry design, strength method), or with the more 16 inches (406 mm) for walls not
requirements of ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402, Chapter 5 exceeding 4 inches (102 mm) in width; or at
(empirical masonry design), Section 2.2 (plain masonry least one No. 4 bar spaced not more than 48
design, working stress method) or Section 2.3 (reinforced inches (1219 mm). Where two longitudinal
masonry design, working stress method). wires of joint reinforcement are used, the
space between these wires shall be the widest
2106.2.1 Anchorage of masonry walls. Masonry walls that the mortar joint will accommodate.
shall be anchored to the roof and floors that provide lateral Horizontal reinforcement shall be provided
support for the wall in accordance with Section 1616.4.3. within 16 inches (406 mm) of the top and bot-
tom of these masonry elements.
2106.3 Seismic Design Category B. Structures assigned to 2. Vertical reinforcement shall consist of at least
Seismic Design Category B shall conform to the require- one No. 4 bar spaced not more than 48 inches
ments for Seismic Design Category A. (1219 mm). Vertical reinforcement shall be

MASONRY 2106.4.2 – 2106.5.3.1
located within 16 inches (406 mm) of the ends 2106.4.2.4 Discontinuous members. Columns and
of masonry walls. pilasters supporting reactions from discontinuous stiff
members such as walls shall be provided with trans-
2106.4.2 Design of elements that are part of the verse reinforcement spaced at no more than
lateral-force-resisting system. one-fourth of the least nominal dimension of the col-
umn or pilaster. The minimum transverse reinforce-
2106.4.2.1 Connections to masonry shear walls. ment ratio shall be 0.0015. Beams supporting reac-
Connectors shall be provided to transfer forces tions from discontinuous walls or frames shall be pro-
between masonry walls and horizontal elements in vided with transverse reinforcement spaced at no
accordance with the requirements of ACI 530/ASCE more than one-half of the nominal depth of the
5/TMS 402, Section 2.1.6. Connectors shall be beam. The minimum transverse reinforcement ratio
designed to transfer horizontal design forces acting shall be 0.0015.
either perpendicular or parallel to the wall, but not
less than 200 pounds per lineal foot (2919 N/m) of 2106.5 Seismic Design Category D. Structures assigned to
wall. The maximum spacing between connectors shall Seismic Design Category D shall conform to all of the
be 4 feet (1219 mm). requirements for Seismic Design Category C and the addi-
tional requirements of this section.
2106.4.2.2 Connections to masonry columns.
Connectors shall be provided to transfer forces 2106.5.1 Design requirements. Masonry elements other
between masonry columns and horizontal elements in than those covered by Section 2106.4.1 shall be designed
accordance with the requirements of ACI 530/ASCE in accordance with the requirements of Section 2108.9
5/TMS 402, Section 2.1.6. Where anchor bolts are and Sections 2106.5.2 through 2106.5.6 or in accordance
used to connect horizontal elements to the tops of with Sections 2106.5.2 through 2106.5.6 and ACI
columns, anchor bolts shall be placed within lateral 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402, Section 2.3.
ties. Lateral ties shall enclose both the vertical bars in
the column and the anchor bolts. There shall be a min- 2106.5.2 Minimum reinforcement requirements for
imum of two No. 4 lateral ties provided in the top masonry walls. Masonry walls other than those covered
5 inches (127 mm) of the column. by Section 2106.4.1 shall be reinforced in both the verti-
cal and horizontal direction. The sum of the cross-
2106.4.2.3 Masonry shear walls. Masonry shear sectional area of horizontal and vertical reinforcement
walls shall comply with the requirements for ordinary shall be at least 0.002 times the gross cross-sectional area
reinforced masonry shear walls or intermediate rein- of the wall, and the minimum cross-sectional area in each
forced masonry shear walls. direction shall be not less than 0.0007 times the gross
cross-sectional area of the wall. Reinforcement shall
2106.4.2.3.1 Minimum reinforcement require- be uniformly distributed. The maximum spacing of
ments for masonry shear walls. Vertical rein- reinforcement shall be 48 inches (1219 mm) except for
forcement of at least 0.20 square inch (129 mm2) stack bond masonry. Wythes of stack bond masonry
in cross-sectional area shall be provided at cor- shall be constructed of fully grouted hollow open-end
ners, within 16 inches (406 mm) of each side of units, fully grouted hollow units laid with full head joints
openings, within 8 inches (203 mm) of each side or solid units. Maximum spacing of reinforcement
of movement joints, within 8 inches (203 mm) of for walls with stack bond masonry shall be
the ends of walls, and at a maximum spacing of 24 inches (610 mm).
10 feet (3048 mm).
Horizontal joint reinforcement shall consist of 2106.5.3 Masonry shear walls. Masonry shear walls
at least two wires of W1.7 spaced not more than shall comply with the requirements for special reinforced
16 inches (406 mm); or bond beam reinforcement masonry shear walls
shall be provided of at least 0.2 square inch (129 .
mm2) in cross-sectional area spaced not more than 2106.5.3.1 Shear wall reinforcement requirements.
10 feet (3048 mm). Horizontal reinforcement shall Shear walls shall be reinforced in accordance with
also be provided at the bottom and top of wall Section 2106.5.2 and the maximum spacing of
openings and shall extend not less than 24 inches vertical and horizontal reinforcement shall be the
(610 mm) nor less than 40 bar diameters past the smaller of one-third the length of the shear wall, one-
opening; continuously at structurally connected third the height of the shear wall, or 48 inches (1219
roof and floor levels; and within 16 inches (406 mm). The minimum cross-sectional area of vertical
mm) of the top of walls. reinforcement shall be one-third of the required shear

2106.5.3.2 – 2107.2.2 MASONRY
reinforcement. Shear reinforcement shall be anchored least 0.0025 times the gross cross-sectional area of
around vertical-reinforcing bars with a standard hook. masonry. The maximum spacing of horizontal reinforce-
ment shall be 16 inches (406 mm). These elements shall
2106.5.3.2 Shear wall shear strength. For a shear be solidly grouted and shall be constructed of hollow
wall whose nominal shear strength exceeds the shear open-end units or two wythes of solid units.
corresponding to development of its nominal flexural
strength, two shear regions exist. 2106.6.2.1 Masonry shear walls. Masonry shear
For all cross sections within a region defined by walls shall comply with the requirements for special
the base of the shear wall and a plane at a distance Lw reinforced masonry shear walls.
above the base of the shear wall, the nominal shear
strength shall be determined by Equation 21-1. 2106.6.2.2 Reinforced hollow unit masonry.
Reinforced hollow unit masonry shall conform to the
Vn = An rn fy (Equation 21-1) following requirement. Reinforcement shall be
secured against displacement prior to grouting at
The required shear strength for this region shall be intervals not exceeding 112 bar diameters by wire
calculated at a distance Lw/2 above the base of the positioners or other suitable devices.
shear wall, but not to exceed one-half story height.
SECTION 2107
For the other region, the nominal shear strength of WORKING STRESS DESIGN
the shear wall shall be determined from Section
2108.9.3.5.2.1. 2107.1 General. The design of masonry structures using
working stress design shall comply with Section 2106 and
2106.5.4 Minimum reinforcement for masonry the requirements of Chapters 1 and 2, except Section
columns. Lateral ties in masonry columns shall be spaced 2.1.1.1.1, of ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402. The text of ACI
not more than 8 inches (203 mm) on center and shall be 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402 shall be modified as follows.
at least 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) diameter. Lateral ties shall be
embedded in grout. 2107.2 Modifications to ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402.
2106.5.5 Material requirements. Neither Type N mortar 2107.2.1 ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402, Chapter 2.
nor masonry cement shall be used as part of the lateral- Special inspection during construction shall be provided
force-resisting system. as set forth in Section 1704.5.
2106.5.6 Lateral tie anchorage. Standard hooks for lat- 2107.2.2 ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402, Section 2.1.4.
eral tie anchorage shall be either a 135-degree (2.36 rad) Masonry columns used only to support roofs of carports,
standard hook or a 180-degree (3.14 rad) standard hook. porches, sheds or similar light structures assigned to
Seismic Design Category A, B or C are permitted to be
2106.6 Seismic Design Category E or F. Structures assigned constructed as follows:
to Seismic Design Category E or F shall conform to the 1. Concrete masonry materials shall be in accor-
requirements of Seismic Design Category D and to the addi- dance with Section 2103.1. Clay or shale masonry
tional requirements and limitations of this section. units shall be in accordance with Section 2103.2.
2. The nominal cross-sectional dimension of
2106.6.1 Design of elements that are not part of the
lateral-force-resisting system. Stack bond masonry that columns shall not be less than 8 inches (203 mm).
is not part of the lateral-force-resisting system shall have 3. Columns shall be reinforced with not less than one
a horizontal cross-sectional area of reinforcement of at No. 4 bar centered in the column.
least 0.0015 times the gross cross-sectional area of 4. Columns shall be grouted solid.
masonry. The maximum spacing of horizontal reinforce- 5. Columns shall not exceed 12 feet (3658 mm) in
ment shall be 24 inches (610 mm). These elements shall height.
be solidly grouted and shall be constructed of hollow
open-end units or two wythes of solid units. 6. Roofs shall be anchored to the columns. Such
anchorage shall be capable of resisting the design
2106.6.2 Design of elements that are part of the loads specified in Chapter 16.
lateral-force-resisting system. Stack bond masonry that 7. Where such columns are required to resist uplift
is part of the lateral-force-resisting system shall have a loads, the columns shall be anchored to their foot-
horizontal cross-sectional area of reinforcement of at ings with two No. 4 bars extending a minimum of

MASONRY 2107.2.3 – 2108.4.3
24 inches (610 mm) into the columns and bent Exception: Two-wythe solid-unit masonry is permitted
horizontally a minimum of 15 inches (381 mm) in to be used under Section 2108.9.
opposite directions into the footings. One of these
bars may be the reinforcing bar specified in Item 3 2108.2 Quality assurance provisions. Special inspection
above. The total weight of a column and its foot- during construction shall be provided as set forth in Section
ing shall not be less than 1.5 times the design 1704.5.
uplift load.
2108.3 Required strength. The required strength shall be
2107.2.3 ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 420, Section determined in accordance with the factored load combinations
2.1.8.6.1.1, lap splices. The minimum length of lap of Section 1605.2. Members subject to compressive axial load
splices for reinforcing bars in tension or compression, ld, shall be designed for the maximum moment that can accom-
shall be calculated by Equation 21-2, but shall not be less pany the axial load. The required moment, Mu , shall include
than 15 inches (380 mm). the moment induced by relative lateral displacement.
(Equation 21-2) 2108.4 Design strength. Design strength is the nominal

strength, multiplied by the strength-reduction factor, f, as spec-
ified in this section. Masonry members shall be proportioned
such that the design strength exceeds the required strength.
For SI: The design shear strength, fVn , shall exceed the shear
corresponding to the development of 1.25 times the nominal
flexural strength of the member, except that the nominal
where: shear strength need not exceed 2.5 times Vu.
db = Diameter of reinforcement, inches (mm).
fy = Specified yield stress of the reinforcement or the 2108.4.1 Beams, piers and columns.
anchor bolt, psi (MPa).
f 'm = Specified compressive strength of masonry at age 2108.4.1.1 Flexure. Flexure with or without axial
of 28 days, psi (MPa). load, the value of f shall be determined from Equation
ld = Required development length of reinforcement, 21-3.
inches (mm).
lde = Embedment length of reinforcement, inches (mm). Pu
K = The lesser of the masonry cover, clear spacing f = 0.8 - (Equation 21-3)
between adjacent reinforcement, or 5 times db, Ae f 'm
inches (mm).
f = Strength reduction factor, f = 0.8. and 0.60 ² f ² 0.80
g = 1.0 for No. 3 through No. 5 reinforcing bars.
1.4 for No. 6 and No. 7 reinforcing bars. where:
1.5 for No. 8 through No. 9 reinforcing bars. Ae = Effective area of masonry, square inches
(mm2).
2107.2.4 ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402, maximum bar f 'm = Specified compressive strength of masonry at
size. The bar diameter shall not exceed one-eighth of the age of 28 days, psi (MPa).
nominal wall thickness and shall not exceed one-quarter Pu = Factored axial strength due to factored loads,
of the least dimension of the cell, course or collar joint in pounds (N).
which it is placed.
2108.4.1.2 Shear. Shear: f = 0.80.
2107.2.5 ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402, splice for large
bars. Reinforcing bars larger than No. 9 in size shall be 2108.4.2 Wall design for out-of-plane loads.
spliced using mechanical connectors in accordance with
ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402, Section 2.1.8.6.3. 2108.4.2.1 Walls with factored axial load stress of
0.05 f 'm or less. Flexure: f = 0.80. Shear: f = 0.80.
SECTION 2108
STRENGTH DESIGN OF MASONRY 2108.4.2.2 Walls with factored axial load stress
greater than 0.05 f 'm. Axial load, axial load with
2108.1 General. The design of hollow-unit clay and concrete flexure and flexure: f = 0.80. Shear: f = 0.80.
masonry structures using strength design shall comply with
the provisions of Sections 2106 and 2108. 2108.4.3 Wall design for in-plane loads.

2108.4.3.1 – 2108.5.3 MASONRY
2108.4.3.1 Axial load and flexure. Axial load, axial 2108.4.5.1 Tension headed anchor bolts. When the
load with flexure and flexure: f = 0.65. capacity of the masonry controls: f = 0.5. When the
capacity of the anchor bolt steel controls: f = 0.9.
For walls with symmetrical reinforcement in
which fy does not exceed 60,000 psi (414 MPa), the 2108.4.5.2 Bent-bar anchor bolts. When the capaci-
value f may be increased linearly to 0.85 as the ty of the masonry controls: f = 0.5. When the capaci-
value of fPn decreases from 0.10 f 'm Ae or 0.25 Pb to ty of the anchor bolt steel controls: f = 0.9. When the
zero. capacity of the anchor pullout controls: f = 0.65.
For solid grouted walls, the value of Pb may be 2108.4.5.3 Shear. When the capacity of the masonry
calculated by Equation 21-4. controls: f = 0.5. When the capacity of the anchor bolt
steel controls: f = 0.9.
Pb = 0.85 f 'm bab (Equation 21-4)
ab = 0.85d {emu / [emu + (fy / Es)]} (Equation 21-5) 2108.4.6 Reinforcement.
where:
2108.4.6.1 Development. Development: f = 0.80.
ab = Depth of equivalent rectangular stress block at
balanced strain conditions, inches (mm).
2108.4.6.2 Splices. Splices: f = 0.80.
b = Effective width of rectangular member or width
of flange for T and I sections, inches (mm). 2108.5 Deformation requirements.
Es = Modulus of elasticity of steel, psi (GPa).
emu = Maximum usable compressive strain of
2108.5.1 Story drifts. Masonry structures shall be
masonry.
designed so the design story drift, Æ, does not exceed the
fy = Specified yield stress of the reinforcement or
allowable story drift, Æa, obtained from Table 1617.3.
the anchor bolt, psi (MPa).
f 'm = Specified compressive strength of masonry at 2108.5.1.1 Cantilever shear walls. Cantilever shear
age of 28 days, psi (MPa). walls shall be proportioned such that the maximum
Pb = Nominal balanced design axial strength, displacement, dmax, at Level n does not exceed 0.01hn.
pounds (N).
2108.5.2 DeflectionÑplain masonry members.
2108.4.3.2 Shear. Shear: f = 0.80 where the design Deflection calculations for plain masonry members shall
shear strength, fVn , corresponds to the development be based on uncracked section properties.
of 1.25 times the nominal flexural strength of the
wall. For all other cases, f shall be equal to 0.60. 2108.5.3 DeflectionÑreinforced masonry. Deflection
calculations for reinforced masonry members shall be
2108.4.4 Moment-resisting wall frames. based on cracked section properties. Deflection calcula-
tions are permitted to be based on an effective moment of
2108.4.4.1 Flexure with or without axial load. The inertia in accordance with the following:
value of f shall be as determined from Equation 21-6;
however, the value of f shall not be less than 0.65 nor
greater than 0.85. (Equation 21-7)
(Equation 21-6) where:

Icr = Gross, cracked moment of inertia of wall cross
section, inches4 (mm4).
where: Ieff = Effective moment of inertia, inches4 (mm4).
An = Net cross-sectional area of masonry, square In = Moment of inertia of the net cross-sectional area
inches (mm2). of a member, inches4 (mm4).
f 'm = Specified compressive strength of masonry at Ma = Maximum moment in member due to the applied
age of 28 days, psi (MPa). loading for which deflection is computed, inch-
Pu = Factored axial strength due to factored loads, pounds (N-mm).
pounds (N). Mcr = Nominal cracking moment strength in masonry,
inch-pounds (N-mm).
2108.4.4.2 Shear. Shear: f = 0.80.
For determining drift, the calculated deflection shall
2108.4.5 Anchor bolts. be multiplied by Cd as indicated in Table 1617.6.

MASONRY 2108.6 – 2108.6.2
2108.6 Headed and bent-bar anchor bolts. Embedded bolts bolt shall be reduced by one-half of the overlapping
shall be grouted in place with at least 1 inch (25 mm) of grout area. The portion of the projected area falling in an
between the bolt and the masonry, except that 1/4 inch (6.4 open cell, head joint, core or outside of the wall shall
mm) bolts are permitted be placed in bed joints which are at be deducted from the value of Apt calculated using
least 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) in thickness. Equation 21-10.
The factored loads on embedded anchor bolts and headed
studs shall not exceed the design strengths determined in this 2108.6.1.2 Effective embedment length of headed
section. When anchors are embedded in a cracked tension anchor bolts. The effective embedment length of a
zone of a member under gravity loads, the anchor strengths headed anchor bolt, lb, shall be the length of the
as governed by masonry breakout for all anchor bolts, and as embedment measured perpendicular from the surface
governed by tensile pullout of bent-bar anchor bolts, shall be of the masonry to head of the anchor bolt.
multiplied by 0.7.
2108.6.1.2.1 Minimum effective embedment
2108.6.1 Axial strength of headed anchor bolts. The length of headed anchor bolts. The minimum
design axial strength, Ba for headed anchor bolts embedded effective embedment length of headed anchor
in masonry shall be the lesser of the value given by bolts resisting axial forces shall be 4 bolt diame-
(strength governed by masonry breakout) or Equation 21-8 ters or 2 inches (51 mm), whichever is greater.
(strength governed by steel).
2108.6.2 Axial strength of bent-bar anchor bolts. The
(Equation 21-8) design axial strength Ba , for bent-bar anchor bolts (J- or
L-bolts) embedded in masonry shall be the least of
Equation 21-11 (strength governed by masonry break-
out), Equation 21-12 (strength governed by steel), and
Equation 21-13 (strength governed by anchor pullout):
(Equation 21-9)
(Equation 21-11)
where:
Ab = Cross-sectional area of anchor bolt, square inches
(mm2).
Apt = Projected area of masonry surface of a right circu-
lar cone for calculating tensile breakout capacity
of anchor bolts, square inches (mm2). Ba = fAb fy (Equation 21-12)
Ba = Design axial strength of an anchor bolt, pounds (N).
fy = Specified yield stress of the reinforcement or the Ba = f(1.5 f 'medb + 300¹(lb + e + db)db (Equation 21-13)
anchor bolt, psi (MPa).
f 'm = Specified compressive strength of masonry at age The second term in Equation 21-13 shall be included
of 28 days, psi (MPa). only if continuous special inspection is provided during
f = Strength reduction factor; f = 0.5 for Equation 21-8 placement.
and f = 0.9 for Equation 21-9.
where:
2108.6.1.1 Projected area of masonry. The area Apt Ab = Cross-sectional area of anchor bolt, square inches
in Equation 21-8 shall be given by Equation 21-10. (mm2).
Apt = Projected area of masonry surface of a right circu-
Apt = ¹ lb2 (Equation 21-10) lar cone for calculating tensile breakout capacity
of anchor bolts, square inches (mm2).
where: Ba = Design axial strength of an anchor bolt, pounds (N).
Apt = Projected area of masonry surface of a right db = Diameter of reinforcement, inch (mm).
circular cone for calculating tensile breakout e = Eccentricity of Puf , inch (mm).
capacity of anchor bolts, square inches (mm2). fy = Specified yield stress of the reinforcement or the
lb = Effective embedment depth of anchor bolt, anchor bolt, psi (MPa).
inches (mm). f 'm = Specified compressive strength of masonry at age
of 28 days, psi (MPa).
Where the projected areas Apt of adjacent headed lb = Effective embedment length of bent-bar anchor
anchor bolts overlap, the projected area Apt of each bolt, inch (mm).

2108.6.2.1 – 2108.6.4 MASONRY
f = Strength reduction factor. Apv = Projected area of masonry surface of one-half

f = 0.5 for Equation 21-11. right circular cone for calculating shear breakout
f = 0.9 for Equation 21-12. capacity of anchor bolts, square inches (mm2).
f = 0.65 for Equation 21-13. Bv = Design shear strength of an anchor bolt, pounds
(N).
2108.6.2.1 Projected area of masonry. The area Apt fy = Specified yield stress of the reinforcement or the
in Equation 21-8 shall be given by Equation 21-14. anchor bolt, psi (MPa).
f 'm = Specified compressive strength of masonry at age
Apt = plb2 (Equation 21.14) of 28 days, psi (MPa).
f = Strength reduction factor; f = 0.5 for Equation
where: 21-15; f = 0.9 for Equation 21-16.
Apt = Projected area of masonry surface of a right
circular cone for calculating tensile breakout Where the anchor bolt edge distance, lbe, is less than
capacity of anchor bolts, square inches (mm2). 12 bolt diameters, the value of Bv in Equation 21-15 shall
lb = Effective embedment depth of anchor bolt, be reduced by linear interpolation to zero at an lbe dis-
inches (mm). tance of 1 inch (25 mm).
Where the projected areas, Apt , of adjacent bent- 2108.6.3.1 Projected area of masonry. The area Apv
bar anchor bolts overlap, the projected area, Apt, of shall be given by Equation 21-17.
each bolt shall be reduced by one-half of the overlap-
ping area. That portion of the projected area falling in Apv = plbe2/2 (Equation 21-17)
an open cell, head joint, core or outside of the wall
shall be deducted from the value of Apt calculated where:
using Equation 21-14. Apv = Projected area of masonry surface of one-half
right circular cone for calculating shear break-
2108.6.2.2 Effective embedment length of bent-bar out capacity of anchor bolts, square inches
anchor bolts. The effective embedment of a bent-bar (mm2).
anchor bolt, lb , shall be the length of embedment mea- lbe = Anchor bolt edge distance, the least distance
sured perpendicular from the surface of the masonry measured from edge of masonry to surface of
to the bearing surface of the bent end, minus 1 anchor anchor bolt, inches (mm).
bolt diameter.
Where the projected areas Apv of adjacent anchor
2108.6.2.2.1 Minimum effective embedment bolts overlap, the projected area Apv of each bolt shall
length of bent-bar anchor bolts. The minimum be reduced by one-half of the overlapping area. The
effective embedment length of bent-bar anchor portion of the projected area falling in an open cell,
bolts resisting axial forces shall be 4 bolt diame- head joint, core or outside of the wall shall be deduct-
ters or 2 inches (51 mm), whichever is greater. ed from the value Apv calculated using Equation 21-17.
2108.6.3 Shear strength of headed and bent-bar 2108.6.3.2 Minimum effective embedment length.
anchor bolts. Where the anchor bolt edge distance, lbe, The minimum effective embedment length of headed or
equals or exceeds 12 bolt diameters, the design shear bent-bar anchor bolts resisting shear forces shall be 4
strength, (By), shall be the lesser of the values given by bolt diameters or 2 inches (51 mm), whichever is greater.
Equation 21-15 (strength governed by masonry), or
Equation 21-16 (strength governed by steel). 2108.6.4 Combined axial and shear strength of anchor
bolts. Anchor bolts subjected to combined shear and ten-
(Equation 21-15) sion shall be designed to satisfy Equation 21-18.
ba bv
__ + __ ² 1
Ba Bv (Equation 21-18)
(Equation 21-16)
where:
where: Ba = Design axial strength of an anchor bolt, pounds (N).
Ab = Cross-sectional area of anchor bolt, square inches Bv = Design shear strength of an anchor bolt, pounds
(mm2). (N).

MASONRY 2108.6.5 – 2108.8
ba = Factored axial force on an anchor bolt, pounds (N). For reinforced masonry, the modulus of rupture,
bv = Factored shear force on an anchor bolt, pounds fr, used in calculating service load deflections shall be
(N). as follows:
2108.6.5 Anchor bolt placement. Anchor bolts shall be 1. For two-wythe brick masonry.
placed so as to meet the edge distance, embedment depth
and spacing requirements of ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402.
(Equation 21-19)
2108.7 Properties of materials.
2108.7.1 Modulus of elasticity of steel reinforcement.

Unless otherwise determined by test, steel reinforcement
modulus of elasticity (Es) shall be taken to be 29,000,000
psi (200 GPa).
2108.7.2 Modulus of elasticity of masonry. The design 2. For partially grouted hollow unit masonry.
of clay and concrete masonry shall be based on the fol-
lowing modulus of elasticity values:
(Equation 21-20)
Em = 700 f 'm for clay masonry
Em = 900 f 'm for concrete masonry
or the chord modulus of elasticity taken between 0.05 and

0.33 of the maximum compressive strength of each prism
determined by test in accordance with the prism test
method, Article 1.4B.3 of ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602,
and ASTM E 111.
3. For fully grouted hollow unit masonry.
where:
Em = Modulus of elasticity of masonry, psi (MPa).
f 'm = Specified compressive strength of masonry at age (Equation 21-21)
of 28 days, psi (MPa).
2108.7.3 Modulus of rigidity of masonry. The modulus

of rigidity of masonry, Ev, shall be taken equal to 0.4
times the modulus of elasticity of masonry, Em.
2108.7.4 Masonry compressive strength. 2108.7.5.2 In-plane bending. The modulus of rup-
ture, fr, normal to bed joints for masonry elements
2108.7.4.1 Minimum compressive strength. Except subjected to in-plane forces shall be taken as 250 psi
for architectural components of masonry, the speci- (1724 kPa). For grouted stack bond masonry, tension
fied compressive strength of masonry, f 'm , shall equal normal to the bed joints for in-plane bending shall be
or exceed 1,500 psi (10.34 MPa). assumed to be resisted only by the continuous grout
core section.
2108.7.4.2 Maximum compressive strength. The
value of f 'm used to determine nominal strength val- 2108.7.6 Reinforcement strength. Masonry design shall
ues in this chapter shall not exceed 4,000 psi (27.58 be based on a reinforcement strength equal to the speci-
MPa) for concrete masonry and shall not exceed fied yield strength of reinforcement, fy, that shall not
6,000 psi (41.37 MPa) for clay masonry. exceed 60,000 psi (414 MPa).
2108.7.5 Modulus of rupture. 2108.8 Section properties. Member strength shall be com-
puted using section properties based on the minimum net
2108.7.5.1 Out-of-plane bending. The modulus of bedded and grouted cores cross-sectional area of the member
rupture, fr , for plain masonry elements subjected to out- under consideration. Section properties shall be based on
of-plane bending shall be taken from Table 2108.7.5. specified dimensions.

TABLE 2108.7.5 – 2108.9.2.1 MASONRY
TABLE 2108.7.5
MODULUS OF RUPTURE FOR OUT-OF-PLANE BENDING (fr)a
MORTAR TYPES (psi)

Portland cement/lime or mortar Masonry cement and air-entrained
cement portland cement/lime
MASONRY TYPE M or S N M or S N
Normal to bed joints in running or stack bond:

Solid units 80 60 48 30
Hollow unitsa
Ungrouted 50 38 30 18
Fully grouted 136 116 82 58
Parallel to bed joints in running bond:
Solid units 160 120 96 60
Hollow units
Ungrouted and partially grouted 100 76 60 38
Fully grouted 160 120 96 60
In stack bond 0 0 0 0
a. For partially grouted masonry, modulus of rupture values shall be determined on the basis of linear interpolation between hollow units that are fully
grouted and hollow units that are ungrouted based on amount (percentage) of grouting.
2108.9 Reinforced masonry. The requirements of this sec- than that corresponding to fy, stress in reinforce-
tion are in addition to the requirements of Section 2106 and ment shall be considered independent of strain and
Sections 2108.1 through 2108.8, and govern masonry in equal to fy.
which reinforcement is used to resist forces. 7. Tensile strength of masonry walls shall be neglect-
ed in flexural calculations of strength, except
2108.9.1 Design assumptions. The following assump- when computing requirements for deflection.
tions apply:
8. Relationship between masonry compressive stress
1. Masonry carries no tensile stress greater than the and masonry strain may be assumed to be rectan-
modulus of rupture. gular.
2. Reinforcement is completely surrounded by and 9. Masonry stress of 0.85 f 'm shall be assumed uni-
bonded to masonry material so that they work formly distributed over an equivalent compression
together as a homogeneous material. zone bounded by edges of the cross section and a
3. Nominal strength of singly reinforced masonry straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at a
wall cross sections for combined flexure and axial distance a = 0.85c from the fiber of maximum
load shall be based on applicable conditions of compressive strain. Distance c from fiber of max-
equilibrium and compatibility of strains. Strain in imum strain to the neutral axis shall be measured
reinforcement and masonry walls shall be in a direction perpendicular to that axis.
assumed to be directly proportional to the distance
from the neutral axis. 2108.9.2 Reinforcement requirements and details.
4. The maximum usable strain, emu, at the extreme
masonry compression fiber shall be assumed to be 2108.9.2.1 Reinforcing bar size. Reinforcing bars
0.0035 inch/inch (mm/mm) for clay masonry and used in masonry shall not be larger than a No. 11 bar.
0.0025 inch/inch (mm/mm) for concrete masonry. The bar diameter shall not exceed one-eighth of the
nominal wall thickness and shall not exceed one-
5. Strain in reinforcement and masonry shall be fourth of the least dimension of the cell, course or col-
assumed to be directly proportional to the distance lar joint in which it is placed. The area of reinforcing
from the neutral axis. bars placed in a cell, or in a course, of hollow unit
6. Stress in reinforcement below specified yield construction shall not exceed 4 percent, except where
strength fy for grade of reinforcement used shall be splices occur, of the cell area. No more than two bars
taken as Es times steel strain. For strains greater shall be placed in a cell of a wall or a wall frame.

MASONRY 2108.9.2.2 – 2108.9.2.10
2108.9.2.2 Joint reinforcement. Longitudinal and ldh = 13db (Equation 21-22)

cross wire of joint reinforcement shall be a minimum
W1.1, and shall not exceed one-half the joint thickness. where:
Joint reinforcement shall not be used to satisfy the db = Diameter of reinforcement, inches (mm).
minimum shear reinforcing area requirements in ldh = Equivalent development length for a stan-
members in Seismic Design Categories D, E and F. dard hook, inches (mm).
2108.9.2.3 Clear distance between parallel bars. 2108.9.2.9 Minimum bend diameter for reinforc-
The clear distance between parallel reinforcing bars ing bars. The diameter of bend measured on the
shall not be less than the nominal diameter of the bars inside of the bar, other than for stirrups and ties,
nor less than 1 inch (25.4 mm). shall not be less than values specified in Table
2108.9.2.9.
2108.9.2.4 Clear distance between vertical bars in
columns and piers. In columns and piers, the clear TABLE 2108.9.2.9
distance between vertical-reinforcing bars shall not be MINIMUM DIAMETERS OF BEND
less than one and one-half times the nominal bar
diameter, nor less than 11/2 inches (38 mm). BAR SIZE GRADE MINIMUM BEND
No. 3 thru No. 7 40 5 bar diameter

2108.9.2.5 Clear distance between spliced bars. No. 3 thru No. 8 50 or 60 6 bar diameter
The clear distance limitations between reinforcing
bars shall also apply to the clear distance between a No. 9 50 or 60 8 bar diameter
contact lap splice and adjacent splices or bars.
2108.9.2.6 Bundling of reinforcing bars. 2108.9.2.10 Development. The calculated tension or

Reinforcing bars shall not be bundled. compression reinforcement shall be developed in
accordance with the following provisions:
2108.9.2.7 Reinforcing bar cover. Reinforcing bars
shall have a minimum masonry cover not less than 1. The required embedment length of reinforce-
21/2 db nor less than the following: ment shall be determined by Equation 21-23.
1. Where the masonry face is exposed to earth or
ld = lde / f (Equation 21-23)
weather, 2 inches (51 mm) for bars larger than
No. 5 and 11/2 inches (38 mm) for No. 5 bar or
where:
smaller.
2. Where the masonry is not exposed to earth or (Equation 21-24)
weather, 11/2 inches (38 mm).
2108.9.2.8 Standard hooks. A standard hook shall be

one of the following:
1. A 180-degree (3.14 rad) turn plus an extension
of at least 4 bar diameters, but not less than 21/2
inches (63 mm) at the free end of the bar. where:
2. A 135-degree (2.56 rad) turn plus an extension db = Diameter of reinforcement, inches (mm).
of at least 6 bar diameters at the free end of the fy = Specified yield stress of the reinforce-
bar. ment or the anchor bolt, psi (MPa).
f 'm = Specified compressive strength of
3. A 90-degree (1.57 rad) turn plus an extension
masonry at age of 28 days, psi (MPa).
of at least 12 bar diameters at the free end of
ld = Required development length of rein-
the bar.
forcement, inches (mm).
4. For stirrup and tie anchorage only, either a lde = Embedment length of reinforcement,
135-degree or a 180-degree (2.56 rad or 3.14 inches (mm).
rad) turn plus an extension of at least 6 bar K = The lesser of the masonry cover, clear
diameters at the free end of the bar. spacing between adjacent reinforce-
5. The equivalent embedment length for standard ment, or 3 times db , inches (mm).
hooks in tension, ldh, shall be as follows: f = Strength reduction factor; f = 0.8.

2108.9.2.11 – 2108.9.2.13.1 MASONRY
g = 1.0 for No. 3 through No. 5 reinforc- leg shall be taken as the distance between
ing bars. 1.4 for No. 6 and No. 7 rein- the mid-depth of the member, and the start
forcing bars. 1.5 for No. 8 and No. 9 of the hook (point of tangency).
reinforcing bars. 2. For No. 5 bar and D31 wire and small,
bending around longitudinal reinforcement
2. K shall not exceed 5db. through at least 135 degrees plus an
embedment of ld /3. The ld /3 embedment
3. The embedment length shall not be less than of a stirrup leg shall be taken as the dis-
12 inches (305 mm) for reinforcing bars nor tance mid-depth of member, and the start
6 inches (152 mm) for wire. of the hook (point of tangency).
3. Between the anchored ends, each bend in
2108.9.2.11 Splices. Reinforcement splices shall
the continuous portion of a transverse U-
comply with one of the following:
stirrup shall enclose a longitudinal bar.
1. The minimum length of lap for bars shall be 15
2108.9.2.12.2. Reinforcing bars for shear
inches (380 mm) or the length determined by
strength. Except at wall intersections, the end
Equation 21-25, whichever is greater.
of a reinforcing bar needed to satisfy shear
strength requirements in accordance with
ld = lde / f (Equation 21-25)
Section 2108.9.3.5.2 shall be bent around the
edge vertical-reinforcing bar with a 180-
where:
degree hook. At wall intersections, reinforcing
ld = Required development length of reinforce-
bars needed to satisfy shear strength require-
ment, inches (mm).
ments in accordance with Section 2108.9.3.5.2
lde = Embedment length of reinforcement, inch-
shall be bent around the edge vertical bar with
es (mm).
a 90-degree (1.57 rad) standard hook, and shall
f = Strength reduction factor; f = 0.8 for
extend horizontally into the intersecting wall.
Equation 21-25.
2108.9.2.13 Maximum reinforcement percentages.
Reinforcing bars larger than No. 9 in size shall
The ratio of reinforcement, r, shall not exceed that as
be spliced using mechanical connectors in accor-
given by Method A or B below.
dance with Section 2108.9.2.11, Item 3.
Bars spliced by noncontact lap splices shall be 2108.9.2.13.1 Method A. Method A is permitted
spaced transversely a distance not greater than to be used where the story drift does not exceed
one fifth the required length of lap nor more than 0.010 hsx as given in Table 1617.3 and if the
8 inches (203 mm). extreme compressive fiber strains are less than
2. A welded splice shall have the bars butted and 0.0035 inch/inch (mm/mm) for clay masonry and
welded to develop in tension 125 percent of the 0.0025 inch/inch (mm/mm) for concrete masonry.
yield strength of the bar, fy. Welding shall con-
form to AWS D1.4. 1. When walls are subjected to in-plane
3. Mechanical splices shall have the bars connect- forces, and for columns and beams, the
ed to develop in tension or compression, as critical strain condition corresponds to a
required, at least 125 percent of the yield strain in the extreme tension reinforcement
strength of the bar, fy. equal to five times the strain associated
with the reinforcement yield stress, fy.
2108.9.2.12 Development of shear reinforcement. 2. When walls subjected to out-of-plane forces,
Shear reinforcement shall extend the depth of the the critical strain condition corresponds to a
member less cover distances. strain in the reinforcement equal to 1.3 times
the strain associated with reinforcement
2108.9.2.12.1. Anchoring of stirrups. The ends yield stress, fy.
of single leg or U-stirrups shall be anchored by
one of the following means: The strain at the extreme compression fiber
1. A standard hook plus an effective embed- shall be assumed to be 0.0035 inch/inch
ment of 0.5 times the development length, (mm/mm) for clay masonry and 0.0025
ld . The effective embedment of a stirrup inch/inch (mm/mm) for concrete masonry.

MASONRY 2108.9.2.13.2 – 2108.9.3.5.2
The calculation of the maximum reinforce- 2108.9.3.3 Required strength. Except as required by
ment ratio shall include factored gravity axial Sections 2108.9.3.5 through 2108.9.3.11, the required
loads. The stress in the tension reinforcement strength shall be determined in accordance with
shall be assumed to be 1.25 fy. Tension in the Section 2108.3.
masonry shall be neglected. The strength of
the compressive zone shall be calculated as 80 2108.9.3.4 Design strength. Design strength provid-
percent of f 'm times 80 percent of the area of ed by beam, pier or column cross sections in terms of
the compressive zone. Stress in reinforcement axial force, shear and moment shall be computed as
in the compression zone shall be based on a the nominal strength multiplied by the applicable
linear strain distribution. strength-reduction factor, f, specified in Section
2108.4.
2108.9.2.13.2 Method B. Method B is permit-
ted to be used where the story drift does not 2108.9.3.5 Nominal strength.
exceed 0.013 hsx as given in Table 1617.3.
1. Boundary members shall be provided at 2108.9.3.5.1 Nominal axial and flexural
the boundaries of shear walls when the strength. The nominal axial strength, Pn, and the
compressive strains in the wall exceed nominal flexural strength, Mn, of a cross section
0.002. The strain shall be determined shall be determined in accordance with the design
using factored forces and R equal to 1.5. assumptions of Sections 2108.9.1 and 2108.9.3.1.
2. The minimum length of the boundary The maximum nominal axial compressive
member shall be three times the thick- strength shall be determined in accordance with
ness of the wall, but shall include all Equation 21-26.
areas where the compressive strain per
Item 1 is greater than 0.002. Pn = 0.80[0.85 f 'm(An Ð As) + fyAs]
3. Lateral reinforcement shall be provided (Equation 21-26)
for the boundary elements. The lateral
reinforcement shall be a minimum of where:
No. 3 closed ties at a maximum spacing An = Net cross-sectional area of masonry, square
of 8 inches (203 mm) on center within inches (mm2).
the grouted core, or equivalent approved As = Effective cross-sectional area of reinforce-
confinement, to develop an ultimate ment, square inches (mm2).
compressive strain of at least 0.006. fy = Specified yield stress of the reinforcement
or the anchor bolt, psi (MPa).
4. The maximum longitudinal reinforce-
f 'm = Specified compressive strength of masonry
ment ratio shall not exceed 0.15 f 'm /fy.
at age of 28 days, psi (MPa).
Pn = Nominal axial strength in masonry, pounds
2108.9.3 Design of beams, piers and columns. The
(N).
requirements of this section are for the design of masonry
beams, piers and columns. For computational purposes,
the value of f 'm shall not exceed 4,000 psi (27.56 MPa). 2108.9.3.5.2 Nominal shear strength. Nominal
shear strength, Vn , shall be computed as follows:
2108.9.3.1 Design assumptions. Member design
forces shall be based on an analysis that considers the Vn = Vm + Vs (Equation 21-27)
relative stiffness of structural members. The calcula-
tion of lateral stiffness shall include the contribution For M/Vdv < 0.25:
of all beams, piers and columns.
The effects of cracking on member stiffness shall
Vn = 6An Ãf 'm (Equation 21-28)
be considered.
For M/Vdv > 1.00:
The drift ratio of piers and columns shall satisfy
the limits specified in Chapter 16. Vn = 4An Ãf 'm (Equation 21-29)
2108.9.3.2 Maximum reinforcement limits. The where:

maximum reinforcement in beams, piers and columns An = Net cross-sectional area of masonry, square
shall be determined by Section 2108.9.2.13. inches (mm2).

2108.9.3.5.2.1 – 2108.9.3.8 MASONRY
f 'm = Specified compressive strength of masonry dv = Length of member in direction of shear

at age of 28 days, psi (MPa). force, inch (mm).
Vm = Shear strength provided by masonry, fy = Specified yield stress of the reinforce-
pounds (N). ment or the anchor bolt, psi (MPa).
Vn = Nominal shear strength, pounds (N). s = Spacing of stirrups or of bent bars in
Vs = Shear strength provided by shear reinforce- direction parallel to that of main rein-
ment, pounds (N). forcement, inches (mm).
Vs = Shear strength provided by shear rein-
Value of M/Vdv between 0.25 and 1.0 is permitted forcement, pounds (N).
to be interpolated.
2108.9.3.6 Reinforcement.
2108.9.3.5.2.1 Nominal masonry shear 1. Where transverse reinforcement is required,
strength. Shear strength, Vm, provided by the the maximum spacing shall not exceed one-
masonry shall be as follows: half the depth of the member nor 48 inches
(1219 mm).
2. Flexural reinforcement shall be uniformly dis-
tributed throughout the depth of the element.
3. Flexural elements subjected to load reversals
shall be symmetrically reinforced.
(Equation 21-30) 4. The nominal moment strength at any section
along a member shall not be less than one-
where: fourth the maximum moment strength.
M/Vdv need not be taken greater than 1.0 and 5. The maximum flexural reinforcement ratio
shall be determined by Section 2108.9.2.13.
For SI:
6. Lap splices shall comply with the provisions
of Section 2108.9.2.11.
7. Welded splices and mechanical splices that
where: develop at least 125 percent of the specified
An = Net cross-sectional area of masonry, yield strength of a bar may be used for splicing
square inches (mm2). the reinforcement. Not more than two longitu-
dv = Length of member in direction of shear dinal bars shall be spliced at a section. The dis-
force, inches (mm). tance between splices of adjacent bars shall be
f 'm = Specified compressive strength of at least 30 inches (762 mm) along the longitu-
masonry at age of 28 days, psi (MPa). dinal axis.
M = Moment on a masonry section due to 8. Specified yield strength of reinforcement shall
unfactored load, inch-pound (N-mm). not exceed 60,000 psi (414 MPa). The actual
P = Axial force on a masonry section due to yield strength based on mill tests shall not
unfactored loads, pounds (N). exceed 1.3 times the specified yield strength.
V = Shear on a masonry section due to
unfactored loads, pounds (N). 2108.9.3.7 Seismic design provisions. The lateral
Vm = Shear strength provided by masonry, seismic load resistance in any line or story level shall
pounds (N). be provided by shear walls or wall frames, or a com-
bination of shear walls and wall frames. Shear walls
2108.9.3.5.2.2 Nominal shear strength pro- and wall frames shall provide at least 80 percent of the
vided by reinforcement. Nominal shear
lateral stiffness in any line or story level.
strength, Vs, provided by reinforcement shall
be as follows:
Exception: Where seismic loads are determined
based on R not greater than 2 and where joints sat-
(Equation 21-31) isfy the provisions of Section 2108.9.6.9, the piers
may be used to provide seismic load resistance.
where:
Av = Cross-sectional area of shear reinforce- 2108.9.3.8 Dimensional limits. Dimensions shall be
ment, square inches (mm2). in accordance with the following:

MASONRY 2108.9.3.9 – 2108.9.3.10.2
1. Beams. 2108.9.3.9.2 Longitudinal reinforcement. The

1.1. The nominal width of a beam shall not be variation in the longitudinal reinforcing bars shall
less than 6 inches (152 mm). not be greater than one bar size. Not more than
two bar sizes shall be used in a beam.
1.2. The clear distance between locations of
lateral bracing of the compression side of The nominal flexural strength of a beam shall
the beam shall not exceed 32 times the not be less than 1.5 times the nominal cracking
least width of the compression area. moment strength of the beam. The modulus of
rupture, fr, for this calculation shall be assumed to
1.3. The nominal depth of a beam shall not be
be 235 psi (1.62 MPa).
less than 8 inches (203 mm).
2. Piers. 2108.9.3.9.3 Transverse reinforcement.
2.1. The nominal width of a pier shall not be Transverse reinforcement shall be provided where
less than 6 inches (152 mm) and shall not Vu exceeds fVm. Required shear, Vu , shall include
exceed 16 inches (406 mm). the effects of drift. The value of Vu shall be based
2.2. The distance between lateral supports of on dx. Alternatively, the value of Vu is permitted to
a pier shall not exceed 30 times the nom- be determined from that shear which will result
inal width of the piers except as provided from developing the plastic moment strength at
for in Item 2.3. each end of the member. The plastic moment
strength shall be based on 1.25 times the specified
2.3. When the distance between lateral sup-
yield strength of the reinforcing and a f = 1.0.
ports of a pier exceeds 30 times the nom-
When transverse shear reinforcement is required,
inal width of the pier, the provisions of
the following provisions shall apply:
Section 2108.9.4 shall be used for design.
1. Shear reinforcement shall be a single bar with
2.4. The nominal length of a pier shall not be
a 180-degree (3.14 rad) hook at each end.
less than three times the nominal width of
the pier. The nominal length of a pier 2. Shear reinforcement shall be hooked
shall not be greater than six times the around the longitudinal reinforcement.
nominal width of the pier. The clear 3. The minimum transverse shear reinforce-
height of a pier shall not exceed five ment ratio shall be 0.0007.
times the nominal length of the pier. 4. The first transverse bar shall not be more
than one-fourth of the beam depth from the
Exception: The length of a pier is permitted to be end of the beam.
equal to the width of the pier where the factored
axial force at the location of maximum moment is 2108.9.3.9.4 Construction. Beams shall be solid
less than 0.05 f 'm Ag. grouted.
3. Columns. 2108.9.3.10 Piers.

3.1. The nominal width of a column shall not
be less than 12 inches (305 mm). 2108.9.3.10.1 Scope. Piers proportioned to resist
3.2. The distance between lateral supports of flexure and shear in conjunction with axial load
a column shall not exceed 30 times the shall comply with the requirements of this section.
nominal width of the column. The factored axial compression on the piers shall
3.3. The nominal length of a column shall not not exceed 0.3 Ae f 'm.
be less than 12 inches (305 mm) and not
greater than three times the nominal 2108.9.3.10.2 Longitudinal reinforcement. A
width of the column. pier subjected to in-plane stress reversals shall be
longitudinally reinforced symmetrically on both
2108.9.3.9 Beams. sides of the neutral axis of the pier.
1. One bar shall be provided in the end cells.
2108.9.3.9.1 Scope. Members designed primarily 2. The nominal flexural strength of a pier
to resist flexure shall comply with the require- shall not be less than 1.5 times the nominal
ments of this section. The factored axial com- cracking moment strength of the pier. The
pressive force on a beam shall not exceed modulus of rupture, fr, for this calculation
0.05 Ae f 'm. shall be assumed to be 235 psi (1.62 MPa).

2108.9.3.10.3 – 2108.9.4.4 MASONRY
2108.9.3.10.3 Transverse reinforcement. Trans- mum moment does not exceed 0.05 f 'm as computed
verse reinforcement shall be provided where Vu by Equation 21-32.
exceeds Vm. Required shear, Vu, shall include the
effects of drift (dx). Alternatively, the value of Vu (Equation 21-32)
is permitted to be determined from that shear
which will result from developing the plastic
moment strength at each end of the member. The where:
plastic moment strength shall be based on 1.25 Ag = Gross area of wall, square inches (mm2).
times the specified yield strength of the reinforc- f 'm = Specified compressive strength of masonry at
ing and f = 1.0. age of 28 days, psi (MPa).
Puf = Factored load from tributary floor or roof area,
2108.9.3.11 Columns.
pounds (N).
Puw = Factored weight of wall tributary to section
2108.9.3.11.1 Scope. Columns shall comply with
under consideration, pounds (N).
the requirements of this section.
2108.2.3.11.2 Longitudinal reinforcement. Walls shall have a minimum nominal thickness of

Longitudinal reinforcement shall be a minimum of 6 inches (152 mm).
four bars, one in each corner of the column. Required moment and axial force shall be deter-
1. Maximum reinforcement area shall be 0.03 mined at the midheight of the wall and shall be used
Ae. for design. The factored moment, Mu, at the midheight
of the wall shall be determined by Equation 21-33.
2. Minimum reinforcement area shall be 0.005
Ae.
Wuh2 e
Mu = + Puf + PuÆu
2108.9.3.11.3 Lateral ties. Lateral ties shall be 8 2
provided in accordance with Section 2106. (Equation 21-33)
Minimum lateral reinforcement area shall be
0.0018 Ag. where:
Pu = Pu w + Pu f (Equation 21-34)
2108.9.3.11.4 Construction. Columns shall be
solid grouted. where:
e = Eccentricity of Puf, inches (mm).
2108.9.4 Wall design for out-of-plane loads. h = Effective height of a column, pilaster or wall,
inches (mm).
2108.9.4.1 General. The requirements of this section Mu = Factored moment, inch-pounds (N-mm).
are for the design of walls for out-of-plane loads. Pu = Factored axial strength due to factored loads,
pounds (N).
2108.9.4.2 Maximum reinforcement. The maximum Pu f = Factored load from tributary floor or roof
reinforcement ratio shall be determined by Section
loads, pounds (N).
2108.9.2.13.
Pu w = Factored weight of wall tributary to section
under consideration, pounds (N).
2108.9.4.3 Moment and deflection calculations.
Æu = Deflection due to factored loads, inches (mm).
Moment and deflection calculations in Section
2108.9.4 are based on simple support conditions top
and bottom. Other support and fixity conditions, The design strength for out-of-plane wall loading
moments and deflections shall be calculated using shall be determined by Equation 21-35.
established principles of mechanics.
Mu ² f Mn (Equation 21-35)
2108.9.4.4 Walls with factored axial load stress of
0.05 f 'm or less. The procedures set forth in this where:
section, which consider the slenderness of walls by Mn = Ase fy (d Ð a/2) (Equation 21-36)
representing effects of axial forces and deflection in
calculation of moments, shall be used when the Ase = (As fy + Pu) / fy; effective area of steel
factored vertical load stress at the location of maxi- (Equation 21-37)

MASONRY 2108.9.4.5 – 2108.9.5.2
a = (Pu + As fy) / 0.85 f 'm b; depth of stress block 5Mser h2

due to factored loads Æs = for Mser ² Mcr
48Em Ig (Equation 21-40)
(Equation 21-38)
where: 5M cr h2 5(Mser Ð Mcr)h2
As = Effective cross-sectional area of reinforce- Æs = + for Mcr < Mser < Mn
48Em Ig 48 Em Icr
ment, square inches (mm2).
(Equation 21-41)
Ase = Effective area of reinforcement, square inches
(mm2).
where:
a = Depth of equivalent rectangular stress block,
Em = Modulus of elasticity of masonry, psi (MPa).
inches (mm).
h = Effective height of a column, pilaster or
b = Effective width of rectangular member or width
wall, inches (mm).
of flange for T and I sections, inches (mm).
Ig,Icr = Gross, cracked moment of inertia of wall
d = Distance from compression face of flexural
cross section, inches4 (mm4).
member to centroid of longitudinal tensile
reinforcement, inches (mm). M = Moment on a masonry section due to unfac-
fy = Specified yield stress of the reinforcement or tored load, inch-pounds (N-mm).
the anchor bolt, psi (MPa). Mcr = Nominal cracking moment strength in
f 'm = Specified compressive strength of masonry at masonry, inch-pounds (N-mm).
age of 28 days, psi (MPa). Mser = Service moment at midheight of panel,
Mn = Nominal moment strength, inch-pounds (N-mm). including PD effects, inch-pounds (N-mm).
Pu = Factored axial strength due to factored loads, Mu = Factored moment, inch-pounds (N-mm).
pounds (N). Æs = Horizontal deflection at midheight under ser-
vice load, inches (mm).
The nominal shear strength shall be determined by
Section 2108.9.3.5.2. The cracking moment strength of the wall shall be
determined from the formula:
2108.9.4.5 Walls with factored axial load stress
greater than 0.05 f 'm. The procedures set forth in Mcr = Sfr (Equation 21-42)
Section 2108.9.4.4 shall be used for the design of
masonry walls when the factored vertical load stress- where:
es at the location of maximum moment exceed fr = Modulus of rupture, psi (MPa).
0.05f 'm but are less than 0.2f 'm and the slenderness Mcr = Nominal cracking moment strength in mason-
ratio h '/t does not exceed 30. ry, inch-pounds (N-mm).
S = Uncracked section modulus, cubic inches
Design strength provided by the wall cross section
(mm3).
in terms of axial force, shear and moment shall be
computed as the nominal strength multiplied by the
The modulus of rupture, fr, shall be determined
applicable strength-reduction factor, f, specified in
from Section 2108.7.5.1, Equation 21-19, 21-20 or
Section 2108.4. Walls shall be proportioned so that
the design strength exceeds the required strength. 21-21.
The nominal shear strength shall be determined by 2108.9.5 Wall design for in-plane loads.
Section 2108.9.3.5.2.
2108.9.5.1 General. The requirements of this section
2108.9.4.6 Deflection design. The midheight deflec- are for the design of walls for in-plane loads.
tion, Æs , under service lateral and vertical loads (with-
out load factors) shall be limited by Equation 21-39. 2108.9.5.2 Reinforcement. Reinforcement shall be
in accordance with the following:
Æs = 0.007h (Equation 21-39)
1. When the shear wall failure mode is in flexure,
where: the nominal flexural strength of the shear wall
h = Effective height of a column, pilaster or wall, shall be at least 1.5 times the cracking moment
inches (mm). strength of a fully grouted wall or 3.0 times the
cracking moment strength of a partially grout-
PÆ Effects shall be included in deflection calculation. ed wall from Equation 21-42.
The midheight deflection shall be computed with 2. The amount of vertical reinforcement shall not be
Equation 21-40 or 21-41. less than one-half the horizontal reinforcement.

2108.9.5.3 – 2108.9.6.3.5 MASONRY
3. The maximum reinforcement ratio shall be 2108.9.6.2 Reinforcement.

determined by Section 2108.9.2.13.
2108.9.6.2.1 Moment strength. The nominal
2108.9.5.3 Design strength. Design strength provid- moment strength at any section along a member
ed by the shear wall cross section in terms of axial shall not be less than one-half the higher moment
force, shear and moment shall be computed as the strength provided at the two ends of the member.
nominal strength multiplied by the applicable
strength-reduction factor, f, specified in Section 2108.9.6.2.2 Lap splices. Lap splices are permitted
2108.4.3. only within the center half of the member length.
2108.9.5.4 Axial strength. The nominal axial 2108.9.6.2.3 Other splices. Welded splices and
strength of the shear wall supporting axial loads only mechanical connections may be used for splicing
shall be calculated by Equation 21-43. the reinforcement at any section, provided not
more than alternate longitudinal bars are spliced at
Po = 0.85 f 'm (Ae Ð As) + fy As (Equation 21-43) a section, and the distance between splices on
alternate bars is at least 24 inches (610 mm) along
where: the longitudinal axis.
Ae = Effective area of masonry, square inches (mm2).
As = Effective cross-sectional area of reinforce- 2108.9.6.2.4 Yield strength. Reinforcement shall
ment, square inches (mm2). have a specified yield strength of 60,000 psi (414
fy = Specified yield stress of the reinforcement or MPa). The actual yield strength shall not exceed
the anchor bolt, psi (MPa). 1.25 times the specified yield strength.
f 'm = Specified compressive strength of masonry at
age of 28 days, psi (MPa). 2108.9.6.3 Wall frame beams.
Po = Nominal axial strength without bending,
pounds (N). 2108.9.6.3.1 Compression force. Factored axial
compression force on the beam shall not exceed
Axial design strength provided by the shear wall cross 0.10 times the net cross-sectional area of the beam,
section shall satisfy Equation 21-44. An, times the specified compressive strength, f 'm.
Pu < f 0.80 Po (Equation 21-44) 2108.9.6.3.2 Reinforcement ratio. Beams inter-

connecting vertical elements of the lateral-load
where: resisting system shall be limited to a reinforce-
Po = Nominal axial strength without bending, ment ratio equal to the lesser of 0.15 f 'm /fy or that
pounds (N). determined in accordance with Section
Pu = Factored axial strength due to factored loads, 2108.9.2.13. All reinforcement in the beam and
pounds (N). adjacent to the beam in a reinforced concrete roof
or floor system shall be used to calculate the rein-
2108.9.5.5 Shear strength. Shear strength shall be forcement ratio.
determined by Section 2106.5.3.2 in Seismic Design
Category D and Section 2108.4. 2108.9.6.3.3 Minimum clear span. Clear span for
the beam shall not be less than two times its depth.
2108.9.6 Special masonry moment frames (wall
frames). 2108.9.6.3.4 Beam depth. Nominal depth of the
beam shall not be less than two units or 16 inches
2108.9.6.1 Calculations. The calculation of required (406 mm), whichever is greater. The nominal
strength of the members shall be in accordance with depth to nominal width ratio shall not exceed 6.
principles of engineering mechanics, and shall con-
sider the effects of the relative stiffness degradation of 2108.9.6.3.5 Beam width. Nominal width of the
the beams and columns. beams shall equal or exceed the following criteria:
1. Eight inches (203 mm),
2108.9.6.1.1 Yielding. Flexural yielding shall be
limited to the beams at the face of the columns and 2. Width required by Section 2108.9.3.8, Item
to the bottom of the columns at the base of the 1, and
structure. 3. 1/26 of the clear span between column faces.

MASONRY 2108.9.6.4 – 2108.9.6.8.1
2108.9.6.4 Longitudinal reinforcement for beams. 2108.9.6.6 Wall frame columns.
2108.9.6.4.1 Spacing. Longitudinal reinforcement 2108.9.6.6.1 Maximum compression force.

shall not be spaced more than 8 inches (203 mm) Factored axial compression force on the wall
on center. frame column shall not exceed 0.15 times the net
cross-sectional area of the column, An, times the
2108.9.6.4.2 Distribution. Longitudinal rein- specified compressive strength, f 'm. The compres-
forcement shall be uniformly distributed along the sive stress shall also be limited by the maximum
depth of the beam. reinforcement ratio.
2108.9.6.4.3 Flexural strength. The nominal flex- 2108.9.6.6.2 Parallel column dimension. Nominal
ural strength of a beam shall not be less than 1.5 dimension of the column parallel to the plane of the
times the nominal cracking moment strength of the wall frame shall not be less than two full units or 32
beam. The modulus of rupture, fr, for this calculation inches (813 mm), whichever is greater.
shall be assumed to be 235 psi (1.62 MPa).
2108.9.6.6.3 Height-to-depth ratio. Nominal
2108.9.6.4.4 Reinforcement for each masonry dimension of the column perpendicular to the
unit. At any section of a beam, each masonry unit plane of the wall frame shall not be less than
through the beam depth shall contain longitudinal 8 inches (203 mm) nor 1/14 of the clear height
reinforcement. between beam faces.
2108.9.6.5 Transverse reinforcement for beams. 2108.9.6.6.4 Height-to-depth ratio. The clear
height-to-depth ratio of column members shall not
2108.9.6.5.1 Minimum shear strength. The shear exceed 5.
Vu shall not be less than that which results from
development of the plastic moment strength at each 2108.9.6.7 Longitudinal reinforcement for
restrained end of the member and shall include the columns.
effects of gravity loads. The plastic moment strength
shall be calculated using 1.25 times the specified 2108.9.6.7.1 Minimum number. A minimum of
yield strength of the reinforcing and f of 1.0. four longitudinal bars shall be provided at all sec-
tions of every wall frame column member.
2108.9.6.5.2 Hooks. Transverse reinforcement
shall be hooked around top and bottom longitudi- 2108.9.6.7.2 Distribution. The flexural reinforce-
nal bars and shall be terminated with a standard ment shall be uniformly distributed across the
180-degree (3.14 rad) hook. member depth.
2108.9.6.5.3 End region spacing. Within an end 2108.9.6.7.3 Moment strength. The nominal
region extending one beam depth from wall frame moment strength at any section along a member
column faces and at any region at which beam shall not be less than 1.5 times the cracking
plastic hinges may form during seismic or wind moment strength.
loading, maximum spacing of transverse rein-
forcement shall not exceed one-fourth the nominal 2108.9.6.7.4 Reinforcement ratio. Vertical rein-
depth of the beam. forcement in wall-frame columns shall be limited
to a maximum reinforcement ratio equal to the
2108.9.6.5.4 Other maximum spacing. The max- lesser of 0.15fm/fy or that determined in accordance
imum spacing of transverse reinforcement shall with Section 2108.9.2.13.
not exceed one-half the nominal depth of the beam
or that required for shear strength. 2108.9.6.8 Transverse reinforcement for columns.
2108.9.6.5.5 Reinforcement ratio. The minimum 2108.9.6.8.1 Minimum shear strength. The
transverse reinforcement ratio shall be 0.0015. shear Vu shall not be less than that which results
from development of the plastic moment strength
2108.9.6.5.6 First bar location. The first trans- at each restrained end of the member and shall
verse bar shall not be more than 4 inches (102 include the effects of gravity loads. The plastic
mm) from the face of the column. moment strength shall be calculated using 1.25

2108.9.6.8.2 – 2108.9.6.9.2 MASONRY
times the specified yield strength of the reinforc- where:

ing and f of 1.0. hb = Beam depth in the plane of the wall frame,
inches (mm).
2108.9.6.8.2 Hooks. Transverse reinforcement dbp = Diameter of the largest column (pier) lon-
shall be hooked around the extreme longitudinal gitudinal reinforcing bar passing through,
bars and shall be terminated with a standard 180- or anchored in, the wall frame beam-
degree hook. column intersection, inches (mm).
f 'g = Specified compressive strength of grout,
2108.9.6.8.3 Spacing. The spacing of transverse psi (MPa) shall not exceed 5,000 psi (34.48
reinforcement shall not exceed one-fourth the MPa).
nominal dimension of the column parallel to the
plane of the wall frame. Nominal shear strength of beam-column inter-
sections shall exceed the shear occurring when
2108.9.6.8.4 Reinforcement ratio. Minimum wall frame beams develop their nominal flexural
transverse reinforcement ratio shall be 0.0015. strength.
2108.9.6.9 Wall frame beam-column intersection. 2108.9.6.9.2 Reinforcement details. Beam longi-
tudinal reinforcement terminating in a wall frame
2108.9.6.9.1 Beam depth. Beam-column inter- column shall be extended to the far face of the col-
section dimensions in masonry wall frames shall umn and shall be anchored by a standard hook
be proportioned such that the wall frame column bent back into the wall frame column.
depth in the plane of the frame satisfies Equation
21-45. Special horizontal shear reinforcement cross-
ing a potential diagonal beam column shear crack
(Equation 21-45) shall be provided such that:
0.5Vn
As ³ (Equation 21-49)
fy
(Equation 21-46) where:

As = Cross-sectional area of reinforcement,
inches (mm2).
where: Vn = Nominal shear strength, pounds (N).
hp = Pier depth in the plane of the wall frame, fy = Specified yield strength of the reinforce-
inches (mm). ment or the anchor bolt as applicable, psi
dbb = Diameter of the largest beam longitudinal (MPa).
reinforcing bar passing through, or
anchored in, the wall frame beam-column Special horizontal shear reinforcement shall be
intersection, inches (mm). anchored by a standard hook around the extreme
f 'g = Specified compressive strength of grout, wall frame column reinforcing bars.
psi (MPa), shall not exceed 5,000 psi
(34.48 MPa). Vertical shear forces can be considered to
be carried by a combination of masonry shear-
Beam depth in the plane of the frame shall sat- resisting mechanisms and truss mechanisms
isfy Equation 21-47. involving intermediate column reinforcing bars.
(Equation 21-47) The nominal horizontal shear stress at the

beam-column intersection shall not exceed the
lesser of 350 psi (2.41 MPa) or:
(Equation 21-50)
(Equation 21-48)

MASONRY 2108.10 – 2109.2.1
2108.10 Design of plain (unreinforced) masonry members. 2108.10.4.1 Nominal shear strength. Nominal
shear strength Vn shall be the lesser of the following:
2108.10.1 General. 1.
2108.10.1.1 Strength for resisting loads. Plain

(unreinforced) masonry members shall be designed and An is in mm2).
using the flexural tensile strength of masonry units, mor- 2. 120An, pounds (For SI: 0.83 An, N, where
tar and grout in resisting design loads is be permitted. An is in mm2).
3. 37An + 0.3Ny for running bond masonry
2108.10.1.2 Strength contribution from reinforce- not grouted solid, pounds (For SI: 0.26An +
ment. Stresses in reinforcement shall not be consid- 0.3Ny where An is in mm2 and Ny is in N).
ered effective in resisting design loads.
4. 37An + 0.3Ny for stack bond masonry with
open- end units and grouted solid, pounds
2108.10.1.3 Design criteria. Plain masonry members
(For SI: 0.26 An + 0.3 Ny when An is in mm2
shall be designed to remain uncracked.
and Ny is in N).
2108.10.2 Flexural strength of plain (unreinforced) 5. 60An + 0.3Ny for running bond masonry
masonry members. The following assumptions shall grouted solid, pounds (For SI: 0.4An +
apply for the determination of the flexural strength of 0.3Ny where An is in mm2 and Ny is in N).
plain masonry members: 6. 15An for stack bond other than open-end
1. Strength design of members for flexure and axial units grouted solid, pounds (For SI: 0.103An
load shall be in accordance with principles of + 0.3Ny where An is in mm2 and Ny is in N).
engineering mechanics.
2. Strain in masonry shall be directly proportional to SECTION 2109
the distance from the neutral axis. EMPIRICAL DESIGN OF MASONRY
3. Flexural tension in masonry shall be assumed 2109.1 General. Empirically designed masonry shall conform
directly proportional to strain. to this chapter or Chapters 1 and 5 of ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS
4. Flexural compressive stress in combination with 402.
axial compressive stress in masonry shall be
assumed directly proportional to strain. Maximum 2109.1.1 Limitations. Empirical masonry design shall
compressive stress shall not exceed 0.85 f 'm. not be utilized for any of the following conditions:
1. The design or construction of masonry in build-
2108.10.3 Axial load strength of plain (unreinforced) ings assigned to Seismic Design Category D, E or
masonry members. Design axial load strength shall be in F as specified in Section 1616, and the design of
accordance with Equation 21-51 or Equation 21-52. the lateral-force-resisting system for buildings
assigned to Seismic Design Category B or C.
2. The design or construction of masonry structures
(Equation 21-51) located in areas where the 3-second gust wind speed
from Figure 1609 exceeds 110 mph (145 km/hr).
(Equation 21-52) 3. Buildings more than 35 feet (10 668 mm) in
height that have masonry wall lateral-force-resist-
where: ing systems.
An = Net cross-sectional area of masonry, square inch-
es (mm2). In buildings that exceed one or more of the above
f 'm = Specified compressive strength of masonry at age limitations, masonry shall be designed in accordance
of 28 days, psi (MPa). with the engineered design provisions of Section 2107
h = Effective height of a column, pilaster or wall, or Section 2108.
inches (mm).
Pn = Nominal axial strength in masonry, pounds (N). 2109.2 Lateral stability.
r = Radius of gyration, inches (mm).
2109.2.1 Shear walls. Where the structure depends upon
2108.10.4 Shear strength of plain (unreinforced) masonry walls for lateral stability, shear walls shall be pro-
masonry members. vided parallel to the direction of the lateral forces resisted.

2109.2.1.1 – 2109.4.2 MASONRY
2109.2.1.1 Shear wall thickness. Minimum nominal TABLE 2109.2.3.1

thickness of masonry shear walls shall be 8 inches ALLOWABLE STRESS GROSS CROSS-SECTIONAL
AREA FOR DRY-STACKED, SURFACE-BONDED
(203 mm). CONCRETE MASONRY WALLS
Exception: Shear walls of one-story buildings are MAXIMUM

DESCRIPTION ALLOWABLE STRESS (psi)
permitted to be a minimum nominal thickness of
6 inches (152 mm). Compression standard block 45
Shear 10
2109.2.1.2 Cumulative length of shear walls. In
Flexural tension
each direction in which shear walls are required for
vertical span 18
lateral stability, the minimum cumulative length of
horizontal span 30
shear walls provided shall be 0.4 times the long
dimension of the building. Cumulative length of shear For SI: 1 pound per square inch = 0.006895 MPa.
walls shall not include openings.
2109.3 Compressive stress requirements.
2109.2.1.3 Maximum diaphragm ratio. Masonry
shear walls shall be provided so that the span to width 2109.3.1 Vertical dead plus live loads. Compressive
or depth ratio of floor or roof diaphragms does not stresses in masonry due to vertical dead plus live loads,
exceed that indicated in Table 2109.2.1.3. excluding wind or seismic loads, shall be determined in
accordance with Section 2109.3.2.1. Dead and live loads
TABLE 2109.2.1.3 shall be in accordance with Chapter 16, with live load
MAXIMUM SPAN TO WIDTH (DEPTH) RATIO
OF FLOOR AND ROOF DIAPHRAGMS
reductions as permitted in Section 1607.9.
MAXIMUM SPAN TO 2109.3.2 Maximum values. The compressive stresses in

WIDTH (DEPTH) masonry shall not exceed the values given in Table
FLOOR OR ROOF RATIO OF
DIAPHRAGMS CONSTRUCTION DIAPHRAGM 2109.3.2. Stress shall be calculated based on actual rather
than nominal dimensions.
Cast-in-place concrete 5:1
Precast concrete 4:1 2109.3.2.1 Calculated compressive stresses.
Metal deck with concrete fill 3:1 Calculated compressive stresses for single wythe
walls and for multiwythe composite masonry walls
Metal deck with no fill 2:1
shall be determined by dividing the design load by the
Wood diaphragm 2:1 gross cross-sectional area of the member. The area of
openings, chases or recesses in walls shall not be
2109.2.2 Roofs. The roof construction shall be designed included in the gross cross-sectional area of the wall.
so as not to impart out-of-plane lateral thrust to the walls
under roof gravity load. 2109.3.2.2 Multiwythe walls. The allowable stress
shall be as given in Table 2109.3.2 for the weakest
2109.2.3 Surface-bonded walls. Dry-stacked, surface- combination of the units used in each wythe.
bonded concrete masonry walls shall comply with the
requirements of this code for masonry wall construction, 2109.4 Lateral support.
except where otherwise noted in this section.
2109.4.1 General. Masonry walls shall be laterally sup-
2109.2.3.1 Strength. Dry-stacked, surface-bonded ported in either the horizontal or the vertical direction at
concrete masonry walls shall be of adequate strength intervals not exceeding those given in Table 2109.4.1.
and proportions to support all superimposed loads
without exceeding the allowable stresses listed in 2109.4.2 Thickness. Except for cavity walls and can-
Table 2109.2.3.1. Allowable stresses not specified in tilever walls, the thickness of a wall shall be its nominal
Table 2109.2.3.1 shall comply with the requirements thickness measured perpendicular to the face of the wall.
of the ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402. For cavity walls, the thickness shall be determined as the
sum of the nominal thicknesses of the individual wythes.
2109.2.3.2 Construction. Construction of dry-stacked, For cantilever walls, except for parapets, the ratio of
surface-bonded masonry walls, including stacking and height to nominal thickness shall not exceed 6 for solid
leveling of units. Mixing and application of mortar, and masonry or 4 for hollow masonry. For parapets, see
curing and protection shall comply with ASTM C 946. Section 2109.5.5.

MASONRY TABLE 2109.3.2
TABLE 2109.3.2
ALLOWABLE COMPRESSIVE STRESSES FOR EMPIRICAL DESIGN OF MASONRY
ALLOWABLE COMPRESSIVE
STRESSESa GROSS CROSS-SECTIONAL
CONSTRUCTION; COMPRESSIVE AREA (psi)
STRENGTH OF UNIT, Type M or S Type N
GROSS AREA (psi) mortar mortar
Solid masonry of brick and other solid units of

clay or shale; sand-lime or concrete brick:
8,000 or greater 350 300
4,500 225 200
2,500 160 140
1,500 115 100
Grouted masonry, of clay or shale; sand-lime or concrete:
4,500 or greater 225 200
2,500 160 140
1,500 115 100
Solid masonry of solid concrete masonry units:
3,000 or greater 225 200
2,000 160 140
1,200 115 100
Masonry of hollow load-bearing units:
2,000 or greater 140 120
1,500 115 100
1,000 75 70
700 60 55
Hollow walls (noncomposite masonry bonded)b
Solid units:
2,500 or greater 160 140
1,500 115 100
Hollow units 75 70
Stone ashlar masonry:
Granite 720 640
Limestone or marble 450 400
Sandstone or cast stone 360 320
Rubble stone masonry
Coursed, rough or random 120 100
a. Linear interpolation for determining allowable stresses for masonry units having compressive strengths which are intermediate between those given in the
table is permitted.
b. Where floor and roof loads are carried upon one wythe, the gross cross-sectional area is that of the wythe under load; if both wythes are loaded, the gross
cross-sectional area is that of the wall minus the area of the cavity between the wythes. Walls bonded with metal ties shall be considered as noncomposite
walls unless collar joints are filled with mortar or grout.

TABLE 2109.4.1 – 2109.6.3.1 MASONRY
TABLE 2109.4.1 2109.5.6 Foundation walls. For the minimum thickness-

WALL LATERAL SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS es of masonry foundation walls, see Section 1805.5.
MAXIMUM WALL LENGTH TO
THICKNESS OR WALL 2109.6 Bond.
CONSTRUCTION HEIGHT TO THICKNESS
Bearing walls 2109.6.1 General. The facing and backing of multiple

Solid units or fully wythe masonry walls shall be bonded in accordance with
grouted 20 Section 2109.6.2, 2109.6.3 or 2109.6.4.
All others 18
2109.6.2 Bonding with masonry headers.
Nonbearing walls
Exterior 18
2109.6.2.1 Solid units. Where the facing and backing
Interior 36
(adjacent wythes) of solid masonry construction are
bonded by means of masonry headers, no less than
4 percent of the wall surface of each face shall be
2109.4.3 Lateral support. Lateral support shall be pro-
composed of headers extending not less than 3 inches
vided by cross walls, pilasters, buttresses or structural
(76 mm) into the backing. The distance between adja-
frame members when the limiting distance is taken hori-
cent full-length headers shall not exceed 24 inches
zontally, or by floors, roofs acting as diaphragms, or
(610 mm) either vertically or horizontally. In walls in
structural frame members when the limiting distance is
which a single header does not extend through the
taken vertically. wall, headers from the opposite sides shall overlap at
least 3 inches (76 mm), or headers from opposite sides
2109.5 Thickness of masonry. shall be covered with another header course overlap-
ping the header below at least 3 inches (76 mm).
2109.5.1 Thickness of walls. The nominal thickness of
masonry walls shall conform to the requirements of 2109.6.2.2 Hollow units. Where two or more hollow
Section 2109.5. units are used to make up the thickness of a wall, the
stretcher courses shall be bonded at vertical intervals
2109.5.2 Minimum thickness. The minimum thickness not exceeding 34 inches (864 mm) by lapping at least
of masonry bearing walls more than one story high shall 3 inches (76 mm) over the unit below, or by lapping
be 8 inches (203 mm). Bearing walls of one story build- at vertical intervals not exceeding 17 inches (432
ings shall not be less than 6 inches (152 mm) thick. mm) with units that are at least 50 percent greater in
thickness than the units below.
2109.5.3 Rubble stone walls. The minimum thickness of
rough or random or coursed rubble stone walls shall be 2109.6.2.3 Masonry bonded hollow walls. In
16 inches (406 mm). masonry bonded hollow walls, the facing and backing
shall be so bonded so that not less than 4 percent of
2109.5.4 Change in thickness. Where walls of masonry the wall surface of each face is composed of masonry
of hollow units or masonry bonded hollow walls are bonded units extending not less than 3 inches (76
decreased in thickness, a course or courses of solid mm) into the backing. The distance between adjacent
masonry shall be interposed between the wall below and bonders shall not exceed 24 inches (610 mm) either
the thinner wall above, or special units or construction vertically or horizontally.
shall be used to transmit the loads from face shells or
wythes above to those below. 2109.6.3 Bonding with wall ties or joint reinforcement.
2109.5.5 Parapet walls. 2109.6.3.1 Bonding with wall ties. Except as

required by Section 2109.6.3.1.1, where the facing
2109.5.5.1 Minimum thickness. Unreinforced para- and backing (adjacent wythes) of masonry walls are
pet walls shall be at least 8 inches (203 mm) thick, bonded with wire size W2.8 (4.8 mm) wall ties or
and their height shall not exceed three times their metal wire of equivalent stiffness embedded in the
thickness. horizontal mortar joints, there shall be at least one
metal tie for each 41/2 square feet (0.42 m2) of wall
2109.5.5.2 Additional provisions. Additional provi- area. Ties in alternate courses shall be staggered. The
sions for parapet walls are contained in Sections maximum vertical distance between ties shall
1504.2, 1504.3 and 1504.4. not exceed 24 inches (610 mm), and the maximum

MASONRY 2109.6.3.1.1 – 2109.7.2.5
horizontal distance shall not exceed 36 inches (914 joints in successive courses shall be offset by not less
mm). Rods or ties bent to rectangular shape shall be than one-fourth the unit length, or the masonry walls
used with hollow masonry units laid with the cells shall be reinforced longitudinally as required in
vertical. In other walls the ends of ties shall be bent to Section 2109.6.5.2.
90-degree (1.57 rad) angles to provide hooks no less
than 2 inches (51 mm) long. Additional bonding ties 2109.6.5.2 Masonry laid in stack bond. Where unit
shall be provided at all openings, spaced not more masonry is laid with less head joint offset than in
than 3 feet (914 mm) apart around the perimeter and Section 2109.6.5.1, the minimum area of horizontal
within 12 inches (305 mm) of the opening. reinforcement placed in mortar bed joints or in bond
beams spaced not more than 48 inches (1219 mm)
2109.6.3.1.1 Bonding with adjustable wall ties. apart, shall be 0.0003 times the vertical cross-sectional
Where the facing and backing (adjacent wythes) of area of the wall.
masonry are bonded with adjustable wall ties, there
shall be at least one tie for each 1.77 square feet 2109.7 Anchorage.
(0.164 m2) of wall area. Neither the vertical nor hor-
izontal spacing of the adjustable wall ties shall 2109.7.1 General. Masonry elements shall be anchored
exceed 16 inches (406 mm). The maximum vertical in accordance with Sections 2109.7.2 through 2109.7.4.
offset of bed joints from one wythe to the other shall
be 11/4 inches (32 mm). The maximum clearance 2109.7.2 Intersecting walls. Masonry walls depending
between connecting parts of the ties shall be 1/16 inch upon one another for lateral support shall be anchored or
(1.6 mm). When pintle legs are used, ties shall have bonded at locations where they meet or intersect by one
at least two wire size W2.8 (4.8 mm) legs. of the methods indicated in Sections 2109.7.2.1 through
2109.7.2.5.
2109.6.3.2 Bonding with prefabricated joint
reinforcement. Where the facing and backing 2109.7.2.1 Bonding pattern. Fifty percent of the
(adjacent wythes) of masonry are bonded with pre- units at the intersection shall be laid in an overlapping
fabricated joint reinforcement, there shall be at least masonry bonding pattern, with alternate units having
one cross wire serving as a tie for each 2 2/3 square a bearing of not less than 3 inches (76 mm) on the unit
feet (0.25 m2) of wall area. The vertical spacing of below.
the joint reinforcing shall not exceed 24 inches (610
mm). Cross wires on prefabricated joint reinforce- 2109.7.2.2 Steel connectors. Walls shall be anchored
ment shall not be less than W1.7. The longitudinal by steel connectors having a minimum section of
wires shall be embedded in the mortar. 1/ inch (6.4 mm) by 11/ inches (38 mm), with ends
4 2
bent up at least 2 inches (51 mm) or with cross pins to
2109.6.4 Bonding with natural or cast stone. form anchorage. Such anchors shall be at least
24 inches (610 mm) long and the maximum spacing
2109.6.4.1 Ashlar masonry. In ashlar masonry, bon- shall be 4 feet (1219 mm).
der units, uniformly distributed, shall be provided to
the extent of not less than 10 percent of the wall area. 2109.7.2.3 Joint reinforcement. Walls shall be
Such bonder units shall extend not less than 4 inches anchored by joint reinforcement spaced at a maxi-
(102 mm) into the backing wall. mum distance of 8 inches (203 mm). Longitudinal
wires of such reinforcement shall be at least wire size
2109.6.4.2 Rubble stone masonry. Rubble stone W1.7 and shall extend at least 30 inches (762 mm) in
masonry 24 inches (610 mm) or less in thickness each direction at the intersection.
shall have bonder units with a maximum spacing of 3
feet (914 mm) vertically and 3 feet (914 mm) hori- 2109.7.2.4 Interior nonload-bearing walls. Interior
zontally, and if the masonry is of greater thickness nonload-bearing walls shall be anchored at their inter-
than 24 inches (610 mm), shall have one bonder unit section, at vertical intervals of not more than 16 inch-
for each 6 square feet (0.56 m2) of wall surface on es (406 mm) with joint reinforcement or 1/4 inch (6.4
both sides. mm) mesh galvanized hardware cloth.
2109.6.5 Masonry bonding pattern. 2109.7.2.5 Ties, joint reinforcement and anchors.
Other metal ties, joint reinforcement or anchors, if
2109.6.5.1 Masonry laid in running bond. Each used, shall be spaced to provide equivalent area of
wythe of masonry shall be laid in running bond, head anchorage to that required by this section.

2109.7.3 – 2109.8.2.1.1 MASONRY
2109.7.3 Floor and roof anchorage. Floor and roof kPa) when tested in accordance with the following
diaphragms providing lateral support to masonry shall procedure. Five samples shall be tested and no indi-
comply with Section 1607.3 and shall be connected to the vidual unit shall have a modulus of rupture of less
masonry in accordance with Sections 2109.7.3.1 through than 35 psi (241 kPa).
2109.7.3.3.
2109.8.1.2.1 Support conditions. A cured unit
2109.7.3.1 Wood floor joists. Wood floor joists bear- shall be simply supported by 2-inch-diameter (51
ing on masonry walls shall be anchored to the wall at mm) cylindrical supports located 2 inches (51
intervals not to exceed 6 feet (1829 mm) by metal mm) in from each end and extending the full width
strap anchors. Joists parallel to the wall shall be of the unit.
anchored with metal straps spaced not more than
6 feet (1829 mm) on centers extending over or under 2109.8.1.2.2 Loading conditions. A 2-inch-
and secured to at least three joists. Blocking shall be diameter (51 mm) cylinder shall be placed at
provided between joists at each strap anchor. midspan parallel to the supports.
2109.7.3.2 Steel floor joists. Steel floor joists bearing 2109.8.1.2.3 Testing procedure. A vertical
on masonry walls shall be anchored to the wall with load shall be applied to the cylinder at the rate of
3/ -inch (9.5 mm) round bars, or their equivalent, 500 pounds per minute (37 N/s) until failure
8
spaced not more than 6 feet (1829 mm) on center. occurs.
Where joists are parallel to the wall, anchors shall be
located at joist bridging. 2109.8.1.2.4 Modulus of rupture determina-
tion. The modulus of rupture shall be determined
2109.7.3.3 Roof diaphragms. Roof diaphragms shall by the formula:
be anchored to masonry walls with 1/2-inch-diameter
(12.7 mm) bolts 6 feet (1829 mm) on center or their fr = 3WLs /2bt 2 (Equation 21-53)
equivalent. Bolts shall extend and be embedded at
least 15 inches (381 mm) into the masonry, or be where, for the purposes of this section only:
hooked or welded to not less than 0.20 square inch b = Width of the test specimen measured paral-
(129 mm2) of bond beam reinforcement placed not lel to the loading cylinder, inches (mm).
less than 6 inches (152 mm) from the top of the wall. fr = Modulus of rupture, psi (MPa).
Ls = Distance between supports, inches (mm).
2109.7.4 Walls adjoining structural framing. Where t = Thickness of the test specimen measured
walls are dependent upon the structural frame for lateral parallel to the direction of load, inches
support, they shall be anchored to the structural members (mm).
with metal anchors or otherwise keyed to the structural W = The applied load at failure, pounds (N).
members. Metal anchors shall consist of 1/2-inch (12.7
mm) bolts spaced at 4 feet (1219 mm) on center embed- 2109.8.1.3 Moisture content requirements. Adobe
ded 4 inches (102 mm) into the masonry, or their equiva- units shall have a moisture content not exceeding
lent area. 4 percent by weight.
2109.8 Adobe construction. Adobe construction shall com- 2109.8.1.4 Shrinkage cracks. Adobe units shall not
ply with this section and shall be subject to the requirements contain more than three shrinkage cracks and any sin-
of this code for Type V construction. gle shrinkage crack shall not exceed 3 inches (76 mm)
in length or 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) in width.
2109.8.1 Unstabilized adobe.
2109.8.2 Stabilized adobe.
2109.8.1.1 Compressive strength. Adobe units shall
have an average compressive strength of 300 psi 2109.8.2.1 Material requirements. Stabilized adobe
(2068 kPa) when tested in accordance with ASTM C shall comply with the material requirements of unsta-
67. Five samples shall be tested and no individual bilized adobe in addition to Sections 2109.8.2.1.1 and
unit may have a compressive strength of less than 250 2109.8.2.1.2.
psi (1724 kPa).
2109.8.2.1.1 Soil requirements. Soil used for sta-
2109.8.1.2 Modulus of rupture. Adobe units shall bilized adobe units shall be chemically compatible
have an average modulus of rupture of 50 psi (345 with the stabilizing material.

MASONRY 2109.8.2.1.2 – 2109.8.4.5.2
2109.8.2.1.2 Absorption requirements. A 4-inch 2109.8.4.1.4 Parapet walls. Parapet walls con-
(102 mm) cube, cut from a stabilized adobe unit structed of adobe units shall be waterproofed.
dried to a constant weight in a ventilated oven at
212¡F to 239¡F (100¡C to 115¡C), shall not absorb 2109.8.4.2 Wall thickness. The minimum thickness
more than 2 1/2 percent moisture by weight when of exterior walls in one-story buildings shall be
placed upon a constantly water-saturated, porous 10 inches (254 mm). The walls shall be laterally
surface for 7 days. A minimum of five specimens supported at intervals not exceeding 24 feet (7315
shall be tested and each specimen shall be cut mm). The minimum thickness of interior bearing
from a separate unit. walls shall be 8 inches (203 mm). In no case
shall the unsupported height of any wall construct-
2109.8.3 Working stress. The allowable compressive ed of adobe units exceed 10 times the thickness of
stress based on gross cross-sectional area of adobe shall such wall.
not exceed 30 psi (207 kPa).
2109.8.4.3 Foundations.
2109.8.3.1 Bolts. Bolt values shall not exceed those
set forth in Table 2109.8.3.1. 2109.8.4.3.1 Foundation support. Walls and par-
titions constructed of adobe units shall be support-
ed by foundations or footings that extend not less
than 6 inches (152 mm) above adjacent ground
surfaces and are constructed of solid masonry
TABLE 2109.8.3.1 (excluding adobe) or concrete. Footings and foun-
ALLOWABLE SHEAR ON BOLTS IN ADOBE MASONRY
dations shall comply with Chapter 18.
DIAMETER MINIMUM EMBEDMENT SHEAR
OF BOLTS (inches) (inches) (pounds) 2109.8.4.3.2 Lower course requirements.
1/
2 Ñ Ñ Stabilized adobe units shall be used in adobe walls
5/
for the first 4 inches (102 mm) above the finished
8 12 200
first floor elevation.
3/ 15 300
4
7/
8 18 400 2109.8.4.4 Isolated piers or columns. Adobe units
1 21 500 shall not be used for isolated piers or columns in a
load-bearing capacity. Walls less than 24 inches (610
11/8 24 600
mm) in length shall be considered isolated piers or
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, l pound = 4.448 N. columns.
2109.8.4.5 Tie beams. Exterior walls and interior

bearing walls constructed of adobe units shall have a
2109.8.4 Construction. continuous tie beam at the level of the floor or roof
bearing and meeting the following requirements.
2109.8.4.1 General.
2109.8.4.5.1 Concrete tie beams. Concrete tie
2109.8.4.1.1 Height restrictions. Adobe construc- beams shall be a minimum depth of 6 inches (152
tion shall be limited to buildings not exceeding one mm) and a minimum width of 10 inches (254 mm).
story, except that two-story construction is allowed Concrete tie beams shall be continuously reinforced
when designed by a registered design professional. with a minimum of two No. 4 reinforcing bars. The
ultimate compressive strength of concrete shall be
2109.8.4.1.2 Mortar restrictions. Mortar for sta- at least 2,500 psi (17.2 MPa) at 28 days.
bilized adobe units shall comply with Chapter 21
or adobe soil. Adobe soil used as mortar shall 2109.8.4.5.2 Wood tie beams. Wood tie beams
comply with material requirements for stabilized shall be solid or be built-up of lumber having a
adobe. Mortar for unstabilized adobe shall be port- minimum nominal thickness of 1 inch (25 mm),
land cement mortar. and shall have a minimum depth of 6 inches (152
mm) and a minimum width of 10 inches (254 mm).
2109.8.4.1.3 Mortar joints. Adobe units shall be Joints in wood tie beams shall be spliced a mini-
laid with full head and bed joints and shall be laid mum of 6 inches (152 mm). No splices shall be
in full running bond. allowed within 12 inches (305 mm) of an opening.

2109.8.4.6 – 2110.4.3 MASONRY
Wood used in tie beams shall be approved nat- 2110.3 Panel size.
urally decay-resistant or pressure-treated wood.
2110.3.1 Exterior standard-unit panels. The maximum
2109.8.4.6 Exterior finish. Exterior walls construct- area of each individual exterior standard-unit panel shall
ed of unstabilized adobe units shall have their exteri- be 144 square feet (13.4 m2) when the design wind pres-
or surface covered with a minimum of two-coats of sure is 20 psf (958 N/m2). The maximum panel dimension
portland cement plaster having a minimum thickness between structural supports shall be 25 feet (7620 mm) in
of 3/4 inch (19.1 mm) and conforming to ANSI A42.2. width or 20 feet (6096 mm) in height. The panel areas are
Lathing shall comply with ANSI A42.3. Fasteners permitted to be adjusted in accordance with Figure
shall be spaced at 16 inches (406 mm) on center max- 2110.3.1 for other wind pressures.
imum. Exposed wood surfaces shall be treated with an
approved wood preservative or other protective coat- 2110.3.2 Exterior thin-unit panels. The maximum area
ing prior to lath application. of each individual exterior thin-unit panel shall be 85
square feet (7.9 m2). The maximum dimension between
2109.8.4.7 Lintels. Lintels shall be considered structural structural supports shall be 15 feet (4572 mm) in width or
members and shall be designed in accordance with the 10 feet (3048 mm) in height. Thin units shall not be used
applicable provisions of Chapter 16. in applications where the design wind pressure exceeds
20 psf (958 N/m2).
SECTION 2110
GLASS UNIT MASONRY 2110.3.3 Interior panels. The maximum area of each
individual standard-unit panel shall be 250 square feet
2110.1 Scope. This section covers the empirical requirements (23.2 m2). The maximum area of each thin-unit panel
for nonload-bearing glass unit masonry elements in exterior shall be 150 square feet (13.9 m2). The maximum dimen-
or interior walls. sion between structural supports shall be 25 feet (7620
mm) in width or 20 feet (6096 mm) in height.
2110.1.1 Limitations. Solid or hollow approved glass
block shall not be used in fire walls, party walls, fire sep- 2110.3.4 Solid units. The maximum area of solid glass-
aration assemblies or fire partitions, or for load-bearing block wall panels in both exterior and interior walls shall
construction. Such blocks shall be erected with mortar not be more than 100 square feet (9.3 m2).
and reinforcement in metal channel-type frames, structur-
al frames, masonry or concrete recesses, embedded panel 2110.3.5 Curved panels. The width of curved panels shall
anchors as provided for both exterior and interior walls, conform to the requirements of Sections 2110.3.1, 2110.3.2
or other approved joint materials. Wood strip framing and 2110.3.3, except additional structural supports shall be
shall not be used in fire separation assemblies that are provided at locations where a curved section joins a straight
required to be fire-resistance rated. section, and at inflection points in multicurved walls.
Exceptions: 2110.4 Support.

1. Glass-block assemblies having a fire-resistance 2110.4.1 Isolation. Glass unit masonry panels shall be iso-
rating or not less than 3/4 hour shall be permitted lated so that in-plane loads are not imparted to the panel.
as opening protectives in fire separation assem-
blies or in fire partitions that have a required 2110.4.2 Vertical. Maximum total deflection of structur-
fire-resistance rating of 1 hour or less and do not al members supporting glass unit masonry shall not
enclose exit stairways or exit passageways. exceed l/600.
2. Glass-block assemblies as permitted in Section
404.5, Exception 3. 2110.4.3 Lateral. Glass unit masonry panels more than
one unit wide or one unit high shall be laterally support-
2110.2 Units. Hollow or solid glass block units shall be stan- ed along their tops and sides. Lateral support shall be pro-
dard or thin units. vided by panel anchors along the top and sides spaced not
more than 16 inches (406 mm) on center or by channel-
2110.2.1 Standard units. The specified thickness of type restraints. Glass unit masonry panels shall be
standard units shall be 37/8 inches (98 mm) thick. recessed at least 1 inch (25 mm) within channels and
chases. Channel-type restraints shall be oversized to
2110.2.2 Thin units. The specified thickness of thin units accommodate expansion material in the opening, and
shall be 31/8 inches (79 mm) for hollow units or 3 inches packing and sealant between the framing restraints and
(76 mm) for solid units. the glass unit masonry perimeter units. Lateral supports

MASONRY 2110.4.3.1 – FIGURE 2110.3.1
for glass unit masonry panels shall be designed to resist glass-block panels shall be coated with approved water-based
applied loads, or a minimum of 200 pounds per lineal feet asphaltic emulsion, or other elastic waterproofing material,
(2919 N/m) of panel, whichever is greater. prior to laying the first mortar course.
Exceptions: 2110.6 Mortar. Mortar for glass unit masonry shall comply
1. Lateral support at the top of glass unit masonry with Section 2103.7.
panels that are no more than one unit wide shall
not be required. 2110.7 Reinforcement. Glass unit masonry panels shall have
horizontal joint reinforcement spaced not more than 16 inch-
2. Lateral support at the sides of glass unit masonry es (406 mm) on center, located in the mortar bed joint, and
panels that are no more than one unit high shall extending the entire length of the panel but not across expan-
not be required. sion joints. Longitudinal wires shall be lapped a minimum of
6 inches (152 mm) at splices. Joint reinforcement shall be
2110.4.3.1 Single unit panels. Single unit glass unit placed in the bed joint immediately below and above open-
masonry panels shall conform to the requirements of ings in the panel. The reinforcement shall have not less than
Section 2110.4.3, except lateral support shall not be two parallel longitudinal wires of size W1.7, and have weld-
provided by panel anchors. ed cross wires of size W1.7.
2110.5 Expansion joints. Glass unit masonry panels shall be SECTION 2111
provided with expansion joints along the top and sides at all MASONRY FIREPLACES
structural supports. Expansion joints shall have sufficient
thickness to accommodate displacements of the supporting 2111.1 General. A masonry fireplace is a fireplace construct-
structure, but shall not be less than 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) in thick- ed of concrete or masonry, hereinafter referred to as mason-
ness. Expansion joints shall be entirely free of mortar or other ry. Masonry fireplaces shall be constructed in accordance
debris and shall be filled with resilient material. The sills of with this section, Table 2111.1 and Figure 2111.1.
For SI: 1 square foot = 0.0929 m2, 1 pound per square foot = 47.g N/m2.
FIGURE 2110.3.1
GLASS MASONRY DESIGN WIND LOAD RESISTANCE

2111.2 – 2111.8.1 MASONRY
2111.2 Footings and foundations. Foundations for masonry 2111.5 Fireplace walls. Masonry fireplaces shall be con-
fireplaces and their chimneys shall be constructed of concrete structed of solid masonry units, hollow masonry units grout-
or solid masonry at least 12 inches (305 mm) thick, and shall ed solid, stone, or concrete. When a lining of firebrick at least
extend at least 6 inches (152 mm) beyond the face of the fire- 2 inches (51 mm) in thickness or other approved lining is pro-
place or support wall on all sides. Footings shall be founded vided, the total minimum thickness of back and side walls
on natural undisturbed earth or engineered fill below frost shall be 8 inches (203 mm) of solid masonry, including the
depth. In areas not subjected to freezing, footings shall be at lining. The width of joints between firebricks shall not be
least 12 inches (305 mm) below finished grade. greater than 1/4 inch (6.4 mm). When no lining is provided, the
total minimum thickness of back and side walls shall be 10
2111.3 Seismic reinforcing. Masonry or concrete fireplaces inches (254 mm) of solid masonry. Firebrick shall conform to
shall be constructed, anchored, supported and reinforced as ASTM C 27 or C 1261 and shall be laid with medium-duty
required in this chapter. In Seismic Design Category D, refractory mortar conforming to ASTM C 199.
masonry and concrete fireplaces shall be reinforced and
anchored as detailed in Sections 2111.3.1, 2111.3.2, 2111.4 2111.6 Steel fireplace units. Steel fireplace units incorporat-
and 2111.4.1 for chimneys serving fireplaces. In Seismic ing a firebox liner of not less than 1/4 inch (6.4 mm) in thick-
Design Category A, B or C, reinforcement and seismic ness and an air chamber are permitted to be installed with
anchorage is not required. In Seismic Design Category E or masonry to provide a total thickness at the back and sides of
F, masonry and concrete chimneys shall be reinforced in not less than 8 inches (203 mm), of which not less than 4
accordance with the requirements of Sections 2101 through inches (102 mm) shall be of solid masonry. Warm-air ducts
2109. employed with steel fireplace units of the circulating air type
shall be constructed of metal or masonry.
2111.3.1 Vertical reinforcing. For fireplaces with chim-
neys up to 40 inches (1016 mm) wide, four No. 4 contin- 2111.7 Lintel and throat. Masonry over a fireplace opening
uous vertical bars, anchored in the foundation, shall be shall be supported by a lintel of noncombustible material.
placed in the concrete, between wythes of solid masonry The minimum required bearing length on each end of the
or within the cells of hollow unit masonry and grouted in fireplace opening shall be 4 inches (102 mm). The fireplace
accordance with Section 2103.10. For fireplaces with throat or damper shall be located a minimum of 8 inches (203
chimneys greater than 40 inches (1016 mm) wide, two mm) above the lintel.
additional No. 4 vertical bars shall be provided for each
additional 40 inches (1016 mm) in width or fraction 2111.8 Smoke chamber. Smoke chamber walls shall be con-
thereof. structed of solid masonry units, stone or concrete. Corbeling
of masonry units shall not leave unit cores exposed to the
2111.3.2 Horizontal reinforcing. Vertical reinforcement inside of the smoke chamber. When a lining of firebrick at
shall be placed enclosed within 1/4-inch (6.4 mm) ties or least 2 inches (51 mm) thick, or a lining of vitrified clay at
other reinforcing of equivalent net cross-sectional area, least 5/8 inch (16 mm) thick, is provided, the total minimum
spaced not to exceed 18 inches (457 mm) on center in thickness of front, back and side walls shall be 6 inches (152
concrete; or placed in the bed joints of unit masonry at a mm) of solid masonry, including the lining. Firebrick shall
minimum of every 18 inches (457 mm) of vertical height. conform to ASTM C 27 or C 1261 and shall be laid with
Two such ties shall be provided at each bend in the verti- refractory mortar conforming to ASTM C 199. Where no lin-
cal bars. ing is provided, the total minimum thickness of front, back
and side walls shall be 8 inches (203 mm) of solid masonry.
2111.4 Seismic anchorage. Masonry and concrete chimneys When the inside surface of the smoke chamber is formed by
in Seismic Design Category D shall be anchored at each corbeled masonry the inside surface shall be parged smooth.
floor, ceiling or roof line more than 6 feet (1829 mm) above
grade, except where constructed completely within the exte- 2111.8.1 Smoke chamber dimensions. The inside height
rior walls. Anchorage shall conform to the following require- of the smoke chamber from the fireplace throat to the
ments. beginning of the flue shall not be greater than the inside
width of the fireplace opening. The inside surface of the
2111.4.1 Anchorage. Two 3/16-inch by 1-inch (4.8 mm by smoke chamber shall not be inclined more than 45
25.4 mm) straps shall be embedded a minimum of 12 degrees from vertical when prefabricated smoke chamber
inches (305 mm) into the chimney. Straps shall be hooked linings are used or when the smoke chamber walls are
around the outer bars and extend 6 inches (152 mm) rolled or sloped rather than corbeled. When the inside
beyond the bend. Each strap shall be fastened to a mini- surface of the smoke chamber is formed by corbeled
mum of four floor joists with two 1/2-inch (12.7 mm) masonry, the walls shall not be corbeled more than 30
bolts. degrees from vertical.

MASONRY FIGURE 2111.1
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.
FIGURE 2111.1
FIREPLACE AND CHIMNEY DETAILS

TABLE 2111.1 MASONRY
TABLE 2111.1
SUMMARY OF REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY FIREPLACES AND CHIMNEYSa
ITEM LETTER REQUIREMENTS SECTION
Hearth and hearth extension A 4-inch minimum thickness for hearth, 2-inch minimum 2111.9
thickness thickness for hearth extension.
Hearth extension (each side of B 8 inches for fireplace opening less than 6 square feet. 12 2111.10
opening) inches for fireplace opening greater than or equal to 6 square feet.
Hearth extension (front of opening) C 16 inches for fireplace opening less than 6 square feet. 20 2111.10
inches for fireplace opening greater than or equal to 6 square feet.
Firebox dimensions D 20-inch minimum firebox depth. 12-inch minimum firebox 2111.11
depth for Rumford fireplaces.
Hearth and hearth extension D Reinforced to carry its own weight and all imposed loads 2111.9
reinforcing
Thickness of wall of firebox E 10 inches solid masonry or 8 inches where firebrick lining is used. 2111.5
Distance from top of opening to F 8 inches minimum. 2111.7
throat.
Smoke chamber wall thickness G 6 inches lined; 8 inches unlined. Not taller than opening width; 2111.8
dimensions walls not inclined more than 45 degrees from vertical for
prefabricated smoke chamber linings or 30 degrees from
vertical for corbeled masonry.
Chimney vertical reinforcing H Four No. 4 full-length bars for chimney up to 40 inches wide. 2111.3.1,
Add two No. 4 bars for each additional 40 inches or fraction of 2113.3.1
width, or for each additional flue.
Chimney horizontal reinforcing J 1/ -inch
4 ties at each 18 inches, and two ties at each bend in 2111.3.2,
vertical steel. 2113.3.2
Fireplace lintel L Noncombustible material with 4-inch bearing length of each 2111.7
side of opening.
Chimney walls with flue lining M 4-inch-thick solid masonry with 5/8-inch fireclay liner or 2113.10,
equivalent. 1/2-inch grout or airspace between fireclay liner and wall. 2113.11,
2113.12
Effective flue area (based on area of P See Section 2113.16. 2113.16
fireplace opening and chimney)
Clearances R 2113.19
From chimney 2 inches interior, 1 inch exterior 2111.12
From fireplace 2 inches back or sides 2111.13
Combustible trim or materials 6 inches from opening 2113.9
Above roof 3 feet above roof penetration, 2 feet above part of structure
within 10 feet.
Anchorage S
Strap 3/ inch by 1 inch
16 2111.4
Number Two 2113.4.1
Embedment into chimney 12 inches hooked around outer bar with 6-inch extension.
Fasten to 4 joists
Bolts Two 1/2-inch diameter.
Footing T
Thickness 12-inch minimum. 2111.2
Width 6 inches each side of fireplace wall.
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 square foot = 0.0929 m2.
a. This table provides a summary of major requirements for the construction of masonry chimneys and fireplaces. Letter references are to Figure 2111.1,
which shows examples of typical construction. This table does not cover all requirements, nor does it cover all aspects of the indicated requirements. For
the actual mandatory requirements of the code, see the indicated section of text.

MASONRY 2111.9 – 2111.16.5
2111.9 Hearth and hearth extension. Masonry fireplace fireplace opening. Combustible material within 12 inches
hearths and hearth extensions shall be constructed of con- (305 mm) of the fireplace opening shall not project more than
crete or masonry, supported by noncombustible materials, 1/ inch (3.2 mm) for each 1-inch (25 mm) distance from such
8
and reinforced to carry their own weight and all imposed opening.
loads. No combustible material shall remain against the
underside of hearths or hearth extensions after construction. 2111.14 Fireplace fireblocking. All spaces between fireplaces
and floors and ceilings through which fireplaces pass shall be
2111.9.1 Hearth thickness. The minimum thickness of fireblocked with noncombustible material securely fastened in
fireplace hearths shall be 4 inches (102 mm). place. The fireblocking of spaces between wood joists, beams
or headers shall be to a depth of 1 inch (25 mm) and shall only
2111.9.2 Hearth extension thickness. The minimum be placed on strips of metal or metal lath laid across the spaces
thickness of hearth extensions shall be 2 inches (51 mm). between combustible material and the chimney.
Exception: When the bottom of the firebox opening 2111.15 Ash dump cleanout. Cleanout openings, when pro-
is raised at least 8 inches (203 mm) above the top of vided, shall be equipped with ferrous metal doors and frames
the hearth extension, a hearth extension of not less constructed to remain tightly closed, except when in use.
than 3/8-inch-thick (9.5 mm) brick, concrete, stone, Cleanouts shall be accessible and located so that ash removal
tile or other approved noncombustible material is per- will not create a hazard to combustible materials.
mitted.
2111.16 Exterior air. Factory-built or masonry fireplaces
2111.10 Hearth extension dimensions. Hearth extensions covered in this section shall be equipped with an exterior air
shall extend at least 16 inches (406 mm) in front of, and at supply to ensure proper fuel combustion unless the room is
least 8 inches (203 mm) beyond, each side of the fireplace mechanically ventilated and controlled so that the indoor
opening. Where the fireplace opening is 6 square feet (0.557 pressure is neutral or positive.
m2) or larger, the hearth extension shall extend at least
20 inches (508 mm) in front of, and at least 12 inches (305 2111.16.1 Factory-built fireplaces. Exterior combustion
mm) beyond, each side of the fireplace opening. air ducts for factory-built fireplaces shall be a listed com-
ponent of the fireplace and shall be installed according to
2111.11 Firebox dimensions. The firebox of a concrete or the fireplace manufacturerÕs instructions.
masonry fireplace shall have a minimum depth of 20 inches
(508 mm). The throat shall not be less than 8 inches (203 2111.16.2 Masonry fireplaces. Listed combustion air
mm) above the fireplace opening. The throat opening shall ducts for masonry fireplaces shall be installed according
not be less than 4 inches (102 mm) in depth. The cross- to the terms of their listing and manufacturerÕs instruc-
sectional area of the passageway above the firebox, including tions.
the throat, damper and smoke chamber, shall not be less than
the cross-sectional area of the flue. 2111.16.3 Exterior air intake. The exterior air intake
shall be capable of providing all combustion air from the
Exception: Rumford fireplaces are permitted, provided exterior of the dwelling. The exterior air intake shall not
that the depth of the fireplace be at least 12 inches (305 be located within the garage, attic, basement or crawl
mm) and at least one-third of the width of the fireplace space of the dwelling nor shall the air intake be located at
opening, and that the throat be at least 12 inches (305 mm) an elevation higher than the firebox. The exterior air
above the lintel and be at least 1/20 the cross-sectional area intake shall be covered with a corrosion-resistant screen
of the fireplace opening. of 1/4-inch (6.4 mm) mesh.
2111.12 Fireplace clearance. Any portion of a masonry fire- 2111.16.4 Clearance. Unlisted combustion air ducts shall
place located in the interior of the building or within the exte- be installed with a minimum 1-inch (25 mm) clearance to
rior wall of the building shall have a minimum air space combustibles for all parts of the duct within 5 feet (1524
clearance to combustibles of 2 inches (51 mm). Fireplaces mm) of the duct outlet.
located entirely outside the exterior walls of the building
shall have a minimum air space clearance of 1 inch (25 mm). 2111.16.5 Passageway. The combustion air passageway
The air space shall not be filled, except to provide fire block- shall be a minimum of 6 square inches (3870 mm2) and
ing in accordance with Section 2111.14. not more than 55 square inches (0.035 m2), except that
combustion air systems for listed fireplaces or for fire-
2111.13 Mantel and trim. Woodwork or other combustible places tested for emissions shall be constructed according
materials shall not be placed within 6 inches (152 mm) of a to the fireplace manufacturerÕs instructions.

2111.16.6 – 2113.5 MASONRY
2111.16.6 Outlet. The exterior air outlet is permitted to be least 12 inches (305 mm) thick and shall extend at least
located in the back or sides of the firebox chamber or within 6 inches (152 mm) beyond the face of the foundation or sup-
24 inches (610 mm) of the firebox opening on or near the floor. port wall on all sides. Footings shall be founded on natural
The outlet shall be closable and designed to prevent burning undisturbed earth or engineered fill below frost depth. In
material from dropping into concealed combustible spaces. areas not subjected to freezing, footings shall be at least
12 inches (305 mm) below finished grade.
SECTION 2112
MASONRY HEATERS 2113.3 Seismic reinforcing. Masonry or concrete chimneys
shall be constructed, anchored, supported and reinforced as
2112.1 Definition. A masonry heater is a heating appliance required in this chapter. In Seismic Design Category D,
constructed of concrete or solid masonry, hereinafter referred masonry and concrete chimneys shall be reinforced and
to as masonry, having a mass of at least 1,760 pounds anchored as detailed in Sections 2113.3.1 and 2113.3.2. In
(800 kg) excluding the chimney and foundation, which is Seismic Design Category A, B or C, reinforcement and seis-
designed to absorb and store heat from a solid fuel fire built mic anchorage is not required. In Seismic Design Category E
in the firebox by routing the exhaust gases through internal or F, masonry and concrete chimneys shall be reinforced in
heat exchange channels in which the flow path downstream accordance with the requirements of Sections 2101 through
of the firebox includes at least one 180 degree (3.14 rad) 2108.
change in flow direction before entering the chimney, and
that delivers heat by radiation from the masonry surface of 2113.3.1 Vertical reinforcing. For chimneys up to 40
the heater that shall not exceed 230¥F (110¥C) except within inches (1016 mm) wide, four No. 4 continuous vertical
8 inches (203 mm) surrounding the fuel loading door(s). bars anchored in the foundation shall be placed in the
concrete, between wythes of solid masonry or within the
2112.2 Installation. Masonry heaters shall be listed or cells of hollow unit masonry and grouted in accordance
installed in accordance with ASTM E 1602. with Section 2103.10. Grout shall be prevented from
bonding with the flue liner so that the flue liner is free to
2112.3 Seismic reinforcing. Seismic reinforcing shall not be move with thermal expansion. For chimneys greater than
required within the body of a masonry heater whose height is 40 inches (1016 mm) wide, two additional No. 4 vertical
equal to or less than 2.5 times its body width and where the bars shall be provided for each additional 40 inches (1016
masonry chimney serving the heater is not supported by the mm) in width or fraction thereof.
body of the heater. Where the masonry chimney shares a
common wall with the facing of the masonry heater, the 2113.3.2 Horizontal reinforcing. Vertical reinforcement
chimney portion of the structure shall be reinforced in accor- shall be placed enclosed within 1/4-inch (6.4 mm) ties, or
dance with Section 2113 and 2113.4. other reinforcing of equivalent net cross-sectional area,
spaced not to exceed 18 inches (457 mm) on center in con-
2112.4 Masonry heater clearance. Wood or other com- crete, or placed in the bed joints of unit masonry, at a min-
bustible framing shall not be placed within 4 inches (102 mm) imum of every 18 inches (457 mm) of vertical height. Two
of the outside surface of a masonry heater, provided the wall such ties shall be provided at each bend in the vertical bars.
thickness of the firebox is not less than 8 inches (203 mm) and
the wall thickness of the heat exchange channels is not less 2113.4 Seismic anchorage. Masonry and concrete chimneys
than 5 inches (127 mm). A clearance of at least 8 inches (203 and foundations in Seismic Design Category D shall be
mm) shall be provided between the gas tight capping slab of anchored at each floor, ceiling or roof line more than 6 feet
the heater and a combustible ceiling. The required space (1829 mm) above grade, except where constructed complete-
between the heater and combustible material shall be fully ly within the exterior walls. Anchorage shall conform to the
vented to permit the free flow of air around all heater surfaces. following requirements.
SECTION 2113 2113.4.1 Anchorage. Two 3/16-inch by 1-inch (4.8 mm by

MASONRY CHIMNEYS 25.4 mm) straps shall be embedded a minimum of 12 inch-
es (305 mm) into the chimney. Straps shall be hooked
2113.1 General. A masonry chimney is a chimney construct- around the outer bars and extend 6 inches (152 mm)
ed of concrete or masonry, hereinafter referred to as mason- beyond the bend. Each strap shall be fastened to a mini-
ry. Masonry chimneys shall be constructed, anchored, sup- mum of four floor joists with two 1/2-inch (12.7 mm) bolts.
ported and reinforced as required in this chapter.
2113.5 Corbeling. Masonry chimneys shall not be corbeled
2113.2 Footings and foundations. Foundations for masonry more than half of the chimneyÕs wall thickness from a wall or
chimneys shall be constructed of concrete or solid masonry at foundation, nor shall a chimney be corbeled from a wall or

MASONRY 2113.6 – 2113.11.2.3
foundation that is less than 12 inches (305 mm) in thickness 2113.11.1.1 Flue linings for specific appliances. Flue
unless it projects equally on each side of the wall, except that linings other than covered in Section 2113.11.1 intended
on the second story of a two-story dwelling, corbeling of for use with specific appliances shall comply with
chimneys on the exterior of the enclosing walls is permitted Sections 2113.11.1.2 through 2113.11.1.4 and Sections
to equal the wall thickness. The projection of a single course 2113.11.2 and 2113.11.3.
shall not exceed one-half the unit height or one-third of the
unit bed depth, whichever is less. 2113.11.1.2 Gas appliances. Flue lining systems for
gas appliances shall be in accordance with the
2113.6 Changes in dimension. The chimney wall or chim- International Fuel Gas Code.
ney flue lining shall not change in size or shape within
6 inches (152 mm) above or below where the chimney passes 2113.11.1.3 Pellet fuel-burning appliances. Flue lin-
through floor components, ceiling components or roof com- ing and vent systems for use in masonry chimneys
ponents. with pellet fuel-burning appliances shall be limited to
flue lining systems complying with Section 2113.11.1
2113.7 Offsets. Where a masonry chimney is constructed and pellet vents listed for installation within masonry
with a fireclay flue liner surrounded by one wythe of mason- chimneys. (See Section 2113.11.1.5 for marking.)
ry, the maximum offset shall be such that the centerline of the
flue above the offset does not extend beyond the center of the 2113.11.1.4 Oil-fired appliances approved for use
chimney wall below the offset. Where the chimney offset is with L-vent. Flue lining and vent systems for use in
supported by masonry below the offset in an approved man- masonry chimneys with oil-fired appliances approved
ner, the maximum offset limitations shall not apply. Each for use with Type L vent shall be limited to flue lining
individual corbeled masonry course of the offset shall not systems complying with Section 2113.11.1 and listed
exceed the projection limitations specified in Section 2113.2. chimney liners complying with UL 641. (See Section
2113.11.1.5 for marking.)
2113.8 Additional load. Chimneys shall not support loads
other than their own weight unless they are designed and 2113.11.1.5 Notice of usage. When a flue is relined
constructed to support the additional load. Masonry chim- with a material not complying with Section 2113.11.1,
neys are permitted to be constructed as part of the masonry the chimney shall be plainly and permanently identified
walls or concrete walls of the building. by a label attached to a wall ceiling or other conspicu-
ous location adjacent to where the connector enters the
2113.9 Termination. Chimneys shall extend at least 2 feet chimney. The label shall include the following message
(610 mm) higher than any portion of the building within or equivalent language: ÒThis chimney is for use only
10 feet (3048 mm), but shall not be less than 3 feet (914 mm) with (Type or category of appliance) that burns (type of
above the point where the chimney passes through the roof. fuel). Do not connect other types of appliances.Ó
2113.10 Wall thickness. Masonry chimney walls shall be 2113.11.2 Concrete and masonry chimneys for medium
constructed of concrete, solid masonry units, or hollow heat appliances.
masonry units grouted solid with not less than 4 inches
(102 mm) nominal thickness. 2113.11.2.1 General. Concrete and masonry chim-
neys for medium-heat appliances shall comply with
2113.11 Flue lining (material). Masonry chimneys shall be Sections 2113.1 through 2113.5.
lined. The lining material shall be appropriate for the type of
appliance connected, according to the terms of the appliance 2113.11.2.2 Construction. Chimneys for medium-
listing and manufacturerÕs instructions. heat appliances shall be constructed of solid masonry
units or of concrete with walls a minimum of 8 inches
2113.11.1 Residential-type appliances (general). Flue lin- (203 mm) thick, or with stone masonry a minimum of
ing systems shall comply with one of the following: 12 inches (305 mm) thick.
1. Clay flue lining complying with the requirements of
2113.11.2.3 Lining. Concrete and masonry chimneys
ASTM C 315, Specifications for Clay Flue Linings, or
shall be lined with an approved medium-duty refrac-
equivalent.
tory brick a minimum of 41/2 inches (114 mm) thick
2. Listed chimney lining systems complying with UL laid on the 41/2-inch bed (114 mm) in an approved
1777, Chimney Liners. medium-duty refractory mortar. The lining shall start
3. Factory-built chimneys or chimney units listed for 2 feet (610 mm) or more below the lowest chimney
installation within masonry chimneys. connector entrance. Chimneys terminating 25 feet

2113.11.2.4 – 2113.16.1 MASONRY
(7620 mm) or less above a chimney connector lowest inlet or, in the case of fireplaces, from the top of
entrance shall be lined to the top. the smoke chamber, to a point above the enclosing walls.
The lining shall be carried up vertically, with a maximum
2113.11.2.4 Multiple passageway. Concrete and slope no greater than 30 degrees from the vertical.
masonry chimneys containing more than one passage- Fireclay flue liners shall be laid in medium-duty
way shall have the liners separated by a minimum refractory mortar conforming to ASTM C 199, with tight
4-inch-thick (102 mm) concrete or solid masonry wall. mortar joints left smooth on the inside and installed to
maintain an air space or insulation not to exceed the
2113.11.2.5 Termination height. Concrete and thickness of the flue liner separating the flue liners from
masonry chimneys for medium-heat appliances shall the interior face of the chimney masonry walls. Flue lin-
extend a minimum of 10 feet (3048 mm) higher than ing shall be supported on all sides. Only enough mortar
any portion of any building within 25 feet (7620 mm). shall be placed to make the joint and hold the liners in
position.
2113.11.2.6 Clearance. A minimum clearance of
4 inches (102 mm) shall be provided between the exte- 2113.13 Additional requirements.
rior surfaces of a concrete or masonry chimney for
medium-heat appliances and combustible material. 2113.13.1 Listed materials. Listed materials used as flue
linings shall be installed in accordance with the terms of
2113.11.3 Concrete and masonry chimneys for high- their listings and manufacturerÕs instructions.
heat appliances.
2113.13.2 Space around lining. The space surrounding a
2113.11.3.1 General. Concrete and masonry chim- chimney lining system or vent installed within a masonry
neys for high-heat appliances shall comply with chimney shall not be used to vent any other appliance.
Sections 2113.1 through 2113.5.
Exception: This shall not prevent the installation of a
2113.11.3.2 Construction. Chimneys for high-heat separate flue lining in accordance with the manufac-
appliances shall be constructed with double walls of turerÕs installation instructions.
solid masonry units or of concrete, each wall to be a
minimum of 8 inches (203 mm) thick with a mini- 2113.14 Multiple flues. When two or more flues are located
mum air space of 2 inches (51 mm) between the walls. in the same chimney, masonry wythes shall be built between
adjacent flue linings. The masonry wythes shall be at least
2113.11.3.3 Lining. The inside of the interior wall 4 inches (102 mm) thick and bonded into the walls of the
shall be lined with an approved high-duty refracto- chimney.
ry brick, a minimum of 41/2 inches (114 mm) thick
laid on the 41/2-inch bed (114 mm) in an approved Exception: When venting only one appliance, two flues
high-duty refractory mortar. The lining shall start at are permitted to adjoin each other in the same chimney
the base of the chimney and extend continuously to with only the flue lining separation between them. The
the top. joints of the adjacent flue linings shall be staggered at
least 4 inches (102 mm).
2113.11.3.4 Termination height. Concrete and
masonry chimneys for high-heat appliances shall 2113.15 Flue area (appliance). Chimney flues shall not be
extend a minimum of 20 feet (6096 mm) higher smaller in area than that of the area of the connector from the
than any portion of any building within 50 feet appliance. The sizing of a chimney flue to which multiple-
(15 240 mm). appliance venting systems are connected shall be in accor-
dance with Section M1805.3 or Chapter 24 of the
2113.11.3.5 Clearance. Concrete and masonry International Residential Code.
chimneys for high-heat appliances shall have
approved clearance from buildings and structures 2113.16 Flue area (masonry fireplace). Flue sizing for
to prevent overheating combustible materials, per- chimneys serving fireplaces shall be in accordance with
mit inspection and maintenance operations on the Section 2113.16.1 or Section 2113.16.2.
chimney, and prevent danger of burns to persons.
2113.16.1 Minimum area. Round chimney flues shall
2113.12 Flue lining (installation). Flue liners shall be have a minimum net cross-sectional area of at least 1/12 of
installed in accordance with ASTM C 1283 and extend the fireplace opening. Square chimney flues shall have a
from a point not less than 8 inches (203 mm) below the minimum net cross-sectional area of at least 1/10 of the

MASONRY 2113.16.2 – FIGURE 2113.16
fireplace opening. Rectangular chimney flues with an 2113.17 Inlet. Inlets to masonry chimneys shall enter from
aspect ratio less than 2 to 1 shall have a minimum net the side. Inlets shall have a thimble of fireclay, rigid refrac-
cross-sectional area of at least 1/10 of the fireplace open- tory material or metal that will prevent the connector from
ing. Rectangular chimney flues with an aspect ratio of 2 pulling out of the inlet or from extending beyond the wall of
to 1 or more shall have a minimum net cross-sectional the liner.
area of at least 1/8 of the fireplace opening.
2113.18 Masonry chimney cleanout openings. Cleanout
2113.16.2 Determination of minimum area. The mini- openings shall be provided within 6 inches (152 mm) of the
mum net cross-sectional area of the flue shall be deter- base of each flue within every masonry chimney. The upper
mined in accordance with Figure 2113.16. A flue size pro- edge of the cleanout shall be located at least 6 inches (152
viding at least the equivalent net cross-sectional area shall mm) below the lowest chimney inlet opening. The height of
be used. Cross-sectional areas of clay flue linings are pro- the opening shall be at least 6 inches (152 mm). The cleanout
vided in Tables 2113.16(1) and 2113.16(2) or as provided shall be provided with a noncombustible cover.
by the manufacturer or as measured in the field. The
height of the chimney shall be measured from the firebox Exception: Chimney flues serving masonry fireplaces,
floor to the top of the chimney flue. where cleaning is possible through the fireplace opening.
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 square inch = 645 mm2.
FIGURE 2113.16
FLUE SIZES FOR MASONRY CHIMNEYS

TABLE 2113.16(1) – 2113.20 MASONRY
TABLE 2113.16(1) 2113.19 Chimney clearances. Any portion of a masonry

NET CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF ROUND FLUE SIZESa chimney located in the interior of the building or within the
FLUE SIZE, INSIDE DIAMETER CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA
exterior wall of the building shall have a minimum air space
(inches) (square inches) clearance to combustibles of 2 inches (51 mm). Chimneys
6 28 located entirely outside the exterior walls of the building,
including chimneys that pass through the soffit or cornice,
7 38 shall have a minimum air space clearance of 1 inch (25 mm).
8 50 The air space shall not be filled, except to provide fireblock-
10 78 ing in accordance with Section 2113.20.
103/4 90
Exception: Masonry chimneys equipped with a chimney
12 113 lining system listed and labeled for use in chimneys in
15 176 contact with combustibles in accordance with UL 1777
and installed in accordance with the manufacturerÕs instal-
18 254
lation instructions are permitted to have combustible
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 square inch = 645.16 mm2. material in contact with their exterior surfaces. However,
a. Flue sizes are based on ASTM C 315. this shall not eliminate the requirement for noncom-
bustible fireblocking in accordance with Section 2113.20.
2113.20 Chimney fireblocking. All spaces between chimneys

and floors and ceilings through which chimneys pass shall be
TABLE 2113.16(2) fireblocked with noncombustible material securely fastened in
NET CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF SQUARE
place. The fireblocking of spaces between wood joists, beams
AND RECTANGULAR FLUE SIZESa
or headers shall be to a depth of 1 inch (25 mm) and shall only
FLUE SIZE, INSIDE DIAMETER CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA be placed on strips of metal or metal lath laid across the spaces
(inches) (square inches)
between combustible material and the chimney.
41/2 ´ 13 34
71/2 ´ 71/2 37
81/2 ´ 81/2 47
71/2 ´ 111/2 58
81/2 ´ 13 74
71/2 ´ 151/2 82
111/2 ´ 111/2 91
81/2 ´ 171/2 101
13 ´ 13 122
111/2 ´ 151/2 124
13 ´ 171/2 165
151/2 ´ 151/2 168
151/2 ´ 191/2 214
171/2 ´ 171/2 226
191/2 ´ 191/2 269
20 ´ 20 286
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 square inch = 645.16 mm2.
a. Flue sizes are based on ASTM C 315.

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MASONRY 2104.4 – 2105.2.

2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 493

NET AREA COMPRESSIVE

494 2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 495

496 2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 497

498 2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

(Equation 21-2) 2108.4 Design strength. Design strength is the nominal

2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 499

(Equation 21-6) where:

500 2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 501

f = Strength reduction factor. Apv = Projected area of masonry surface of one-half

502 2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

2108.7.1 Modulus of elasticity of steel reinforcement.

or the chord modulus of elasticity taken between 0.05 and

2108.7.3 Modulus of rigidity of masonry. The modulus

2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 503

MORTAR TYPES (psi)

Normal to bed joints in running or stack bond:

504 2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

2108.9.2.2 Joint reinforcement. Longitudinal and ldh = 13db (Equation 21-22)

No. 3 thru No. 7 40 5 bar diameter

2108.9.2.6 Bundling of reinforcing bars. 2108.9.2.10 Development. The calculated tension or

2108.9.2.8 Standard hooks. A standard hook shall be

2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 505

506 2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

2108.9.3.2 Maximum reinforcement limits. The where:

2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 507

f 'm = Specified compressive strength of masonry dv = Length of member in direction of shear

508 2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

1. Beams. 2108.9.3.9.2 Longitudinal reinforcement. The

3. Columns. 2108.9.3.10 Piers.

2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 509

2108.2.3.11.2 Longitudinal reinforcement. Walls shall have a minimum nominal thickness of

510 2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

a = (Pu + As fy) / 0.85 f 'm b; depth of stress block 5Mser h2

2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 511

3. The maximum reinforcement ratio shall be 2108.9.6.2 Reinforcement.

Pu < f 0.80 Po (Equation 21-44) 2108.9.6.3.2 Reinforcement ratio. Beams inter-

512 2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

2108.9.6.4 Longitudinal reinforcement for beams. 2108.9.6.6 Wall frame columns.

2108.9.6.4.1 Spacing. Longitudinal reinforcement 2108.9.6.6.1 Maximum compression force.

2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 513

times the specified yield strength of the reinforc- where:

(Equation 21-46) where:

(Equation 21-47) The nominal horizontal shear stress at the

514 2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

2108.10.1.1 Strength for resisting loads. Plain

2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 515

2109.2.1.1 Shear wall thickness. Minimum nominal TABLE 2109.2.3.1

Exception: Shear walls of one-story buildings are MAXIMUM

MAXIMUM SPAN TO 2109.3.2 Maximum values. The compressive stresses in

516 2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE®

Solid masonry of brick and other solid units of

2000 INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE® 517

TABLE 2109.4.1 2109.5.6 Foundation walls. For the minimum thickness-