See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281825825

Physiochemical Analysis of River Ganges at

Mirzapur In Uttar Pradesh, India

Article in International Journal of Applied Chemistry · January 2015

CITATION READS

1 297

2 authors:

Shahid Khan Satyendra Nath

Central Pollution Control Board Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, …
2 PUBLICATIONS 7 CITATIONS 23 PUBLICATIONS 26 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

River water quality of Ganga at Selected sites of Allahabad View project

Ambient Air Quality in Lucknow View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Satyendra Nath on 16 September 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 7, Issue 12 Ver. II. (Dec. 2014), PP 61-67
www.iosrjournals.org

Physiochemical Analysis of River Ganges at Mirzapur In

Uttar Pradesh, India
Shahid Khan1, Satyendra Nath2
1
Central Pollution Control Board, Lucknow, India
2
Department of Environmental Science, SHIATS, Allahabad, India
1
Email: shahid.cpcb@gmail.com, 2Email: satyendranath2@gmail.com

Abstract: The present investigation is an attempt to study the effect of sewage discharge into River Ganges and
to record the qualitative change in water. Physiochemical properties of River Ganges at Mirzapur were studied
at five different sites, viz., Site Ist-Shivpur (Up stream of Ganges river), Site IInd-Choubey ghat (Khandwa Nala),
Site IIIrd-Baba ghat (After Khandwa Nala), Site IVth-Ghore Shaheed (After Badshahi Nala) and Site Vth-
Bisunderpur (Mirzapur Downstream). The physio-chemical characteristics were studied and analyzed during
February to May-2011. The range of observations are as under; temperature ranges from 22.100C to 300C, pH
of river water ranges between 7.59 to 8.42, Electrical conductivity from 440 to 573 µS/cm, TDS from 272 to 382
mg/L, TSS from 30 to 65 mg/L, DO from 6 to 9.10 mg/L, BOD from 2.30 to 5.80 mg/L, COD from 10.20 to
28.30 mg/L, Alkalinity from 180 to 276 mg/L, Cl- from 28 to 66 mg/L and TC ranges from 2.7 x 103 to 1.5 x 104
MPN/100 m/L.
Keywords: River Ganges, Physico-chemical Parameter, Sewage.

I. Introduction
The Ganges rises in the Garhwal Himalayas (30055N, 7907E) under the name of Bhagirathi. The total
length of Ganges river is about 2525 Km. The River Ganges is a part and parcel of everyday life in the city and
it is one of the most sacred river in India, yet it is being polluted by many sources. The main townships of
Uttarakhand and Uttarpradesh falling at bank of Ganges river are Rishikesh, Haridwar, Garhmukteshwar,
Narora, Kannauj, Kanpur, Dalmau, Allahabad, Mirzapur, Varanasi, Ghazipur, Ballia and goes up to the Bay of
Bengal in the Indian Ocean [1]. Today, over 29 cities, 70 towns, and thousands of villages extend along the
Ganga banks. Nearly all of their sewage - over 1.3 billion litres per day - goes directly into the river, along with
thousands of animal carcasses, mainly cattle [2]. Due to rapid population growth, agricultural and industrial
developments, the quality of water in rivers is being degraded continuously making it unsuitable for various
uses. An accurate and rational assessment for river water quality is required for determining the extent of
usefulness of water bodies for various uses. Untreated wastewater may contain different range of pathogens
including bacteria, parasites, and viruses, toxic chemicals such as heavy metals and organic chemicals from
agriculture, industrial and domestic sources [3, 4]. The present investigation is concerned in Nagar block of
Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh. The study of different water parameter is very important for understanding of
the metabolic events in aquatic system. The parameters influence each other, therefore it has become obligatory
to analyze important water parameters time to time which can indicate the favourable or unfavourable changes
occurring in the ecosystem.

II. Materials And Methods

The present study was conducted in Nagar block of Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh, India bounded
by longitudes 82 025‟ to 82 0 41‟30”E and latitudes 25 000‟ to 25 014‟N. The total geographical area is 255.7
sq.km surrounded by low lying hills. The Mirzapur city is located in the district by the same name in Uttar
Pradesh. Water sample were collected in the pre monsoon season of year 2011. The downstream sites ranged 4.5
km, 6.0 km, 8.5 km and 12.0 km, respectively from upstream site Shivpur (0 km).

III. Sampling And Analysis

Total 50 water samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis from the five different sampling
site at 10 days interval, selected on the basis of discharge of two main nala‟s in river Ganges by Grab method
viz. (S1) Shivpur ( Vindhyachal ) Mirzapur. (Upstream), (S2) Choubey ghat (Khandwa nala), (S3) Baba ghat
(After Khandwa nala) i.e. mid of Mirzapur, (S4) Ghore shaheed ghat (out let of Mirzapur STP) and (S5)
Bisunderpur (Mirzapur Downstream) respectively. As per the norms of the APHA, Wide mouth plastic bottles
of one liter size, D.O bottle and sterilised 250 ml glass bottle were used for collecting the samples. These are
analysed using standard methods for physiochemical examination of water (APHA) [5]. Samples were collected
in ten days interval in a routine manner from the all sites of river Ganges at Mirzapur. Sample were analysed for

www.iosrjournals.org 61 | Page
 Physiochemical analysis of River Ganges at Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh, India

following physicochemical and biological parameters viz. Temperature, pH, EC, TSS, TDS, DO (wrinkle`s
method), BOD (5 days at 200C), COD (by dichromate method), alkalinity, Chloride (Argentometric method)
and Total coliform (by MPN method). All the experiment was done within 24 hours of sampling.

Fig: 1. Sampling site / Location at Mirzapur city.

IV. Result And Discussions

The present study evaluates the physico-chemical status of the Ganges River at Mirzapur district. The
estimation of 11 parameters (Temp, pH, EC, TDS, TSS, DO, BOD, COD, Alk., Cl- and Toal coliform) with
respect to mean ± SD values for surface water quality and their comparison (by ANOVA) among five sites are
summarized in Table: 1. The mean comparison of each parameter between sites are also done by Tukey‟s post
hoc test and summarized in Table: 2. The physico-chemical status and their mean comparison among five sites
are summarized and shown graphically.

1. Temperature
The mean Temperature of the Ganges River increase with distance but found similar among all sites
(F=0.17, p=0.951). Temperature was recorded to ±0.1°C accuracy using a mercury thermometer, immediately
after collecting the water samples from different sites. The fluctuation in river water temperature usually
depends on the season, geographic location, sampling time and temperature of effluents entering the stream [6].
Water temperature is recorded lower (22.1oC) on 01st Feb at Ghore Shaheed due to winter and higher (30.0oC)
on 30th April at Ghore Shaheed during summer. Higher temperature during summers was due to greater heating.
In polluted water, temperature can have profound effect on Dissolved oxygen (DO) and Biological Oxygen
Demand (BOD). Similar trends are also showed by Yadav & Srivastava (2011).

2. pH
In contrast, mean pH decrease with distance and differed significantly among the sites (F=3.79,
p=0.010). The pH at Site 4 is lower as compared to Site 1. pH is an important parameter which plays an
important role in the evaluation of acid-base balance of water. The pH of water mainly depends upon carbonic
acid and interaction between carbonate and bicarbonates (V. Mathivanan, 2005). The maximum mean pH value
8.08 was recorded at Shivpur (Upstream), however the minimum mean pH value 7.83 was recorded at Ghore
Shaheed. The maximum pH value (8.42) was recorded at Shivpur in the sixth sampling and minimum pH value
(7.59) recorded at Ghore Shaheed in seventh sampling. The decreased in pH values of water recorded from
upstream to downstream is indicates increasing of pollution load from upstream to downstream .The pH value
of water at sewage discharge points were usually lower than that of the river water [8, 9].

3. Electrical Conductivity
Conversely, mean EC increase with distance but not differed significantly among the sites (F=1.25,
p=0.303). The maximum mean EC value 507.70 µS/cm was recorded at Ghore Shaheed which carried about 15-
20 % city raw sewage and treated sewage from Mirzapur STP, however minimum mean EC value 483.40 µS/cm
was observed at Shivpur (Upstream). The maximum EC value (573.0µS/cm) was recorded at Ghore Shaheed
and minimum EC value (440.0µS/cm) was recorded at Upstream. EC is significantly increasing at all sites to
downstream, similar observation were also reported by Srivastava and Sinha at Allahabad [7]. The increased in
EC values of water indicates that there is a source of dissolved ions in the vicinity. Higher the value of dissolved
solids, greater the amount of ions in water [10]. Increasing levels of conductivity and cations are the products of
decomposition and mineralization of organic materials [11].

www.iosrjournals.org 62 | Page
 Physiochemical analysis of River Ganges at Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh, India

4. Total Dissolved Solid

Similarly, mean TDS also increase with distance and also not differed significantly among the sites
(F=1.22, p=0.314). The maximum mean TDS value 348.60 was recorded at Ghore Shaheed which carried about
15-20 % city raw sewage and treated sewage from Mirzapur STP, however the minimum TDS mean value
324.30 observed at Shivpur (Upstream). The maximum TDS value (382.0) in fifth sample was recorded at
Ghore Shaheed and minimum TDS value (272.0) in sixth sample was recorded at Shivpur. The trend shows that
as we move towards downstream the value is also increasing. Most of studies show that TDS value increases
after post winter and decreases on monsoon season. The largest amount of total solids adds to the highest
turbidity and electrical conductivity [12, 13].

5. Total Suspended Solid

The mean TSS also increase with distance but differed significantly among the sites (F=10.58,
p<0.001). The TSS is higher in both Site 4 and Site 5 as compared to Site 1 and Site 2. Further, the mean TSS at
Site 4 was also found to be significantly (p<0.05) different and higher as compared to Site 3. The maximum
mean TSS value 54.00 was recorded at Ghore Shaheed, however the minimum TSS mean value 37.90 observed
at Shivpur (Upstream). The maximum TSS value (65.0) in fifth sample was recorded at Ghore Shaheed and
minimum TSS value (30.0) in third and sixth sample were recorded at Shivpur (upstream). The trends show that
as we move towards downstream the values are also increasing. It might be due to running off from many
bathing Ghats, drain water discharge and garbage dump sites at river bank [14].

6. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Conversely, mean DO decrease with distance and also differed significantly among the sites (F=8.31,
p<0.001). The DO was lower in Site 4 as compared to Site 1, Site 2 and Site 3. Further, the mean DO at Site 5
also lowered significantly (p<0.01) as compared to Site 1. The maximum mean DO value 8.25 recorded at
Shivpur (Upstream), however the minimum mean DO value 6.81 observed at Ghore Shaheed. The maximum
DO value (9.10) recorded in second sample at shivpur and minimum DO value (6.00) was recorded in eighth
sample at Ghore Shaheed due to entrance of Mirzapur city‟s sewage which is rich in bacteria. So the bacteria
utilize the dissolved oxygen in the process of decomposition and DO have reached the lowest level. Decreasing
of DO value from upstream to downstream is indication of organic pollution load in river or it may be also due
to increasing of temperature [15, 16].

7. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

In contrast, mean BOD increase with distance and differed significantly among the sites (F=11.98,
p<0.001). BOD increases due to biodegradation of organic materials which exerts oxygen tension in water body
[11]. The BOD was higher at both Site 4 and Site 5 as compared to Site 1 and Site 2. Further, the mean BOD
was also higher significantly (p<0.01) at Site 4 as compared to Site 3. The maximum mean value of BOD5 was
4.61 observed at Ghore Shaheed, however the minimum mean value of BOD5 was 3.00 observed at Shivpur
(upstream). The maximum BOD value is 5.80 in eighth sample which was recorded at Ghore Shaheed. The
increasing in BOD values of water may be due to increasing of organic pollution including untreated domestic
sewage, agricultural runoff, and containing residual fertilizers, which is maximum on Ghore Shaheed. Minimum
BOD value in February (winter) may be due to suspended solids settle in the bottom [17, 18].

8. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

Similarly, mean COD also increase with distance and also differed significantly among the sites
(F=7.13, p<0.001). The measure of COD determines the quality of organic matter found in water. The COD was
higher at Site 4 as compared to Site 1, Site 2 and Site 3. The maximum mean COD value 21.9 recorded at Ghore
Shaheed, however the minimum mean COD value 15.2 was observed at Shivpur (Upstream). The maximum
COD value (28.3) recorded on eighth sample at Ghore Shaheed and minimum COD value (10.2) was recorded
on second sample at Shivpur. Graph shows about increasing trends on all sites as we go towards downstream,
except Bisunderpur site due to low activity of human and industry, it show less COD than Ghore Shaheed. The
highest values of COD indicate that most of the pollution in study zone in caused by industrial units like carpet
industry, metal industry and automobile industries etc [19, 20].

9. Alkalinity
Conversely, though mean Alkalinity increase with distance but not differed significantly among the
sites (F=0.26, p=0.903). The maximum mean Alkalinity value 228.5 recorded at Ghore Shaheed, however the
minimum mean Alkalinity value 217.5 was observed at Shivpur (Upstream). The maximum Alkalinity value
(276.0) recorded on fourth sample at Ghore Shaheed and minimum Alkalinity value (180.0) was recorded on
fifth sample at Choubey ghat. Graph shows about increasing trends on all sites as we go towards downstream,

www.iosrjournals.org 63 | Page
 Physiochemical analysis of River Ganges at Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh, India

except Bisunderpur site. The high value of alkalinity indicates the presence of weak and strong base as
carbonates, Bicarbonates and hydroxides in the water body (Abassi et al., 1999; Jain et al., 1997). The high
values of alkalinity may also be due to increase in free carbon dioxide in the River Ganges which ultimately
results in the increase in alkalinity at site 3 & site 4 [21, 22].

10. Chloride (Cl-)

However, mean Cl- increase with distance and also differed significantly among the sites (F=7.68,
p<0.001). The Cl- was higher at Site 4 as compared to Site 1, Site 2 and Site 3. Further, the mean Cl - at Site 5
was also found significantly (p<0.05) different and higher as compared to Site 1. The maximum mean Cl - value
55.3 recorded at Ghore Shaheed, however the minimum mean Cl- value 40.5 was observed at Shivpur
(Upstream). The maximum Cl- value (66.0) recorded on fourth sample at Ghore Shaheed and minimum Cl-
value (28.0) was recorded on second sample at Shivpur. Graph shows about increasing trends on all sites as we
go towards downstream, except Bisunderpur site. Chlorides in River Ganges waters can be attributed to
discharge of local effluents or domestic sewage disposal at different points which may result in moderate
increase in levels of chlorides [23].

11. Total Coliform (TC)

Similarly, mean Total coliform increase comparatively with distance and also differed significantly
among the sites (F=55.69, p<0.001). The Total colifom was higher at Site 3, Site 4 and Site 5 as compared to
Site 1. Further, the mean Total coliform at both Site 4 and Site 5 was also found significantly (p<0.01 or
p<0.001) different and higher as compared to both Site 2 and Site 3. Moreover, it was also significantly
(p<0.001) higher at Site 4 as compared to Site 5. The maximum mean TC value 12080 MPN/100mL was
recorded at Ghore Shaheed, however the minimum mean TC value 3520 MPN/100mL was observed at Shivpur
(Upstream). The maximum TC value 15000 MPN/100mL recorded on fifth and ninth sample at Ghore Shaheed
and minimum TC value 2700 MPN/100mL was recorded on third sample at Shivpur. On moving from
Upstream to Downstream graph shows increasing trends on all sites, except Bisunderpur site. Maximum mean
value of Total coliform at Ghore Shaheed site is due to discharge of city sewage disposal points which may
result in moderate increase in levels of Coliforms. The high value in the present study may be attributed to the
presence of bacterial load from the nearby surrounding areas (Fecal matter) and due to this reason the River
Ganges is absolutely unfit for drinking and unhealthy for bathing. Such higher value of MPN is also supported
from the studies of other researchers [24, 25].

References
[1]. Yadav R. C. and Srivastava V. C. (2011) Physico-Chemical Properties of The Water of River Ganga at Gazipur. Indian J. Sci. Res.
2 (4): 41-44.
[2]. Khare R. and Khare, S. (2011) „Physico-chemical analysis of Ganga Water, Asian journal of biochemical and pharmaceutical
Research, isssue2, vol.1.
[3]. Andrew, B., Xiaodong, S., Edyveam, G. J. (1997) „Removal of colored organic matter by adsorption on to low cost-waste material,
Water Resource. 31, 2084-2092.
[4]. Drechsel, P., Evans, A. E. V. (2010) „Waste water use in irrigated agriculture, Irrigation Drainage System. 24.
[5]. APHA, AWWA and WPCF, “Standard methods for. Examination of water and waste water” 21st Edition (2005).
[6]. Ahipathy, M. V. and Puttaiah, E. T. (2006) Ecological Characteristics of Vrishabhavathy River in Bangalore (India). Environmental
Geology, 49, 1217-1222.
[7]. Srivastava, R. K. and Sinha, A. K. (1996) „Water quality of the river Ganges at Phaphamau (Allahabad): Effect of mass bathing
during Mahakumb, Environmental Toxicology.11 (1).
[8]. Agrawal N., Joshi D.M. and Kumar A. (2009) Studies on Physico-Chemical Parameter to Assess the Water Quality of River Ganga
for Drinking Purpose in Haridwar District. Rasayan J. Chem. Vol. 2, No. 1, 195-203.
[9]. Sukumaran D., Sengupta C., Barui D., Saha R., Chattopadhyay A., Naskar A. and Dave S. (2014) Water Health Status in Lower
Reaches of River Ganga, India. Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 2. No. 1. 20-24.
[10]. Bhatt, L. R., Lacoul, P., Lekhak, H. D., and Jha, P.K. (1999) Physicochemical characteristics and phytoplankton of Taudha Lake
Kathmandu. Poll. Res. 18(14): 353-358.
[11]. Abida, B. and Harikrishna (2008). Study on the Quality of Water in Some Streams of Cauvery River, E- Journal of Chemistry, 5,
(2): 377-384.
[12]. Trivedi P., Bajpai A. and Thareja S. (2009) Evaluation of Water Quality: Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Ganga River at
Kanpur by using Correlation Study. Nature and Science, 2009; 1(6): 91-94.
[13]. Khatoon N., Khan A. H., Rehman M. and Phatak V. (2013) Correlation Study for The Assessment of Water Quality and its
Parameter of Ganga River, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry. Vol. 5, No. 3, 80-90.
[14]. Joshi D. M., Bhandari N. S., Kumar, A. & Agrawal, N. (2009) Statistical Analysis of Physicochemical Parameters of Water of
River Ganga in Haridwar District. Rasayan J.Chem. Vol.No.3, 579-587.
[15]. Rai A.K., Paul B., Mudra L. and Kishore N. (2011) Studies of Selected Water Quality Parameters of River Ganges at Patna, Bihar.
J.Adv. Lab. Res. Bio. Vol. II, No. IV, 162-168.
[16]. Singh L. and Choudhary S. K. (2013) Physico-Chemical Characteristics of River Water of Ganga in Middile Ganga Plains. IJIRSET
Vol. 2, No. 9, 4349-4357.
[17]. Arya S. and Gupta R. (2013) Water Quality Evaluation of Ganga River from Up to Downstream Area at Kanpur City. J.Chem. &
Cheml. Sci. Vol. 3 (2), 54-63.

www.iosrjournals.org 64 | Page
 Physiochemical analysis of River Ganges at Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh, India
[18]. Pandey R., Raghuvanshi D. and Shukla D. N. (2014) Assessment of Physico-Chemical Parameter of River Ganga at Allahabad
With Respect to WQI. IJIRSET. Vol. 3, No.9, 16339-16349.
[19]. Singh J., Gangwar R.K., Khare P. and Singh A. P. (2012) Assessment of Physico-Chemical Properties of Water: River Ram Ganga
at Bareilly, U.P. J. Chem. Pharma. Res. Vol. 4, (9):4231-4234.
[20]. Singh K. (2013) Physico-Chemical Investigation on the Pollution Potential of River Ganga Water at Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh
(India). Anvikshiki The Indian Journal of Research. Volume 7, No.1, Pg.29-36.
[21]. Singh N. (2010) Physico-Chemical Properties of Polluted Water of River Ganga at Varanasi. International Journal of Energy and
Environment. Vol. 1, No. 5, 823-832.
[22]. Praveen A., Kumar R., Pratima and Kumar R. (2013) Physico-Chemical Properties of the River Ganga at Kanpur. International
Journal of computational Engineering Research. Vol. 03, No. 4, 134-137.
[23]. Mishra A. (2010) Assessment of Water Quality Using Principal Component Analysis: A case Study of River Ganges. Journal of
Water Chemistry & Technology. Vol. 32, No. 4, 227-234.
[24]. Bilgrami, K. S., & Kumar, S. (1998) Bacterial contamination in water of the River Ganga and its risk to human health. International
Journal of Environmental Health Research. Vol. 8, 5–13.
[25]. Mishra, A., Mukherjee, A. & Tripathi, B. D. (2009) Seasonal and Temporal Variation in Physico- Chemical and Bacteriological
Characteristics of River Ganga in Varanasi. Int. J. Environ. Res., 3(3):395-402.
[26]. Sinha A. K., Singh V. P. and Srivastava K., Physico –chemical studies on river Ganga and its tributaries in Uttar Pradesh –the
present status. Pollution and Biomonitoring of Indian Rivers.(ed.) Dr. R.K. Trivedi.(Ed.), ABD publishers, Jaipur. 2000:1-29.
[27]. Mathivanan V. (2005) Pollution studies on River Cauvery in Mettur, Tamil Nadu, India. J. Exp. Zool. India. 2005; 8(2):321-328.
[28]. https://www.google.co.in/maps/@25.1598902,82.5478547,14z.

Table 1: Physico-chemical parameter levels (Mean ± SD, n=10) at different sites of the Ganga River at
Mirzapur city

F value p
Parameter Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 (4, 45 DF) value
Temp (0C) 25.57 ± 2.28 25.69 ± 2.26 25.90 ± 2.39 26.21 ± 2.56 26.28 ± 2.34 0.17 0.951

pH 8.08 ± 0.16 8.03 ± 0.13 7.98 ± 0.13 7.83 ± 0.17 7.91 ± 0.18 3.79 0.010

EC (μS/cm) 483.40 ± 25.53 488.70 ± 26.52 491.80 ± 27.37 507.70 ± 28.89 499.60 ± 26.33 1.25 0.303

TDS (mg/L) 324.30 ± 28.28 328.50 ± 28.60 335.60 ± 28.49 348.60 ± 29.53 342.70 ± 27.48 1.22 0.314

TSS (mg/L) 37.90 ± 5.63 40.60 ± 6.80 45.20 ± 6.20 54.00 ± 7.41 49.30 ± 5.27 10.58 <0.001

DO (mg/L) 8.25 ± 0.59 7.99 ± 0.61 7.83 ± 0.74 6.81 ± 0.62 7.21 ± 0.67 8.31 <0.001

BOD (mg/L) 3.00 ± 0.45 3.31 ± 0.52 3.39 ± 0.52 4.61 ± 0.69 4.11 ± 0.77 11.98 <0.001

COD (mg/L) 15.18 ± 2.73 15.88 ± 3.02 16.43 ± 3.06 21.94 ± 4.06 19.36 ± 3.69 7.13 <0.001

Alk (mg/L) 217.50 ± 30.56 218.20 ± 30.99 223.50 ± 31.20 228.50 ± 31.48 226.90 ± 30.29 0.26 0.903
-
Cl (mg/L) 40.50 ± 6.57 42.90 ± 6.52 45.50 ± 6.35 55.30 ± 7.33 49.10 ± 6.19 7.68 <0.001
T. Coliform
MPN/100ml 3520.00 ± 875.34 4310.00 ± 952.72 5760.00 ± 877.12 12080.00 ± 2444.40 8110.00 ± 1507.33 55.69 <0.001

Table 2: Significance (p value) of mean difference in physico-chemical parameters between sites by Tukey
test

Comparisons Temp pH EC TDS TSS DO BOD COD Alk Cl- Total

coliform
Site 1 vs. Site 2 1.000 0.967 0.992 0.997 0.873 0.897 0.778 0.990 1.000 0.925 0.747
Site 1 vs. Site 3 0.998 0.621 0.956 0.900 0.090 0.602 0.599 0.918 0.992 0.449 0.011
Site 1 vs. Site 4 0.974 0.010 0.275 0.328 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 0.001 0.931 p<0.001 p<0.001
Site 1 vs. Site 5 0.962 0.150 0.666 0.603 0.002 0.007 0.002 0.057 0.960 0.042 p<0.001
Site 2 vs. Site 3 1.000 0.937 0.999 0.980 0.486 0.981 0.998 0.996 0.995 0.903 0.192
Site 2 vs. Site 4 0.988 0.051 0.520 0.519 p<0.001 0.002 p<0.001 0.002 0.945 0.001 p<0.001
Site 2 vs. Site 5 0.980 0.443 0.894 0.798 0.027 0.072 0.036 0.156 0.970 0.238 p<0.001
Site 3 vs. Site 4 0.998 0.255 0.681 0.845 0.025 0.009 0.001 0.005 0.996 0.015 p<0.001
Site 3 vs. Site 5 0.996 0.884 0.966 0.980 0.597 0.224 0.074 0.304 0.999 0.741 0.007
Site 4 vs. Site 5 1.000 0.790 0.961 0.990 0.465 0.645 0.354 0.431 1.000 0.238 p<0.001

www.iosrjournals.org 65 | Page
 Physiochemical analysis of River Ganges at Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh, India

Temp of the Ganges River at Mirzapur city pH of the Ganges River at Mirzapur city
Temp (0C) pH

30.00 8.30
29.00 8.20
28.00 8.10

Mean ± SD
Mean ± SD

27.00 8.00
26.00 7.90
25.00 7.80
24.00 7.70
23.00 7.60
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5
Locations Locations

EC of the Ganges River at Mirzapur city TDS of the Ganges River at Mirzapur city
EC (μmhos/cm) TDS (mg/l)

550.00 390.00
540.00 380.00
530.00 370.00
520.00 360.00
Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD
510.00 350.00
500.00 340.00
490.00 330.00
480.00 320.00
470.00 310.00
460.00 300.00
450.00 290.00
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5
Locations Locations

TSS of the Ganges River at Mirzapur city DO of the Ganges River at Mirzapur city
TSS (mg/l) DO (mg/l)

70.00 10.00
60.00
8.00
50.00
Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

40.00 6.00
30.00
4.00
20.00
10.00 2.00
0.00
0.00
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5
Locations
Locations

BOD of the Ganges River at Mirzapur city. COD of the Ganges River at Mirzapur city.
BOD (mg/l) COD (mg/l)

6.00 30.00
5.00 25.00
Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

4.00 20.00
3.00 15.00
2.00 10.00
1.00 5.00
0.00 0.00
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5
Locations Locations

www.iosrjournals.org 66 | Page
 Physiochemical analysis of River Ganges at Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh, India

Alkalinity of the Ganges River at Mirzapur Chloride of the Ganges River at Mirzapur
city. city.
Alk (mg/l) Cl (mg/l)

270.00 70.00
260.00 60.00
250.00 50.00

Mean ± SD
Mean ± SD

240.00
40.00
230.00
30.00
220.00
210.00 20.00
200.00 10.00
190.00 0.00
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5
Locations Locations

Total coliform of the Ganges River at Mirzapur city.

Total coliform (MPN/100 ml)

16000.00
14000.00
12000.00
Mean ± SD

10000.00
8000.00
6000.00
4000.00
2000.00
0.00
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5
Locations

Graph showing Mean and SD of five sites of different parameters

www.iosrjournals.org 67 | Page

View publication stats