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    CH 7

    Uploaded by

    Hossam Ali
    shafts

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    CH 7

    Uploaded by

    Hossam Ali
    62 views43 pages
    shafts

    Original Title

    Ch_7

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    shafts

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    62 views43 pages

    CH 7

    Uploaded by

    Hossam Ali
    shafts

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 43

    Lecture Slides

    Chapter 7

    Shafts and Shaft


    Components

    © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be
    copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
    Chapter Outline

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Shaft Design

     Material Selection
     Geometric Layout
     Stress and strength
    ◦ Static strength
    ◦ Fatigue strength
     Deflection and rigidity
    ◦ Bending deflection
    ◦ Torsional deflection
    ◦ Slope at bearings and shaft-supported elements
    ◦ Shear deflection due to transverse loading of short shafts
     Vibration due to natural frequency

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Shaft Materials

     Deflection primarily controlled by geometry, not material


     Stress controlled by geometry, not material
     Strength controlled by material property

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Shaft Materials

     Shafts are commonly made from low carbon, CD or HR steel,


    such as AISI 1020–1050 steels.
     Fatigue properties don’t usually benefit much from high alloy
    content and heat treatment.
     Surface hardening usually only used when the shaft is being
    used as a bearing surface.

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Shaft Materials

     Cold drawn steel typical for d < 3 in.


     HR steel common for larger sizes. Should be machined all over.
     Low production quantities
    ◦ Lathe machining is typical
    ◦ Minimum material removal may be design goal
     High production quantities
    ◦ Forming or casting is common
    ◦ Minimum material may be design goal

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Shaft Layout

     Issues to consider for


    shaft layout
    ◦ Axial layout of
    components
    ◦ Supporting axial
    loads
    ◦ Providing for torque
    transmission
    ◦ Assembly and
    Disassembly

    Fig. 7–1

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Axial Layout of Components

    Fig. 7–2
    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
    Supporting Axial Loads
     Axial loads must be supported through a bearing to the frame.
     Generally best for only one bearing to carry axial load to
    shoulder
     Allows greater tolerances and prevents binding

    Fig. 7–3
    Fig. 7–4 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
    Providing for Torque Transmission

     Common means of transferring torque to shaft


    ◦ Keys
    ◦ Splines
    ◦ Setscrews
    ◦ Pins
    ◦ Press or shrink fits
    ◦ Tapered fits
     Keys are one of the most effective
    ◦ Slip fit of component onto shaft for easy assembly
    ◦ Positive angular orientation of component
    ◦ Can design key to be weakest link to fail in case of overload

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Assembly and Disassembly

    Fig. 7–5

    Fig. 7–6
    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
    Assembly and Disassembly

    Fig. 7–7

    Fig. 7–8
    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
    Shaft Design for Stress
     Stresses are only evaluated at critical locations
     Critical locations are usually
    ◦ On the outer surface
    ◦ Where the bending moment is large
    ◦ Where the torque is present
    ◦ Where stress concentrations exist

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Shaft Stresses

     Standard stress equations can be customized for shafts for


    convenience
     Axial loads are generally small and constant, so will be ignored
    in this section
     Standard alternating and midrange stresses

     Customized for round shafts

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Shaft Stresses

     Combine stresses into von Mises stresses

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Shaft Stresses

     Substitute von Mises stresses into failure criteria equation. For


    example, using modified Goodman line,

     Solving for d is convenient for design purposes

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Shaft Stresses

     Similar approach can be taken with any of the fatigue failure


    criteria
     Equations are referred to by referencing both the Distortion
    Energy method of combining stresses and the fatigue failure
    locus name. For example, DE-Goodman, DE-Gerber, etc.
     In analysis situation, can either use these customized equations
    for factor of safety, or can use standard approach from Ch. 6.
     In design situation, customized equations for d are much more
    convenient.

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Shaft Stresses

     DE-Gerber

    where

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Shaft Stresses
     DE-ASME Elliptic

     DE-Soderberg

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Shaft Stresses for Rotating Shaft

     For rotating shaft with steady bending and torsion


    ◦ Bending stress is completely reversed, since a stress element
    on the surface cycles from equal tension to compression
    during each rotation
    ◦ Torsional stress is steady
    ◦ Previous equations simplify with Mm and Ta equal to 0

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Checking for Yielding in Shafts
     Always necessary to consider static failure, even in fatigue
    situation
     Soderberg criteria inherently guards against yielding
     ASME-Elliptic criteria takes yielding into account, but is not
    entirely conservative
     Gerber and modified Goodman criteria require specific check for
    yielding

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Checking for Yielding in Shafts
     Use von Mises maximum stress to check for yielding,

     Alternate simple check is to obtain conservative estimate of s'max


    by summing s'a and s'm
      s a  s m
    s max

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 7–1

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 7–1 (continued)

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 7–1 (continued)

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 7–1 (continued)

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 7–1 (continued)

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Estimating Stress Concentrations

     Stress analysis for shafts is highly dependent on stress


    concentrations.
     Stress concentrations depend on size specifications, which are
    not known the first time through a design process.
     Standard shaft elements such as shoulders and keys have
    standard proportions, making it possible to estimate stress
    concentrations factors before determining actual sizes.

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Estimating Stress Concentrations

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Reducing Stress Concentration at Shoulder Fillet

     Bearings often require relatively sharp fillet radius at shoulder


     If such a shoulder is the location of the critical stress, some
    manufacturing techniques are available to reduce the stress
    concentration
    (a) Large radius undercut into shoulder
    (b) Large radius relief groove into back of shoulder
    (c) Large radius relief groove into small diameter of shaft

    Fig. 7–9
    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
    Example 7–2

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 7–2 (continued)

    Fig. 7–10

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 7–2 (continued)

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 7–2 (continued)

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 7–2 (continued)

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 7–2 (continued)

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 7–2 (continued)

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 7–2 (continued)

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 7–2 (continued)

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 7–2 (continued)

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 7–2 (continued)

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 7–2 (continued)

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design


    Example 7–2 (continued)

    Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design

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